WO2024000226A1 - 全息天线及其制备方法、电子设备 - Google Patents

全息天线及其制备方法、电子设备 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024000226A1
WO2024000226A1 PCT/CN2022/102208 CN2022102208W WO2024000226A1 WO 2024000226 A1 WO2024000226 A1 WO 2024000226A1 CN 2022102208 W CN2022102208 W CN 2022102208W WO 2024000226 A1 WO2024000226 A1 WO 2024000226A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
waveguide
dielectric substrate
antenna
holographic
sub
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PCT/CN2022/102208
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
周健
刘跃华
王龙
胡轶群
曲峰
Original Assignee
京东方科技集团股份有限公司
北京京东方技术开发有限公司
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Application filed by 京东方科技集团股份有限公司, 北京京东方技术开发有限公司 filed Critical 京东方科技集团股份有限公司
Priority to CN202280002013.5A priority Critical patent/CN117642931A/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2022/102208 priority patent/WO2024000226A1/zh
Publication of WO2024000226A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024000226A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture

Definitions

  • the present disclosure belongs to the field of communication technology, and specifically relates to a holographic antenna, a preparation method thereof, and electronic equipment.
  • antennas are often required to have low profile, light weight, and easy conformal characteristics.
  • reflective antennas, phased array antennas and lens antennas can achieve high gain, they each have obvious disadvantages.
  • reflective antennas need to provide spatial illumination sources, which greatly increases the profile; phased array antennas
  • the feed network is extremely complex, difficult to design, and costly; the lens antenna itself has a high profile, and the addition of the illumination source further increases the profile.
  • the holographic antenna can meet the requirements of low profile and light weight at the same time, so it is very suitable for the current application background and has full development potential.
  • the present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art and provide a holographic antenna, a preparation method thereof, and electronic equipment.
  • a holographic antenna which includes: at least one antenna unit; the antenna unit includes a waveguide structure, a first dielectric substrate, and a radiation layer; wherein,
  • the waveguide structure includes a bottom wall and a side wall, and the bottom wall and the side wall are connected to define a waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure, and the waveguide cavity is filled with a filling medium;
  • the first dielectric substrate is located on the side of the filling medium facing away from the bottom wall of the waveguide structure;
  • the radiation layer is provided on the first dielectric substrate, and has a plurality of slit openings on the radiation layer; the orthographic projection of the slit openings on the first dielectric substrate is located where the waveguide cavity is. within the orthographic projection of the first dielectric substrate.
  • the first dielectric substrate is disposed on the side wall of the waveguide structure, and forms a closed space with the waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure.
  • the first dielectric substrate and the radiation layer are arranged in the waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure.
  • the radiation layer is arranged on a side of the first dielectric substrate facing away from the filling medium;
  • the antenna unit further includes a plurality of switch units arranged on a side of the radiation layer facing away from the first dielectric substrate;
  • the switch unit is provided corresponding to the slit opening and is configured to control the switching state of the slit opening.
  • the switch unit includes any one of a PIN diode, a variable reactance diode, a liquid crystal switch, and a MEMS switch.
  • the radiation layer includes a microstrip line; the slit openings are arranged side by side along the extension direction of the microstrip line, and the length direction of the slit openings is perpendicular to the extension direction of the microstrip line.
  • the holographic antenna further includes a feeding structure configured to feed microwave signals into the waveguide structure.
  • the feeding structure includes a coaxial probe.
  • the feed structure when there are multiple antenna units, includes a power division feed network.
  • the power division feeding network includes a waveguide power division feeding network;
  • the waveguide power division feeding network includes n-level sub-waveguides; each of the sub-waveguides includes One main road and two branch roads connected to said main road;
  • each sub-waveguide located at the first level the two main paths of each sub-waveguide are respectively connected to the waveguide structures of two antenna units, and different branches are connected to different antennas.
  • the waveguide structure of the unit
  • the two branches of each sub-waveguide located at the i+1th level are connected respectively, the main paths of the two sub-waveguides located at the i-th level, and the different sub-waveguides located at the i-th level.
  • the branches of the sub-waveguide at the i+1th level connected to the main path are different; 1 ⁇ i ⁇ N-1.
  • the maximum distance between the branches of each sub-waveguide is D1
  • the width of the slit opening ranges from ⁇ g/10 to ⁇ g/20; the length of the slit opening ranges from ⁇ g/2 to ⁇ g/6.
  • the filling medium includes slow wave medium.
  • embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for manufacturing a holographic antenna, which includes: the step of forming at least one antenna unit; the forming the antenna unit includes:
  • a first dielectric substrate with a first radiation layer is provided on the side of the filling medium away from the bottom wall of the waveguide structure; the radiation layer has a plurality of slit openings; the slit openings are on the first dielectric substrate
  • the orthographic projection is located within the orthographic projection of the waveguide cavity on the first dielectric substrate.
  • an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electronic device, which includes the holographic antenna described in any one of the above.
  • Figure 1 is a partial schematic diagram of a holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of the radiation layer of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 3 is a partial schematic diagram of another holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 is a waveguide transmission diagram when the waveguide structure of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is the first size.
  • FIG. 5 is a Smith chart of the waveguide structure of the holographic antenna in the first dimension according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 is a waveguide transmission diagram when the waveguide structure of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is a second size.
  • FIG. 7 is a Smith chart when the waveguide structure of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is in a second size.
  • FIG. 8 is a simulated radiation pattern of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is 0°.
  • FIG. 9 is a simulated radiation pattern of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is -30°.
  • FIG. 11 is a Smith chart of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is 0°.
  • FIG. 12 is a Smith chart of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is -30°.
  • FIG. 13 is a Smith chart of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is 30°.
  • Figure 14 is a schematic diagram of a holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of another holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 16 is a schematic structural diagram of the waveguide power division feeding network of the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 17 is a power distribution simulation diagram of the four ports of the waveguide power division feed network of Figure 16.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic structural diagram of the first switch unit in the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 19 is a schematic structural diagram of the second switch unit in the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic structural diagram of a third switch unit in the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the concept of the holographic antenna comes from the principle of optical holography.
  • the principle is that the interference surface is formed by the interference of the target wave and the reference wave, and then the reference wave is illuminated on the interference surface and inverted to obtain the target wave. Due to the emergence of metamaterials, it is possible to realize holographic antennas in the microwave band.
  • the holographic antenna system only includes a holographic surface and a feed source, and the structure is very simple; the feed source generally uses a horn antenna, a monopole antenna or a slot antenna, and does not require a complex feed network.
  • the holographic surface is mainly composed of a dielectric substrate and a periodically distributed metal patch array, which is simple to process and low-cost; in the design process of the holographic surface, just calculate The desired holographic surface can be obtained by figuring out the interference field expression formed after the interference of the target field and the reference field, and designing the distribution of the metal patches with reference to the interference field expression.
  • the design process is very simple. If different target waves are obtained, just re-substitute the target field expression into the above process. This simplicity and flexibility in design is another big advantage of holographic antennas.
  • the holographic antenna also has the characteristics of being easy to conform, and it will not greatly affect its performance when attached to curved surfaces such as spherical and cylindrical surfaces, so it is very suitable for use on objects such as aircraft and missile seekers.
  • a frequency reconfigurable antenna can work at several frequency points; a polarization reconfigurable antenna can achieve multiple polarization modes; a beam reconfigurable antenna can switch between multiple beam directions and has phase control. Scan array function.
  • a holographic surface can realize multiple functions such as beam scanning, multi-beam synthesis, and polarization reconstruction, and has huge application potential.
  • most traditional holographic antennas use square or circular metal patch units. Once the structure is fixed, it cannot be changed and cannot be reconfigurable.
  • FIG. 1 is a partial schematic diagram of a holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of the radiation layer 11 of the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • a holographic antenna which includes: at least one antenna unit; each antenna unit includes a waveguide structure 20, a first dielectric substrate 10 and a radiation layer 11; wherein, the waveguide structure 20 It includes a bottom wall and a side wall, and the bottom wall and the side wall are connected to define a waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure 20, and the waveguide cavity is filled with a filling medium 21; the first dielectric substrate 10 is located where the filling medium 21 faces away from the waveguide structure 20.
  • the radiation layer 11 is provided on the first dielectric substrate 10, and the radiation layer 11 has a plurality of slit openings 111; the orthographic projection of the slit openings 111 on the first dielectric substrate 10 is located in the waveguide The cavity is within the orthographic projection of the first dielectric substrate 10 .
  • the waveguide structure 20 is configured to radiate the received microwave signal through the slit opening 111 of the radiation layer 11 , and the filling medium 21 filled in the waveguide structure 20 can achieve single-mode transmission.
  • the holographic principle during the beam control process, different directions of the beam are realized by designing the patterns of the slit openings 111 at different positions of the radiation layer 11, and combined with the single-mode transmission waveguide to achieve impedance matching in a wide angle range and improve beam forming. characteristic.
  • the radiation layer 11 can be disposed on the side of the first dielectric substrate 10 close to the bottom wall of the waveguide structure 20 , or can also be disposed on the side of the first dielectric substrate 10 away from the bottom wall of the waveguide structure 20 , in the embodiment of the present disclosure, it is only taken as an example that the radiation layer 11 is disposed on the side of the first dielectric substrate 10 away from the bottom wall of the waveguide structure 20 , but this does not constitute a limitation on the protection scope of the embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the first dielectric substrate 10 may be disposed on the sidewall of the waveguide structure 20 , that is, the first dielectric substrate 10 is disposed outside the waveguide cavity. In this case, the filling medium 21 fills the waveguide cavity. This structure is easy to prepare, simple in structure, and easy to implement.
  • Figure 3 is a partial schematic diagram of another holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; as shown in Figure 3, the first dielectric substrate 10 can also be disposed in the waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure 20.
  • This structure can effectively Improve energy limiting capabilities and ensure efficient radiation capabilities. It should be noted that when the first dielectric substrate 10 is embedded inside the waveguide cavity, the first dielectric substrate 10 and the inner wall of the waveguide cavity can be fixed with tape so that the first dielectric substrate 10 and the waveguide cavity form a sealed space to avoid energy leakage. of leakage.
  • the size of the waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure 20, and the thickness of the sidewalls and bottom walls of the waveguide structure 20 determine the effectiveness of single-mode transmission. The following is explained with specific examples.
  • the first size of the waveguide structure 20, the length and width of the waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure 20 are 19.05mm and 9.525mm respectively; and the length and width of the waveguide cavity of the waveguide structure 20 are 13.7mm and 6.85mm respectively.
  • FIG. 4 is a waveguide transmission diagram when the waveguide structure 20 of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is the first size
  • FIG. 5 is a Smith chart when the waveguide structure 20 of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is the first size. It can be seen from Figure 4 that multiple modes can be transmitted within the target bandwidth of 11.5GHz to 12.5GHz. In addition to the base mode transmission, high-order modes can also be transmitted, thus affecting the impedance matching characteristics of the port, as shown in Figure 5, Smith The circle plot is very divergent and far from the 50 ⁇ match point.
  • Figure 6 shows the present disclosure
  • the waveguide structure 20 of the holographic antenna of the embodiment is a waveguide transmission diagram in the second size
  • FIG. 7 is a Smith chart of the waveguide structure 20 of the holographic antenna of the embodiment of the present disclosure in the second size. It can be seen from Figure 6 that only the target fundamental mode can be effectively transmitted within the target bandwidth range of 11.5GHz to 12.5GHz, and other high-order modes are suppressed, thereby ensuring the convergence of the Smith chart within the target bandwidth range, as shown in Figure 7 .
  • the radiation layer 11 on the first dielectric substrate 10 includes but is not limited to a microstrip line.
  • the radiation layer 11 is a microstrip line.
  • the following method can be specifically adopted.
  • n is specifically selected as 30, 50, 64, 100, 200, etc., which can be selected according to actual needs; f is specifically 26GHz, or can be any frequency point from 24.0GHz to 28GHz; ⁇ 0 is specifically, for example, It is 0°, ⁇ 30°, ⁇ 40°, ⁇ 60°, etc. Other angles can also be selected.
  • the specific amplitude weighting principle of the holographic antenna is, taking a one-dimensional structure as an example, assuming that the slit openings 111 are distributed along the y-axis, that is, the expressions of the reference wave and object wave are respectively:
  • k f is the target wave vector
  • k s is the reference wave vector
  • ⁇ 0 is the beam pointing angle
  • i takes a value between 0 and n.
  • the interference pattern recorded on the holographic structure is as follows:
  • the holographic antenna in, represents the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 ; when the beam pointing angle ⁇ 0 , the holographic antenna is at The riptide amplitude value at the location.
  • the value range of is 0 ⁇ 1.
  • FIG. 8 is a simulated radiation pattern of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is 0°
  • FIG. 9 is a simulated radiation pattern of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is -30°.
  • Figure 10 is a simulated radiation pattern of the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is 30°
  • Figure 11 is a Smith chart of the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is 0°.
  • Figure 12 is the Smith circle diagram of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is -30°
  • Figure 13 is the Smith circle diagram of the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure when the horizontal direction angle ⁇ 0 is 30°. picture.
  • the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure has good impedance matching performance.
  • the size of the slit opening 111 is smaller than the half wavelength ⁇ g/2 in the medium, here it is set to ⁇ g/3.
  • the length of the leaky slit opening can be between ⁇ g/2 and ⁇ g/6, and the width can be between ⁇ g/10 ⁇ g/20, usually 10 ⁇ 20% deviation is allowed under the optimized size. Within this range, it has little impact on the beam pointing accuracy, so the process compatibility can be improved.
  • the holographic antenna not only includes the above-mentioned structure, but may also include a feed structure configured to feed microwave signals into the waveguide structure 20 .
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; as shown in FIG. 14 , the feed structure includes a coaxial probe, and the coaxial probe includes but is not limited to SMA.
  • the microstrip line has an excitation port 11a and a load port 11b, and a main body part 11c connected between the excitation port 11a and the load port 11b; the main part 11c has a plurality of slits arranged side by side along its extension direction. Opening 111111.
  • the coaxial probe in the feed structure may include a first coaxial probe 41 and a second coaxial probe 42 .
  • the inner core of the first coaxial probe 41 is inserted into the waveguide structure 20 and is electrically connected to the excitation port 11a of the microstrip line for feeding microwave signals into the excitation port 11a of the microstrip line.
  • the inner core of the second coaxial probe 42 is also inserted into the waveguide structure 20 and used for impedance matching with the load port 11b of the microstrip line.
  • Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of another holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; as shown in Figure 15, when the number of antenna units is multiple, the feed structure can be a power division feed network, configured To feed each antenna unit.
  • the power division feed network includes a waveguide power division feed network 40; the waveguide power division feed network 40 includes n-level sub-waveguides 401; each sub-waveguide 401 includes a main path and a The main path connects two branches; for each sub-waveguide 401 located at the first level, the two main paths of each sub-waveguide 401 are respectively connected to the waveguide structures 20 of the two antenna units, and different branches are connected to different antennas.
  • the branches of the sub-waveguide 401 at the i+1th level connected to the main path are different; 1 ⁇ i ⁇ N-1.
  • the holographic antenna includes four antenna units as an example.
  • the waveguide power dividing feed network 40 is a structure divided into two and divided into four, including two-stage sub-waveguides 401 .
  • the two main paths of each sub-waveguide 401 are respectively connected to the waveguide structures 20 of two antenna units, and different branches are connected to the waveguide structures 20 of different antenna units;
  • the two branches of each sub-waveguide 401 of the second level are connected respectively and are located in the main paths of the two sub-waveguides 401 of the first level.
  • the maximum distance between the branches of each sub-waveguide 401 is D1
  • the opening of the waveguide cavity of the sub-waveguide 401 located in the first stage can be directly connected to the side wall of the waveguide structure 20 of the antenna unit. connection, and there is an opening on the side wall of the waveguide structure 20 at the connection position, thereby realizing the feeding of microwave signals.
  • each antenna unit may also be provided with a switch unit, and the switch unit is provided on a side of the radiation layer 11 facing away from the first dielectric substrate 10 .
  • the switch unit may be provided in one-to-one correspondence with the slit opening 111 and configured to control whether the slit opening 111 can feed out the radio frequency signal. This can be achieved by controlling the switching state of the slit opening 111 through the switching state of the corresponding switch unit according to the beam direction.
  • FIG 18 is a schematic structural diagram of the first switch unit in the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; as shown in Figure 18, the switch unit can be a PIN diode or a variable reactance diode Varactor.
  • a PIN diode or a variable reactance diode Varactor can be integrated with the slit opening 111 to achieve dual-value amplitude or continuous amplitude control capability.
  • the input bias voltage is controlled to the PIN diode, thereby controlling the forward bias/reverse bias of the PIN diode.
  • the input bias voltage to the PIN diode is greater than its conduction threshold, and the PIN diode is turned on; when the slit opening 111 is required to be in the off state, at this time, the input to the PIN diode When the bias voltage is less than its conduction threshold, the PIN diode turns off.
  • FIG 19 is a schematic structural diagram of the second switch unit in the holographic antenna according to the embodiment of the present disclosure; as shown in Figure 19, the switch unit is a liquid crystal switch, that is, an opposing substrate is provided opposite to the first dielectric substrate 10 30.
  • a control electrode 31 is provided on the counter substrate 30, and a liquid crystal layer 32 is provided between the layer of the counter substrate 30 where the control electrode 31 is located and the layer where the microstrip line is located.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic structural diagram of a third switch unit in the holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; as shown in FIG. 20 , the switch unit is a MEMS switch.
  • a counter substrate 30 is provided opposite to the first dielectric substrate 10 .
  • the counter substrate 30 is a flexible substrate.
  • a patch electrode 34 is provided on the counter substrate 30 , and the patch electrode 34 is connected to the slit opening 111 .
  • the distance between the patch electrode 34 and the slit opening 111 is adjusted under the action of the electric field force, thereby achieving continuous regulation of the radiation amplitude of the radio frequency signal.
  • the material of the first dielectric substrate 10 includes, but is not limited to, PCB, PET, and polymer low-loss dielectric materials.
  • the material of the radiation layer 11 is a metal material, including but not limited to copper.
  • the waveguide filled with slow wave medium is optimized and designed to ensure single-mode transmission within the required frequency band, thereby minimizing the excitation of high-order modes in the design of the waveguide slot antenna.
  • different directions of the beam are achieved by designing slot patterns at different positions on the waveguide front, and combined with the single-mode transmission waveguide to achieve impedance matching in a wide angle range and improve the beam forming characteristics.
  • the upper surface of the waveguide is formed by plating a metal etching pattern on the first dielectric substrate to form a radiation layer.
  • the waveguide feed structure is below.
  • the dynamic modulation of the beam is controlled through liquid crystal.
  • the pattern is analyzed for different slits.
  • the switch unit at the opening position performs power deflection to realize the radiation or non-radiation of the energy of the slit opening, and finally achieves dynamic beam control.
  • Holographic antennas have a wide range of application scenarios. Because holographic antennas have the advantages of beam reconfiguration, multi-beam generation, multi-frequency beam generation and high-gain beam focusing, they have been used in satellite communications, mobile communications, imaging, wireless charging and multi-user MIMO and other aspects have gained important applications.
  • embodiments of the present disclosure also provide a method for preparing a holographic antenna, which method can be used to prepare any of the above-mentioned holographic antennas.
  • the method may include the following steps.
  • the waveguide structure can be made by selecting a pre-prepared waveguide structure, and the waveguide structure can be processed by CNN.
  • step S3 can also be completed before S1 and S2.
  • the preparation method of the embodiment of the present disclosure may also include the following steps.
  • S5 provides a pair of opposing substrates.
  • the patch electrode is located on the side of the second dielectric substrate close to the liquid crystal layer, and the radiation layer is provided on the side of the first dielectric substrate close to the liquid crystal layer.
  • an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electronic device.
  • the electronic device includes the above-mentioned holographic antenna.
  • the antenna also includes a transceiver unit, a radio frequency transceiver, a signal amplifier, a power amplifier, and a filter unit. This antenna can be used as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
  • the transceiver unit may include a baseband and a receiving end.
  • the baseband provides signals in at least one frequency band, such as 2G signals, 3G signals, 4G signals, 5G signals, etc., and sends signals in at least one frequency band to the radio frequency transceiver.
  • the transparent antenna in the communication system After the transparent antenna in the communication system receives the signal, it can be processed by the filtering unit, power amplifier, signal amplifier, and radio frequency transceiver (not shown in the figure) and then transmitted to the receiving end in the transceiver unit.
  • the receiving end can be a smart device, for example. Gateway etc.
  • the radio frequency transceiver is connected to the transceiver unit and is used to modulate the signal sent by the transceiver unit, or to demodulate the signal received by the transparent antenna and then transmit it to the transceiver unit.
  • the radio frequency transceiver can include a transmitting circuit, a receiving circuit, a modulating circuit, and a demodulating circuit. After the transmitting circuit receives multiple types of signals provided by the baseband, the modulating circuit can modulate the multiple types of signals provided by the baseband, and then sent to the antenna.
  • the transparent antenna receives the signal and transmits it to the receiving circuit of the radio frequency transceiver.
  • the receiving circuit transmits the signal to the demodulation circuit.
  • the demodulation circuit demodulates the signal and transmits it to the receiving end.
  • the radio frequency transceiver is connected to a signal amplifier and a power amplifier, the signal amplifier and the power amplifier are connected to a filtering unit, and the filtering unit is connected to at least one antenna.
  • the signal amplifier is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal output by the radio frequency transceiver and then transmitted to the filtering unit;
  • the power amplifier is used to amplify the power of the signal output by the radio frequency transceiver and then transmits it to the filtering unit;
  • the filter unit may specifically include a duplexer and a filter circuit.
  • the filter unit combines the signals output by the signal amplifier and the power amplifier, filters out clutter, and then transmits the signals to the transparent antenna, and the antenna radiates the signal.
  • the antenna receives the signal and transmits it to the filtering unit.
  • the filtering unit filters out the clutter from the signal received by the antenna and transmits it to the signal amplifier and power amplifier.
  • the signal amplifier gains the signal received by the antenna. Increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal; the power amplifier amplifies the power of the signal received by the antenna.
  • the signal received by the antenna is processed by the power amplifier and signal amplifier and then transmitted to the radio frequency transceiver, and then the radio frequency transceiver transmits it to the transceiver unit.
  • the signal amplifier may include multiple types of signal amplifiers, such as low noise amplifiers, which are not limited here.
  • the antenna provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure also includes a power management unit.
  • the power management unit is connected to the power amplifier and provides the power amplifier with a voltage for amplifying the signal.

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Abstract

本公开提供一种全息天线及其制备方法、电子设备，属于通信技术领域。本公开的全息天线，其包括：至少一个天线单元；所述天线单元包括波导结构、第一介质基板、辐射层；其中，所述波导结构包括底壁和侧壁，且所述底壁和所述侧壁连接限定出所述波导结构的波导腔，且在所述波导腔内填充有填充介质；所述第一介质基板位于所述填充介质背离所述波导结构的底壁一侧；所述辐射层设置在所述第一介质基板上，且所述辐射层上具有多个狭缝开口；所述狭缝开口在所述第一介质基板上的正投影位于所述波导腔在所述第一介质基板的正投影内。

Description

全息天线及其制备方法、电子设备 技术领域
本公开属于通信技术领域，具体涉及一种全息天线及其制备方法、电子设备。
背景技术
天线作为大多数无线通信系统的终端设备，其工作性能对于系统的整体性能而言至关重要。随着科技的发展，对天线性能的要求越来越高。除了传统的增益、极化等传统指标有高要求以外，很多时候还要求天线具有低剖面、重量轻、易于共形等特性。而反射面天线、相控阵天线以及透镜天线等，虽然能实现高增益，但都各自具有较为明显的劣势，如反射面天线需要提供空间照射源，极大的增加了剖面；相控阵天线的馈电网络极复杂，设计困难，成本高；而透镜天线本身剖面就较高，加上照射源之后更进一步加大了剖面。全息天线作为一种高增益天线，能同时满足低剖面、轻重量等要求，因而很适应当下的应用背景，发展潜力十足。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的技术问题之一，提供一种全息天线及其制备方法、电子设备。
第一方面，本公开实施例提供一种全息天线，其包括：至少一个天线单元；所述天线单元包括波导结构、第一介质基板、辐射层；其中，
所述波导结构包括底壁和侧壁，且所述底壁和所述侧壁连接限定出所述波导结构的波导腔，且在所述波导腔内填充有填充介质；
所述第一介质基板位于所述填充介质背离所述波导结构的底壁一侧；
所述辐射层设置在所述第一介质基板上，且所述辐射层上具有多个狭缝开口；所述狭缝开口在所述第一介质基板上的正投影位于所述波导腔在所述第一介质基板的正投影内。
其中，所述第一介质基板设置在波导结构的侧壁上，且与所述波导结构的波导腔形成封闭空间。
其中，所述第一介质基板和所述辐射层设置在所述波导结构的波导腔内。
其中，所述辐射层设置在所述第一介质基板背离所述填充介质的一侧；所述天线单元还包括设置在所述辐射层背离所述第一介质基板一侧的多个开关单元；所述开关单元与所述狭缝开口对应设置，被配置为控制所述狭缝开口的开关状态。
其中，所述开关单元包括PIN二极管、可变电抗二极管、液晶开关、MEMS开关中的任意一种。
其中，所述辐射层包括微带线；所述狭缝开口沿所述微带线的延伸方向并排设置，且所述狭缝开口的长度方向与所述微带线的延伸方向垂直。
其中，所述全息天线还包括馈电结构，被配置为将微波信号馈入所述波导结构中。
其中，所述馈电结构包括同轴探针。
其中，当所述天线单元为多个时，所述馈电结构包括功分馈电网络。
其中，所述天线单元的数量为2 n个，所述功分馈电网络包括波导功分馈电网络；所述波导功分馈电网络包括n级子波导；每个所述子波导均包括一条主干路和与所述主干路连接两条支路；
对于位于第1级的每个所述子波导，其中每个子波导的两条所述主干路分别连接两个所述天线单元的波导结构，且不同的所述支路连接的不同的所述天线单元的波导结构；
位于第i+1级的每个所述子波导的两条所述支路分别连接，位于第i级的两个所述子波导的主干路，且位于第i级的不同的所述子波导的主干路所连接的位于第i+1级的所述子波导的支路不同；1＜i≤N-1。
其中，每个所述子波导的支路之间的最大距离为D1，每一级所述子波导中相邻设置的子波导之间的最小距离为D2，D1＝D2。
其中，所述狭缝开口的宽度为λg/10～λg/20；所述狭缝开口的长度为λg/2～λg/6。
其中，所述填充介质包括慢波介质。
第二方面，本公开实施例提供全息天线的制备方法，其包括：形成至少一个天线单元的步骤；所述形成天线单元包括：
形成波导结构；
在所述波导结构的波导腔内形成填充介质；
在所述填充介质背离波导结构底壁一侧设置形成有第一辐射层的第一介质基板；所述辐射层上具有多个狭缝开口；所述狭缝开口在所述第一介质基板上的正投影位于所述波导腔在所述第一介质基板的正投影内。
第三方面，本公开实施例提供一种电子设备，其包括上述任一项所述的全息天线。
附图说明
图1本公开实施例的一种全息天线的局部示意图。
图2为本公开实施例的全息天线的辐射层的俯视图。
图3本公开实施例的另一中全息天线的局部示意图。
图4为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构为第一尺寸下的波导传输图。
图5为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构为第一尺寸下的Smith圆图。
图6为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构为第二尺寸下的波导传输图。
图7为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构为第二尺寸下的Smith圆图。
图8为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为0°的仿真辐射方向图。
图9为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为-30°的仿真辐射方向图。
图10为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为30°的仿真辐射方向图。
图11为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为0°下的Smith圆图。
图12为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为-30°下的Smith圆图。
图13为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为30°下的Smith圆图。
图14为本公开实施例的一种全息天线的示意图。
图15为本公开实施例的另一种全息天线的示意图。
图16为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导功分馈电网络的结构示意图。
图17为图16的波导功分馈电网络的四个端口的功率分配仿真图。
图18为本公开实施例的全息天线中的第一种开关单元的结构示意图。
图19为本公开实施例的全息天线中的第二种开关单元的结构示意图。
图20为本公开实施例的全息天线中的第三种开关单元的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
为使本领域技术人员更好地理解本发明的技术方案，下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细描述。
除非另外定义，本公开使用的技术术语或者科学术语应当为本公开所属领域内具有一般技能的人士所理解的通常意义。本公开中使用的“第一”、“第二”以及类似的词语并不表示任何顺序、数量或者重要性，而只是用来区分不同的组成部分。同样，“一个”、“一”或者“该”等类似词语也不表示数量限制，而是表示存在至少一个。“包括”或者“包含”等类似的词语意指出现该词前面的元件或者物件涵盖出现在该词后面列举的元件或者物件及其等同，而不排除其他元件或者物件。“连接”或者“相连”等类似的词语并非限定于物理的或者机械的连接，而是可以包括电性的连接，不管是直接的还是间接的。“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”等仅用于表示相对位置关系，当被描述对象的绝对位置改变后，则该相对位置关系也可能相应地改变。
全息天线的概念来源于光学全息原理，其原理为由目标波和参考波干涉形成干涉表面，再由参考波照射干涉表面反演得到目标波。由于超材料的出 现，使得在微波波段实现全息天线成为可能。全息天线系统仅包括全息表面和馈源，结构十分简单；馈源一般采用喇叭天线、单极子天线或者缝隙天线，不需要复杂的馈电网络。但为了降低剖面，常常采用单极子天线或者缝隙天线作为馈源；全息表面主要由介质基板和周期分布的金属贴片阵列组成，加工简单，成本低廉；在全息表面的设计过程中，只要计算出目标场和参考场干涉后形成的干涉场表达式，并参照干涉场表达式设计出金属贴片的分布即可得到所要的全息表面，设计过程非常简单。若得到不同的目标波，只需将目标场表达式重新代入到上述过程即可。这种设计上的简易性和灵活性也是全息天线的另一大优势。除此之外，全息天线还具有易于共形的特点，附着在球面、柱面等曲面上也不会较大影响其性能，因而十分适合应用于飞行器、导弹导引头等物体上。
可重构性作为近代天线的一个新要求，可大大提高天线的复用性，减少天线系统的成本和复杂度。比如一个频率可重构天线便可工作在数个频点；一个极化可重构天线即可实现多种极化方式；一个波束可重构天线可在多个波束指向间切换，具有相控扫描阵的功能。全息天线若采用了可重构单元，拥有了可重构性，则一个全息表面就可以实现波束扫描、多波束综合、极化重构等多种功能，应用潜力巨大。然而传统全息天线大多采用的是方形或圆形金属贴片单元，一旦结构固定就无法改变，无法实现可重构。另外即便找到了可重构的单元，由于全息天线单元众多，高达几百上千个，对每个单元实施动态调控的过程也十分艰难。基于上述原因，目前对全息天线可重构性的研究还比较空白，其难点就在于可重构单元的设计和动态调控的实现。
第一方面，图1本公开实施例的一种全息天线的局部示意图；图2为本公开实施例的全息天线的辐射层11的俯视图。如图1和2所示，本公开实施例提供一种全息天线，其包括：至少一个天线单元；每个天线单元包括波导结构20、第一介质基板10和辐射层11；其中，波导结构20包括底壁和侧壁，且底壁和侧壁连接限定出波导结构20的波导腔，且在波导腔内填充有填充介质21；第一介质基板10位于所述填充介质21背离波导结构20的底壁一侧；辐射层11设置在所述第一介质基板10上，且所述辐射层11上 具有多个狭缝开口111；狭缝开口111在第一介质基板10上的正投影位于波导腔在第一介质基板10的正投影内。
在本公开实施例中，波导结构20被配置将微波信号所接收到的微波信号通过辐射层11的狭缝开口111进行辐射，且波导结构20中填充的填充介质21可实现单模传输。利用全息原理，在波束的控制过程中，通过对辐射层11不同位置的狭缝开口111的图案进行设计实现波束的不同指向，结合单模传输波导实现大角度范围的阻抗匹配，提升波束赋形特性。
在一些示例中，波导结构20中填充的填充介质21为慢波介质，从而保证全息天线在工作频段内实现单模传输，从而有效的降低全息天线的高模次激发。例如：慢波介质可以为低损耗的聚合物材料，以实现慢波波导的效果。当然在波导腔内也可以为空气介质。
在一些示例中，如图1所示，辐射层11可以设置在第一介质基板10靠近波导结构20底壁的一侧，也可以设置在第一介质基板10背离波导结构20底壁的一侧，在本公开实施例中仅以辐射层11设置在第一介质基板10背离波导结构20底壁的一侧为例，但这并不构成第本公开实施例保护范围的限制。
在一些示例中，第一介质基板10可以设置在波导结构20的侧壁上，也即第一介质基板10设置波导腔外。在该种情况下，填充介质21填充满波导腔，该种结构方便制备，结构简单，易于实现。
在一些示例中，图3本公开实施例的另一中全息天线的局部示意图；如图3所示，第一介质基板10也可以设置在波导结构20的波导腔内，该种结构可以有效的提高能量的限制能力，保证高效的辐射能力。需要说明的是，当将第一介质基板10嵌入波导腔内部时，可以通过胶带将第一介质基板10和波导腔的内壁相固定以使第一介质基板10和波导腔形成密闭空间，避免能量的泄露。
在一些示例中，波导结构20的波导腔的尺寸，和波导结构20的侧壁和底壁厚度决定了单模传输的效果。以下结合具体示例进行说明。
第一种示例，波导结构20的第一种尺寸，波导结构20的波导腔的长度与宽度分别为19.05mm和9.525mm；以及波导结构20的波导腔的长度与宽度分别为13.7mm和6.85mm，波导结构20的侧壁和底壁厚度为2mm下的波导传输模式图和Smith圆图。图4为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构20为第一尺寸下的波导传输图；图5为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构20为第一尺寸下的Smith圆图。由图4可以看出在目标带宽11.5GHz至12.5GHz范围内可以传输多种模式，除了基模式传输外，高阶模式也同样可以传输，从而影响端口的阻抗匹配特性如图5所示，Smith圆图非常发散并且远离50Ω匹配点。
第二种示例，波导结构20的第二种尺寸，波导结构20的波导腔的长度与宽度分别为13.7mm和6.85mm，波导结构20的侧壁和底壁厚度为2mm；图6为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构20为第二尺寸下的波导传输图；图7为本公开实施例的全息天线的波导结构20为第二尺寸下的Smith圆图。由图6可以看出在目标带宽11.5GHz至12.5GHz范围内只有目标基模能够有效传输，其他高阶模式均被抑制，从而保证在目标带宽范围内的Smith圆图收敛，如图7所示。图6中可以看出，12GHz传输下电场分布图，上图明显出现不同间隔能量分配，表示除了12GHz模式传输外，还有其他模式进行传输，从而出现扰动。而下图电场分布均匀，表示12GHz单一模式传输，从保证单模传输效果。
在一些示例中，第一介质基板10上的辐射层11包括但不限微带线，在本公开实施例中，以辐射层11为微带线为例。对于微带线上的狭缝开口111的设置，具体可以采用如下方法。
S10、确定微带线上的设置区的个数，仿真频率，以及扫描角度(水平方向角度θ 0)。
例如：n具体例如选取为30、50、64、100、200等等，可以根据实际需求进行选取；f具体例如为26GHz，也可以是24.0GHz～28GHz中的任意一频点；θ 0具体例如为0°、±30°，±40°，±60°等等，也可以选取其它角度。
S20、定义微带线的延伸方向为y轴，垂直于微带线的延伸方向并平行于第一介质基板10的侧面的方向为x轴，垂直于第一介质基板10的侧面的方向为z轴，并根据n、f以及θ 0，基于全息天线的幅度加权原理，得到各个设置区的激励幅度值m。
需要说明的是，全息天线的幅度加权原理具体是，以一维结构为例，假设狭缝开口111沿着y轴分布，即参考波与物波表达式分别是：
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000002
其中，k f为目标波波矢量；k s为参考波波矢量；φ 0为波束指向角度；i在0至n之间取值。
根据干涉原理，全息结构上记录的干涉图案如下：
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000004
利用幅度采样函数进行分析如下：
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000005
其中，
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000006
表示水平方向角度θ 0；波束指向角度φ 0时，全息天线在
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000007
位置处的激流幅度值。
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000008
的取值范围是0～1。
利用以上幅度采样代入以下公式计算远场辐射方向图：
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2022102208-appb-000010
S30、利用二值法将各设置区的激励幅度值进行离散处理，离散阈值为t，0＜t＜1；当设置区的激励幅度值m不小于t时，得到离散结果M记为1，当设置区的激励幅度值m小于t时，得到离散结果M记为0。
S40、根据离散结果M在相应的设置区设置狭缝开口111，例如：在离散结果M为0的设置区不设置狭缝开口111，在离散结果M为1的设置区 设置狭缝开口111。
进一步的，结合HFSS进行仿真获得以下三个角度：-30°、0°和30°，缝隙总数为64个，前10个分布分别如下：11001001100……、0111001110……、0000111110……。图8为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为0°的仿真辐射方向图；图9为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为-30°的仿真辐射方向图；图10为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为30°的仿真辐射方向图；图11为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为0°下的Smith圆图；图12为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为-30°下的Smith圆图；图13为本公开实施例的全息天线在水平方向角θ 0为30°下的Smith圆图。如图8-13所示本公开实施例的全息天线的阻抗匹配性能良好。
在一些示例中，狭缝开口111的尺寸要小于介质中半波长λg/2，此处设置为λg/3，漏缝开口长度可以在λg/2～λg/6之间，宽度在λg/10～λg/20之间，通常在优化后的尺寸下可允许有10～20％偏差，在此范围内对波束指向精度影响较小，为此可提高工艺兼容度。
在一些示例中，全息天线不仅包括上述结构，还可以包括馈电结构，馈电结构被配置为将微波信号馈入波导结构20中。
在一个示例中，图14为本公开实施例的一种全息天线的示意图；如图14所示，馈电结构包括同轴探针，同轴探针包括但不限于SMA。具体的，该微带线具有激励端口11a和负载端口11b，以及连接在激励端口11a和负载端口11b之间的主体部11c；在主体部11c上具有延其延伸方向并排设置的多个狭缝开口111111。馈电结构中的同轴探针可以包括第一同轴探针41和第二同轴探针42。对于一个天线单元，第一同轴探针41的内芯插入波导结构20中，与微带线的激励端口11a电连接，用于将微波信号馈入微带线的激励端口11a。第二同轴探针42的内芯同样插入波导结构20中，与微带线的负载端口11b，用于阻抗匹配。
在一些示例中，图15为本公开实施例的另一种全息天线的示意图；如图15所示，当天线单元的数量为多个时，馈电结构可以为功分馈电网络， 被配置为向各天线单元进行馈电。例如：天线单元的数量为2 n个，功分馈电网络包括波导功分馈电网络40；波导功分馈电网络40包括n级子波导401；每个子波导401均包括一条主干路和与主干路连接两条支路；对于位于第1级的每个子波导401，其中每个子波导401的两条主干路分别连接两个天线单元的波导结构20，且不同的支路连接的不同的天线单元的波导结构20；位于第i+1级的每个子波导401的两条支路分别连接，位于第i级的两个子波导401的主干路，且位于第i级的不同的子波导401的主干路所连接的位于第i+1级的子波导401的支路不同；1＜i≤N-1。
具体的，图16中以全息天线包括四个天线单元为例，此时波导功分馈电网络40为一个一分二，二分四的包括两级子波导401的结构。对于位于第1级的每个子波导401，其中每个子波导401的两条主干路分别连接两个天线单元的波导结构20，且不同的支路连接的不同的天线单元的波导结构20；位于第2级的每个子波导401的两条支路分别连接，位于第1级的两个子波导401的主干路。
进一步的，每个子波导401的支路之间的最大距离为D1，每一级所述子波导401中相邻设置的子波导401之间的最小距离为D2，D1＝D2。如图16所示，对于每个子波导401的各个位置的宽度和宽度，以及角度的设置，从而实现各个端口的功率分配，其中设计误差在0.12dB，基本上实现各个端口等功率分配，如图17所示，同时还可以有效的降低微波信号的传输损耗。
需要说明的是，当天线单元为多个，馈电结构采用波导功分馈电网络40时，位于第一级的子波导401的波导腔的开口可以直接与天线单元的波导结构20的侧壁连接，且在连接位置波导结构20的侧壁上具有开口，从而实现微波信号的馈入。
在一些示例中，每个天线单元中还可以设置有开关单元，该开关单元设置在辐射层11背离第一介质基板10的一侧。开关单元可以与狭缝开口111一一对应设置，被配置控制狭缝开口111的是否可以将射频信号进行馈出。根据波束方向可以通过相应的开关单元的开关状态，以控制狭缝开口111的开关状态来实现。
图18为本公开实施例的全息天线中的第一种开关单元的结构示意图；如图18所示，开关单元可以为PIN二极管，也可以为可变电抗二极管Varactor。在该种情况下，可以将PIN二极管或者可变电抗二极管Varactor与狭缝开口111集成，从而实现双值幅度或者连续幅度调控能力。例如：以开关单元采用PIN二极管为例，控制给PIN二极管输入偏置电压，从而控制PIN二极管的正偏/反偏。当需要狭缝开口111处于开态时，此时，给PIN二极管输入偏置电压大于其导通阈值，PIN二极管导通；当需要狭缝开口111处于关态时，此时，给PIN二极管输入偏置电压小于其导通阈值，PIN二极管关断。
图19为本公开实施例的全息天线中的第二种开关单元的结构示意图；如图19所示，该开关单元为液晶开关，也即，设置与第一介质基板10相对设置的对置基板30，对置基板30上设置有控制电极31，在对置基板30的控制电极31所在层与微带线所在层之间设置有液晶层32。通过改变施加在控制电极31的电压，改变液晶层32的液晶分子的偏转角度，从而实现狭缝开口111辐射出的射频信号幅度的连续调控。
图20为本公开实施例的全息天线中的第三种开关单元的结构示意图；如图20所示，该开关单元为MEMS开关。例如：在设置与第一介质基板10相对设置的对置基板30，对置基板30采用柔性基板，在对置基板30上设置有贴片电极34，且贴片电极34与狭缝开口111一一对应设置，此时通过给贴片电极34施加电压，在电场力的作用下调节贴片电极34与狭缝开口111之间的距离，从而实现连续调控射频信号的辐射幅度。
在一些示例中，第一介质基板10的材料包括但不限于为PCB、PET以及聚合物低损耗介质材料。
在一些示例中，辐射层11的材料为金属材料，该金属材料包括但不限于铜。在本公开实施例的全息天线中，对填充慢波介质的波导进行优化设计，保证在需求频段范围内实现单模传输，从而尽可能降低在波导缝隙天线设计中高次模式激发。利用全息原理，在波束调控过程中，通过在波导阵面上进行不同位置缝隙图案设计实现波束的不同指向，结合单模传输波导实现大角度范围的阻抗匹配，提升波束赋形特性。在本公开实施例中，波导上阵面通 过在第一介质基板上上镀金属刻蚀图案形成辐射层，下方为波导馈波结构，波束动态调制通过液晶进行调控，按照算法分析图案对于不同狭缝开口位置处的开关单元进行加电偏转实现狭缝开口能量的辐射与不辐射，最终实现动态波束控制。
全息天线具有很广阔的应用场景，由于全息天线具有波束可重构、多波束生成、多频率的波束生成以及高增益波束聚焦等优势，已经在卫星通信、移动通信、成像、无线充电以及多用户MIMO等方面获得重要应用。
第二方面，本公开实施例还提供一种全息天线的制备方法，该方法可用于制备上述任一全息天线。该方法可以包括如下步骤。
S1、提供一第一介质基板。
S2、在第一介质基板上通过构图工艺形成包括狭缝开口的辐射层。
S3、在波导结构的波导腔内填充填充介质。
需要说明的是，波导结构可以通过选用预先制备好的波导结构，波导结构可以采用CNN加工制成。
S4、将第一介质基板与波导结构组装在一起，此时，狭缝开口在所述第一介质基板上的正投影位于波导腔在第一介质基板的正投影内。
其中，上述步骤S3也可以在S1和S2之前完成制备。
当全息天线还包括开关单元时，此时以开关单元为液晶开关为例，本公开实施例的制备方法还可以包括如下步骤。
S5、提供一对置基板。
S6、在对置基板上形成贴片电极，一个贴片电极与一个狭缝开口的位置对应设置。
S7、在第一介质基板和第二介质基板之间填充液晶层。
需要说明的是，贴片电极位于第二介质基板靠近液晶层的一侧，辐射层设置在第一介质基板靠近液晶层的一侧。
至此完成本公开实施例中全息天线的制备。
第三方面，本公开实施例提供一种电子设备，电子设备包括上述的全息天线。该天线还包括收发单元、射频收发机、信号放大器、功率放大器、滤波单元。该天线可以作为发送天线，也可以作为接收天线。其中，收发单元可以包括基带和接收端，基带提供至少一个频段的信号，例如提供2G信号、3G信号、4G信号、5G信号等，并将至少一个频段的信号发送给射频收发机。而通信系统中的透明天线接收到信号后，可以经过滤波单元、功率放大器、信号放大器、射频收发机(图中未示)的处理后传输给收发单元中的接收端，接收端例如可以为智慧网关等。
进一步地，射频收发机与收发单元相连，用于调制收发单元发送的信号，或用于解调透明天线接收的信号后传输给收发单元。具体地，射频收发机可以包括发射电路、接收电路、调制电路、解调电路，发射电路接收基底提供的多种类型的信号后，调制电路可以对基带提供的多种类型的信号进行调制，再发送给天线。而透明天线接收信号传输给射频收发机的接收电路，接收电路将信号传输给解调电路，解调电路对信号进行解调后传输给接收端。
进一步地，射频收发机连接信号放大器和功率放大器，信号放大器和功率放大器再连接滤波单元，滤波单元连接至少一个天线。在通信系统进行发送信号的过程中，信号放大器用于提高射频收发机输出的信号的信噪比后传输给滤波单元；功率放大器用于放大射频收发机输出的信号的功率后传输给滤波单元；滤波单元具体可以包括双工器和滤波电路，滤波单元将信号放大器和功率放大器输出的信号进行合路且滤除杂波后传输给透明天线，天线将信号辐射出去。在通信系统进行接收信号的过程中，天线接收到信号后传输给滤波单元，滤波单元将天线接收的信号滤除杂波后传输给信号放大器和功率放大器，信号放大器将天线接收的信号进行增益，增加信号的信噪比；功率放大器将天线接收的信号的功率放大。天线接收的信号经过功率放大器、信号放大器处理后传输给射频收发机，射频收发机再传输给收发单元。
在一些示例中，信号放大器可以包括多种类型的信号放大器，例如低噪声放大器，在此不做限制。
在一些示例中，本公开实施例提供的天线还包括电源管理单元，电源管 理单元连接功率放大器，为功率放大器提供用于放大信号的电压。
可以理解的是，以上实施方式仅仅是为了说明本发明的原理而采用的示例性实施方式，然而本发明并不局限于此。对于本领域内的普通技术人员而言，在不脱离本发明的精神和实质的情况下，可以做出各种变型和改进，这些变型和改进也视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种全息天线，其包括：至少一个天线单元；所述天线单元包括波导结构、第一介质基板、辐射层；其中，
    所述波导结构包括底壁和侧壁，且所述底壁和所述侧壁连接限定出所述波导结构的波导腔，且在所述波导腔内填充有填充介质；
    所述第一介质基板位于所述填充介质背离所述波导结构的底壁一侧；
    所述辐射层设置在所述第一介质基板上，且所述辐射层上具有多个狭缝开口；所述狭缝开口在所述第一介质基板上的正投影位于所述波导腔在所述第一介质基板的正投影内。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的全息天线，其中，所述第一介质基板设置在波导结构的侧壁上，且与所述波导结构的波导腔形成封闭空间。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的全息天线，其中，所述第一介质基板和所述辐射层设置在所述波导结构的波导腔内。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的全息天线，其中，所述辐射层设置在所述第一介质基板背离所述填充介质的一侧；所述天线单元还包括设置在所述辐射层背离所述第一介质基板一侧的多个开关单元；所述开关单元与所述狭缝开口对应设置，被配置为控制所述狭缝开口的开关状态。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的全息天线，其中，所述开关单元包括PIN二极管、可变电抗二极管、液晶开关、MEMS开关中的任意一种。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的全息天线，其中，所述辐射层包括微带线；所述狭缝开口沿所述微带线的延伸方向并排设置，且所述狭缝开口的长度方向与所述微带线的延伸方向垂直。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的全息天线，其中，还包括馈电结构，被配置为将微波信号馈入所述波导结构中。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的全息天线，其中，所述馈电结构包括同轴探针。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的全息天线，其中，当所述天线单元为多个时， 所述馈电结构包括功分馈电网络。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的全息天线，其中，所述天线单元的数量为2 n个，所述功分馈电网络包括波导功分馈电网络；所述波导功分馈电网络包括n级子波导；每个所述子波导均包括一条主干路和与所述主干路连接两条支路；
    对于位于第1级的每个所述子波导，其中每个子波导的两条所述主干路分别连接两个所述天线单元的波导结构，且不同的所述支路连接的不同的所述天线单元的波导结构；
    位于第i+1级的每个所述子波导的两条所述支路分别连接，位于第i级的两个所述子波导的主干路，且位于第i级的不同的所述子波导的主干路所连接的位于第i+1级的所述子波导的支路不同；1＜i≤N-1。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的全息天线，其中，每个所述子波导的支路之间的最大距离为D1，每一级所述子波导中相邻设置的子波导之间的最小距离为D2，D1＝D2。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的全息天线，其中，所述狭缝开口的宽度为λg/10～λg/20；所述狭缝开口的长度为λg/2～λg/6。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的全息天线，其中，所述填充介质包括慢波介质。
  14. 一种全息天线的制备方法，其包括：形成至少一个天线单元的步骤；所述形成天线单元包括：
    形成波导结构；
    在所述波导结构的波导腔内形成填充介质；
    在所述填充介质背离波导结构底壁一侧设置形成有第一辐射层的第一介质基板；所述辐射层上具有多个狭缝开口；所述狭缝开口在所述第一介质基板上的正投影位于所述波导腔在所述第一介质基板的正投影内。
  15. 一种电子设备，其包括权利要求1-13中任一项所述的全息天线。
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