WO2023287931A1 - Esters d'un rétinoïde et de bakuchiol et leurs préparations - Google Patents

Esters d'un rétinoïde et de bakuchiol et leurs préparations Download PDF

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WO2023287931A1
WO2023287931A1 PCT/US2022/037035 US2022037035W WO2023287931A1 WO 2023287931 A1 WO2023287931 A1 WO 2023287931A1 US 2022037035 W US2022037035 W US 2022037035W WO 2023287931 A1 WO2023287931 A1 WO 2023287931A1
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Prior art keywords
reaction mixture
certain embodiments
skin
solvate
tautomer
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PCT/US2022/037035
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English (en)
Inventor
Suizhou Yang
Oliver YU
Manuel Garcia Venegas
Yisheng WU
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Conagen Inc.
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Publication date
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Priority to EP22751567.3A priority Critical patent/EP4370503A1/fr
Priority to JP2024501777A priority patent/JP2024526745A/ja
Priority to CN202280061203.4A priority patent/CN118076584A/zh
Publication of WO2023287931A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023287931A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C403/00—Derivatives of cyclohexane or of a cyclohexene or of cyclohexadiene, having a side-chain containing an acyclic unsaturated part of at least four carbon atoms, this part being directly attached to the cyclohexane or cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene rings, e.g. vitamin A, beta-carotene, beta-ionone
    • C07C403/20—Derivatives of cyclohexane or of a cyclohexene or of cyclohexadiene, having a side-chain containing an acyclic unsaturated part of at least four carbon atoms, this part being directly attached to the cyclohexane or cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene rings, e.g. vitamin A, beta-carotene, beta-ionone having side-chains substituted by carboxyl groups or halides, anhydrides, or (thio)esters thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
    • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated

Definitions

  • retinol derivatives e.g ., retinol, retinyl esters, and retinoic esters
  • retinol derivatives are useful as ingredients in skin-care products.
  • 1991001301 discloses compounds and methods for treating skin for acne or psoriasis.
  • Mukherjee et al., Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2006, 1, 327-348 discloses compounds in the treatment of skin aging.
  • Xiang et al., Hunan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 2004, 31, 6-10 discloses a synthesis of certain isotretinoin derivatives.
  • Bakuchiol discusses signs of skin aging. There is a need for improved skin-care products.
  • the present disclosure provides an ester of Formula (G): or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of Formula (I): or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of the formula: or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of the formula: or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of the formula: or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the esters, and the tautomers, isotopically labeled compounds, solvates, polymorphs, and co-crystals thereof, may be formed from a retinoid and bakuchiol.
  • the esters may be useful in improving skin health and/or reducing skin ageing.
  • the esters may be advantageous over retinoids and bakuchiol that form the esters.
  • the advantages may be at least in part due to that the esters comprise both a retinoid moiety and a bakuchiol moiety.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of producing the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, the method comprising incubating a second reaction mixture for a second time duration sufficient to produce the ester, tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal, wherein the second reaction mixture comprises:
  • the method further comprises incubating a third reaction mixture comprising the second reaction mixture and ethanolamine, or a salt thereof, for a third time duration.
  • the method further comprises incubating a first reaction mixture for a first time duration sufficient to produce (a) of the second reaction mixture, wherein: the first reaction mixture comprises:
  • the method of producing the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof comprises the steps shown in the scheme: .
  • the method of producing the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof comprises the steps shown in the scheme:
  • the present disclosure provides a composition
  • a composition comprising: the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof; and optionally an excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, produced by the method.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a skin disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of preventing a skin disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of slowing the ageing of the skin or improving the appearance of the skin of a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of modulating a retinoid receptor in a subject, biological sample, tissue, or cell comprising administering to the subject or contacting the biological sample, tissue, or cell with an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a kit comprising: the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, or the composition; and optionally instructions for using the ester, tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, co-crystal, or composition.
  • Compounds (e.g ., esters) described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
  • the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer.
  • Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw–Hill, NY, 1962); and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p.268 (E.L. Eliel, Ed., Univ.
  • a formula depicted herein includes compounds that do not include isotopically enriched atoms and also compounds that include isotopically enriched atoms. Compounds that include isotopically enriched atoms may be useful as, for example, analytical tools, and/or probes in biological assays. When a range of values (“range”) is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub–range within the range.
  • a range is inclusive of the values at the two ends of the range unless otherwise provided.
  • an integer between 1 and 4 refers to 1, 2, 3, and 4.
  • C1–6 alkyl is intended to encompass, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1–6, C1–5, C1–4, C1–3, C1–2, C2–6, C2–5, C2–4, C2–3, C3–6, C3–5, C3–4, C4–6, C4–5, and C5–6 alkyl.
  • Alkyl refers to a radical of a straight–chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C1–20 alkyl”).
  • an alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“C1–12 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1–10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1–9 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1–8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C1–7 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C1–6 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1–5 alkyl”).
  • an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1–4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C1–3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C1–2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2–6 alkyl”).
  • C1–6 alkyl groups include methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n–propyl (C3), isopropyl (C3), n–butyl (C4), tert–butyl (C4), sec–butyl (C4), iso–butyl (C4), n–pentyl (C5), 3–pentanyl (C5), amyl (C 5 ), neopentyl (C 5 ), 3–methyl–2–butanyl (C 5 ), tertiary amyl (C 5 ), and n–hexyl (C 6 ).
  • alkyl groups include n–heptyl (C 7 ), n–octyl (C 8 ) and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkyl group is unsubstituted C 1–12 alkyl (e.g., –CH 3 Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t-Bu), unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu or s-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu)).
  • C 1–12 alkyl e.g., –CH 3 Me
  • Et unsubstituted ethyl
  • Pr unsubstituted propyl
  • Pr unsubstitute
  • the alkyl group is substituted C1–12 alkyl (such as substituted C 1-6 alkyl, e.g., –CH 2 F, –CHF 2 , –CF 3 , –CH 2 CH 2 F, –CH 2 CHF 2 ,–CH 2 CF 3 , or benzyl (Bn)).
  • an alkyl group is substituted with one or more halogens.
  • Perhaloalkyl is a substituted alkyl group as defined herein wherein all of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo.
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C1–8 perhaloalkyl”).
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1–6 perhaloalkyl”).
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1–4 perhaloalkyl”).
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C1–3 perhaloalkyl”).
  • the alkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C1–2 perhaloalkyl”).
  • all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluoro.
  • all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with chloro.
  • perhaloalkyl groups include –CF 3 , –CF2CF3, –CF2CF2CF3, –CCl3, –CFCl2, –CF2Cl, and the like.
  • Alkenyl refers to a radical of a straight–chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more (e.g., two, three, or four, as valency permits) carbon– carbon double bonds, and no triple bonds (“C2–20 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 2–10 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2–9 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C2–8 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C2–7 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C2–6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2–5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C2–4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C2–3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkenyl”).
  • the one or more carbon–carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2–butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1–butenyl).
  • Examples of C 2–4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C2), 1–propenyl (C3), 2–propenyl (C3), 1–butenyl (C4), 2–butenyl (C4), butadienyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • Examples of C 2–6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2–4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C 5 ), pentadienyl (C 5 ), hexenyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • alkenyl examples include heptenyl (C7), octenyl (C8), octatrienyl (C8), and the like.
  • each instance of an alkenyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C 2–10 alkenyl.
  • the alkenyl group is substituted C2–10 alkenyl.
  • Alkynyl refers to a radical of a straight–chain or branched hydrocarbon group having rom 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more (e.g., two, three, or four, as valency permits) carbon– carbon triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds (“C2–20 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 2–10 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2–9 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C2–8 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C2–7 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2–6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2–5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2–4 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C2–3 alkynyl”). In ome embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkynyl”).
  • the one or more carbon–carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2–butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1– butynyl).
  • Examples of C2–4 alkynyl groups include ethynyl (C2), 1–propynyl (C3), 2–propynyl C 3 ), 1–butynyl (C 4 ), 2–butynyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • C 2–6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2–4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C 5 ), hexynyl (C 6 ), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C7), octynyl (C8), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C 2–10 alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is substituted C2–10 alkynyl.
  • Carbocyclyl or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non–aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 13 ring carbon atoms (“C 3–13 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non–aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3–8 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C 3–7 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C3–6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C5–10 carbocyclyl”).
  • Exemplary C3–6 carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl (C3), cyclopropenyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (C 4 ), cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ), cyclopentenyl (C 5 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C 6 ), cyclohexadienyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C 3–8 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C3–6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl C 7 ), cycloheptenyl (C 7 ), cycloheptadienyl (C 7 ), cycloheptatrienyl (C 7 ), cyclooctyl (C 8 ), cyclooctenyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C 7 ), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C3–10 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C3–8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C9), cyclononenyl (C9), cyclodecyl (C10), cyclodecenyl (C10), octahydro–1H– indenyl (C 9 ), decahydronaphthalenyl (C 10 ), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C 10 ), and the like.
  • the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or contain a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”).
  • Carbocyclyl can be saturated, and saturated carbocyclyl is referred to as “cycloalkyl.”
  • carbocyclyl is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C3–10 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3–8 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3–6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C5–6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C5–10 cycloalkyl”). Examples of C 5–6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C 5 ) and cyclohexyl (C 5 ).
  • C 3–6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C5–6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C3) and cyclobutyl (C4).
  • C3–8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C3–6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ) and cyclooctyl (C 8 ).
  • each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C 3–10 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is substituted C 3–10 cycloalkyl.
  • Carbocyclyl including one or more (e.g., two or three, as valency permits) C ⁇ C triple bonds in the carbocyclic ring is referred to as “cycloalkynyl.”
  • “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system.
  • each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the carbocyclyl group is unsubstituted C3–10 carbocyclyl.
  • the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C3–10 carbocyclyl.
  • the carbocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, and monocyclic.
  • the carbocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 13-membered, and bicyclic.
  • “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3–10 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C3–8 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C3–6 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5–6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C5–10 cycloalkyl”). Examples of C5–6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C5) and cyclohexyl (C5). Examples of C3–6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C5–6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C 3 ) and cyclobutyl (C 4 ).
  • C 3–8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 3–6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ) and cyclooctyl (C8).
  • each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C 3–10 cycloalkyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group is substituted C3–10 cycloalkyl.
  • the carbocyclyl includes oxo substituted thereon.
  • “Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3– to 13–membered non– aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“3–13 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated.
  • Heterocyclyl may include zero, one, or more (e.g., two, three, or four, as valency permits) double bonds in all the rings of the heterocyclic ring system that are not aromatic or heteroaromatic.
  • Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heterocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continues to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system.
  • each instance of heterocyclyl is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3– 10 membered heterocyclyl.
  • the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.
  • the heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, and monocyclic.
  • the heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 13-membered, and bicyclic.
  • the heterocyclyl includes oxo substituted thereon.
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5 6 membered heterocyclyl has 1 2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include aziridinyl, oxiranyl, or thiiranyl.
  • Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl.
  • Exemplary 6- membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include triazinanyl.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl.
  • Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include azocanyl, oxecanyl, and thiocanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a Ce aryl ring include indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like.
  • Exemplary 6- membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring include tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
  • Aryl refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g ., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 p electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C6-i4 aryl”).
  • an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms (“C 6 aryl”; e.g., phenyl).
  • an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms (“Cio aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1- naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms (“Ci4 aryl”; e.g., anthracyl). “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system.
  • each instance of an aryl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the aryl group is unsubstituted C , 14 aryl.
  • the aryl group is substituted C6-14 aryl.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 p electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heteroaryl includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continues to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like
  • the point of attachment can be on either ring, e.g., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5 6 membered heteroaryl has 1 2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (“unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (“substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heteroaryl group is unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
  • the heteroaryl group is substituted 5 14 membered heteroaryl.
  • the heteroaryl group is 5-6 membered, monocyclic.
  • the heteroaryl group is 8-14 membered, bicyclic.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5- membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include tetrazolyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include pyridinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl.
  • Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl.
  • Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
  • “Partially unsaturated” refers to a group that includes at least one double or triple bond.
  • the term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic groups (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl groups) as herein defined.
  • saturated refers to a group that does not contain a double or triple bond, i.e., contains all single bonds.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, as defined herein, are optionally substituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group).
  • substituted means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position.
  • substituted is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound.
  • the present disclosure contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound.
  • heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, ⁇ OR aa , ⁇ SR aa , ⁇ N(R bb )2, –CN, –SCN, or –NO2.
  • the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen moieties) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, ⁇ OR aa , ⁇ SR aa , ⁇ N(R bb ) 2 , –CN, –SCN, or –NO 2 , wherein R aa is hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group (e.g., acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3- nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl) when attached to a sulfur atom; and each R bb is independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl,
  • a “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged group in order to maintain electronic neutrality.
  • An anionic counterion may be monovalent (i.e., including one formal negative charge).
  • An anionic counterion may also be multivalent (i.e., including more than one formal negative charge), such as divalent or trivalent.
  • Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F – , Cl – , Br – , I – ), NO 3 – , ClO 4 – , OH – , H 2 PO 4 – , HCO3 ⁇ , HSO4 – , sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p– toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10–camphor sulfonate, naphthalene–2–sulfonate, naphthalene–1–sulfonic acid–5–sulfonate, ethan–1–sulfonic acid–2–sulfonate, and the like), carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, and the
  • Exemplary counterions which may be multivalent include CO3 2 ⁇ , HPO4 2 ⁇ , PO4 3 ⁇ , B4O7 2 ⁇ , SO4 2 ⁇ , S2O3 2 ⁇ , carboxylate anions (e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like), and carboranes.
  • carboxylate anions e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like
  • carboranes e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, mal
  • Halo or halogen refers to fluorine (fluoro, –F), chlorine (chloro, –Cl), bromine (bromo, –Br), or iodine (iodo, –I).
  • Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms.
  • the nitrogen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl or a nitrogen protecting group.
  • the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group).
  • Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Amide nitrogen protecting groups include formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3– phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3–pyridylcarboxamide, N–benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p–phenylbenzamide, o–nitrophenylacetamide, o–nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N’–dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3–(p–hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3–(o–nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2–methyl–2–(o–nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2–methyl–2–(o– phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4–chlorobutanamide, 3–methyl–3–nitrobutanamide, o– nitroc
  • Carbamate nitrogen protecting groups include methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9–fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9–(2–sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9–(2,7–dibromo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7–di–t–butyl–[9–(10,10–dioxo–10,10,10,10– tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD–Tmoc), 4–methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2–trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2–trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2– phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1–(1–adamantyl)–1–methylethyl carbamate (
  • Sulfonamide nitrogen protecting groups include p–toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6,–trimethyl–4–methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6– trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6–dimethyl–4–methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6–tetramethyl–4–methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4–methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6–trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6–dimethoxy–4–methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8–pentamethylchroman–6–sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms),
  • nitrogen protecting groups include phenothiazinyl–(10)–acyl derivative, N’–p– toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N’–phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N– benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N–acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5–diphenyl–3–oxazolin–2– one, N–phthalimide, N–dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N–2,3–diphenylmaleimide, N–2,5– dimethylpyrrole, N–1,1,4,4–tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5– substituted 1,3–dimethyl–1,3,5–triazacyclohexan–2–one, 5–substituted 1,3–dibenzyl–1,3,5– triazacyclohexan–2–one, 1–substituted 3,5–dinitro–4–pyri
  • a nitrogen protecting group is Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts.
  • the oxygen atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl or an oxygen protecting group.
  • the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “hydroxyl protecting group”).
  • Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • oxygen protecting groups include methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t–butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p–methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4–methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p–AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t–butoxymethyl, 4–pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2–methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2–trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2–chloroethoxy)methyl, 2– (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3–bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1–methoxycyclohexyl, 4–methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4
  • an oxygen protecting group is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl.
  • the sulfur atom substituents are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl or a sulfur protecting group.
  • the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a “thiol protecting group”).
  • a sulfur protecting group is acetamidomethyl, ⁇ -Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine- sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl.
  • the “molecular weight” of -R, wherein -R is any monovalent moiety, is calculated by subtracting the atomic weight of a hydrogen atom from the molecular weight of the molecule R- H.
  • the “molecular weight” of -L-, wherein -L- is any divalent moiety, is calculated by subtracting the combined atomic weight of two hydrogen atoms from the molecular weight of the molecule H-L-H.
  • the molecular weight of a substituent is lower than 200, lower than 150, lower than 100, lower than 50, or lower than 25 g/mol.
  • a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and/or silicon atoms.
  • a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine atoms.
  • a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, and/or fluorine atoms.
  • a substituent does not comprise one or more, two or more, or three or more hydrogen bond donors.
  • a substituent does not comprise one or more, two or more, or three or more hydrogen bond acceptors.
  • salt refers to ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
  • a salt is composed of one or more cations (positively charged ions) and one or more anions (negative ions) so that the salt is electrically neutral (without a net charge).
  • Salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, pers
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N + (C I ⁇ T alkyl)4 salts.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further salts include ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
  • solvate refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association may include hydrogen bonding.
  • onventional solvents include water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, DMSO, THF, diethyl ether, nd the like.
  • the provided compounds may be prepared, e.g., in crystalline form, and may be olvated.
  • Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example, when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid.
  • “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates.
  • Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, and methanolates.
  • hydrate refers to a compound that is associated with water.
  • the number of the water molecules contained in a hydrate of a compound is in a definite ratio to the number of the compound molecules in the hydrate. Therefore, a hydrate of a compound may be epresented, for example, by the general formula R ⁇ x H2O, wherein R is the compound and wherein x is a number greater than 0.
  • a given compound may form more than one type of hydrates, including, e.g., monohydrates (x is 1), lower hydrates (x is a number greater than 0 and smaller than 1, e.g., hemihydrates (R ⁇ 0.5 H 2 O)), and polyhydrates (x is a number greater than 1, e.g., dihydrates (R ⁇ 2 H 2 O) and hexahydrates (R ⁇ 6 H 2 O)).
  • tautomers refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus,wo structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of ⁇ electrons and an atom (usually H).
  • enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted byreatment with either acid or base.
  • Another example of tautomerism is the aci- and nitro- forms of phenylnitromethane, that are likewise formed by treatment with acid or base.
  • Tautomeric forms may be relevant to the attainment of the optimal chemical reactivity and biological activity of a compound of interest. It is also to be understood that compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers”. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space areermed “stereoisomers”.
  • stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” andhose that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers”.
  • enantiomers When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible.
  • An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or (-)-isomers respectively).
  • a chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof.
  • a mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.
  • isotopically labeled compound refers to a derivative of a compound that only structurally differs from the compound in that at least one atom of the derivative includes at least one isotope enriched above (e.g., enriched between 3- and 10-fold, between 10- and 30-fold, between 30- and 100-fold, between 100- and 300-fold, between 300- and 1,000-fold, between 1,000- and 3,000-fold, or between 3,000- and 10,000-fold above) its natural abundance, whereas each atom of the compound includes isotopes at their natural abundances.
  • the isotope enriched above its natural abundance is 2 H. In certain embodiments, only one, two, three, four, or five hydrogen atoms of the isotopically labeled compound include 2 H above its natural abundance. In certain embodiments, the isotope enriched above its natural abundance is 13 C or 18 O. In certain embodiments, only one, two, or three carbon atoms of thesotopically labeled compound include 13 C above its natural abundance. In certain embodiments, only one or two oxygen atoms of the isotopically labeled compound include 18 O above its natural abundance.
  • polymorphs refers to a crystalline form of a compound (or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof) in a particular crystal packing arrangement.
  • All polymorphs have the same elemental composition. Different crystalline forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storageemperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate.
  • Various polymorphs of a compound can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.
  • the term “co-crystal” refers to a crystalline structure comprising at least two different components (e.g., a provided compound and an acid), wherein each of the components isndependently an atom, ion, or molecule. In certain embodiments, none of the components is a solvent.
  • At least one of the components is a solvent.
  • a co-crystal of a provided compound and an acid is different from a salt formed from a provided compound andhe acid.
  • a provided compound is complexed with the acid in a way that protonransfer (e.g., a complete proton transfer) from the acid to a provided compound easily occurs at room temperature.
  • a provided compound is complexed with the acidn a way that proton transfer from the acid to a provided herein does not easily occur at roomemperature.
  • Co-crystals may be useful to improve the properties (e.g ., solubility, stability, and ease of formulation) of a provided compound.
  • the solid forms described herein include all combinations thereof.
  • a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, salt, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal of a compound described herein includes, e.g., a polymorph of a solvate of a salt of an isotopically labeled compound of a tautomer of the compound described herein.
  • the solid form is cosmetically acceptable. In certain embodiments, the solid form is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • a “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e ., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle aged adult, or senior adult)) and/or other non-human animals, for example, mammals (e.g., primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys); commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, cats, and/or dogs) and birds (e.g., commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys).
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject may be a male or female and at any stage of development.
  • a non-human animal may be a transgenic animal.
  • tissue sample refers to any sample including tissue samples (such as tissue sections and needle biopsies of a tissue); cell samples (e.g., cytological smears (such as Pap or blood smears) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection); samples of whole organisms (such as samples of yeasts or bacteria); or cell fractions, fragments or organelles (such as obtained by lysing cells and separating the components thereof by centrifugation or otherwise).
  • tissue samples such as tissue sections and needle biopsies of a tissue
  • cell samples e.g., cytological smears (such as Pap or blood smears) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection
  • samples of whole organisms such as samples of yeasts or bacteria
  • cell fractions, fragments or organelles such as obtained by lysing cells and separating the components thereof by centrifugation or otherwise.
  • biological samples include blood, serum, urine, semen, fecal matter, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, mucous, tears, sweat, pus, biopsied tissue (e.g., obtained by a surgical biopsy or needle biopsy), nipple aspirates, milk, vaginal fluid, saliva, swabs (such as buccal swabs), or any material containing biomolecules that is derived from a first biological sample.
  • composition and “formulation” are used interchangeably.
  • administer refers to implanting, absorbing, ingesting, injecting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing a compound described herein, or a composition thereof, in or on a subject.
  • treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease described herein.
  • treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms of the disease have developed or have been observed.
  • treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease.
  • treatment may be administered to a susceptible subject prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of exposure to a pathogen). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay and/or prevent recurrence.
  • the treatment may be therapeutic treatment (not including prevention or prophylactic treatment).
  • prevent refers to a prophylactic treatment of a subject who is not and was not with a disease but is at risk of developing the disease or who was with a disease, is not with the disease, but is at risk of regression of the disease.
  • the subject is at a higher risk of developing the disease or at a higher risk of regression of the disease than an average healthy member of a population of subjects.
  • an “effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response.
  • An effective amount of a compound may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject.
  • the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • the effective amount is the amount of the compound in a single dose.
  • the effective amount is the combined amounts of the compound in multiple doses.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more signs and/or symptoms associated with the condition.
  • the therapeutically effective amount is an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms, signs, or causes of the condition, and/or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more signs and/or symptoms associated with the condition or prevent its recurrence. In certain embodiments, the prophylactically effective amount is an amount that improves overall prophylaxis and/or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
  • the present disclosure provides an ester of Formula (G): or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of the formula: or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of Formula (I): or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of Formula (1): or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of Formula (1), or a tautomer or isotopically labeled compound thereof.
  • the ester is of Formula (1), or a tautomer thereof.
  • the ester is of Formula (2) or (3): or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof. In certain embodiments, the ester is of Formula (2) or (3), or a tautomer or isotopically labeled compound thereof. In certain embodiments, the ester is of Formula (2) or (3), or a tautomer thereof.
  • the ester is of any one of Formulae (le), (2e), (3e), (4), (4e), (5), and (5e): or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the ester is of any one of Formulae (le), (2e), (3e), (4), (4e), (5), and (5e), or a tautomer or isotopically labeled compound thereof.
  • the ester is of any one of Formulae (le), (2e), (3e), (4), (4e), (5), and (5e), or a tautomer thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of producing the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, the method comprising incubating a second reaction mixture for a second time duration sufficient to produce the ester, tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal, wherein the second reaction mixture comprises:
  • Formula (B’) is Formula (B):
  • Formula (C’) is Formula (C):
  • Formula (B’) is Formula (B). In certain embodiments, Formula (B’) is of the formula:
  • Formula (C’) is:
  • Formula (C’) is Formula (C).
  • the anhydride of Formula (B’), or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof is substantially a single isomer (e.g., E/Z and stereoisomer).
  • the anhydride of Formula (B’), or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof is a mixture of isomers (e.g., E/Z isomers and/or stereoisomers), and the molar concentration of the most prevalent isomer (e.g., the isomer with fully retained isomerism with respect to the acid of Formula (AF), or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, salt, solvate, polymorph, or cocrystal thereof) in the mixture of isomers is between 40% and 50%, between 50% and 60%, between 60% and 70%, between 70% and 80%, between 80% and 90%, between 90% and 99%, or between 99% and 99.9%, inclusive.
  • isomers e.g., E/Z isomers and/or stereoisomers
  • the molar concentration of the most prevalent isomer e.g., the isomer with fully retained isomerism with respect to the acid of Formula
  • the molar ratio of the amount of (a) of the second reaction mixture to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 1:0.1 and 1:0.3, between 1:0.3 and 1:0.75, between 1:0.75 and 1:1, between 1:1 and 1:1.25, between 1:1.25 and 1:3, or between 1:3 and 1:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of (a) of the second reaction mixture to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 1:0.3 to 1:3, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of (a) of the second reaction mixture to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 1:0.75 to 1:1.25, inclusive.
  • the second solvent is substantially one single solvent. In certain embodiments, the second solvent is a mixture of two or more (e.g., three) solvents (e.g., solvents described in this paragraph). In certain embodiments, the second solvent is an organic solvent. In certain embodiments, the second solvent is an aprotic solvent. In certain embodiments, the second solvent is an ether solvent. In certain embodiments, the second solvent is a ketone solvent. In certain embodiments, the second solvent is an alkane solvent. In certain embodiments, the second solvent is an alcohol solvent. In certain embodiments, the second solvent is an aromatic organic solvent.
  • the second solvent is benzene, toluene, o- xylene, m-xylene, or p-xylene, or a mixture thereof.
  • the second solvent is a non-aromatic organic solvent.
  • the second solvent is acetonitrile, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran, or a mixture thereof.
  • the second solvent is acetonitrile.
  • the first solvent is acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methyl tert-butyl ether, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or a mixture thereof.
  • the second solvent is an inorganic solvent. In certain embodiments, the boiling point of the second solvent at about 1 atm is between 30 and 50, between 50 and 70, between 70 and 100, between 100 and 130, between 130 and 160, or between 160 and 200 °C, inclusive.
  • the second base if present, is an organic base. In certain embodiments, the second base, if present, is a mono-, di-, or tri-(unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl) amine. In certain embodiments, the second base, if present, is a tri-(unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl) amine.
  • the second base if present, is trimethylamine, triethylamine, or N,N- diisopropylethylamine, or a mixture thereof.
  • the second base if present, is a cyclic non-aromatic amine.
  • the second base if present, is an aromatic amine (e.g., pyridine).
  • the second base if present, is an inorganic base.
  • the second base if present, is Li2CO3, Na2CO3, or K 2 CO 3 , or a mixture thereof.
  • the second base if present, is LiHCO 3 , NaHCO 3 , or KHCO 3 , or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the second base, if present, is ammonia, ammonium carbonate, or ammonium hydroxide. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of the second base, if present, to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 1:1 and 2:1, between 2:1 and 3:1, between 3:1 and 5:1, or between 5:1 and 10:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of the second base, if present, to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 1:1 and 5:1, inclusive.
  • the esterification catalyst if present, is a Yamaguchi esterification catalyst. In certain embodiments, the esterification catalyst, if present, is 4- dimethylaminopyridine, or a salt or solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the esterification catalyst, if present, is 4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridine, or a salt or solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the esterification catalyst, if present, is pyridine, or a salt thereof.
  • the molar ratio of the amount of the esterification catalyst, if present, to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 0.01:1 and 0.03:1, between 0.03:1 and 0.1:1, between 0.1:1 and 0.3:1, between 0.3:1 and 1:1, between 1:1 and 2:1, or between 2:1 and 5:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of the esterification catalyst, if present, to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 0.1:1 to 2:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of the esterification catalyst, if present, to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 0.03:1 to 1:1, inclusive.
  • the second reaction mixture is substantially free of water (e.g., H2O, HDO, or D2O, or a mixture thereof). In certain embodiments, the second reaction mixture is between 95% and 97%, between 97% and 99%, between 99% and 99.9%, or between 99.9% and 99.99%, by weight, free of water.
  • the temperature of the second reaction mixture is between -20 and 0, between 0 and 20, between 20 and 40, between 40 and 60, between 60 and 80, or between 80 and 100 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the second reaction mixture is between 0 and 60 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the second reaction mixture is between 20 and 60 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the second reaction mixture is between 30 and 60 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the second reaction mixture is substantially constant over the second time duration.
  • the second time duration is between 1 and 10 minutes, between 10 and 60 minutes, between 1 and 3 hours, between 3 and 6 hours, between 6 and 12 hours, between 12 and 24 hours, or between 1 and 3 days, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the second time duration is between 10 minutes and 1 day, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the second time duration is between 20 minutes and 3 hours, inclusive.
  • the rate of conversion of (b) of the second reaction mixture to the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof is between 10% and 20%, between 20% and 40%, between 40% and 60%, between 60% and 80%, or between 80% and 99%, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the rate of conversion of (b) of the second reaction mixture to the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, is between 10% and 99%, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the rate of conversion of (b) of the second reaction mixture to the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, is between 40% and 70%, inclusive.
  • the method further comprises incubating a third reaction mixture comprising the second reaction mixture and ethanolamine, or a salt thereof, for a third time duration.
  • the molar ratio of the amount of ethanolamine, or a salt thereof, to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 0.1:1 and 1:1, between 1:1 and 10:1, between 10:1 and 100:1, or between 100:1 and 1,000:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of ethanolamine, or a salt thereof, to the amount of (b) of the second reaction mixture is between 1:1 and 100:1, inclusive.
  • the temperature of the third reaction mixture is between -20 and 0, between 0 and 20, between 20 and 40, between 40 and 60, between 60 and 80, or between 80 and 100 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the third reaction mixture is between 0 and 60 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the third reaction mixture is between 20 and 60 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the third reaction mixture is between 30 and 60 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the third reaction mixture is substantially constant over the third time duration.
  • the third time duration is between 1 and 10 minutes, between 10 and 60 minutes, between 1 and 3 hours, between 3 and 6 hours, between 6 and 12 hours, between 12 and 24 hours, or between 1 and 3 days, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the third time duration is between 10 minutes and 1 day, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the third time duration is between 10 minutes and 1.5 hours, inclusive.
  • the third reaction mixture is substantially free of water (e.g., H2O, HDO, or D2O, or a mixture thereof). In certain embodiments, the third reaction mixture is between 95% and 97%, between 97% and 99%, between 99% and 99.9%, or between 99.9% and 99.99%, by weight, free of water.
  • the step of incubating the third reaction mixture is immediately after the step of incubating the second reaction mixture.
  • the method further comprises purifying the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the step of purifying the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof comprises liquid-liquid phase separation, drying, filtration, concentration, chromatography, decolorization, or recrystallization, or a combination thereof.
  • the liquid-liquid phase separation is a separation of an organic liquid phase and an aqueous phase.
  • the drying is drying an organic liquid phase over a solid drying agent (e.g., anhydrous Na2SC>4, anhydrous MgSCri, anhydrous CaSCri, anhydrous CaCh, or activated molecular sieves).
  • a solid drying agent e.g., anhydrous Na2SC>4, anhydrous MgSCri, anhydrous CaSCri, anhydrous CaCh, or activated molecular sieves.
  • the filtration is a filtration of a mixture of a liquid phase (e.g., organic liquid phase) and a solid drying agent, or hydrates thereof, to remove the solid drying agent, or the hydrates thereof.
  • the concentration is concentration of a liquid phase (e.g., organic liquid phase) to remove part or substantially all of the volatiles (e.g., organic solvents).
  • the concentration is performed under a pressure lower than 1 atm (e.g., between 0.001 and 0.01, between 0.01 and 0.1, or between 0.1 and 1 atm, inclusive). In certain embodiments, the concentration is performed under a temperature of between 0 and 10, between 10 and 20, between 20 and 25, between 25 and 35, between 35 and 50, or between 50 and 80 °C, inclusive.
  • the chromatography is flash chromatography (e.g., normal-phase flash chromatography (e.g., over silica gel)). In certain embodiments, the chromatography is high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (e.g., reverse-phase HPLC or normal-phase HPLC).
  • the decolorization comprises redissolving in an organic solvent, decolorization, and concentration. In certain embodiments, the decolorization comprises contacting with a solid decolorization agent (e.g., activated charcoal). In certain embodiments, the recrystallization is a single-solvent recrystallization. In certain embodiments, the recrystallization is a multi-solvent (e.g., bi-solvent or tri-solvent) recrystallization. In certain embodiments, the recrystallization is a hot filtration-recrystallization.
  • a solid decolorization agent e.g., activated charcoal
  • the recrystallization is a single-solvent recrystallization. In certain embodiments, the recrystallization is a multi-solvent (e.g., bi-solvent or tri-solvent) recrystallization. In certain embodiments, the recrystallization is a hot filtration-recrystallization.
  • the step of purifying the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof further comprises removing part or substantially all of the volatiles (e.g., organic solvents) by decreasing the pressure (e.g., to a pressure of lower than 1 atm (e.g., between 0.001 and 0.01, between 0.01 and 0.1, or between 0.1 and 1 atm, inclusive) and/or increasing the temperature (e.g., to a temperature between 25 and 35, between 35 and 50, or between 50 and 80 °C, inclusive).
  • the volatiles e.g., organic solvents
  • the reaction mixture e.g., the second or third rection mixture immediately before the step of purifying the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof
  • the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof is a mixture of isomers (e.g., EIZ isomers and/or stereoisomers), and the molar concentration of the most prevalent isomer (e.g., the isomer with fully retained isomerism with respect to the anhydride of Formula (B’), or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, and the alcohol of Formula (C’), or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof) in the mixture of isomers is a mixture of isomers (e.g., EIZ isomers and/or stereoisomers), and the molar concentration of the most prevalent isomer (e.g., the isomer with fully retained isomerism with respect to the anhydride of Formula (B’), or
  • the method further comprises incubating a first reaction mixture for a first time duration sufficient to produce (a) of the second reaction mixture, wherein: the first reaction mixture comprises:
  • (A2) or an isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
  • step (d) optionally a first base; and the step of incubating a first reaction mixture is prior to the step of incubating the second reaction mixture.
  • Formula (AG) is Formula (Al):
  • (a) of the first reaction mixture is of the formula: a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, or salt thereof).
  • (a) of the first reaction mixture is of the formula: or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, salt, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof (e.g., a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, or salt thereof).
  • (a) of the first reaction mixture is of the formula: or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, salt, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof (e.g., a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, or salt thereof).
  • R is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted Ci- 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted methyl. In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted ethyl. In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted propyl (e.g., n- Pr or z ' -Pr). In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted butyl (e.g., n- Bu, sec- Bu, z ' -Bu, or /-Bu). In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted ethyl or unsubstituted isobutyl.
  • R is unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted zz-propyl, or unsubstituted zz-butyl.
  • R is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted with one or more instances of halogen (e.g., F)).
  • R is substituted Ci- 6 alkyl.
  • R is substituted methyl (e.g., fluorinated methyl or Bn).
  • R is -CF 3 .
  • R is substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl.
  • the molar ratio of the amount of (a) of the first reaction mixture to the amount of (b) of the first reaction mixture is between 1:0.3 and 1:0.5, between 1:0.5 and 1:0.67, between 1:0.67 and 1:1, between 1:1 and 1:1.2, between 1:1.2 and 1:2, between 1:2 and 1:3, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of (a) of the first reaction mixture to the amount of (b) of the first reaction mixture is between 1:1 to 1:1.2, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of (a) of the first reaction mixture to the amount of (b) of the first reaction mixture is between 1:0.67 to 1:1, inclusive.
  • the first solvent is substantially one single solvent. In certain embodiments, the first solvent is a mixture of two or more (e.g., three) solvents (e.g., solvents described in this paragraph). In certain embodiments, the first solvent is an organic solvent. In certain embodiments, the first solvent is an aprotic solvent. In certain embodiments, the first solvent is an ether solvent. In certain embodiments, the first solvent is a ketone solvent. In certain embodiments, the first solvent is an alkane solvent. In certain embodiments, the first solvent is an alcohol solvent. In certain embodiments, the first solvent is an aromatic organic solvent.
  • the first solvent is benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, or p-x ylene, or a mixture thereof.
  • the first solvent is a non-aromatic organic solvent.
  • the first solvent is tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, or dioxane, or a mixture thereof.
  • the first solvent is tetrahydrofuran.
  • the first solvent is methyl feri-butyl ether or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or a mixture thereof.
  • the first solvent is acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, diethyl ether, or ethyl acetate, or a mixture thereof.
  • the first solvent is an inorganic solvent.
  • the boiling point of the first solvent at about 1 atm is between 30 and 50, between 50 and 70, between 70 and 100, between 100 and 130, between 130 and 160, or between 160 and 200 °C, inclusive.
  • the first base if present, is an organic base. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is a mono-, di-, or tri-(unsubstituted Ci- 6 alkyl) amine. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is a tri-(unsubstituted Ci- 6 alkyl) amine. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is trimethylamine, triethylamine, or N,N- diisopropylethylamine, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is a cyclic non-aromatic amine.
  • the first base if present, is an aromatic amine (e.g., pyridine). In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is trimethylamine, triethylamine, L',/V-diisopropylethylamine, or pyridine. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is an inorganic base. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is L12CO3, Na 2 C0 3 , or K2CO3, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is LiHCCri, NaHCCri, or KHCO3, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the first base, if present, is ammonia, ammonium carbonate, or ammonium hydroxide.
  • aromatic amine e.g., pyridine
  • the first base if present, is trimethylamine, triethylamine, L',/V-diisopropylethylamine, or pyridine.
  • the molar ratio of the amount of the first base, if present, to the amount of (a) of the first reaction mixture is between 1:1 and 2:1, between 2:1 and 3:1, between 3:1 and 5:1, or between 5:1 and 10:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amount of the first base, if present, to the amount of (a) of the first reaction mixture is between 1:1 and 5:1, inclusive.
  • the temperature of the first reaction mixture is between -40 and - 20, between -20 and 0, between 0 and 20, between 20 and 40, or between 40 and 60, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the first reaction mixture is between -20 and 40 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the first reaction mixture is between -20 and 20 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the first reaction mixture is between 0 and 5 °C, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the first reaction mixture is substantially constant over the first time duration.
  • the first time duration is between 1 and 10 minutes, between 10 and 60 minutes, between 1 and 3 hours, between 3 and 6 hours, between 6 and 12 hours, between 12 and 24 hours, or between 1 and 3 days, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the first time duration is between 10 minutes and 1 day, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the first time duration is between 20 minutes and 3 hours, inclusive.
  • the first reaction mixture is substantially free of water (e.g., 3 ⁇ 40, HDO, or D2O, or a mixture thereof). In certain embodiments, the first reaction mixture is between 95% and 97%, between 97% and 99%, between 99% and 99.9%, or between 99.9% and 99.99%, by weight, free of water.
  • the pressure of the first, second, and third reaction mixtures is about 1 atm.
  • the rate of conversion of (a) of the first reaction mixture to (a) of the second reaction mixture is between 10% and 20%, between 20% and 40%, between 40% and 60%, between 60% and 80%, or between 80% and 99.9%, inclusive. In certain embodiments, rate of conversion of (a) of the first reaction mixture to (a) of the second reaction mixture is between 10% and 99.9%, inclusive. In certain embodiments, rate of conversion of (a) of the first reaction mixture to (a) of the second reaction mixture is between 50% and 99.9%, inclusive. In certain embodiments, rate of conversion of (a) of the first reaction mixture to (a) of the second reaction mixture is between 90% and 99.9%, inclusive.
  • the method further comprises purifying (a) of the second reaction mixture, wherein the step of purifying (a) of the second reaction mixture is prior to the step of incubating the second reaction mixture.
  • the step of purifying (a) of the second reaction mixture comprises: mixing the first reaction mixture with a non-polar organic solvent; subsequently, filtration; and subsequently and optionally, concentration.
  • the non-polar organic solvent is substantially one single solvent. In certain embodiments, the non-polar organic solvent is a mixture of two or more (e.g., three) solvents (e.g., solvents described in this paragraph). In certain embodiments, the non-polar organic solvent is an alkane solvent. In certain embodiments, the non-polar organic solvent is a pentane, a hexane, a heptane, or a petroleum ether, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the non-polar organic solvent is an aromatic non-polar organic solvent. In certain embodiments, the non-polar organic solvent is benzene, toluene, o-xylene, / «-xylene, or //-xylene.
  • the boiling point of the non-polar organic solvent at about 1 atm is between 30 and 50, between 50 and 70, between 70 and 100, between 100 and 130, between 130 and 160, or between 160 and 200 °C, inclusive.
  • the filtration is a filtration of a mixture of a liquid phase and a solid phase to remove the solid phase (e.g., a salt of the first base, e.g., a HC1 salt of the first base).
  • the concentration is concentration of a liquid phase (e.g., organic liquid phase) to remove part or substantially all of the volatiles (e.g., organic solvents).
  • the concentration is performed under a pressure lower than 1 atm (e.g., between 0.001 and 0.01, between 0.01 and 0.1, or between 0.1 and 1 atm, inclusive). In certain embodiments, the concentration is performed under a temperature of between 0 and 10, between 10 and 20, between 20 and 25, between 25 and 35, between 35 and 50, or between 50 and 80 °C, inclusive.
  • the method does not further comprise purifying (a) of the second reaction mixture prior to the step of incubating the second reaction mixture.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition
  • a composition comprising: the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof; and optionally an excipient.
  • the excipient if present, is a cosmetically acceptable excipient.
  • the composition is a cosmetic composition.
  • the excipient if present, is a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the composition further comprises an additional agent (e.g., additional cosmetic agent or additional pharmaceutical agent, or a combination thereof).
  • additional agent e.g., additional cosmetic agent or additional pharmaceutical agent, or a combination thereof.
  • the additional agent is different from the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof.
  • the composition is suitable for topical (e.g., by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops) administration to a subject.
  • the composition is suitable for oral administration to a subject.
  • the composition is suitable for: enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, intradermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, mucosal, nasal, buccal, or sublingual administration to a subject; administration to a subject by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or administration to a subject as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol.
  • the subject is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human two-years and older. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human eighteen-years and older.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, produced by the method.
  • compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacology.
  • preparatory methods include bringing the compound described herein (i.e., the “active ingredient”) into association with a carrier or excipient, and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping, and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
  • compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses.
  • a “unit dose” is a discrete amount of the composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
  • the amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage, such as one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
  • compositions described herein will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
  • the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
  • compositions include inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents may also be present in the composition.
  • Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose, and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.
  • crospovidone cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone)
  • sodium carboxymethyl starch sodium starch glycolate
  • Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g. , acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g., bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g., stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g., carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulo
  • Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g., cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g., acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum ® ), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or
  • Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, antiprotozoan preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.
  • the preservative is an antioxidant.
  • the preservative is a chelating agent.
  • antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
  • Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g. , sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof.
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • salts and hydrates thereof e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like
  • citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof e.g., citric acid
  • antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.
  • antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.
  • Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.
  • Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.
  • preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant ® Plus, Phenonip ® , methylparaben, Germall ® 115, Germaben ® II, Neolone ® , Kathon ® , and Euxyl ® .
  • Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer
  • Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, camauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn
  • Exemplary synthetic oils includebutyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, symps and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils ( e.g ., cottonseed, groundnut, com, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water
  • the oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • the conjugates described herein are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor ® , alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and mixtures thereof.
  • injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation can be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial -retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the conjugates described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or (a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, (c) humectants such as glycerol, (d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, (f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol mono
  • Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the art of pharmacology. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • encapsulating compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the active ingredient can be in a micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings, and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
  • the active ingredient can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch.
  • Such dosage forms may comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the dosage forms may comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • encapsulating agents which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a compound described herein may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, and/or patches.
  • the active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as can be required.
  • the present disclosure contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body.
  • Such dosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the active ingredient in the proper medium.
  • the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the active ingredient in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
  • Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal compositions described herein include short needle devices.
  • Intradermal compositions can be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin.
  • conventional syringes can be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration.
  • Jet injection devices which deliver liquid formulations to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum comeum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable.
  • Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate the compound in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid and/or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil-in-water and/or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments, and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions.
  • Topically administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of the active ingredient can be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent.
  • Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity.
  • a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers, or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers.
  • Such compositions are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant can be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self-propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container.
  • Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers.
  • Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
  • Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65 °F at atmospheric pressure.
  • the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition.
  • the propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid nonionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).
  • the compositions described herein formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension.
  • Such formulations can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device.
  • Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate.
  • the droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.
  • Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a composition described herein.
  • Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nares.
  • Formulations for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) to as much as 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for buccal administration.
  • Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • formulations for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising the active ingredient.
  • Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • a composition described herein can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for ophthalmic administration.
  • Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1- 1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid carrier or excipient.
  • Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this disclosure.
  • compositions are principally directed to compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation .
  • compositions described herein are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions described herein will be decided by a physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • the compounds and compositions provided herein can be administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, bucal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol.
  • enteral e.g., oral
  • parenteral intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary
  • intrathecal subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal
  • topical as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops
  • mucosal nasal,
  • Specifically contemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affected site.
  • intravenous administration e.g., systemic intravenous injection
  • regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply e.g., via blood and/or lymph supply
  • direct administration e.g., direct administration to an affected site.
  • the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration).
  • the compound or composition described herein is suitable for topical administration to the eye of a subject.
  • any two doses of the multiple doses include different or substantially the same amounts of a compound described herein.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is three doses a day, two doses a day, one dose a day, one dose every other day, one dose every third day, one dose every week, one dose every two weeks, one dose every three weeks, or one dose every four weeks.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is one dose per day. In certain embodiments, the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is two doses per day.
  • the frequency of administering the multiple doses to the subject or applying the multiple doses to the tissue or cell is three doses per day.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is one day, two days, four days, one week, two weeks, three weeks, one month, two months, three months, four months, six months, nine months, one year, two years, three years, four years, five years, seven years, ten years, fifteen years, twenty years, or the lifetime of the subject, tissue, or cell.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is three months, six months, or one year.
  • the duration between the first dose and last dose of the multiple doses is the lifetime of the subject, tissue, or cell.
  • a dose (e.g., a single dose, or any dose of multiple doses) described herein includes independently between 0.1 pg and 1 pg, between 0.001 mg and 0.01 mg, between 0.01 mg and 0.1 mg, between 0.1 mg and 1 mg, between 1 mg and 3 mg, between 3 mg and 10 mg, between 10 mg and 30 mg, between 30 mg and 100 mg, between 100 mg and 300 mg, between 300 mg and 1,000 mg, or between 1 g and 10 g, inclusive, of a compound described herein.
  • a dose described herein includes independently between 1 mg and 3 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 3 mg and 10 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 10 mg and 30 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein. In certain embodiments, a dose described herein includes independently between 30 mg and 100 mg, inclusive, of a compound described herein.
  • Dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided compositions to an adult.
  • the amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.
  • a dose described herein is a dose to an adult human whose body weight is 70 kg.
  • a compound or composition, as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents (e.g ., therapeutically and/or prophylactically active agents).
  • the compounds or compositions can be administered in combination with additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g., potency and/or efficacy) in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, in reducing the risk to develop a disease in a subject in need thereof, and/or in inhibiting the activity of a protein kinase in a subject or cell), improve bioavailability, improve safety, reduce drug resistance, reduce and/or modify metabolism, inhibit excretion, and/or modify distribution in a subject or cell.
  • additional pharmaceutical agents e.g ., therapeutically and/or prophylactically active agents.
  • additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g., potency and/or efficacy) in treating a disease in a subject in
  • a composition described herein including a compound described herein and an additional pharmaceutical agent shows a synergistic effect that is absent in a composition including one of the compound and the additional pharmaceutical agent, but not both.
  • the compound or composition can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, which are different from the compound or composition and may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include therapeutically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents also include prophylactically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include small organic molecules such as drug compounds (e.g., compounds approved for human or veterinary use by the U.S.
  • CFR Code of Federal Regulations
  • proteins proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides or proteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells.
  • CFR Code of Federal Regulations
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a pharmaceutical agent useful for treating and/or preventing a disease (e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder).
  • a disease e.g., proliferative disease, hematological disease, neurological disease, painful condition, psychiatric disorder, or metabolic disorder.
  • Each additional pharmaceutical agent may be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that pharmaceutical agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agents may also be administered together with each other and/or with the compound or composition described herein in a single dose or administered separately in different doses.
  • the particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of the compound described herein with the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) and/or the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect to be achieved.
  • it is expected that the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than
  • the additional pharmaceutical agents include anti-proliferative agents, anti-cancer agents, cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenesis agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, antibacterial agents, anti-viral agents, cardiovascular agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, antidiabetic agents, anti-allergic agents, contraceptive agents, and pain-relieving agents.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-proliferative agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-cancer agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-viral agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a binder or inhibitor of a protein kinase.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is selected from the group consisting of epigenetic or transcriptional modulators (e.g., DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HD AC inhibitors), lysine methyltransferase inhibitors), antimitotic drugs (e.g., taxanes and vinca alkaloids), hormone receptor modulators (e.g., estrogen receptor modulators and androgen receptor modulators), cell signaling pathway inhibitors (e.g., tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors), modulators of protein stability (e.g., proteasome inhibitors), Hsp90 inhibitors, glucocorticoids, all-trans retinoic acids, and other agents that promote differentiation.
  • the compounds described herein or pharmaceutical compositions can be administered in combination with an anti-cancer therapy including surgery, radiation therapy, transplantation (e.g., stem cell transplantation, bone marrow transplantation), immunotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  • the present disclosure provides a kit comprising: the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, or the composition; and optionally instructions for using the ester, tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, co-crystal, or composition.
  • the kit comprises a first container, wherein the first container comprises the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or cocrystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the kit further comprises a second container.
  • the second container comprises the instructions.
  • the instructions comprise information required by a regulatory agency, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA).
  • the instructions comprise prescribing information.
  • the second container comprises the first container.
  • the kit further comprises a third container.
  • the third container comprises the excipient.
  • the third container comprises the additional agent.
  • the second container comprises the third container.
  • each of the first, second, and third containers is independently a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, dispenser package, tube, or box.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a skin disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of preventing a skin disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • the skin disease is acantholysis, acne, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, alopecia, anhidrosis, atrophic skin disease, autoimmune skin disease, Beare- Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, Behcet syndrome, blister, body odor, CEDNIK syndrome, cafe au lait spot, chilblain, congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis, cutaneous edema, cutaneous fibrosis, cutaneous fistula, cutaneous leishmaniasis, cutaneous mastocytosis, dandmff, decubitus ulcer, dermal elastosis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, dry skin, ectodermal dysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, erythema, fish lymphocystis disease, genodermatosis, Graves dermopathy, Harada syndrome, Hoof disease, hyperhidrosis, ichthyosis, in
  • the skin disease is acne. In certain embodiments, the skin disease is an autoimmune skin disease. In certain embodiments, the autoimmune skin disease is psoriasis. In certain embodiments, the skin disease is keratosis. In certain embodiments, the keratosis is wart. In certain embodiments, the skin disease is dermal elastosis, dry skin, seborrhea, rosacea, or lentigo.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of slowing the ageing of the skin or improving the appearance of the skin of a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the effective amount is a cosmetically effective amount.
  • the effective amount is effective in reducing wrinkles, lentigo, or warts in the skin or skin tags.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of modulating a retinoid receptor in a subject, biological sample, tissue, or cell comprising administering to the subject or contacting the biological sample, tissue, or cell with an effective amount of the ester, or a tautomer, isotopically labeled compound, solvate, polymorph, or co-crystal thereof, or the composition.
  • the retinoid receptor is a retinoic acid receptor (e.g., retinoic acid receptor alpha, retinoic acid receptor beta, retinoic acid receptor gamma).
  • the retinoid receptor is a retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor.
  • the retinoid receptor is a retinoid X receptor. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is effective in activating the retinoid receptor in the subject, biological sample, tissue, or cell. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is effective in inhibiting the retinoid receptor in the subject, biological sample, tissue, or cell.
  • the administration is topical administration.
  • the administration is oral administration.
  • the administration is enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, intradermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, mucosal, nasal, buccal, or sublingual administration; administration by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or administration as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol.
  • the biological sample, tissue, or cell is in vitro. In certain embodiments, the biological sample, tissue, or cell is in vivo the biological sample, tissue, or cell is ex vivo.
  • Retinoic acid 100 mg, 0.33 mmol was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 ml). Triethylamine (37 mg, 0.37 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. The solution of isobutyl chloroformate (50 mg, 0.37 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 ml) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for one hour. Pentane (10 ml) was added, and the triethylamine hydrochloride was collected by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure.
  • Retinoic acid 200 mg, 0.66 mmol was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 ml). Triethylamine (0.2 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. The solution of ethyl chloroformate (72 mg, 0.66 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 ml) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for one hour. Pentane (10 ml) was added and the triethylamine hydrochloride was collected by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure.
  • Retinoic acid (3.00 g, 9.99 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (75 ml). Triethylamine (3 ml) was added, and the mixture was stirred for five minutes. The solution of ethyl chloroformate (1.08 g, 9.99 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for two hours. Hexane (75 ml) was added and the triethylamine hydrochloride was collected by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure.
  • Reporter Cells (Indigo Biosciences, catalog # IB02201, IB02101, IB00821) used in the assays express a receptor hybrid in which the native N-terminal DNA binding domain (DBD) has been replaced with that of the yeast Gal4 DBD.
  • the reporter gene firefly lucif erase, is functionally linked to the Gal4 upstream activation sequence (UAS).
  • Receptor assays were performed as described in Steps 1 to 3 below. Step 1 : A suspension of Reporter Cells was prepared in Cell Recovery Medium (CRM: containing charcoal- stripped FBS) and 100 pi of the Reporter Cell suspension was dispensed into wells of a white 96-well assay plate.
  • CCM Cell Recovery Medium
  • Step 2 Test and reference compound master stocks were prepared as solutions at l,000x concentration’ in DMSO relative to the final treatment concentration. This intermediate stock was subsequently diluted directly into INDIGO Biosciences’s Compound Screening Medium (CSM; containing charcoal-stripped FBS) to generate ‘2x-concentration’ treatment media. 100 pL of each prepared treatment medium was dispensed into duplicate assay wells pre-dispensed with a 100 pL suspension of Reporter Cells, thereby achieving the desired final treatment concentrations. The concentration of residual DMSO in all assay wells was 0.1% for the test and reference compounds. Assay plates were incubated at 37 ° C, 5% C02 and -70% humidity for 23 hours. DMSO control was used to determine background activity. Retinoic acid was used with its EC 100 concentration to show 100% activity of each receptor. Retinol was used as positive control.
  • CSM Compound Screening Medium
  • Step 3 Following the incubation period, treatment media were discarded and 100 pL/well of Luciferase Detection Reagent was added per well to determine receptor activity in terms of relative luminescence units (RLUs). Data processing: fold activation: [Ave RLU Test Cmpd / Ave RLU DMSO].
  • bakuchoyl retinoate of Formula I exhibited agonist activity towards RAR alpha, beta, and gamma receptors. Bakuchoyl retinoate of Formula I was more active than retinol at 0.1 pm and 0.01 pm. These data suggest that bakuchoyl retinoate of Formula I is a powerful ligand for RAR receptors. EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE
  • articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context.
  • the present disclosure includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
  • the present disclosure includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
  • the present disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim.
  • any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
  • elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the present disclosure, or aspects of the present disclosure, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the present disclosure or aspects of the present disclosure consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features.

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  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente divulgation concerne des esters d'un rétinoïde et de bakuchiol, tels que des esters représentés par la formule (I'). La présente divulgation concerne également des compositions et des kits comprenant les esters, des méthodes de production des esters, des méthodes d'utilisation des esters (par exemple, pour le traitement ou la prévention d'une maladie cutanée, le ralentissement du vieillissement de la peau, l'amélioration de l'aspect de la peau ou la modulation d'un récepteur rétinoïde).
PCT/US2022/037035 2021-07-13 2022-07-13 Esters d'un rétinoïde et de bakuchiol et leurs préparations WO2023287931A1 (fr)

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EP22751567.3A EP4370503A1 (fr) 2021-07-13 2022-07-13 Esters d'un rétinoïde et de bakuchiol et leurs préparations
JP2024501777A JP2024526745A (ja) 2021-07-13 2022-07-13 レチノイド及びバクチオールのエステルならびにそれらの製剤
CN202280061203.4A CN118076584A (zh) 2021-07-13 2022-07-13 类视黄醇和补骨脂酚的酯以及其制剂

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991001301A1 (fr) 1989-07-25 1991-02-07 Eastman Kodak Company Compose et procede de traitement de la peau contre l'acnee ou le psoriasis
US20180064777A1 (en) * 2016-09-06 2018-03-08 Envy Medical, Inc. Skin Solution with Solubilized Bakuchiol

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991001301A1 (fr) 1989-07-25 1991-02-07 Eastman Kodak Company Compose et procede de traitement de la peau contre l'acnee ou le psoriasis
US20180064777A1 (en) * 2016-09-06 2018-03-08 Envy Medical, Inc. Skin Solution with Solubilized Bakuchiol

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Title
CARRUTHERS: "Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis", 1987, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CHAUDHURI R K ET AL: "Bakuchiol: a retinol-like functional compound revealed by gene expression profiling and clinically proven to have anti-aging effects", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS, DORDRECHT, NL, vol. 36, no. 3, 6 March 2014 (2014-03-06), pages 221 - 230, XP071470183, ISSN: 0142-5463, DOI: 10.1111/ICS.12117 *
ELIEL: "Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds", 1962, MCGRAW-HILL
JACQUES ET AL.: "Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions", 1981, WILEY INTERSCIENCE
LAROCK: "Comprehensive Organic Transformations", 1989, VCH PUBLISHERS, INC
MA S ET AL: "Synthesis and activity of the salicylic acid ester of bakuchiol in psoriasis-surrogate keratinocytes and skin substitutes", CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, BLACKWELL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, GB, vol. 42, no. 3, 4 January 2017 (2017-01-04), pages 251 - 260, XP071609612, ISSN: 0307-6938, DOI: 10.1111/CED.13024 *
MUKHERJEE ET AL., CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS IN AGING, vol. 1, 2006, pages 327 - 348
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WILEN ET AL., TETRAHEDRON, vol. 33, 1977, pages 2725
WILEN: "Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions", 1972, UNIV. OF NOTRE DAME PRESS, pages: 268
XIANG ET AL., HUNAN DAXUE XUEBAO, ZIRAN KEXUEBAN, vol. 31, 2004, pages 6 - 10

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