WO2023283671A1 - Oral antibiotic formulation - Google Patents

Oral antibiotic formulation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023283671A1
WO2023283671A1 PCT/AU2022/050519 AU2022050519W WO2023283671A1 WO 2023283671 A1 WO2023283671 A1 WO 2023283671A1 AU 2022050519 W AU2022050519 W AU 2022050519W WO 2023283671 A1 WO2023283671 A1 WO 2023283671A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antibiotic
antibiotic formulation
formulation
animal
administering
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU2022/050519
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Gray BOSTON
Original Assignee
Bocko Pty Ltd
Flexsky Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bocko Pty Ltd, Flexsky Pty Ltd filed Critical Bocko Pty Ltd
Priority to AU2022311344A priority Critical patent/AU2022311344A1/en
Publication of WO2023283671A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023283671A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
    • A61D7/00—Devices or methods for introducing solid, liquid, or gaseous remedies or other materials into or onto the bodies of animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
    • A61K31/542—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/545—Compounds containing 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. cephalosporins, cefaclor, or cephalexine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1617—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A61K9/1623—Sugars or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose; Derivatives thereof; Homeopathic globules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
    • A61J1/05—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes for collecting, storing or administering blood, plasma or medical fluids ; Infusion or perfusion containers
    • A61J1/06—Ampoules or carpules
    • A61J1/067—Flexible ampoules, the contents of which are expelled by squeezing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an antibiotic formulation and method of administering the antibiotic formulation.
  • the present invention relates, but is not limited, to an orally administered antibiotic formulation for animals including cats and dogs.
  • Reference to the orally administered antibiotic formulation for cats and dogs is provided by way of example but the invention is not limited to this use.
  • veterinary antibiotics is administered either by injection or orally to an animal.
  • Oral administration is typically in the form of a tablet.
  • Antibiotics generally have a bitter taste and therefore the antibiotic tablet may be rejected by the animal when administered orally. Although it may be possible to mask the bitter taste by mixing the tablet into food, the animal may still reject the antibiotic tablet.
  • the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered antibiotic formulation for treating an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic in a form that is suitable for mixing with a liquid.
  • the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic includes but not limited to one or more of the following: penams, carbapenams, clavams, penems, carbapenems, cephems, carbacephems, oxacephems and monobactams.
  • the cephems includes but is not limited to one or more of cephalosporins and cephamycins.
  • the cephalosporins includes but is not limited to one or more of first-generation cephalosporins, second-generation cephalosporins, third- generation cephalosporins, fourth-generation cephalosporins and fifth-generation cephalosporins.
  • the first-generation cephalosporins includes but is not limited to one or more of cefacetrile (or cephacetrile), cefadroxil (or cefadroxil, Duricef), cephalexin (or cefalexin, Keflex), cefaloglycin (or cephaloglycin), cefalonium (or cephalonium), cefaloridine (or cephaloradine), cefalotin (or cephalothin, Keflin), cefapirin (or cephapirin, cefadryl), cefatrizine, cefazaflur, cefazedone, cefazolin (or cephazolin, Ancef, Kefzol), cefradine (or cephradine, Velosef), cefroxadine and ceftezole.
  • the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is cephalexin.
  • the antibiotic formulation contains 1 to 20% of beta-lactam antibiotic, more preferably contains 13 to 17% of beta-lactam antibiotic.
  • the antibiotic formulation contains substantially 15% of beta-lactam antibiotic.
  • the antibiotic formulation contains 10 to 200 mg/g of beta-lactam antibiotic, more preferably contains 130 to 170 mg/g of beta-lactam antibiotic.
  • the antibiotic formulation contains substantially 150 mg/g of beta-lactam antibiotic.
  • the antibiotic formulation is in dry granular from. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is in dry powder form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is in a dry pellet form.
  • the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted in a liquid before administering to the animal.
  • the liquid is suitable for oral administration.
  • the liquid is water.
  • the liquid is milk, juice or edible oil.
  • the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic between 1 to 20 %w/v, more preferably between 5 to 15 %w/v.
  • the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 10 %w/v.
  • the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta- lactam antibiotic between 10 to 200 mg/ml, more preferably between 50 to 150 mg/ml.
  • the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
  • the antibiotic formulation further includes a flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent is a natural flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent is an artificial flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent is a natural and artificial flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent improves the palatability of the antibiotic formulation.
  • the flavouring agent improves the aroma of the antibiotic formulation.
  • the flavouring agent is sucrose.
  • the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered antibiotic formulation for an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic in a form that is suitable for mixing with a liquid, wherein the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted in the liquid before administering to the animal.
  • the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered liquid form antibiotic formulation for an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic, and a liquid.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta- lactam antibiotic between 1 to 20 %w/v. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic between 5 to 15 %w/v. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic of substantially 10 %w/v. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic between 10 to 200 mg/ml, more preferably between 50 to 150 mg/ml. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic of substantially 100 mg/ml.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation further includes a flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent is a natural flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent is an artificial flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent is a natural and artificial flavouring agent.
  • the flavouring agent improves the palatability of the antibiotic formulation.
  • the flavouring agent improves the aroma of the antibiotic formulation.
  • the flavouring agent is sucrose.
  • the present invention broadly resides in a system for orally administering an antibiotic formulation as herein described to an animal, the system including a container and an applicator, wherein the antibiotic formulation can be orally administered to the animal by the applicator.
  • the antibiotic formulation is contained within the container.
  • the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in dry granular form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in dry powder form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in a dry pellet form.
  • the antibiotic formulation in the container can be reconstituted by introducing a liquid into the container.
  • the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in liquid form.
  • the applicator is a dropper.
  • the dropper includes at least one dosage mark for measuring a desired dosage of the antibiotic formulation for administering to the animal.
  • a desired amount of the antibiotic formulation is measured by the dropper and then orally administered to the animal through the dropper.
  • the applicator is a nozzle that is attachable to the container.
  • the nozzle is located at an opening of the container.
  • the nozzle includes at least one dosage mark for measuring a desired dosage of the antibiotic formulation for administering to the animal.
  • a desired amount of the antibiotic formulation is measured by the nozzle and then orally administered to the animal through the nozzle.
  • the container is squeezable such that the antibiotic formulation can be poured out from the container into the nozzle.
  • the container can be tilted such that the antibiotic formulation can poured out of the container into the nozzle due to gravity.
  • the container can be tilted and squeezed such that the antibiotic formulation can poured out of the container into the nozzle due to gravity.
  • the system further includes a lid that covers the opening of the container.
  • the lid can be used as a measuring cup.
  • the lid can be used to measure a desired amount of liquid for reconstituting the antibiotic formulation.
  • the lid can be used to measure a desired dosage of the antibiotic formulation for administering to the animal.
  • the present invention broadly resides in a treatment for an animal using an orally administered antibiotic formulation as herein described, wherein substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is administered to the animal.
  • the antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal directly in liquid form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal in liquid form by adding to the animal’s food.
  • the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
  • the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted in a liquid before administering to the animal.
  • the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
  • the reconstituted antibiotic formulation is administered at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
  • the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for substantially 5 days.
  • the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least once daily. More preferably, the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least twice daily.
  • the antibiotic treatment is effective for treating bacterial infections in an animal.
  • the antibiotic treatment is effective for treating bacterial infections of the skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, or bones and joints of an animal.
  • the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered antibiotic treatment for an animal including an orally administered antibiotic formulation as herein described, wherein the antibiotic formulation is a liquid form antibiotic formulation and wherein substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is administered to the animal.
  • liquid form antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal directly. In another embodiment, the liquid form antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal by adding to the animal’s food.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
  • substantially 0.1 to 3 ml of the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
  • the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for substantially 5 days. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least once daily. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least twice daily.
  • the present invention broadly resides in a method of administering an antibiotic formulation as described herein to an animal, the method includes orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation in liquid form to the animal.
  • the step of orally administering the dose in liquid form includes orally administering the dose directly in liquid form to the animal. In another embodiment, the step of orally administering the dose in liquid form includes the step of adding the dose of the antibiotic formulation to a food and feeding the animal with the food.
  • the dose of the antibiotic formulation is substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic.
  • the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta- lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
  • the method further includes a step of reconstituting the antibiotic formulation in a liquid before the step of administering the antibiotic formulation to the animal.
  • the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
  • the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the reconstituted antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the reconstituted antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the reconstituted antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the reconstituted antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
  • the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation for substantially 5 days. Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at least once daily. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at least twice daily.
  • the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for treating bacterial infections in an animal.
  • the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for treating bacterial infections of the skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, or bones and joints of an animal.
  • the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for alleviating symptoms of bacterial infections in an animal.
  • the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for alleviating symptoms of bacterial infections of the skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, or bones and joints of an animal.
  • the present invention broadly resides in a method of administering an antibiotic formulation as described herein to an animal, the method including the step of orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation to the animal, wherein the antibiotic formulation is a liquid form antibiotic formulation.
  • the dose of the antibiotic formulation is substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic.
  • the step of orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
  • the liquid form reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
  • the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the liquid form antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the liquid form antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
  • the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least once daily for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least once daily for substantially 5 days. Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least once daily. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least twice daily.
  • the present invention broadly resides in a method of preparing an orally administered antibiotic formulation for animals as described herein, the method includes adding a sufficient amount of liquid to dissolve the antibiotic formulation; and mixing the antibiotic formulation and the liquid.
  • the antibiotic formulation is prepared by micronization into dry granules that can be dissolved in the liquid.
  • the antibiotic formulation is prepared by micronization into dry powder that can be dissolved in the liquid.
  • the antibiotic formulation is prepared by micronization into a dry tablet that can be dissolved in the liquid.
  • the animal is a dog or a cat.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of how to orally administer an antibiotic formulation to an animal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a perspective view of administering an antibiotic formulation to an animal 10 with an example of a dog according to a preferred embodiment.
  • the antibiotic formulation includes 150 mg/g of cephalexin and sucrose, which is micronized in order to prepare the antibiotic formulation in dry granular form.
  • the resulting antibiotic formulation in dry granular form is stable and has a shelf life of 24 months when stored at room temperature.
  • the antibiotic formulation in dry granular form is also easily reconstituted for administration and absorbed by the animal.
  • Cephalexin (also referred to as Cefalexin) is a semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics that is often used for the treatment of bacterial infections of the animal’s skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, bones and joints. Cephalexin is effective against most gram positive bacteria through its inhibition of the cross-linking reaction between N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine in the cell wall, leading to cell lysis. Cephalexin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall.
  • PBPs penicillin-binding proteins
  • PBPs are involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during bacterial cell growth and cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell rupture. Cephalexin is not recommended for animals allergic to penicillin or cephalosporins and caution is recommended in relation to use in pregnant and nursing animals and in animals that are concurrently being given probenecid or aminoglycosides such as neomycin and gentamicin. Similarly, caution is recommended when it is given with other drugs that may affect the kidneys.
  • sucrose is used as a flavouring agent. Pure cephalexin has a bitter taste and therefore orally administration of such may be rejected by the animal. Adding sucrose to the antibiotic formulation helps to minimise resistance of the animal to the administration of the antibiotic formulation.
  • the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted by adding water into container 12.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 in the container 12 has a concentration of cephalexin at 100 mg/ml.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered directly into the animal’s mouth such that the animal is not able to reject the dose or part of the dose.
  • a dropper 16 is filled with a dosage of the antibiotic formulation 13.
  • the antibiotic formulation 13 is then administered directly into the mouth of animal 10.
  • the antibiotic formulation 13 is administered at a rate of 10 to 15 mg per kg body weight of the animal 10. That is, 1 to 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 per 10 kg body weight is administered to animal 10.
  • 0.5 to 1 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered to animal 10 with a body weight up to 5 kg; 0.5 - 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered to animal 10 with a body weight between 6 to 10 kg; 1 to 3 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered to animal 10 with a body weight between 11 to 20 kg.
  • the antibiotic formulation 13 is applied at least twice daily for five days.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 is stable and has a shelf life of 10 days after reconstitution when stored at room temperature.
  • the liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 should be used within 10 days of reconstitution.
  • An advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative option of an antibiotic formulation that can be easily and effectively administered orally to an animal. Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that minimizes resistance or rejection by an animal to the orally administration of the antibiotic formulation. A further advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that can be easily prepared in the correct and effective dosage for treatment. Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that can be consistently and accurately administered at the correct and effective dosage for treatment. A further advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that is stable at room temperature for storage. Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that can be easily reconstituted with a liquid before use.

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Abstract

The present invention is directed to an orally administered antibiotic formulation for treating an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic in a form that is suitable for mixing with a liquid.

Description

ORAL ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATION
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to an antibiotic formulation and method of administering the antibiotic formulation. In particular, the present invention relates, but is not limited, to an orally administered antibiotic formulation for animals including cats and dogs. Reference to the orally administered antibiotic formulation for cats and dogs is provided by way of example but the invention is not limited to this use.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Animals including cats and dogs can develop bacterial infections that required treatment by antibiotics. Generally, veterinary antibiotics is administered either by injection or orally to an animal.
Administration of antibiotics by injections have limitations in that it requires good injection technique and skills. Poor injection techniques can result in treatment failure due to incorrect injection. It can also cause injuries if the animal is not properly restrained during injection. Sudden movement of the animal may cause the needle to break off from the syringe’s barrel or can result in accidental self-injection. The animal may also be injured or suffer from pain caused by poor restraining or injection technique.
Oral administration is typically in the form of a tablet. However, there are difficulties in administering tablets to animals. Antibiotics generally have a bitter taste and therefore the antibiotic tablet may be rejected by the animal when administered orally. Although it may be possible to mask the bitter taste by mixing the tablet into food, the animal may still reject the antibiotic tablet.
In addition, it is generally required to divide the tablets into smaller pieces in order to administer a lower dose of antibiotics to smaller size animals. Dividing the antibiotic tablet accurately into the required dose can be difficult for an animal’s caretaker. Incorrect dividing of the antibiotic tablet can also lead to overdosing or underdosing of the animal. Overdosing may result in selecting bacteria with resistance to the antibiotics out of a population and allow them to multiply. On the other hand, underdosing can results in bacteria developing resistance through exposure to low doses of antibiotics which they are able to recover. That is, if the incorrect dose of antibiotics is administered, it may enhance the possibility of developing a resistant strain of bacteria to the antibiotics.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is an objective of the present invention to overcome or at least alleviate one or more of the disadvantages or problems with administering antibiotics to an animal described above and/or provide the consumer with a useful or commercial alternative.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered antibiotic formulation for treating an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic in a form that is suitable for mixing with a liquid.
Preferably, the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic includes but not limited to one or more of the following: penams, carbapenams, clavams, penems, carbapenems, cephems, carbacephems, oxacephems and monobactams. Preferably, the cephems includes but is not limited to one or more of cephalosporins and cephamycins. Preferably, the cephalosporins includes but is not limited to one or more of first-generation cephalosporins, second-generation cephalosporins, third- generation cephalosporins, fourth-generation cephalosporins and fifth-generation cephalosporins. Preferably, the first-generation cephalosporins includes but is not limited to one or more of cefacetrile (or cephacetrile), cefadroxil (or cefadroxil, Duricef), cephalexin (or cefalexin, Keflex), cefaloglycin (or cephaloglycin), cefalonium (or cephalonium), cefaloridine (or cephaloradine), cefalotin (or cephalothin, Keflin), cefapirin (or cephapirin, cefadryl), cefatrizine, cefazaflur, cefazedone, cefazolin (or cephazolin, Ancef, Kefzol), cefradine (or cephradine, Velosef), cefroxadine and ceftezole. Preferably, the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is cephalexin.
Preferably, the antibiotic formulation contains 1 to 20% of beta-lactam antibiotic, more preferably contains 13 to 17% of beta-lactam antibiotic. Preferably, the antibiotic formulation contains substantially 15% of beta-lactam antibiotic. Preferably, the antibiotic formulation contains 10 to 200 mg/g of beta-lactam antibiotic, more preferably contains 130 to 170 mg/g of beta-lactam antibiotic. Preferably, the antibiotic formulation contains substantially 150 mg/g of beta-lactam antibiotic. Preferably, the antibiotic formulation is in dry granular from. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is in dry powder form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is in a dry pellet form.
Preferably, the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted in a liquid before administering to the animal. Preferably, the liquid is suitable for oral administration. Preferably, the liquid is water. In another embodiment, the liquid is milk, juice or edible oil.
Preferably, the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic between 1 to 20 %w/v, more preferably between 5 to 15 %w/v. Preferably, the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 10 %w/v. Preferably, the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta- lactam antibiotic between 10 to 200 mg/ml, more preferably between 50 to 150 mg/ml. Preferably, the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
Preferably, the antibiotic formulation further includes a flavouring agent. In one embodiment, the flavouring agent is a natural flavouring agent. In another embodiment, the flavouring agent is an artificial flavouring agent. In another embodiment, the flavouring agent is a natural and artificial flavouring agent. Preferably, the flavouring agent improves the palatability of the antibiotic formulation. Preferably, the flavouring agent improves the aroma of the antibiotic formulation. Preferably, the flavouring agent is sucrose.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered antibiotic formulation for an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic in a form that is suitable for mixing with a liquid, wherein the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted in the liquid before administering to the animal.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered liquid form antibiotic formulation for an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic, and a liquid.
Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta- lactam antibiotic between 1 to 20 %w/v. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic between 5 to 15 %w/v. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic of substantially 10 %w/v. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic between 10 to 200 mg/ml, more preferably between 50 to 150 mg/ml. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic of substantially 100 mg/ml.
Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation further includes a flavouring agent. In one embodiment, the flavouring agent is a natural flavouring agent. In another embodiment, the flavouring agent is an artificial flavouring agent. In another embodiment, the flavouring agent is a natural and artificial flavouring agent. Preferably, the flavouring agent improves the palatability of the antibiotic formulation. Preferably, the flavouring agent improves the aroma of the antibiotic formulation. Preferably, the flavouring agent is sucrose.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in a system for orally administering an antibiotic formulation as herein described to an animal, the system including a container and an applicator, wherein the antibiotic formulation can be orally administered to the animal by the applicator.
Preferably, the antibiotic formulation is contained within the container.
In one embodiment, the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in dry granular form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in dry powder form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in a dry pellet form. Preferably, the antibiotic formulation in the container can be reconstituted by introducing a liquid into the container.
In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in liquid form.
In one embodiment, the applicator is a dropper. Preferably, the dropper includes at least one dosage mark for measuring a desired dosage of the antibiotic formulation for administering to the animal. Preferably, a desired amount of the antibiotic formulation is measured by the dropper and then orally administered to the animal through the dropper.
In another embodiment, the applicator is a nozzle that is attachable to the container. Preferably, the nozzle is located at an opening of the container. Preferably, the nozzle includes at least one dosage mark for measuring a desired dosage of the antibiotic formulation for administering to the animal. Preferably, a desired amount of the antibiotic formulation is measured by the nozzle and then orally administered to the animal through the nozzle.
In one embodiment, the container is squeezable such that the antibiotic formulation can be poured out from the container into the nozzle. In another embodiment, the container can be tilted such that the antibiotic formulation can poured out of the container into the nozzle due to gravity. In another embodiment, the container can be tilted and squeezed such that the antibiotic formulation can poured out of the container into the nozzle due to gravity.
Preferably, the system further includes a lid that covers the opening of the container. Preferably, the lid can be used as a measuring cup. In one embodiment, the lid can be used to measure a desired amount of liquid for reconstituting the antibiotic formulation. In another embodiment, the lid can be used to measure a desired dosage of the antibiotic formulation for administering to the animal.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in a treatment for an animal using an orally administered antibiotic formulation as herein described, wherein substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is administered to the animal.
In one embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal directly in liquid form. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal in liquid form by adding to the animal’s food.
Preferably, the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
Preferably, the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted in a liquid before administering to the animal. Preferably, the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
Preferably, the reconstituted antibiotic formulation is administered at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. Preferably, the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for substantially 5 days. Preferably, the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least once daily. More preferably, the antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least twice daily.
Preferably, the antibiotic treatment is effective for treating bacterial infections in an animal. Preferably, the antibiotic treatment is effective for treating bacterial infections of the skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, or bones and joints of an animal.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in an orally administered antibiotic treatment for an animal including an orally administered antibiotic formulation as herein described, wherein the antibiotic formulation is a liquid form antibiotic formulation and wherein substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is administered to the animal.
In one embodiment, the liquid form antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal directly. In another embodiment, the liquid form antibiotic formulation is orally administered to the animal by adding to the animal’s food.
Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml. Preferably, substantially 0.1 to 3 ml of the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal.
Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animal for substantially 5 days. Preferably, the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least once daily. More preferably, the liquid form antibiotic treatment is administered to the animals at least twice daily.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in a method of administering an antibiotic formulation as described herein to an animal, the method includes orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation in liquid form to the animal.
In one embodiment, the step of orally administering the dose in liquid form includes orally administering the dose directly in liquid form to the animal. In another embodiment, the step of orally administering the dose in liquid form includes the step of adding the dose of the antibiotic formulation to a food and feeding the animal with the food.
Preferably, the dose of the antibiotic formulation is substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic.
Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta- lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
Preferably, the method further includes a step of reconstituting the antibiotic formulation in a liquid before the step of administering the antibiotic formulation to the animal. Preferably, the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the reconstituted antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the reconstituted antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the reconstituted antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the reconstituted antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation for substantially 5 days. Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at least once daily. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the antibiotic formulation at least twice daily.
In one embodiment, the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for treating bacterial infections in an animal. Preferably, the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for treating bacterial infections of the skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, or bones and joints of an animal.
In another embodiment, the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for alleviating symptoms of bacterial infections in an animal. Preferably, the orally administered antibiotic formulation is effective for alleviating symptoms of bacterial infections of the skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, or bones and joints of an animal.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in a method of administering an antibiotic formulation as described herein to an animal, the method including the step of orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation to the animal, wherein the antibiotic formulation is a liquid form antibiotic formulation.
Preferably, the dose of the antibiotic formulation is substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic.
Preferably, the step of orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
Preferably, the liquid form reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 100 mg/ml.
Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the liquid form antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 1.5 ml of the liquid form antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least once daily for at least 2 to 10 days. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least once daily for substantially 5 days. Preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least once daily. More preferably, the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least twice daily.
In another aspect, the present invention broadly resides in a method of preparing an orally administered antibiotic formulation for animals as described herein, the method includes adding a sufficient amount of liquid to dissolve the antibiotic formulation; and mixing the antibiotic formulation and the liquid.
Preferably, the antibiotic formulation is prepared by micronization into dry granules that can be dissolved in the liquid. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is prepared by micronization into dry powder that can be dissolved in the liquid. In another embodiment, the antibiotic formulation is prepared by micronization into a dry tablet that can be dissolved in the liquid.
Preferably the animal is a dog or a cat.
The features described with respect to one aspect also apply where applicable to all other aspects of the invention. Furthermore, different combinations of described features are herein described and claimed even when not expressly stated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order that the present invention can be more readily understood reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention and wherein:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of how to orally administer an antibiotic formulation to an animal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT With reference to figure 1 , there is shown a perspective view of administering an antibiotic formulation to an animal 10 with an example of a dog according to a preferred embodiment. The antibiotic formulation includes 150 mg/g of cephalexin and sucrose, which is micronized in order to prepare the antibiotic formulation in dry granular form. The resulting antibiotic formulation in dry granular form is stable and has a shelf life of 24 months when stored at room temperature. The antibiotic formulation in dry granular form is also easily reconstituted for administration and absorbed by the animal.
Cephalexin (also referred to as Cefalexin) is a semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics that is often used for the treatment of bacterial infections of the animal’s skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, bones and joints. Cephalexin is effective against most gram positive bacteria through its inhibition of the cross-linking reaction between N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine in the cell wall, leading to cell lysis. Cephalexin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during bacterial cell growth and cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell rupture. Cephalexin is not recommended for animals allergic to penicillin or cephalosporins and caution is recommended in relation to use in pregnant and nursing animals and in animals that are concurrently being given probenecid or aminoglycosides such as neomycin and gentamicin. Similarly, caution is recommended when it is given with other drugs that may affect the kidneys.
The sucrose is used as a flavouring agent. Pure cephalexin has a bitter taste and therefore orally administration of such may be rejected by the animal. Adding sucrose to the antibiotic formulation helps to minimise resistance of the animal to the administration of the antibiotic formulation.
In use, the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted by adding water into container 12. The liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 in the container 12 has a concentration of cephalexin at 100 mg/ml. The liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered directly into the animal’s mouth such that the animal is not able to reject the dose or part of the dose.
To orally administer the antibiotic formulation 13 to the animal 10, a dropper 16 is filled with a dosage of the antibiotic formulation 13. The antibiotic formulation 13 is then administered directly into the mouth of animal 10. The antibiotic formulation 13 is administered at a rate of 10 to 15 mg per kg body weight of the animal 10. That is, 1 to 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 per 10 kg body weight is administered to animal 10. In use, 0.5 to 1 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered to animal 10 with a body weight up to 5 kg; 0.5 - 1.5 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered to animal 10 with a body weight between 6 to 10 kg; 1 to 3 ml of the antibiotic formulation 13 can be administered to animal 10 with a body weight between 11 to 20 kg. The antibiotic formulation 13 is applied at least twice daily for five days.
The liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 is stable and has a shelf life of 10 days after reconstitution when stored at room temperature. The liquid form antibiotic formulation 13 should be used within 10 days of reconstitution.
ADVANTAGES
An advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative option of an antibiotic formulation that can be easily and effectively administered orally to an animal. Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that minimizes resistance or rejection by an animal to the orally administration of the antibiotic formulation. A further advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that can be easily prepared in the correct and effective dosage for treatment. Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that can be consistently and accurately administered at the correct and effective dosage for treatment. A further advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that is stable at room temperature for storage. Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes providing an alternative antibiotic formulation that can be easily reconstituted with a liquid before use.
VARIATIONS
While the foregoing has been given by way of illustrative example of this invention, all such and other modifications and variations thereto as would be apparent to persons skilled in the art are deemed to fall within the broad scope and ambit of this invention as is herein set forth.
Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word “comprise” and variations of that word such as “comprises” and “comprising”, are not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps.

Claims

1. An orally administered antibiotic formulation for treating an animal including at least one beta-lactam antibiotic in a form that is suitable for mixing with a liquid.
2. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic includes but not limited to one or more of the following: penams, carbapenams, clavams, penems, carbapenems, cephems, carbacephems, oxacephems and/or monobactams.
3. An orally administered antibiotic treatment for an animal including an orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein substantially 10 to 300 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is administered to the animal.
4. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is cephalexin, and wherein the antibiotic formulation contains substantially 15% of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic, and wherein the antibiotic formulation further includes a flavouring agent, and wherein the antibiotic formulation is in dry granular from, and wherein the antibiotic formulation is reconstituted in a liquid before administering to the animal, and wherein the reconstituted antibiotic formulation has a concentration of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic at substantially 10% w/v, and wherein the antibiotic formulation is administered to the animal at a rate of substantially 10 to 15 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
5. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cephems includes but is not limited to one or more of cephalosporins and cephamycins.
6. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cephalosporins includes but is not limited to one or more of first-generation cephalosporins, second-generation cephalosporins, third-generation cephalosporins, fourth-generation cephalosporins and fifth-generation cephalosporins.
7. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first-generation cephalosporins includes but is not limited to one or more of cefacetrile (or cephacetrile), cefadroxil (or cefadroxil, Duricef), cephalexin (or cefalexin, Keflex), cefaloglycin (or cephaloglycin), cefalonium (or cephalonium), cefaloridine (or cephaloradine), cefalotin (or cephalothin, Keflin), cefapirin (or cephapirin, cefadryl), cefatrizine, cefazaflur, cefazedone, cefazolin (or cephazolin, Ancef, Kefzol), cefradine (or cephradine, Velosef), cefroxadine and ceftezole.
8. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic is cephalexin.
9. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antibiotic formulation is in dry granular from, dry powder form or a dry pellet form.
10. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in any one of the preceding claims further including the liquid.
11. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in claim 10, wherein the liquid form antibiotic formulation has a concentration of beta-lactam antibiotic between 1 to 20 %w/v.
12. An orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid is water, milk, juice or an edible oil.
13. A system for orally administering an orally administered antibiotic formulation as claimed in any one of the preceding claims to an animal, the system including a container and an applicator, wherein the antibiotic formulation can be orally administered to the animal by the applicator.
14. A system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the applicator is a dropper, and wherein the dropper includes at least one dosage mark for measuring a desired dosage of the antibiotic formulation for administering to the animal.
15. A system as claimed in claim 13 or 14 wherein the antibiotic formulation contained within the container is in dry granular form, dry powder from or a dry pellet form.
16. A system as claimed in claim 15, wherein the antibiotic formulation in the container is reconstituted by introducing a liquid into the container.
17. A method of administering an antibiotic formulation as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12 to an animal, the method including the step of orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation to the animal, wherein the antibiotic formulation is a liquid form antibiotic formulation.
18. A method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the step of orally administering a dose of the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 10 to 30 mg of the at least one beta-lactam antibiotic per kg body weight of the animal.
19. A method as claimed in claim 17 or 18, wherein the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at a rate of substantially 1 to 3 ml of the liquid form antibiotic formulation per 10 kg body weight of the animal.
20. A method as claimed in any one of claim 17 to 19, wherein the step of administering the antibiotic formulation includes administering the liquid form antibiotic formulation at least once daily for at least 2 to 10 days.
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Citations (2)

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