WO2023285527A1 - Coating composition - Google Patents
Coating composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023285527A1 WO2023285527A1 PCT/EP2022/069598 EP2022069598W WO2023285527A1 WO 2023285527 A1 WO2023285527 A1 WO 2023285527A1 EP 2022069598 W EP2022069598 W EP 2022069598W WO 2023285527 A1 WO2023285527 A1 WO 2023285527A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- pipe
- vinyl ester
- coating
- glass
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 title description 51
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000012763 reinforcing filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920003986 novolac Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 35
- -1 for example) Chemical group 0.000 description 27
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 21
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 20
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229940106691 bisphenol a Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920006305 unsaturated polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MMEDJBFVJUFIDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(carboxymethyl)phenyl]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1CC(O)=O MMEDJBFVJUFIDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012784 inorganic fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- YPEWWOUWRRQBAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-3-oxobutanamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)CC(C)=O YPEWWOUWRRQBAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004843 novolac epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012169 petroleum derived wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019381 petroleum wax Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013008 thixotropic agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UUODQIKUTGWMPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine Chemical compound FC1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=N1 UUODQIKUTGWMPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JIGUICYYOYEXFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-tert-butylbenzene-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC(O)=C1O JIGUICYYOYEXFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004150 EU approved colour Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920013646 Hycar Polymers 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 244000028419 Styrax benzoin Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000000126 Styrax benzoin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000008411 Sumatra benzointree Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960002130 benzoin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000004841 bisphenol A epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N desyl alcohol Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- GGSUCNLOZRCGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylaniline Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 GGSUCNLOZRCGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycidyl ether Chemical compound C1OC1COCC1CO1 GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000003733 fiber-reinforced composite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycidyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC1CO1 VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019382 gum benzoic Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NWVVVBRKAWDGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroquinone methyl ether Natural products COC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NWVVVBRKAWDGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001023 inorganic pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- RLSSMJSEOOYNOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 RLSSMJSEOOYNOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940006093 opthalmologic coloring agent diagnostic Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IWDCLRJOBJJRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IWDCLRJOBJJRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluquinol Chemical compound CC1=CC(O)=CC=C1O CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LLVWLCAZSOLOTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-4-[1,4,4-tris(4-methylphenyl)buta-1,3-dienyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)=CC=C(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 LLVWLCAZSOLOTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIDBROSJWZYGSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylpyrrole-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)N1C1=CC=CC=C1 HIDBROSJWZYGSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YIKSHDNOAYSSPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-propan-2-ylthioxanthen-9-one Chemical compound S1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2C(C)C YIKSHDNOAYSSPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERJZAHSUZVMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dichloro-1-phenylethanone Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CERJZAHSUZVMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIZHFBODNLEQBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-diethoxy-1-phenylethanone Chemical class CCOC(OCC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 PIZHFBODNLEQBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AUFZRCJENRSRLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone Chemical compound CC1=CC(O)=C(C)C(C)=C1O AUFZRCJENRSRLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane;4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound ClCC1CO1.C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXCWOOAEAHVMBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(n,4-dimethylanilino)ethanol Chemical compound OCCN(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 HXCWOOAEAHVMBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GHGWQNRAYQTTCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(n-butyl-4-methylanilino)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCN(CCO)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 GHGWQNRAYQTTCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMRRSCWLXKOMSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(n-butylanilino)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCN(CCO)C1=CC=CC=C1 PMRRSCWLXKOMSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCDADJXRUCOCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorothioxanthen-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(Cl)=CC=C3SC2=C1 ZCDADJXRUCOCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMLYCEVDHLAQEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMLYCEVDHLAQEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYISVPVWAQRUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthioxanthen-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(C)=CC=C3SC2=C1 MYISVPVWAQRUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enal Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=CC=O)=C1OC FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFNISBHGPNMTMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylideneoxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=C1CC(=O)OC1=O OFNISBHGPNMTMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODXFRXWUKZGRGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-prop-2-enoylisoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound C=CC(=O)C1=CC=CC2=C1C(=O)NC2=O ODXFRXWUKZGRGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910002014 Aerosil® 130 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002016 Aerosil® 200 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002018 Aerosil® 300 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002013 Aerosil® 90 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002748 Basalt fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021503 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BGNXCDMCOKJUMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butylhydroquinone Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1O BGNXCDMCOKJUMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Natural products CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003647 acryloyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008431 aliphatic amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004844 aliphatic epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910021502 aluminium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OJMOMXZKOWKUTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;borate Chemical class [Al+3].[O-]B([O-])[O-] OJMOMXZKOWKUTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008366 benzophenones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010866 blackwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002981 blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QXJJQWWVWRCVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-K calcium;sodium;phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QXJJQWWVWRCVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003857 carboxamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C=C YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Co+2] ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CISNNLXXANUBPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyano(nitro)azanide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)[N-]C#N CISNNLXXANUBPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005548 dental material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012933 diacyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- YPTLFOZCUOHVFO-SREVYHEPSA-N diethyl (z)-2-methylbut-2-enedioate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C(\C)C(=O)OCC YPTLFOZCUOHVFO-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010797 grey water Substances 0.000 description 1
- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910002011 hydrophilic fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004761 kevlar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002605 large molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]#C UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- GYVGXEWAOAAJEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n,4-trimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 GYVGXEWAOAAJEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTMXFHGYWJIAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethyl-3-oxobutanamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)CC(C)=O NTMXFHGYWJIAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-n'-phenylcarbamimidoyl chloride Chemical compound CN(C)C(Cl)=NC1=CC=CC=C1 GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxiran-2-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC1CO1 RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000864 peroxy group Chemical group O(O*)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003021 phthalic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid di-n-butyl ester Natural products CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009418 renovation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D151/00—Coating compositions based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D151/08—Coating compositions based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D4/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond ; Coating compositions, based on monomers of macromolecular compounds of groups C09D183/00 - C09D183/16
- C09D4/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond in combination with a macromolecular compound other than an unsaturated polymer of groups C09D159/00 - C09D187/00
Definitions
- the invention relates to a composition suitable for lining the inside of a pipe to extend its life.
- the composition comprises an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin and reinforcing filler along with a reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene.
- Polyester composites are commonly used in fiber reinforced composites (FRC) to manufacture large structures such as yachts, small boats, swimming pools and so on. Polyester composites provide very good flexibility and mechanical strength at ambient temperature.
- FRC fiber reinforced composites
- polyester composites have also been used to "build" new pipes inside old sewage pipes. This has the obvious advantage that the existing pipes can be left in situ even if they are no longer effective.
- Isophthalic unsaturated polyester One example of a polyester that has been used in the formation of these internal pipes is Isophthalic unsaturated polyester.
- Isophthalic unsaturated polyesters have low glass transition temperature and attractive mechanical properties.
- an ester group based internal pipe when used, there is a possible vulnerability to hydrolysis in aqueous media especially in hotter conditions. Moisture or water absorption can affect the mechanical properties negatively over time .
- Isophthalic unsaturated polyester resins have several “ester groups” in the backbone of the polymer, making it vulnerable to hydrolysis when immersed in hot water, leading to critical failure after aging in the pipes.
- Scheme 1 Isophthalic unsaturated polyester
- vinyl esters such as bisphenol-A vinylester and Novolac Vinylester. These vinyl esters have fewer ester groups in the polymer backbone compared with the polyester polymers and are therefore more resistant to hydrolysis during water immersion. However, due to a higher glass transition temperature (Tg), they have limited flexibility, especially after aging. These resins can therefore be brittle which may lead to cracking risk of the coatings
- the coating compositions of the present invention comprising an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin provides a coating composition with a good balance between water immersion resistance (especially at higher temperatures) and mechanical properties. Reinforcing fillers are important to provide mechanical support to the coating films, prevent shrinkage of the coating film during curing and to provide a barrier effect.
- the coating compositions of the present invention also forms pipes with a very smooth surface and high resistance to grey and/or black water in sewage in an elongated service life time.
- RU2365678 describes a method of obtaining a protective lining coating, including layer-by-layer coating of the surface of a product.
- the first layer is a highly elastic primer that has high adhesion to the material of the protected product.
- US2015/0133597 describes elastomer modified vinyl resins in combination with nanoparticles for the production of composite materials, coatings, casting compositions, adhesives, and dental materials which have enhanced mechanical properties, particularly enhanced impact strength.
- EP 0315086 D1 describes a low temperature curable composition containing a rubber modified mixture of vinyl ester resins.
- One vinyl ester resin is prepared from a polyglycidyl ether of an adduct of phenol and an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon and the other vinyl ester resin is prepared from a diglycidyl ether of a bisphenol or a polyglycidyl ether of a phenol- or substituted phenol-aldehyde novolac resin. There is no mention of pipes.
- the invention provides a composition
- a composition comprising: i) an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes, ora mixture thereof; iii) a reactive diluent, for example vinyl toluene; and iv) a curing agent.
- the invention provides a composition
- a composition comprising: i) 20 to 80 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) 10 to 30 wt% of a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes, or a mixture thereof; iii) 10 to 50 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
- the invention provides a composition
- a composition comprising i) 20 to 80 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) 10 to 30 wt% a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes, or a mixture thereof; iii) 10 to 50 wt% reactive diluent comprising a vinyl functionalised aromatic hydrocarbon; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
- composition of the invention is sprayable, e.g. capable of being sprayed onto the inside surface of a pipe. It should not therefore be a laminate or contain fibrous sheets.
- the invention provides a composition as hereinbefore defined which has been cured.
- the invention provides a pipe comprising a cured composition as hereinbefore defined, especially wherein said pipe is located within another pipe.
- the invention provides a pipe comprising an internal coating comprising a cured composition as hereinbefore defined.
- the invention provides a process comprising applying a composition as hereinbefore defined to the inside walls of an existing pipe to form a coating thereon and allowing the composition to cure so as to form a coating or pipe within the existing pipe.
- the invention provides the use of a composition as hereinbefore defined to prepare a pipe within an existing pipe, such as a sewage pipe or to prepare a coating within a pipe, such as a sewage pipe.
- the invention provides the use of a composition as hereinbefore defined to coat the inside of a pipe, such as a sewage pipe so as to extend its serviceable life.
- coating composition refers to a composition that, when applied to a surface, forms a film or coating thereon.
- binder refers to a polymer which forms a continuous film on a substrate surface when applied thereto.
- the other components of the composition are dispersed throughout the binder.
- epoxy refers to a three-atom cyclic ether.
- curing accelerator and “accelerator” are used synonymously and refer to compounds which increase the rate of the curing reaction to cure or harden the coating.
- curing agent refers to a compound which, when mixed with a binder, e.g. elastomer modified vinyl ester resin, produces a cured or hardened coating by generating cross-links within the polymer. Sometimes curing agents are referred to as hardeners.
- filler refers to a compound which increases the volume or bulk of a coating composition. They are substantially insoluble in the coating composition and are dispersed therein. When filler particle sizes are referred to herein, it is the particle size when they are added to the composition.
- weight % (wt%) when used in relation to individual constituents of the composition, e.g. reactive diluent, etc., refers to the actual weight of constituent, i.e. without volatile components present, unless otherwise specified.
- weight % (wt%) when used in relation to the coating compositions, refers to the weight relative to the total dry weight of the composition, i.e. excluding volatile components, unless otherwise specified.
- (meth)acrylate covers both methacrylate and acrylate and (meth) indicates the optional presence of the methyl group.
- microparticle is used herein to define a particle having a Z-average diameter of 1.0 to 1000 pm preferably as determined by ISO 22412:2017 using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000.
- This invention concerns a composition that can be applied to the inside surface of existing pipes which are reaching the end of their serviceable lives. Removing and replacing such pipes is often challenging as pipes are difficult to access. Such a process might require extensive and disruptive building works. Where the pipe is within a building such as an apartment, house, commercial building, office etc. such pipe replacement might involve digging up floors or removing walls.
- the present invention seeks to coat the inside surface of the existing pipe with the composition of the invention and allow that composition to cure.
- the resulting coating effectively forms a new pipe within the existing pipe.
- the invention can therefore be seen as providing a new pipe within an existing pipe or simply re-lining an existing pipe with a coating that ensures that the pipe is serviceable once more.
- the thickness of the coating (or new pipe) that forms within an existing pipe is ideally 1 to 20 mm, preferably 1 to 10 mm, further preferred 2 to 7 mm. In one particularly preferred option the thickness of the coating is 3 to 5 mm.
- composition of the invention cures at ambient temperatures (15 - 40 °C) so there is no requirement to heat the system during a curing process.
- composition of the invention can be directly applied to the inside surface of an existing pipe without a primer layer.
- the existing pipe might be made of plastic, steel, concrete, or any other typical pipe material.
- the invention is used to coat the inside of existing sewage pipes.
- Such pipes might be relatively old and may be made of steel or concrete.
- Such pipes are reaching the end of their lives and the present invention provides a solution to their replacement without the upheaval required to physically remove and replace such a pipe.
- Pipes in which the composition of the invention can be applied are ones that carry water, often waste water, such as a sewage pipe.
- composition of the invention can be applied to the inside surface of an existing pipe using a remote coating apparatus placed within the pipe which can, for example, spray the composition on the walls of the pipe from within. All that is required therefore is a single access point to allow the coating apparatus, often a remote control robot, to be placed within the pipe. It may be that multiple coats are required to develop a layer of sufficient thickness inside the pipe. Where all the coats are of the same composition, we regard that as a single layer. It is however possible to apply the different compositions of the invention as multiple layers within a pipe. This is not however preferred.
- Suitable pipe coating equipment is known and will not be further described herein.
- the present invention is directed to the nature of the composition used for coating the pipes not the mechanism of its application.
- the composition of the invention requires the use of an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin (VE resin).
- VE resin elastomer modified vinyl ester resin
- This acts as the binder in the composition.
- Vinyl ester resin, or often just vinyl ester is a resin produced by the esterification of an epoxy resin with an acrylic or methacrylic acid.
- the "vinyl” group therefore refers to these acrylate ester substituents, which are prone to polymerize.
- the vinyl ester is the ester of an epoxy resin with an acrylic or methacrylic acid.
- the epoxy resins used to synthesize the vinyl ester resins of the present invention may be an aliphatic and/oran aromatic epoxy resin.
- the epoxy resin is an aromatic epoxy resin.
- Suitable aliphatic epoxy resins include epoxy and modified epoxy resins selected from cycloaliphatic epoxy such as hydrogenated bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A novolac and dicyclopentadiene based binders, glycidyl ethers such as polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols, epoxy functional acrylic resins;or any combinations thereof.
- cycloaliphatic epoxy such as hydrogenated bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A novolac and dicyclopentadiene based binders
- glycidyl ethers such as polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols
- epoxy functional acrylic resins or any combinations thereof.
- Suitable aromatic epoxy resins includes epoxy and modified epoxy resins selected from bisphenol type epoxy resins such as bisphenol A, bisphenol F and bisphenol S, resorcinol diglycidyl ether (RDGE), novolac type epoxy resins such as phenolic novolac type binders (bisphenol A novolac, bisphenol S novolac, bisphenol F novolac) and cresol novolac type binder; or any combinations thereof.
- bisphenol type epoxy resins such as bisphenol A, bisphenol F and bisphenol S
- RDGE resorcinol diglycidyl ether
- novolac type epoxy resins such as phenolic novolac type binders (bisphenol A novolac, bisphenol S novolac, bisphenol F novolac) and cresol novolac type binder; or any combinations thereof.
- the epoxy resin is an aromatic epoxy resin.
- the aromatic epoxy resin is derived from a combination of a compound comprising at least one epoxide functionality with an aromatic co-reactant comprising at least two hydroxyl groups.
- Preferred epoxy resins are bisphenol epoxy resins and novolac epoxy resins. Particularly preferred epoxy resins are bisphenol A and novolac epoxy resins.
- the epoxy resins include bisphenol A based resins, such as 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol-epichlorohydrin resins.
- Bisphenol A epoxy resins will be known to those in the field and have the general structure below: Also of interest are Novolac epoxy resins which are derived from phenols and formaldehyde. Typically novolacs are prepared by the condensation of a mixture of p- and m-cresol with formaldehyde (as formalin).
- the epoxy resins are esterified terminally with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid to form the vinyl ester resin.
- the vinyl ester resin is functionalised with an elastomer component.
- Elastomers are polymers that are very elastic. They are generally lightly cross-linked and amorphous with a glass transition temperature well below room temperature. They can be envisaged as one very large molecule of macroscopic size. The intermolecular forces between the polymer chains are rather weak. The crosslinks completely suppress irreversible flow but the chains are very flexible at temperatures above the glass transition, and a small force leads to a large deformation. Thus, elastomers have a low Young's modulus and very high elongation at break when compared with other polymers. The term elastomer is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to vulcanized rubbers.
- the vinyl ester must contain or be provided with reactive groups which can react with groups on the elastomeric component and so bind the elastomeric component chemically into the resin.
- This elastomeric component with reactive groups may structurally be a homopolymer or copolymer or homooligomer or cooligomer.
- the elastomeric component preferably has a glass transition temperature, Tg, of -20° C. or less.
- the resin When the elastomeric modified vinyl ester resin is cured, the resin forms “elastomeric domains”, which possess this stated glass transition temperature.
- the elastomeric domains are phases comprising essentially only the elastomeric component, which have been incorporated into the resin and which bring about modification of the mechanical properties, particularly the impact strength, flexibility and toughness.
- the elastomeric modified vinyl ester After it is cured, the elastomeric modified vinyl ester is in a state which can be regarded as a borderline case between a true two-phase system (resin matrix with rubber domains) and an interpenetrating network.
- the groups in the elastomeric component that are reactive with the resin may, in particular, be reactive double bonds (vinyl groups or methacrylate groups, for example), epoxy groups or carboxy groups.
- the nature of the chemical link between the elastomeric component and the vinyl ester is not critical.
- the glass transition temperature Tg of the elastomeric domains () is preferably not more than -30°C, more preferably not more than -40, -50 or -60°C. With preference it does not go below -100°C.
- the preferred glass transition temperature also depends on the intended application of the polymeric compositions of the invention.
- the fraction of the elastomeric component in the elastomeric modified vinyl ester resin is preferably 2% to 30% by weight, preferably 4% to 18% by weight, more preferably 6% to 12% by weight.
- the modification of the vinyl ester resin with the elastomeric component may take place before the epoxy resin reacts with the (meth)acrylic acid or after that reaction has taken place.
- a carboxy-fu notional liquid rubber such as the CTBN (carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers) can be reacted with an epoxy resin.
- the reaction product is subsequently reacted further with acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, so that the vinyl ester resin oligomers, which are to be cured in a subsequent step, are formed.
- a mixture of this kind is available commercially: for example, under the names Dion® 9500 from Reichhold/Polynt or Derakane® 8084 from Ashland.
- a second synthesis route involves the separate synthesis of the elastomeric component and the base vinyl ester resin.
- a carboxy-terminated liquid rubber CBN, for example
- CBN carboxy-terminated liquid rubber
- the liquid rubber functionalized with reactive groups in this way are then mixed with the vinyl ester resin.
- phase separation then occurs, and in the resin matrix there is formation of the rubber domains, already described, which are incorporated chemically in the matrix.
- the rubber domains in the cured composition preferably possess an average size, as determined by SEM orTEM, of 0.05 to 20 pm, more preferably 0.1 to 10 pm, more preferably 0.2 to 4 pm.
- the elastomer modified vinyl ester resin may preferably be a rubber modified vinyl ester resin.
- elastomeric component examples include diene polymers such as copolymers of dienes such as 1,3-diene monomers and polar, ethylenically unsaturated comonomers.
- the diene used can be butadiene, isoprene or chloroprene, preferably butadiene.
- polar, ethylenically unsaturated comonomers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, C1-4 alkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, such as their methyl or ethyl esters, amides of acrylic or methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid or their C1 -4-alkyl esters or monoesters, or maleic or itaconic anhydride, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, for example, or, in particular, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile.
- CTBN carboxyl-terminated butadiene- acrylonitrile copolymers
- Hycar carboxyl-terminated butadiene- acrylonitrile copolymers
- These copolymers have molecular weights of between 2000 and 5000 and acrylonitrile contents of between 10% and 30%.
- Specific examples are Hycar CTBN 1300 X 8, or 1300 X 13.
- CTBN derivatives may likewise be used. Mention may be made, byway of example, of the CTBN derivatives termed CTBNX, in which there are additional acid functions in the chain.
- CTBN derivatives are functionalized with epoxy groups or vinyl groups at the end of the linear oligomer.
- Epoxy functionalization can be achieved by reactions of the terminal carboxyl groups of CTBN with polyfunctional epoxides. Vinyl functionalization is achieved by reaction of these groups with a glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate. From the company Lubrizol, these copolymers are available under the name VTBNX (vinyl-functionalized) or ETBN (epoxy-functionalized). Particular suitability is possessed by VTBNX 1300 X 33, VTBNX 1300 X 43, ETBN 1300 X 40, and ETBN 1300 X 44.
- the elastomeric component may also be based upon, for example, polysiloxane or polyurethane polymers.
- the composition of the invention comprises 20 to 80 wt% by dry weight of the coating composition of the elastomer modified vinyl ester, such as 30 to 80 wt%, such as 30 to 60 wt.%.
- the elastomer modified vinyl ester is often supplied in a reactive diluent so this should betaken into account when determining the amounts of reactive diluent and elastomer modified vinyl ester in the composition.
- the elastomer modified vinyl ester resin product produced is then typically dissolved in a reactive diluent.
- Reactive Diluent Reactive Diluent
- the composition of the invention also contains a reactive diluent.
- the reactive diluent acts simultaneously as a solvent and as a reactive component of the composition.
- the reactive diluent is therefore involved in the curing reaction of the composition.
- Suitable reactive diluents include vinyl and/or (meth)acrylate functional reactive diluents.
- Suitable reactive diluents are styrene, a-, o-, m-, p-alkyl, nitro, cyano, amide, or ester derivatives of styrene, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene, divinylbenzene, di(meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, hexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, dodecyl (meth)acrylate, cyclopentyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, tetra hydrofury I (meth)acrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic esters such as dicyclopentenyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate and
- compounds such as ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth)acrylate and 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)(meth) acrylic acid ester compound having two or more (meth)acryloyl groups can also be used.
- These radical polymerizable unsaturated monomers can be used alone or in combination.
- vinyl functional reactive diluents preferably vinyl functional aromatic compounds such as styrene and vinyl toluene are used.
- vinyl toluene is used as the reactive diluent.
- Vinyl toluene is a particularly preferred reactive diluent because it has a high flash point, low odour and a good HSE profile.
- the amount of reactive diluent in the composition of the invention is preferably
- the elastomer modified vinyl ester resin of the present invention may be cured by using heat, a radical initiator and/or by using a photo radical initiator.
- a radical initiator is used.
- the radical initiator is used together with an accelerator, i.e. a compound that accelerates the curing reaction.
- Preferred radical initiators are organic peroxides.
- preferred organic peroxides are diacyl peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide, peroxyester such as t-butyl peroxy benzoate, hydroperoxide such as cumene hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide such as dicumyl peroxide, ketone peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and acetylacetone peroxide, peroxy ketals, alkyl ester peroxide and percarbonate peroxide.
- diacyl peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide, peroxyester such as t-butyl peroxy benzoate
- hydroperoxide such as cumene hydroperoxide
- dialkyl peroxide such as dicumyl peroxide
- ketone peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and acetylacetone peroxide
- the radical initiator is a ketone peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
- a photo radical initiator may also be used as a curing agent in the present invention.
- suitable photo radical initiators are benzoin ethers such as benzoin alkyl ether, benzophenones such as benzophenone, benzyl, methyl orthobenzoyl benzoate, benzyl dimethyl ketal, 2,2-diethoxy Acetophenones such as acetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, 4-isopropyl-2-hydroxy-2- methylpropiophenone, 1,1-dichloroacetophenone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2- methylthioxanthone, 2-thioxanthones such as isopropyl thioxanthone and the like.
- the curing agent/initiator is preferably added in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt.%, more preferably 0.5 to 10 wt.%, further preferred 1 to 5 wt. % of the dry weight of the coating composition.
- An accelerator is often used in combination with the curing agent. If curing takes place at elevated temperatures (about 80° C., for example), it is possible for the curing reaction to take place without the addition of an accelerator. Preferably an accelerator is used in combination with the curing agent.
- the accelerator may therefore be a curing catalyst.
- suitable accelerators are cobalt compounds (i.e. cobalt catalysts) such as cobalt naphthenate, cobalt octoate, neodecanoic cobalt and cobalt hydroxide.
- cobalt octoate is used as a curing accelerator.
- Amine functional compounds may also be used as curing accelerator. In one preferred embodiment a mixture of an amine functional compound and a cobalt compound is used.
- Suitable amine functional compounds are aromatic amines such as N, N-dimethylaniline, N, N-diethylaniline, N, N-dimethyl- p-toluidine, N-methyl-N- b-hydroxyethylaniline, N-butyl-N-beta-hydroxyethylaniline, N-methyl-N-beta- hydroxyethyl-p-toluidine, N- butyl-N-beta- hydroxyethyl-p-toluidine, N-methyl- N, N, N-di (b-hydroxyethyl) aniline, N, N-di (b-hydroxypropyl) aniline, N, N-di (b-hydroxy Ethyl) -p-toluidine, N, N-di (b-hydroxypropyl) -p-toluidine and N, N- diisopropylol-p- toluidine.
- aromatic amines such as N
- Aliphatic amide may also be used such a N, N-dimethylacetoacetamide, N,N- diethylacetoacetamide,
- N N-dimethylacetoacetamide is used as a curing accelerator. In another preferred embodiment N, N-dimethylacetoacetamide is used together with cobalt octoate as accelerators.
- the accelerator is preferably added in an amount of 0.005 to 5 wt.%, more preferably 0.01 to 2 wt%, further preferred 0.02 to 1 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
- the coating composition of the present invention comprises a reinforcing filler.
- the reinforcing filler is important to improve the mechanical properties of the coating film, prevent shrinkage of the coating film during curing and to improve water resistance and barrier properties.
- the reinforcing filler suitable in the present invention is selected from flaky fillers, fibres and spherical filler microparticles. Mixtures of these reinforcing fillers can also be used. Nanoparticulate silica, for example, offers no reinforcing effect and is not suitable as a reinforcing filler. In particular, nanoparticles of diameter 5 to 150 nm are too small to offer a reinforcing effect.
- the reinforcing filler is a flaky filler, preferably glass flakes.
- the flaky filler is typically an inorganic pigment which is lamellar or plate-like in structure.
- the aspect ratio of the flaky filler is more than 3, such as more than 6, preferably more than 10.
- the aspect ratio can be measured by for example using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- the aspect ratio can also be calculated by using the following formula: average particle size D50/average thickness.
- the thickness of the flaky filler is preferably 0.1 to 15 pm, more preferably 0.5 to 10 pm and still more preferably 1 .0 to 8.0 pm.
- the thickness of the flaky filler can be measured by, for example, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
- the average particle size D 5 o of the flaky filler is preferably 5 to 500 pm, more preferably 10 to 400 pm, further preferred 20 to 300 pm as measured by laser diffraction.
- Preferred flaky fillers are talc, mica and glass flakes. In one particularly preferred embodiment the flaky filler is glass flakes.
- Glass flakes are different from other forms of glass, including glass spheres, in their aspect ratio, size distribution and density.
- Glass flakes are much thinner than they are wide.
- the glass flakes are substantially planar.
- Preferred glass flakes have a thickness of 0.1 to 15 pm, more preferably 0.5 to 10 pm and still more preferably 1 to 8 pm. Particularly preferred glass flakes have a thickness of 2 to 7 pm. The thickness of the glass flakes can be measured by, for example, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
- Preferred glass flakes have a particle size D 98 , of 200 to 1000 microns, more preferably 300 to 700 microns as measured by laser diffraction.
- Preferred glass flakes have an average particle size D 5 o of 50 to 400 pm, and preferably 100 to 300 pm as measured by laser diffraction.
- the particle sizes of glass flakes referred to herein are the size of the flakes when they are added to the composition and prior to any extrusion or milling process.
- Preferred glass flakes have a bulk density of 1 to 5 g/cm 3 and more preferably 2 to 3 g/cm 3 .
- Glass flakes that are suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention are commercially available from Nippon Sheet Glass and Glassflake Ltd.
- the glass flakes used in the compositions of the present invention are coated.
- the glass flakes may be coated with silanes such as vinyl functional silane, (meth) acrylic functional silane, amine functional silane and epoxy functional silane.
- the glass flakes are uncoated glass flakes.
- the amount of glass flakes present in the coating composition of the invention is preferably 5 to 45 wt%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt% and still more preferably 15 to 25 wt%, based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
- the fibers suitable as a reinforcing filler in the coating composition of the present invention include inorganic fibers and organic fibers.
- the fibre is an inorganic fibre.
- Typical inorganic fibers include: carbide fibers, such as boron carbide fibers, silicon carbide fibers, niobium carbide fibers, etc.; nitride fibers, such as silicon nitride fibers; boron containing fibers, such as boron fibers, boride fibers; silicon containing fibers, such as silicon fibers, alumina-boron silica fibers, E-glass (non-base aluminum borates) fibers, C-glass (non-base or low base sodalime- aluminumborosilicate) fibers, A-glass (base -sodalime-silicate) fibers, S-glass fibers, inorganic glass fibers, quartz fibers, etc.
- the glass fibers may include E-glass fibers, C-glass fibers, A-
- Preferred organic fibres are carbon fibres and Kevlar (para-aramid) fibres.
- the spherical filler microparticles suitable as a reinforcing filler in the present invention may be organic or inorganic spherical filler microparticles.
- the spherical filler microparticles are inorganic spherical filler microparticles.
- the spherical filler microparticles may be hollow or non-hollow.
- the spherical filler microparticles are hollow. This means the microparticles have a void or cavity in their centres. This void or empty space is filled with gas, preferably air.
- Suitable hollow, inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles are commercially available.
- Examples of commercially available hollow, inorganic, spherical filler microparticles include FilliteCenosphere, Poraver (expanded glass), Thermospheres, Omega spheres (available from e.g. 3M, Trelleborg, Potters, SMC minerals) and Hollolite.
- the hollow, inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles have a low density, e.g. the density of the hollow, inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles might be 0.1 to 1 gem -3 , more preferably 0.2 to 0.8 gem -3 , and still more preferably 0.25 to 0.5 gem -3 , e.g. as specified on the technical specification provided by suppliers.
- the inorganic spherical filler microparticles may also be non-hollow.
- the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention have a crush strength of at least 3000 psi, e.g. as determined by the Nitrogen Isostatic Crush Strength test.
- the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention comprise, and more preferably consist, of glass, ceramic, calcium aluminium cement or metal oxide. More preferably the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention comprise, and still more preferably consist, of glass. This is because glass particles provide a good balance of crush strength, hardness and conductivity.
- the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention may be surface treated.
- Some examples of surface treatment include treatment to alter the hydrophobicity of the surface, to improve compatibility with the binder and/or to facilitate chemical incorporation into the binder.
- the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles are not surface treated.
- the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles have a Z-average diameter of 1.0 to 100 pm, more preferably 1.0 to 80 pm and still more preferably 10- 50 pm, as determined by ISO 22412:2017 using a Malvern Mastersizer2000.
- the amount of reinforcing filler present in the coating composition of the invention is preferably 5 to 45 wt%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt% and still more preferably 15 to 25 wt%, based on the dry weight of the coating composition. If a mixture of fillers is used then these percentages refer to the total filler content.
- microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention must be suitable for the intended use, such as lining the inside of a pipe.
- a fiber glass sheet is not particulate and could not be used for inner lining of pipes by spraying.
- composition of the invention may comprise a variety of other standard additives. Ideally the total of these other additives contributes to 15 wt% or less of the composition, such as 10 wt% or less.
- a polymerization inhibitor may be added to the coating composition of the present invention.
- suitable polymerization inhibitors are hydroquinone, trihydrobenzene, benzoquinone, P-benzoquinone, methylhydroquinone, trimethylhydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, t-butylhydroquinone, catechol, t-butylcatechol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, and the like.
- One preferred inhibitor is t-butylcatechol.
- the inhibitor is preferably added in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt.%, more preferably 0.02 to 2 wt%, further preferred 0.05 to 1 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
- composition of the invention may comprise conventional additives such as thixotropic agents, waxes, plasticisers, defoamer, fillers and colouring agents.
- Waxes may be added to the coating composition of the present invention.
- the waxes aid the curing process by acting as an oxygen blocking agent on the surface of the coating. Oxygen from the air may interfere with the curing process giving insufficient curing on the surface of the coating film.
- suitable waxes are petroleum waxes, olefin waxes and polar waxes.
- petroleum waxes include paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, and the like.
- olefin waxes include polyethylene, polypropylene and the like.
- the polar wax include waxes having a polar group (such as a hydroxyl group and an ester group) introduced into these petroleum waxes, olefin waxes, unsaturated fatty acid esters such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and the like.
- the amount of wax in the composition of the invention is preferably 0.05 to 5 wt.%, more preferably 0.01 to 2 wt.%, further preferred 0.05 to 0.5 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
- Thixotropic additives may be added to the coating composition to ensure for example good application properties and storage stability.
- suitable thixotropic agents are clay, organic bentonite, organic amide wax, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, polyhydroxycarboxylic acid amide, organic quaternary ammonium salt, polycarboxylic acid and fumed silica.
- Particularly preferred thixotropic additives are fumed silica and polycarboxylic acid based additives.
- the thixotropic additive is a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid amine solution such as RHEOBYK R 605 from BYK.
- the thixotropic additive is based on fumed silica.
- the fumed silica may be unmodified, hydrophilic fumed silica or the surface of the fumed silica may have been hydrophobically modified with for example silanes and siloxanes.
- suitable commercially available hydrophilic fumed silicas mayinclude AEROSIL 50, AEROSIL 90 G, AEROSIL 130, AEROSIL 200, AEROSIL 300 from Evonik.
- One or more thixotropic additives may be used in the coating composition of the present invention.
- a combination of two different thixotropic additives are used.
- One particularly preferred combination is the combination of a polycarboxylic acid amine thixotropic additive and fumed silica.
- the amount of thixotropic agent added to the coating composition of the invention is preferably 0.1 to 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.2 to 7 wt.%, further preferred 0.5 to 5 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
- Plasticizers such as fatty acid esters, chlorinated paraffin, phosphoric acid esters and phthalic acid esters may be added to the coating composition of the present invention.
- the plasticizer is a fatty acid ester such as linseed oil.
- the amount of plasticizer added to the coating composition of the invention is preferably 0.1 to 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.2 to 7 wt.%, further preferred 0.5 to 5 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
- fillers suitable in the present invention are titanium dioxide, kaolin, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide, fly ash, barium sulphate, clay and glass powder.
- Suitable colouring agents are organic pigments, inorganic pigments, dyes and the like.
- Defoamers may also be added to the coating compositions of the invention.
- suitable defoamers are silicone, acrylic and/or vinyl based defoamers.
- the defoamers are acrylic and or vinyl based.
- the defoamers are free of silicone.
- Other defoamers such as benzotriazole and 2,4- benzophenone based defoamers may also be used.
- a hindered amine type ultraviolet absorber may also be added to the coating composition of the present invention.
- the composition comprising: i) 25 to 60 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester; ii) 10 to 30 wt% of a reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate e.g. glass flakes; iii) 20 to 45 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
- the composition comprising: i) 30 to 45 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester; ii) 15 to 25 wt% of a reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate e.g. glass flakes; iii) 20 to 40 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
- the coating composition of the invention can readily be prepared by mixing the components in appropriate weight percentages. It will be appreciated that the curing agent must be separated from the elastomer modified vinyl ester binder in storage.
- the composition of the invention is therefore ideally supplied in a kit of parts in which a first part A) comprises the elastomer modified vinyl ester binder and a part B) comprises the curing agent.
- Other components of the composition can be supplied in either part A) or B) but it is preferred if other components are supplied in part A).
- the reactive diluent should be included in part A).
- component B) containing the curing agent can be combined with component A) in an appropriate ratio.
- the composition should ideally be used rapidly thereafter.
- Figure 1A-F shows the graphs from mechanical testing using a Universal testing machine (UTM).
- the graphs on the left side (1 A-C) shows the mechanical properties of the coatings after curing at room temperature.
- the graphs on the right side (1 D-F) shows the mechanical properties after the coatings has been heated at 80 °C for 72 hours.
- the 3 different curves in one graph represents 3 parallels of the same sample. Examples - Determination Methods
- Component A as described in table 2 was prepared using high speed dispersion to mix all components homogenously.
- the resin was added first and stirred at low speed, then fumed silica, other additives and fillers were added.
- the reactive diluent was then added.
- the temperature was kept below 45 °C during the mixing to avoid initiating a curing reaction for the resin.
- Component A and B were mixed shortly before preparation of the samples for testing.
- Component A was mixed thoroughly with Component B, using a high speed mixer at up to 1600 rpm for 1 min. The mixture was then poured into a rectangular silicone mould. The silicone mould was then placed inside a vacuum oven for at least 24 hours to remove trapped air bubbles. After the curing was complete, the coating films were cut into (d * b * l) rectangular structure samples (3 mm thickness, 50 mm length and 10 mm with) suitable for Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
- UPM Universal Testing Machine
- compositions are prepared:
- Example 1 results from the mechanical testing of the cured coating compositions in Example 1 and comparative examples 2 and 3 are shown.
- the mechanical properties of the coatings were tested both after curing at room temperature and after the coatings had been heated at 80°C for 72 hours.
- the reason the cured coating compositions were heated is that the mechanical properties of the coating compositions may change after heating and in order to be suitable coatings for internal pipes the mechanical properties of the coatings must be sufficient also after heating.
- the bending strain is shown on the x-axis and the 1.5% limit is illustrated by the vertical line in the graphs.
- the 1.5% bending strain is chosen as the test criteria because this reflects the expected thermo-expansion of the coatings when used within a pipe. If the coating cannot withstand this thermo-expansion it will crack in the pipes.
- the coatings In order to withstand the thermo-expansion and the 1.5% bending strain used in the tests the coatings must have a high toughness and flexibility.
- Graph 1A and 1D shows the results for the coating composition of the invention in example 1.
- Graph 1A shows the mechanical properties of the cured coating composition after curing at ambient temperature and
- Graph 1 D shows the mechanical properties of the coating after heating at 80 °C. It can be seen that both samples are able to withstand the 1.5% bending strain without breaking. When the curves stop, that indicates that the coating sample broke.
- the three different curves in the same graph represents three parallels of the same sample.
- Graph 1B and 1E shows the results for the coating composition of Comparative example 2. It can be seen that for the coating cured at ambienttemperature (Graph 1 B) one of the parallels did not break before the 1.5% bending strain but the two other parallels did. Graph 1 E shows that after heating at 80 °C the coating composition loses some of the toughness and flexibility and then breaks before 1.5% bending strain is applied. Graph 1C and 1F shows the results for the coating composition in Comparative example 3. It can be seen that both after curing at ambient temperature and after heating at 80°C the samples break before 1.5% bending strain is applied.
- the coating composition comprising the elastomer modified vinyl ester resin (example 1) has significantly improved mechanical properties compared to the coating compositions comprising a polyester resin (Comparative example 2) and a novolac vinyl ester resin (Comparative example 3).
Abstract
A composition comprising: i) an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) a flaky, fibrous or microparticulate reinforcing filler such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes or a mixture thereof; iii) a reactive diluent, for example vinyl toluene; and iv) a curing agent.
Description
Coating Composition Field of the invention
The invention relates to a composition suitable for lining the inside of a pipe to extend its life. In particular the composition comprises an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin and reinforcing filler along with a reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene.
Background
Polyester composites are commonly used in fiber reinforced composites (FRC) to manufacture large structures such as yachts, small boats, swimming pools and so on. Polyester composites provide very good flexibility and mechanical strength at ambient temperature.
More recently, polyester composites have also been used to "build" new pipes inside old sewage pipes. This has the obvious advantage that the existing pipes can be left in situ even if they are no longer effective.
The testing regime for these new internal pipes has recently been strengthened. Current polyester composite materials often fail these new stricter requirements so improved performance, especially at high temperatures is needed.
One example of a polyester that has been used in the formation of these internal pipes is Isophthalic unsaturated polyester. Isophthalic unsaturated polyesters have low glass transition temperature and attractive mechanical properties. However, when an ester group based internal pipe is used, there is a possible vulnerability to hydrolysis in aqueous media especially in hotter conditions. Moisture or water absorption can affect the mechanical properties negatively over time .
Isophthalic unsaturated polyester resins have several “ester groups” in the backbone of the polymer, making it vulnerable to hydrolysis when immersed in hot water, leading to critical failure after aging in the pipes.
Scheme 1: Isophthalic unsaturated polyester
Another type of binder which has also been used in this application area is vinyl esters such as bisphenol-A vinylester and Novolac Vinylester. These vinyl esters have fewer ester groups in the polymer backbone compared with the polyester polymers and are therefore more resistant to hydrolysis during water immersion. However, due to a higher glass transition temperature (Tg), they have limited flexibility, especially after aging. These resins can therefore be brittle which may lead to cracking risk of the coatings
Scheme 2 - Novolac vinyl ester
It would be beneficial to prepare resin compositions that combine the advantages of the Isophthalic unsaturated polyester and the novolac vinyl ester resin, in particular to achieve a combination of the flexibility of the Isophthalic unsaturated polyester and the water-resistance of the novolac vinyl ester resin. The inventors have now found that by using an elastomer modified vinyl ester, such as a bisphenol-A vinyl ester resin or elastomer modified Novolac vinyl ester, preferably diluted in vinyl toluene, the resulting composition can be used to provide a robust, flexible composite material for the pipe-renovation industry.
The coating compositions of the present invention comprising an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin provides a coating composition with a good balance between water immersion resistance (especially at higher temperatures) and
mechanical properties. Reinforcing fillers are important to provide mechanical support to the coating films, prevent shrinkage of the coating film during curing and to provide a barrier effect. The coating compositions of the present invention also forms pipes with a very smooth surface and high resistance to grey and/or black water in sewage in an elongated service life time.
RU2365678 describes a method of obtaining a protective lining coating, including layer-by-layer coating of the surface of a product. The first layer is a highly elastic primer that has high adhesion to the material of the protected product.
US2015/0133597 describes elastomer modified vinyl resins in combination with nanoparticles for the production of composite materials, coatings, casting compositions, adhesives, and dental materials which have enhanced mechanical properties, particularly enhanced impact strength.
EP 0315086 D1 describes a low temperature curable composition containing a rubber modified mixture of vinyl ester resins. One vinyl ester resin is prepared from a polyglycidyl ether of an adduct of phenol and an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon and the other vinyl ester resin is prepared from a diglycidyl ether of a bisphenol or a polyglycidyl ether of a phenol- or substituted phenol-aldehyde novolac resin. There is no mention of pipes.
No one before has suggested the use of the composition of the invention in relining pipes.
Summary of the invention
Viewed from one aspect the invention provides a composition comprising: i) an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes, ora mixture thereof; iii) a reactive diluent, for example vinyl toluene; and iv) a curing agent.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides a composition comprising: i) 20 to 80 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) 10 to 30 wt% of a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes, or a mixture thereof; iii) 10 to 50 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides a composition comprising
i) 20 to 80 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) 10 to 30 wt% a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes, or a mixture thereof; iii) 10 to 50 wt% reactive diluent comprising a vinyl functionalised aromatic hydrocarbon; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
It is particularly preferred that the composition of the invention is sprayable, e.g. capable of being sprayed onto the inside surface of a pipe. It should not therefore be a laminate or contain fibrous sheets.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides a composition as hereinbefore defined which has been cured.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides a pipe comprising a cured composition as hereinbefore defined, especially wherein said pipe is located within another pipe.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides a pipe comprising an internal coating comprising a cured composition as hereinbefore defined.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides a process comprising applying a composition as hereinbefore defined to the inside walls of an existing pipe to form a coating thereon and allowing the composition to cure so as to form a coating or pipe within the existing pipe.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides the use of a composition as hereinbefore defined to prepare a pipe within an existing pipe, such as a sewage pipe or to prepare a coating within a pipe, such as a sewage pipe.
Viewed from another aspect the invention provides the use of a composition as hereinbefore defined to coat the inside of a pipe, such as a sewage pipe so as to extend its serviceable life.
Definitions
As used herein the term “coating composition” refers to a composition that, when applied to a surface, forms a film or coating thereon.
As used herein the term “binder” refers to a polymer which forms a continuous film on a substrate surface when applied thereto. The other components of the composition are dispersed throughout the binder.
As used herein the term “epoxy” refers to a three-atom cyclic ether.
As used herein the terms “curing accelerator” and “accelerator” are used synonymously and refer to compounds which increase the rate of the curing reaction to cure or harden the coating.
As used herein the term “curing agent” refers to a compound which, when mixed with a binder, e.g. elastomer modified vinyl ester resin, produces a cured or hardened coating by generating cross-links within the polymer. Sometimes curing agents are referred to as hardeners.
As used herein the term “filler” refers to a compound which increases the volume or bulk of a coating composition. They are substantially insoluble in the coating composition and are dispersed therein. When filler particle sizes are referred to herein, it is the particle size when they are added to the composition.
As used herein the term “weight % (wt%)”, when used in relation to individual constituents of the composition, e.g. reactive diluent, etc., refers to the actual weight of constituent, i.e. without volatile components present, unless otherwise specified.
As used herein the term “weight % (wt%)”, when used in relation to the coating compositions, refers to the weight relative to the total dry weight of the composition, i.e. excluding volatile components, unless otherwise specified.
The term (meth)acrylate covers both methacrylate and acrylate and (meth) indicates the optional presence of the methyl group.
The term microparticle is used herein to define a particle having a Z-average diameter of 1.0 to 1000 pm preferably as determined by ISO 22412:2017 using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000.
Detailed Description of Invention
This invention concerns a composition that can be applied to the inside surface of existing pipes which are reaching the end of their serviceable lives. Removing and replacing such pipes is often challenging as pipes are difficult to access. Such a process might require extensive and disruptive building works. Where the pipe is within a building such as an apartment, house, commercial building, office etc. such pipe replacement might involve digging up floors or removing walls.
Rather than remove and replace such pipes, the present invention seeks to coat the inside surface of the existing pipe with the composition of the invention and
allow that composition to cure. The resulting coating effectively forms a new pipe within the existing pipe. The invention can therefore be seen as providing a new pipe within an existing pipe or simply re-lining an existing pipe with a coating that ensures that the pipe is serviceable once more.
The thickness of the coating (or new pipe) that forms within an existing pipe is ideally 1 to 20 mm, preferably 1 to 10 mm, further preferred 2 to 7 mm. In one particularly preferred option the thickness of the coating is 3 to 5 mm.
Importantly, the composition of the invention cures at ambient temperatures (15 - 40 °C) so there is no requirement to heat the system during a curing process. Also, the composition of the invention can be directly applied to the inside surface of an existing pipe without a primer layer.
The existing pipe might be made of plastic, steel, concrete, or any other typical pipe material. Conveniently, the invention is used to coat the inside of existing sewage pipes. Such pipes might be relatively old and may be made of steel or concrete. Such pipes are reaching the end of their lives and the present invention provides a solution to their replacement without the upheaval required to physically remove and replace such a pipe.
Pipes in which the composition of the invention can be applied are ones that carry water, often waste water, such as a sewage pipe.
The composition of the invention can be applied to the inside surface of an existing pipe using a remote coating apparatus placed within the pipe which can, for example, spray the composition on the walls of the pipe from within. All that is required therefore is a single access point to allow the coating apparatus, often a remote control robot, to be placed within the pipe. It may be that multiple coats are required to develop a layer of sufficient thickness inside the pipe. Where all the coats are of the same composition, we regard that as a single layer. It is however possible to apply the different compositions of the invention as multiple layers within a pipe. This is not however preferred.
Suitable pipe coating equipment is known and will not be further described herein. The present invention is directed to the nature of the composition used for coating the pipes not the mechanism of its application.
Elastomer Modified Vinyl ester
The composition of the invention requires the use of an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin (VE resin). This acts as the binder in the composition. Vinyl ester
resin, or often just vinyl ester, is a resin produced by the esterification of an epoxy resin with an acrylic or methacrylic acid. The "vinyl" group therefore refers to these acrylate ester substituents, which are prone to polymerize.
In one embodiment therefore the vinyl ester is the ester of an epoxy resin with an acrylic or methacrylic acid.
The epoxy resins used to synthesize the vinyl ester resins of the present invention may be an aliphatic and/oran aromatic epoxy resin. Preferably the epoxy resin is an aromatic epoxy resin.
Suitable aliphatic epoxy resins include epoxy and modified epoxy resins selected from cycloaliphatic epoxy such as hydrogenated bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A novolac and dicyclopentadiene based binders, glycidyl ethers such as polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols, epoxy functional acrylic resins;or any combinations thereof.
Suitable aromatic epoxy resins includes epoxy and modified epoxy resins selected from bisphenol type epoxy resins such as bisphenol A, bisphenol F and bisphenol S, resorcinol diglycidyl ether (RDGE), novolac type epoxy resins such as phenolic novolac type binders (bisphenol A novolac, bisphenol S novolac, bisphenol F novolac) and cresol novolac type binder; or any combinations thereof.
In some preferred compositions the epoxy resin is an aromatic epoxy resin. Preferably, the aromatic epoxy resin is derived from a combination of a compound comprising at least one epoxide functionality with an aromatic co-reactant comprising at least two hydroxyl groups.
Preferred epoxy resins are bisphenol epoxy resins and novolac epoxy resins. Particularly preferred epoxy resins are bisphenol A and novolac epoxy resins.
In one preferred coating composition of the invention the epoxy resins include bisphenol A based resins, such as 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol-epichlorohydrin resins. Bisphenol A epoxy resins will be known to those in the field and have the general structure below:
Also of interest are Novolac epoxy resins which are derived from phenols and formaldehyde. Typically novolacs are prepared by the condensation of a mixture of p- and m-cresol with formaldehyde (as formalin).
The epoxy resins are esterified terminally with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid to form the vinyl ester resin.
The vinyl ester resin is functionalised with an elastomer component.
Elastomers (rubbers) are polymers that are very elastic. They are generally lightly cross-linked and amorphous with a glass transition temperature well below room temperature. They can be envisaged as one very large molecule of macroscopic size. The intermolecular forces between the polymer chains are rather weak. The crosslinks completely suppress irreversible flow but the chains are very flexible at temperatures above the glass transition, and a small force leads to a large deformation. Thus, elastomers have a low Young's modulus and very high elongation at break when compared with other polymers. The term elastomer is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to vulcanized rubbers.
The vinyl ester must contain or be provided with reactive groups which can react with groups on the elastomeric component and so bind the elastomeric component chemically into the resin.
This elastomeric component with reactive groups may structurally be a homopolymer or copolymer or homooligomer or cooligomer. The elastomeric component preferably has a glass transition temperature, Tg, of -20° C. or less.
When the elastomeric modified vinyl ester resin is cured, the resin forms “elastomeric domains”, which possess this stated glass transition temperature. The elastomeric domains are phases comprising essentially only the elastomeric component, which have been incorporated into the resin and which bring about modification of the mechanical properties, particularly the impact strength, flexibility and toughness. Within these elastomeric domains, between the elastomeric component molecules, for example, it may substantially be only van der Waals forces that act; in the border region with the resin matrix, the elastomeric component penetrates into the resin matrix, owing to the resin -reactive groups. After it is cured, the elastomeric modified vinyl ester is in a state which can be regarded as a borderline case between a true two-phase system (resin matrix with rubber domains) and an interpenetrating network.
The groups in the elastomeric component that are reactive with the resin may, in particular, be reactive double bonds (vinyl groups or methacrylate groups, for example), epoxy groups or carboxy groups. The nature of the chemical link between the elastomeric component and the vinyl ester is not critical.
The glass transition temperature Tg of the elastomeric domains () is preferably not more than -30°C, more preferably not more than -40, -50 or -60°C. With preference it does not go below -100°C. The preferred glass transition temperature also depends on the intended application of the polymeric compositions of the invention.
The fraction of the elastomeric component in the elastomeric modified vinyl ester resin is preferably 2% to 30% by weight, preferably 4% to 18% by weight, more preferably 6% to 12% by weight.
The modification of the vinyl ester resin with the elastomeric component may take place before the epoxy resin reacts with the (meth)acrylic acid or after that reaction has taken place.
By way of example, a carboxy-fu notional liquid rubber such as the CTBN (carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers) can be reacted with an epoxy resin. The reaction product is subsequently reacted further with acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, so that the vinyl ester resin oligomers, which are to be cured in a subsequent step, are formed. A mixture of this kind is available commercially: for example, under the names Dion® 9500 from Reichhold/Polynt or Derakane® 8084 from Ashland.
A second synthesis route, involves the separate synthesis of the elastomeric component and the base vinyl ester resin. In this case, as the elastomeric component, for example, a carboxy-terminated liquid rubber (CTBN, for example) can either be epoxy-functionalized, e.g. with a diepoxide or vinyl-functionalized e.g. with a glycidyl methacrylate; the liquid rubber functionalized with reactive groups in this way are then mixed with the vinyl ester resin.
In the course of the curing reaction, phase separation then occurs, and in the resin matrix there is formation of the rubber domains, already described, which are incorporated chemically in the matrix.
The rubber domains in the cured composition preferably possess an average size, as determined by SEM orTEM, of 0.05 to 20 pm, more preferably 0.1 to 10 pm, more preferably 0.2 to 4 pm.
The elastomer modified vinyl ester resin may preferably be a rubber modified vinyl ester resin.
Examples of the elastomeric component are diene polymers such as copolymers of dienes such as 1,3-diene monomers and polar, ethylenically unsaturated comonomers. The diene used can be butadiene, isoprene or chloroprene, preferably butadiene. Examples of polar, ethylenically unsaturated comonomers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, C1-4 alkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, such as their methyl or ethyl esters, amides of acrylic or methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid or their C1 -4-alkyl esters or monoesters, or maleic or itaconic anhydride, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, for example, or, in particular, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile.
Especially preferred copolymers are carboxyl-terminated butadiene- acrylonitrile copolymers (CTBN), which are offered in liquid form under the trade name Hycar by the company Lubrizol. These copolymers have molecular weights of between 2000 and 5000 and acrylonitrile contents of between 10% and 30%. Specific examples are Hycar CTBN 1300 X 8, or 1300 X 13. CTBN derivatives may likewise be used. Mention may be made, byway of example, of the CTBN derivatives termed CTBNX, in which there are additional acid functions in the chain.
Other suitable CTBN derivatives are functionalized with epoxy groups or vinyl groups at the end of the linear oligomer. Epoxy functionalization can be achieved by reactions of the terminal carboxyl groups of CTBN with polyfunctional epoxides. Vinyl functionalization is achieved by reaction of these groups with a glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate. From the company Lubrizol, these copolymers are available under the name VTBNX (vinyl-functionalized) or ETBN (epoxy-functionalized). Particular suitability is possessed by VTBNX 1300 X 33, VTBNX 1300 X 43, ETBN 1300 X 40, and ETBN 1300 X 44.
The elastomeric component may also be based upon, for example, polysiloxane or polyurethane polymers.
The composition of the invention comprises 20 to 80 wt% by dry weight of the coating composition of the elastomer modified vinyl ester, such as 30 to 80 wt%, such as 30 to 60 wt.%. The elastomer modified vinyl ester is often supplied in a reactive diluent so this should betaken into account when determining the amounts of reactive diluent and elastomer modified vinyl ester in the composition.
The elastomer modified vinyl ester resin product produced is then typically dissolved in a reactive diluent.
Reactive Diluent
The composition of the invention also contains a reactive diluent. The reactive diluent acts simultaneously as a solvent and as a reactive component of the composition. The reactive diluent is therefore involved in the curing reaction of the composition.
Suitable reactive diluents include vinyl and/or (meth)acrylate functional reactive diluents.
Examples of suitable reactive diluents are styrene, a-, o-, m-, p-alkyl, nitro, cyano, amide, or ester derivatives of styrene, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene, divinylbenzene, di(meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, hexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, dodecyl (meth)acrylate, cyclopentyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, tetra hydrofury I (meth)acrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic esters such as dicyclopentenyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate and phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid amide, N, N-(meth)acrylic acid amide, (meth)acrylic acid aniline; unsaturated dicarboxylic acid diesters such as diethyl citraconate, monomaleimide compounds such as N-phenyl maleimide, N- (meth) acryloyl phthalimide and the like. In addition, compounds such as ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth)acrylate and 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)(meth) acrylic acid ester compound having two or more (meth)acryloyl groups can also be used. These radical polymerizable unsaturated monomers can be used alone or in combination. In one preferred option vinyl functional reactive diluents are used, preferably vinyl functional aromatic compounds such as styrene and vinyl toluene are used. Preferably vinyl toluene is used as the reactive diluent. Vinyl toluene is a particularly preferred reactive diluent because it has a high flash point, low odour and a good HSE profile. The amount of reactive diluent in the composition of the invention is preferably
2.0 to 50 wt%, such as 10 to 50 wt%, such as 15 to 40 wt%, such as 20 to 35 wt.% based on dry weight of the coating composition.
Curing Agent/Initiator
The elastomer modified vinyl ester resin of the present invention may be cured by using heat, a radical initiator and/or by using a photo radical initiator.
Preferably a radical initiator is used.
Preferably the radical initiator is used together with an accelerator, i.e. a compound that accelerates the curing reaction.
Preferred radical initiators are organic peroxides. Examples of preferred organic peroxides are diacyl peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide, peroxyester such as t-butyl peroxy benzoate, hydroperoxide such as cumene hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide such as dicumyl peroxide, ketone peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and acetylacetone peroxide, peroxy ketals, alkyl ester peroxide and percarbonate peroxide.
In one preferred embodiment the radical initiator is a ketone peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
A photo radical initiator may also be used as a curing agent in the present invention. Examples of suitable photo radical initiators are benzoin ethers such as benzoin alkyl ether, benzophenones such as benzophenone, benzyl, methyl orthobenzoyl benzoate, benzyl dimethyl ketal, 2,2-diethoxy Acetophenones such as acetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, 4-isopropyl-2-hydroxy-2- methylpropiophenone, 1,1-dichloroacetophenone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2- methylthioxanthone, 2-thioxanthones such as isopropyl thioxanthone and the like.
The curing agent/initiator is preferably added in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt.%, more preferably 0.5 to 10 wt.%, further preferred 1 to 5 wt. % of the dry weight of the coating composition.
Accelerator
An accelerator is often used in combination with the curing agent. If curing takes place at elevated temperatures (about 80° C., for example), it is possible for the curing reaction to take place without the addition of an accelerator. Preferably an accelerator is used in combination with the curing agent.
The accelerator may therefore be a curing catalyst. One example of suitable accelerators are cobalt compounds (i.e. cobalt catalysts) such as cobalt naphthenate, cobalt octoate, neodecanoic cobalt and cobalt hydroxide. In one preferred embodiment, cobalt octoate is used as a curing accelerator.
Amine functional compounds may also be used as curing accelerator. In one preferred embodiment a mixture of an amine functional compound and a cobalt compound is used.
Examples of suitable amine functional compounds are aromatic amines such as N, N-dimethylaniline, N, N-diethylaniline, N, N-dimethyl- p-toluidine, N-methyl-N- b-hydroxyethylaniline, N-butyl-N-beta-hydroxyethylaniline, N-methyl-N-beta- hydroxyethyl-p-toluidine, N- butyl-N-beta- hydroxyethyl-p-toluidine, N-methyl- N, N, N-di (b-hydroxyethyl) aniline, N, N-di (b-hydroxypropyl) aniline, N, N-di (b-hydroxy Ethyl) -p-toluidine, N, N-di (b-hydroxypropyl) -p-toluidine and N, N- diisopropylol-p- toluidine.
Aliphatic amide may also be used such a N, N-dimethylacetoacetamide, N,N- diethylacetoacetamide,
In one preferred embodiment N, N-dimethylacetoacetamide is used as a curing accelerator. In another preferred embodiment N, N-dimethylacetoacetamide is used together with cobalt octoate as accelerators.
The accelerator is preferably added in an amount of 0.005 to 5 wt.%, more preferably 0.01 to 2 wt%, further preferred 0.02 to 1 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
Flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler
The coating composition of the present invention comprises a reinforcing filler. The reinforcing filler is important to improve the mechanical properties of the coating film, prevent shrinkage of the coating film during curing and to improve water resistance and barrier properties.
The reinforcing filler suitable in the present invention is selected from flaky fillers, fibres and spherical filler microparticles. Mixtures of these reinforcing fillers can also be used. Nanoparticulate silica, for example, offers no reinforcing effect and is not suitable as a reinforcing filler. In particular, nanoparticles of diameter 5 to 150 nm are too small to offer a reinforcing effect.
Preferably the reinforcing filler is a flaky filler, preferably glass flakes.
The flaky filler is typically an inorganic pigment which is lamellar or plate-like in structure. Preferably, the aspect ratio of the flaky filler is more than 3, such as more than 6, preferably more than 10. The aspect ratio can be measured by for example using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aspect ratio can also be calculated by using the following formula:
average particle size D50/average thickness.
The thickness of the flaky filler is preferably 0.1 to 15 pm, more preferably 0.5 to 10 pm and still more preferably 1 .0 to 8.0 pm. The thickness of the flaky filler can be measured by, for example, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The average particle size D5o of the flaky filler is preferably 5 to 500 pm, more preferably 10 to 400 pm, further preferred 20 to 300 pm as measured by laser diffraction. Preferred flaky fillers are talc, mica and glass flakes. In one particularly preferred embodiment the flaky filler is glass flakes.
Glass flakes are different from other forms of glass, including glass spheres, in their aspect ratio, size distribution and density.
Glass flakes are much thinner than they are wide. Preferably the glass flakes are substantially planar.
Preferred glass flakes have a thickness of 0.1 to 15 pm, more preferably 0.5 to 10 pm and still more preferably 1 to 8 pm. Particularly preferred glass flakes have a thickness of 2 to 7 pm. The thickness of the glass flakes can be measured by, for example, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Preferred glass flakes have a particle size D98, of 200 to 1000 microns, more preferably 300 to 700 microns as measured by laser diffraction. Preferred glass flakes have an average particle size D5o of 50 to 400 pm, and preferably 100 to 300 pm as measured by laser diffraction. The particle sizes of glass flakes referred to herein are the size of the flakes when they are added to the composition and prior to any extrusion or milling process.
Preferred glass flakes, have a bulk density of 1 to 5 g/cm3 and more preferably 2 to 3 g/cm3.
Glass flakes that are suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention are commercially available from Nippon Sheet Glass and Glassflake Ltd. Optionally the glass flakes used in the compositions of the present invention are coated. The glass flakes may be coated with silanes such as vinyl functional silane, (meth) acrylic functional silane, amine functional silane and epoxy functional silane. In one preferred option the glass flakes are uncoated glass flakes.
The amount of glass flakes present in the coating composition of the invention is preferably 5 to 45 wt%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt% and still more preferably 15 to 25 wt%, based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
The fibers suitable as a reinforcing filler in the coating composition of the present invention include inorganic fibers and organic fibers. Preferably the fibre is an inorganic fibre. Typical inorganic fibers include: carbide fibers, such as boron carbide fibers, silicon carbide fibers, niobium carbide fibers, etc.; nitride fibers, such as silicon nitride fibers; boron containing fibers, such as boron fibers, boride fibers; silicon containing fibers, such as silicon fibers, alumina-boron silica fibers, E-glass (non-base aluminum borates) fibers, C-glass (non-base or low base sodalime- aluminumborosilicate) fibers, A-glass (base -sodalime-silicate) fibers, S-glass fibers, inorganic glass fibers, quartz fibers, etc. The glass fibers may include E-glass fibers, C-glass fibers, A-glass fibers, S-glass fibers, etc. Useful inorganic fibers also include ceramic fibers and basalt fibers. In one preferred option the fibre is a glass fibre.
Preferred organic fibres are carbon fibres and Kevlar (para-aramid) fibres.
The spherical filler microparticles suitable as a reinforcing filler in the present invention may be organic or inorganic spherical filler microparticles. Preferably the spherical filler microparticles are inorganic spherical filler microparticles.
The spherical filler microparticles may be hollow or non-hollow. In one preferred embodiment the spherical filler microparticles are hollow. This means the microparticles have a void or cavity in their centres. This void or empty space is filled with gas, preferably air.
Suitable hollow, inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles are commercially available. Examples of commercially available hollow, inorganic, spherical filler microparticles include FilliteCenosphere, Poraver (expanded glass), Thermospheres, Omega spheres (available from e.g. 3M, Trelleborg, Potters, SMC minerals) and Hollolite.
Preferably the hollow, inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles have a low density, e.g. the density of the hollow, inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles might be 0.1 to 1 gem-3, more preferably 0.2 to 0.8 gem-3, and still more preferably 0.25 to 0.5 gem-3, e.g. as specified on the technical specification provided by suppliers.
The inorganic spherical filler microparticles may also be non-hollow.
Preferably the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention have a crush strength of at least 3000 psi, e.g. as determined by the Nitrogen Isostatic Crush Strength test.
The inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention comprise, and more preferably consist, of glass, ceramic, calcium aluminium cement or metal oxide. More preferably the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention comprise, and still more preferably consist, of glass. This is because glass particles provide a good balance of crush strength, hardness and conductivity.
Optionally the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention may be surface treated. Some examples of surface treatment include treatment to alter the hydrophobicity of the surface, to improve compatibility with the binder and/or to facilitate chemical incorporation into the binder. In one preferred option the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles are not surface treated.
Preferably the inorganic, spherical, filler microparticles have a Z-average diameter of 1.0 to 100 pm, more preferably 1.0 to 80 pm and still more preferably 10- 50 pm, as determined by ISO 22412:2017 using a Malvern Mastersizer2000.
It is of course possible to use a mixture of flaky, fibrous and/or spherical microparticulate fillers.
The amount of reinforcing filler present in the coating composition of the invention is preferably 5 to 45 wt%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt% and still more preferably 15 to 25 wt%, based on the dry weight of the coating composition. If a mixture of fillers is used then these percentages refer to the total filler content.
It will be appreciated that the microparticles present in the coating compositions of the present invention must be suitable for the intended use, such as lining the inside of a pipe. A fiber glass sheet is not particulate and could not be used for inner lining of pipes by spraying.
Other Additives
The composition of the invention may comprise a variety of other standard additives. Ideally the total of these other additives contributes to 15 wt% or less of the composition, such as 10 wt% or less.
A polymerization inhibitor may be added to the coating composition of the present invention. Examples of suitable polymerization inhibitors are hydroquinone,
trihydrobenzene, benzoquinone, P-benzoquinone, methylhydroquinone, trimethylhydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, t-butylhydroquinone, catechol, t-butylcatechol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, and the like. One preferred inhibitor is t-butylcatechol.
The inhibitor is preferably added in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt.%, more preferably 0.02 to 2 wt%, further preferred 0.05 to 1 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
The composition of the invention may comprise conventional additives such as thixotropic agents, waxes, plasticisers, defoamer, fillers and colouring agents.
Waxes may be added to the coating composition of the present invention. The waxes aid the curing process by acting as an oxygen blocking agent on the surface of the coating. Oxygen from the air may interfere with the curing process giving insufficient curing on the surface of the coating film.
Examples of suitable waxes are petroleum waxes, olefin waxes and polar waxes. Examples of petroleum waxes include paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, and the like. Examples of olefin waxes include polyethylene, polypropylene and the like. Examples of the polar wax include waxes having a polar group (such as a hydroxyl group and an ester group) introduced into these petroleum waxes, olefin waxes, unsaturated fatty acid esters such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and the like.
The amount of wax in the composition of the invention is preferably 0.05 to 5 wt.%, more preferably 0.01 to 2 wt.%, further preferred 0.05 to 0.5 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
Thixotropic additives may be added to the coating composition to ensure for example good application properties and storage stability. Examples of suitable thixotropic agents are clay, organic bentonite, organic amide wax, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, polyhydroxycarboxylic acid amide, organic quaternary ammonium salt, polycarboxylic acid and fumed silica. Particularly preferred thixotropic additives are fumed silica and polycarboxylic acid based additives.
In one preferred option the thixotropic additive is a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid amine solution such as RHEOBYK R 605 from BYK.
In another preferred option the thixotropic additive is based on fumed silica. The fumed silica may be unmodified, hydrophilic fumed silica or the surface of the fumed silica may have been hydrophobically modified with for example silanes and siloxanes.
Examples of suitable commercially available hydrophilic fumed silicas mayinclude AEROSIL 50, AEROSIL 90 G, AEROSIL 130, AEROSIL 200, AEROSIL 300 from Evonik.
One or more thixotropic additives may be used in the coating composition of the present invention. Preferably a combination of two different thixotropic additives are used. One particularly preferred combination is the combination of a polycarboxylic acid amine thixotropic additive and fumed silica.
The amount of thixotropic agent added to the coating composition of the invention is preferably 0.1 to 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.2 to 7 wt.%, further preferred 0.5 to 5 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
Plasticizers such as fatty acid esters, chlorinated paraffin, phosphoric acid esters and phthalic acid esters may be added to the coating composition of the present invention. Preferably the plasticizer is a fatty acid ester such as linseed oil.
The amount of plasticizer added to the coating composition of the invention is preferably 0.1 to 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.2 to 7 wt.%, further preferred 0.5 to 5 wt.% based on the dry weight of the coating composition.
Examples of fillers suitable in the present invention are titanium dioxide, kaolin, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide, fly ash, barium sulphate, clay and glass powder.
Examples of suitable colouring agents are organic pigments, inorganic pigments, dyes and the like.
Defoamers may also be added to the coating compositions of the invention. Examples of suitable defoamers are silicone, acrylic and/or vinyl based defoamers. Preferably the defoamers are acrylic and or vinyl based. In one preferred option the defoamers are free of silicone. Other defoamers such as benzotriazole and 2,4- benzophenone based defoamers may also be used.
Further, a hindered amine type ultraviolet absorber may also be added to the coating composition of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprising: i) 25 to 60 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester; ii) 10 to 30 wt% of a reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate e.g. glass flakes; iii) 20 to 45 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprising:
i) 30 to 45 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester; ii) 15 to 25 wt% of a reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate e.g. glass flakes; iii) 20 to 40 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
Preparation
The coating composition of the invention can readily be prepared by mixing the components in appropriate weight percentages. It will be appreciated that the curing agent must be separated from the elastomer modified vinyl ester binder in storage. The composition of the invention is therefore ideally supplied in a kit of parts in which a first part A) comprises the elastomer modified vinyl ester binder and a part B) comprises the curing agent. Other components of the composition can be supplied in either part A) or B) but it is preferred if other components are supplied in part A). In particular the reactive diluent should be included in part A).
When the coating composition is ready for use, the component B) containing the curing agent can be combined with component A) in an appropriate ratio. The composition should ideally be used rapidly thereafter. The invention will now be described with reference to the following non limiting examples and figures.
Brief Description of the Figures:
Figure 1A-F shows the graphs from mechanical testing using a Universal testing machine (UTM). The graphs on the left side (1 A-C) shows the mechanical properties of the coatings after curing at room temperature. The graphs on the right side (1 D-F) shows the mechanical properties after the coatings has been heated at 80 °C for 72 hours. The 3 different curves in one graph represents 3 parallels of the same sample. Examples - Determination Methods
Mechanical test
The mechanical testing was performed according to IS0178: 2010. The samples had a 3 mm thickness, 50 mm length and 10 mm with.
Preparation of coating compositions
Component A as described in table 2 was prepared using high speed dispersion to mix all components homogenously. The resin was added first and stirred at low speed, then fumed silica, other additives and fillers were added. The reactive diluent was then added. The temperature was kept below 45 °C during the mixing to avoid initiating a curing reaction for the resin.
Component A and B were mixed shortly before preparation of the samples for testing.
Preparation of samples for mechanical testing
Component A was mixed thoroughly with Component B, using a high speed mixer at up to 1600 rpm for 1 min. The mixture was then poured into a rectangular silicone mould. The silicone mould was then placed inside a vacuum oven for at least 24 hours to remove trapped air bubbles. After the curing was complete, the coating films were cut into (d*b*l) rectangular structure samples (3 mm thickness, 50 mm length and 10 mm with) suitable for Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
The following compositions are prepared:
In the figures, the results from the mechanical testing of the cured coating compositions in Example 1 and comparative examples 2 and 3 are shown. The mechanical properties of the coatings were tested both after curing at room temperature and after the coatings had been heated at 80°C for 72 hours. The reason the cured coating compositions were heated is that the mechanical properties of the coating compositions may change after heating and in order to be suitable coatings for internal pipes the mechanical properties of the coatings must be sufficient also after heating.
In order to pass the test, it must be possible to subject the sample to a 1.5% 3-point bending strain without the sample breaking. The bending strain is shown on the x-axis and the 1.5% limit is illustrated by the vertical line in the graphs. The 1.5% bending strain is chosen as the test criteria because this reflects the expected thermo-expansion of the coatings when used within a pipe. If the coating cannot withstand this thermo-expansion it will crack in the pipes.
In order to withstand the thermo-expansion and the 1.5% bending strain used in the tests the coatings must have a high toughness and flexibility.
Graph 1A and 1D shows the results for the coating composition of the invention in example 1. Graph 1A shows the mechanical properties of the cured coating composition after curing at ambient temperature and Graph 1 D shows the mechanical properties of the coating after heating at 80 °C. It can be seen that both samples are able to withstand the 1.5% bending strain without breaking. When the curves stop, that indicates that the coating sample broke. The three different curves in the same graph represents three parallels of the same sample.
Graph 1B and 1E shows the results for the coating composition of Comparative example 2. It can be seen that for the coating cured at ambienttemperature (Graph 1 B) one of the parallels did not break before the 1.5% bending strain but the two other parallels did. Graph 1 E shows that after heating at 80 °C the coating composition loses some of the toughness and flexibility and then breaks before 1.5% bending strain is applied.
Graph 1C and 1F shows the results for the coating composition in Comparative example 3. It can be seen that both after curing at ambient temperature and after heating at 80°C the samples break before 1.5% bending strain is applied.
These test result clearly show that the coating composition comprising the elastomer modified vinyl ester resin (example 1) has significantly improved mechanical properties compared to the coating compositions comprising a polyester resin (Comparative example 2) and a novolac vinyl ester resin (Comparative example 3).
Claims
1. A composition, e.g. a sprayable composition, comprising: i) an elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler such as a glass particulate, e.g. glass flakes or a mixture thereof; iii) a reactive diluent, for example vinyl toluene; and iv) a curing agent.
2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 comprising: i) 20 to 80 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) 10 to 30 wt% of a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate e.g. glass flakes or a mixture thereof; iii) 10 to 50 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
3. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the vinyl ester is the reaction product of an epoxy resin, such as an aromatic epoxy resin, and (meth)acrylic acid.
4. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the elastomer modified vinyl ester resin comprises a bisphenol or Novolac vinyl ester.
5. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the elastomer component of the elastomer modified vinyl ester resin is a diene acrylonitrile copolymer.
6. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the reactive diluent is an vinyl functional aromatic hydrocarbon, preferably vinyl toluene.
7. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the reinforcing filler is a glass particulate such as glass flakes.
8. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the curing agent is a peroxide.
9. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim further comprising an accelerator such as a cobalt catalyst.
10. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim comprising: i) 25 to 60 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) 10 to 30 wt% of a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate e.g. glass flakes or a mixture thereof; iii) 20 to 45 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
11. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim comprising: i) 30 to 45 wt% of elastomer modified vinyl ester resin; ii) 15 to 25 wt% of a flaky, fibrous or spherical microparticulate reinforcing filler, such as a glass particulate e.g. glass flakes or a mixture thereof; iii) 20 to 40 wt% of reactive diluent such as vinyl toluene; iv) 1.0 to 5.0 wt% curing agent.
12. A composition as claimed in any preceding claim has been cured.
13. A pipe comprising a cured composition as claimed in claim 12, especially wherein said composition forms a pipe located within another pipe or a coating within a pipe.
14. A process comprising applying, preferably by spraying, a composition as claimed in 1 to 11 to the inside walls of an existing pipe to form a coating thereon and allowing the composition to cure so as to form a coating or pipe within the existing pipe.
15. Use of a composition as claimed in claim 1 to 11 to prepare a coating or a pipe within an existing pipe, such as a sewage pipe.
16. Use of a composition as claimed in claim 1 to 11 to coat the inside of a pipe, such as a sewage pipe so as to extend its serviceable life.
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EP21185665 | 2021-07-14 | ||
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4824500A (en) * | 1987-11-03 | 1989-04-25 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method for repairing damaged composite articles |
EP0315086A2 (en) | 1987-11-03 | 1989-05-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Rubber modified vinyl ester resins from polyglycidyl ethers of adducts of a phenol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon |
RU2365678C2 (en) | 2007-09-05 | 2009-08-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Специальное Конструкторское Бюро "Мысль" | Method of obtaining protective lining coating |
WO2015056585A1 (en) * | 2013-10-18 | 2015-04-23 | 昭和電工株式会社 | Resin composition for repairing sewer pipes, sewer-pipe repair material, and method for repairing existing sewer pipes |
US20150133597A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2015-05-14 | Evonik Hanse Gmbh | Polymer resin composition |
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2022
- 2022-07-13 WO PCT/EP2022/069598 patent/WO2023285527A1/en active Application Filing
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4824500A (en) * | 1987-11-03 | 1989-04-25 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method for repairing damaged composite articles |
EP0315086A2 (en) | 1987-11-03 | 1989-05-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Rubber modified vinyl ester resins from polyglycidyl ethers of adducts of a phenol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon |
US20150133597A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2015-05-14 | Evonik Hanse Gmbh | Polymer resin composition |
RU2365678C2 (en) | 2007-09-05 | 2009-08-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Специальное Конструкторское Бюро "Мысль" | Method of obtaining protective lining coating |
WO2015056585A1 (en) * | 2013-10-18 | 2015-04-23 | 昭和電工株式会社 | Resin composition for repairing sewer pipes, sewer-pipe repair material, and method for repairing existing sewer pipes |
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