WO2023245527A1 - Attribution de ressources radio dans un réseau de communication - Google Patents

Attribution de ressources radio dans un réseau de communication Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023245527A1
WO2023245527A1 PCT/CN2022/100620 CN2022100620W WO2023245527A1 WO 2023245527 A1 WO2023245527 A1 WO 2023245527A1 CN 2022100620 W CN2022100620 W CN 2022100620W WO 2023245527 A1 WO2023245527 A1 WO 2023245527A1
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Prior art keywords
radio
network node
radio resources
parameters
parameter
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PCT/CN2022/100620
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English (en)
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Chunhui Liu
Yingjun SHI
Zhi GE
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Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
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Priority to PCT/CN2022/100620 priority Critical patent/WO2023245527A1/fr
Publication of WO2023245527A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023245527A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0203—Power saving arrangements in the radio access network or backbone network of wireless communication networks
    • H04W52/0206—Power saving arrangements in the radio access network or backbone network of wireless communication networks in access points, e.g. base stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
    • H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/08—Access point devices

Definitions

  • the present application relates generally to a communication network, and relates more particularly to radio resource allocation in such a network.
  • Multi-antenna techniques exploit multiple antennas at a transmitter and/or receiver in order to realize performance improvements.
  • Spatial multiplexing uses multiple antennas to send multiple information-carrying signals in parallel on different spatial resources in the spatial dimension of the communication channel.
  • Another technique referred to as beamforming uses multiple antennas to transmit radio energy in a certain direction or receive radio energy from a certain direction.
  • Multi-antenna techniques introduce challenges to power efficiency, though, especially as the number of antenna branches increases, e.g., as in “massive” multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) . Indeed, increasing the number of antenna branches generally increases the number of power amplifiers, which is the main contributor to radio power consumption.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • One known approach to reducing power consumption involves deactivating at least part of a radio or antenna branch as opportunities occur for saving power, e.g., during periods of low traffic. See, e.g., EP0361350. This approach degrades performance, though, since re-activation takes time.
  • Another known approach targets reducing power consumption in analog circuits. See, e.g., WO2018068871. However, such an approach neglects power consumption reduction in digital circuits, which becomes more problematic as baseband processing partially shifts to the radio processor, e.g., to meet strict requirements on processing time. A need therefore remains for reducing power consumption in a way that minimizes the resulting impact to performance and/or that realizes power savings in the digital domain.
  • a radio network node in a communication system allocates radio resources in a way that creates opportunities for reducing the input voltage and/or clock frequency of its hardware processor (s) , so as to realize corresponding reductions in power consumption.
  • the radio network node for example, allocates radio resources in a way that prioritizes minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one dimension (e.g., the spatial dimension) above minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one other dimension (e.g., the frequency dimension and/or the time dimension) .
  • Such prioritization may for instance notably reflect the order of the dimensions in terms of how large of an impact the dimensions have on the computational complexity demanded of the hardware processor (s) , e.g., the spatial dimension having the greatest impact, followed by the frequency dimension and the time dimension.
  • the radio network node capitalizes on the resulting computational complexity reduction as an opportunity to reduce the input voltage and/or clock frequency of its hardware processor (s) , which in turn reduces power consumption.
  • embodiments herein include a method performed by a radio network node configured for use in a wireless communication network.
  • the method comprises setting values of parameters that govern allocation of radio resources in multiple respective dimensions, according to a priority ordering that prioritizes minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one dimension above minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one other dimension.
  • the method also comprises allocating radio resources in accordance with the parameters.
  • the method also comprises determining, based on one or more of the parameters, an input voltage and/or clock frequency of one or more hardware processors of the radio network node.
  • the method also comprises deploying the one or more hardware processors with the determined input voltage and/or clock frequency.
  • the method also comprises using the one or more hardware processors as deployed, performing digital processing of downlink traffic to be transmitted in the allocated radio resources.
  • the parameters include a spatial parameter that governs allocation of radio resources in a spatial dimension. In one or more of these embodiments, the priority ordering prioritizes minimization of radio resources allocated in the spatial dimension above minimization of radio resources allocated in any other dimension. In one or more of these embodiments, the parameters further include a frequency parameter that governs allocation of radio resources in a frequency domain and a time parameter that governs allocation of radio resources in a time domain, wherein the priority ordering prioritizes minimization of radio resources allocated in the frequency domain above minimization of radio resources allocated in the time domain. In one or more of these embodiments, determining the input voltage and/or clock frequency based on one or more of the parameters comprises determining the input voltage and/or clock frequency based on the spatial parameter.
  • the priority ordering is an order in which the values of the parameters are set.
  • setting the values of the parameters comprises initializing values of the parameters to maximize allocation of radio resources in each of the multiple respective dimensions.
  • setting the values of the parameters also comprises, for each of the parameters, in said order, adapting the value of the parameter as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources in the corresponding dimension while still meeting a scheduling objective given the values of the other parameters.
  • the parameters include a spatial parameter that governs allocation of radio resources in a spatial dimension, a frequency parameter that governs allocation of radio resources in a frequency dimension, and a time parameter that governs allocation of radio resources in a time dimension.
  • adapting comprises adapting the value of the spatial parameter as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources in the spatial dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the frequency parameter and the value of the time parameter. In some embodiments, adapting also comprises, after adapting the value of the spatial parameter, adapting the value of the frequency parameter as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources in the frequency dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the spatial parameter and the value of the time parameter. In some embodiments, adapting also comprises, after adapting the value of the spatial parameter and the frequency parameter, adapting the value of the time parameter as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources in the time dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the frequency parameter and the value of the spatial parameter. In one or more of these embodiments, the scheduling objective is to meet a traffic demand and to meet each of one or more performance requirements.
  • the spatial parameter is a maximum number of spatial layers.
  • the frequency parameter is a maximum number of physical resource blocks, and/or the time parameter governs whether a transmission time interval is blanked.
  • the one or more hardware processors used to perform digital processing of the downlink traffic are co-located with radio frequency circuitry of the radio network node.
  • the radio network node configured for use in a wireless communication network.
  • the radio network node is configured to set values of parameters that govern allocation of radio resources in multiple respective dimensions, according to a priority ordering that prioritizes minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one dimension above minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one other dimension.
  • the radio network node is also configured to allocate radio resources in accordance with the parameters.
  • the radio network node is also configured to determine, based on one or more of the parameters, an input voltage and/or clock frequency of one or more hardware processors of the radio network node.
  • the radio network node is also configured to deploy the one or more hardware processors with the determined input voltage and/or clock frequency.
  • the radio network node is also configured to, using the one or more hardware processors as deployed, perform digital processing of downlink traffic to be transmitted in the allocated radio resources.
  • the radio network node is configured to perform the steps described above for a radio network node.
  • a carrier containing the computer program is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.
  • the radio network node configured for use in a wireless communication network.
  • the radio network node comprises radio frequency circuitry.
  • the radio network node also comprises one or more hardware processors configured to perform digital processing.
  • the radio network node also comprises control circuitry.
  • the control circuitry is configured to set values of parameters that govern allocation of radio resources in multiple respective dimensions, according to a priority ordering that prioritizes minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one dimension above minimization of radio resources allocated in at least one other dimension.
  • the control circuitry is also configured to allocate radio resources in accordance with the parameters.
  • the control circuitry is also configured to determine, based on one or more of the parameters, an input voltage and/or clock frequency of one or more hardware processors of the radio network node.
  • the control circuitry is also configured to deploy the one or more hardware processors with the determined input voltage and/or clock frequency.
  • the radio network node is configured to perform the steps described above for a radio network node.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of a wireless communication network according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 2 is a logic flow diagram for setting the values of the parameters according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 3 is a logic flow diagram of additional details of the process in Figure 2 according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 4 is a logic flow diagram of one example in a context where the scheduling objective is to meet the demand on network load and to provide at least a threshold level of network performance.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of hardware processor (s) having a clock frequency controlled by a voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) whose input voltage and output frequency are related according to some embodiments.
  • VCXO voltage controlled crystal oscillator
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram of one example of power consumption reduction achievable according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 7 is a block diagram of a radio network node operating as a base station in a cellular communication system according to some embodiments.
  • FIG 8 is a block diagram of hardware processors used to perform digital processing of the downlink traffic, which are co-located with radio frequency (RF) circuitry of the radio network node according to some embodiments.
  • RF radio frequency
  • Figure 9 is a logic flow diagram of a method performed by a radio network node configured for use in a wireless communication network in accordance with particular embodiments.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a radio network node as implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments
  • FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments
  • Figure 12 is a block diagram of a user equipment according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 13 is a block diagram of a network node according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 14 is a block diagram of a host according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 15 is a block diagram of a virtualization environment according to some embodiments.
  • Figure 16 is a block diagram of a host communicating via a network node with a UE over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication network 10 according to some embodiments.
  • the wireless communication network 10 includes a radio network node 14 configured to communicate with one or more wireless communication devices 12 over a radio interface 16.
  • the radio network node 14 as shown in this regard transmits downlink (DL) traffic 18 over the radio interface 16 to one or more wireless communication devices 12.
  • the DL traffic 18 may for instance convey user data (e.g., application layer data) and/or be conveyed on a data channel, such as a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) .
  • PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
  • the radio network node 14 includes a scheduler 20 that allocates radio resources 22 in which the downlink traffic 18 is to be transmitted, e.g., in conjunction with determining other transmission parameters such as modulation and coding scheme (MCS) .
  • Radio resources 22 allocable for the downlink traffic 18 are defined in multiple dimensions, e.g., including two or more of the time dimension, the frequency dimension, the code dimension, and the spatial dimension.
  • Figure 1 as an example shows that the radio resources 22 are defined in three dimensions, including the time dimension, the frequency dimension, and the spatial dimension
  • the scheduler 20 allocates radio resources 22 in accordance with parameters 24 that govern such allocation.
  • These parameters 24 may for instance include one or more parameters per dimension, e.g., a spatial parameter 24S, a frequency parameter 24F, and/or a time parameter 24T that govern allocation of radio resources 22 in the spatial dimension, the frequency dimension, and the time dimension, respectively.
  • a parameter 24 may govern radio resource allocation in a certain dimension in the sense that the value of that parameter controls, influences, or otherwise impacts which or how many radio resources are allocated in that dimension.
  • a spatial parameter 24S in some embodiments is a maximum number of spatial layers, such that the spatial parameter 24S controls the maximum number of radio resources allocable in the spatial dimension.
  • a frequency parameter 24F in one embodiment is a maximum number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) , such that the frequency parameter 24F controls the maximum number of radio resources allocable in the frequency dimension.
  • PRBs physical resource blocks
  • a PRB is defined as a block of 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain, e.g., irrespective of numerology or subcarrier spacing.
  • a PRB is defined as a block of time-frequency resources that spans 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain and one slot in the time domain.
  • a time parameter 24T may govern whether a transmission time interval (TTI) is blanked, i.e., not used for transmission, such that the time parameter 24T controls whether or which radio resources are allocable in the time domain.
  • TTI may be defined as a subframe (e.g., of 1 ms) , as one or more consecutive slots, or as one or more consecutive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols.
  • OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
  • the radio network node 14 (e.g., via the scheduler 20) in some embodiments sets values of the parameters 24 according to a priority ordering 26.
  • This priority ordering 26 prioritizes minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in at least one dimension above minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in at least one other dimension. For example, in some embodiments, the priority ordering 26 prioritizes minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in the spatial dimension above minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in any other dimension.
  • the priority ordering 26 moreover prioritizes minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in the frequency domain above minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in the time domain, e.g., so as to prioritize minimization in the spatial domain above minimization in the frequency domain and to prioritize minimization in the frequency domain above minimization in the time domain.
  • Figure 2 shows the process for setting the values of the parameters 24 according to some embodiments where the priority ordering 26 is an order in which the values of the parameters 24 are set. As shown, the process first involves initializing the values of the parameters 24 (Block 100) . The process next involves adapting the values of the parameters in the priority order 26, i.e., so that the values of the parameters 24 are set for performing resource allocation (Block 110) .
  • Figure 3 shows additional details of such a process according to some embodiments.
  • setting the values of the parameters 24 first entails initializing the values of the parameters 24 to maximize allocation of radio resources 22 in each of the multiple respective dimensions (Block 200) . That is, as initialized, radio resources 22 are allocable in each of the dimensions up to a maximum possible allocation in that dimension.
  • the radio network node 14 next adapts the value of the parameter 24 as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the corresponding dimension while still meeting a scheduling objective given the values of the other parameters 24 (Block 210) .
  • the scheduling objective may for example be to meet traffic demand and to meet each of one or more performance requirements, e.g., one or more Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) defined for the wireless communication network 10.
  • KPIs Key Performance Indicators
  • Such performance requirement (s) may for instance include satisfaction of a maximum delay tolerance and/or a minimum throughput requirement.
  • the scheduling objective may alternatively or additionally include satisfying one or more scheduling constraints.
  • the radio network node 14 may perform this parameter adaptation based on, for example, inferences from prior historical data, and/or predictions from a machine learning model, about the minimum radio resource allocation sufficient to meet the scheduling objective.
  • the radio network node 14 first adapts the value of the spatial parameter 24S as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the spatial dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the frequency parameter 24F and the value of the time parameter 24T (as initialized) . After adapting the value of the spatial parameter 24S, the radio network node 14 next adapts the value of the frequency parameter 24F as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the frequency dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the spatial parameter 24S (as previously adapted) and the value of the time parameter 24T (as initialized) .
  • the radio network node 14 adapts the value of the time parameter 24T as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the time dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the frequency parameter 24F (as previously adapted) and the value of the spatial parameter 24S (as previously adapted) .
  • Figure 4 shows one example in a context where the scheduling objective is to meet the demand on network load and to provide at least a threshold level of network performance, e.g., according to a maximum likelihood implementation.
  • the spatial parameter 24S is a parameter L_MAX that defines the maximum number of spatial layers allocable in the spatial domain, e.g., the number of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) layers, which may be multi-user (MU) MIMO layers or single-user (SU) MIMO layers.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • the frequency parameter 24F is a parameter PRB_MAX that defines the maximum number of PRBs allocable in the frequency domain
  • the time parameter 24T is a parameter BLANKED_TTI that defines, on a TTI by TTI basis, whether a TTI is to be blanked, i.e., skipped.
  • the radio network node 14 initializes the parameter L_MAX to the maximum value supported by the system capacity, initializes the parameter PRB_MAX to the maximum value supported by the system bandwidth, and initializes the parameter BLANKED_TTI to null (Block 300) .
  • the radio network node 14 also initializes a length of a sliding time window over which the radio network node 14 sets the values of the parameters 24.
  • the length of the sliding time window may for example be initialized to a default length, e.g., determined by simulation to be appropriate for the pattern of downlink traffic 18 transmitted by the radio network node 14.
  • the radio network node 14 tracks the scheduling objective in terms of network load and network performance (Block 310) .
  • the radio network node 14 further tracks the scheduling result from a previous iteration or time window.
  • the radio network node 14 may define an optimization strategy. If performance is good with the previous scheduling result, the resources allocated may be reduced to some extent, such that the previous scheduling result (at least from a statistical view) may be used as a baseline/input to decide strategy to reduce resources in one or more dimensions.
  • the radio network node 14 While within the current sliding time window (NO at Block 320) , the radio network node 14 continues to track the network load and network performance, e.g., so as to obtain a statistical view of network load and network performance. Once the current sliding time window ends so as to time out (YES at Block 320) , the radio network node 14 adapts the parameters 24 in the priority ordering 26.
  • the radio network node 14 in this regard first sets the parameter L_MAX governing allocation in the spatial dimension, since the priority ordering 26 prioritizes minimization in the spatial dimension above minimization in other dimensions.
  • the radio network node 14 reduces L_MAX as much as possible while still satisfying the scheduling objective.
  • the radio network node 14 reduces L_MAX as much as possible while still satisfying a condition on the network load and a condition that the network performance is at least a performance target P_TH (Block 330) .
  • the radio network node 14 performs a trend comparison between recent resource allocation iterations and determines that the network load condition is met if the trend comparison indicates network load tends to reduce.
  • the radio network node 14 next sets the parameter PRB_MAX governing allocation in the frequency dimension, since the priority ordering 26 prioritizes minimization in the frequency dimension above minimization in other dimensions besides the spatial dimension.
  • the radio network node 14 reduces PRB_MAX as much as possible while still satisfying the scheduling objective.
  • the radio network node 14 reduces PRB_MAX as much as possible while still satisfying the condition on the network load and a condition that the network performance is at least a performance target P_TH (Block 340) .
  • the radio network node 14 Given the adapted values of L_MAX and PRB_MAX, the radio network node 14 then sets the parameter BLANKED_TTI governing allocation in the time dimension, since the priority ordering 26 prioritizes minimization in the time dimension the least of the three.
  • the radio network node 14 sets BLANKED_TTI so as to reduce allocation in the time dimension as much as possible while still satisfying the scheduling objective.
  • the radio network node 14 sets BLANKED_TTI so as to reduce allocation in the time dimension as much as possible while still satisfying the condition on the network load and a condition that the network performance is at least the performance target P_TH (Block 350) .
  • the priority ordering 26 may prioritize minimizing in the time dimension above minimizing in another dimension.
  • the radio network node 14 in Figure 4 accordingly sets the values of the parameters 24 on a sliding window basis, according to the priority ordering 26.
  • radio network node 14 allocates radio resources 22 in accordance with the parameters PRB_MAX and L_MAX, so as to allocate no more than L_MAX spatial layers and no more than PRB_MAX PRBs during the TTI.
  • allocating radio resources 22 in this way amounts to smoothening or moderating the downlink traffic 18 over time. For example, assuming the amount of the downlink traffic 18 is constant, rather than allocating 8 spatial layers for transmission of the downlink traffic over the course of T time resources, the radio network node 14 may allocate 4 spatial layers for transmission of the downlink traffic 18 over 2T time resources, amounting to a smoothening or moderating of the downlink traffic 18 over time. Indeed, the downlink traffic 18 is transmitted in a slow and flat rate, in order to limit computing complexity for energy efficiency per time resource.
  • the radio network node 14 transmits the downlink traffic 18 in the resources 22 allocated by the scheduler 20.
  • the radio network node 14 includes a transmitter 28, e.g., as part of radio frequency (RF) circuitry.
  • the scheduler 20 indicates to the transmitter 28 which resources 22 are allocated for the downlink traffic 18, and the transmitter 28 correspondingly transmits the downlink traffic 18 in the allocated resources 22.
  • the downlink traffic 18 according to embodiments herein is digitally processed before transmission, e.g., as part of conditioning the downlink traffic 18 for multi-antenna transmission.
  • the radio network node 14 further includes one or more hardware (HW) processors 30, e.g., baseband processor (s) for baseband processing of the downlink traffic 18.
  • the hardware processor (s) 30 receive the downlink traffic 18 as input, digitally process the downlink traffic 18, and output the processed downlink traffic 20P to the transmitter 28 for transmission in the allocated resources 22.
  • the radio network node 14 allocates radio resources 22 in a way that creates opportunities for reducing the computational complexity demanded of the hardware processor (s) 30 for digitally processing the downlink traffic 20P.
  • the priority ordering 26 notably reflects the order of the resource allocation dimensions in terms of how large of an impact the dimensions have on the computational complexity demanded of the hardware processor (s) 30. By first and foremost prioritizing minimization of radio resources 22 in the dimension that has the largest impact on computational complexity, for example, the priority ordering 26 maximizes the potential computational complexity reduction.
  • the spatial dimension has the greatest impact on computational complexity, followed by the frequency dimension and then the time dimension. In this case, then, the priority ordering 26 may prioritize minimization in the spatial domain above minimization in the frequency domain and prioritize minimization in the frequency domain above minim ization in the time domain.
  • the radio network node 14 in some embodiments moreover capitalizes on the resulting computational complexity reduction as an opportunity to reduce the radio network node’s power consumption.
  • the input voltage and/or clock frequency of the hardware processor (s) 30 is adaptable, variable, or otherwise controllable, e.g., with higher input voltage and/or clock frequency supporting higher complexity processing but consuming more power, and lower input voltage and/or clock frequency consuming less power but reducing processing complexity capability.
  • the radio network node 14 reduces the input voltage and/or clock frequency of its hardware processor (s) 30, so as to realize power consumption savings, when processing complexity demands on the hardware processor (s) 30 are relaxed, e.g., due to allocating radio resources 22 as described above.
  • the priority ordering 26 described above operates to facilitate meeting a certain target or goal for power consumption reduction or efficiency.
  • the radio network node 14 effectively optimizes radio resource allocation by controlling its scheduling result with a target of optimal power consumption under a scheduling objective, e.g., a specific KPI requirement.
  • the radio network node 14 minimizes power consumption, e.g., per bit, by transmitting the downlink traffic 18 subject to satisfaction of the scheduling objective, e.g., satisfaction of a maximum delay tolerance and minimum throughput requirements.
  • the radio network node 14 further includes a processor controller 32.
  • the processor controller 32 is configured to control one or more operating parameters of the hardware processor (s) 30, including the input voltage V and/or clock frequency F.
  • the scheduler 20 indicates to the processor control 32 one or more of the parameters 24 governing radio resource allocation, e.g., the spatial parameter 24S.
  • the processor controller 32 determines the input voltage V and/or the clock frequency F of the hardware processor (s) 30 based on these one or more indicated parameters 24.
  • the processor controller 32 determines the input voltage V and/or the clock frequency F based on the spatial parameter 24S, e.g., on the basis that computational complexity demands on the hardware processor (s) 30 follow or are primarily dictated by the spatial parameter 24S.
  • the processor controller 32 effectively determines the minimum input voltage V and/or the minimum clock frequency F sufficient to meet the scheduling objective. Regardless, the processor controller 32 then deploys the hardware processor (s) 30 with the determined input voltage V and/or clock frequency F.
  • Such deployment may involve stopping the hardware processor (s) 30 and rebooting them with the new input voltage V and/or clock frequency F, e.g., to complete processing of the downlink traffic 18 on time.
  • the radio network node 14 uses the hardware processor (s) 30 as deployed in this way, the radio network node 14 performs digital processing of the downlink traffic 18 to be transmitted in the allocated radio resources 22.
  • the processor controller 32 determines the input voltage V and/or the clock frequency F based on the spatial parameter 24S. This may be the case, for instance, where the hardware processor (s) 30 are responsible for multi-antenna processing, such as computation of a beamforming matrix to be applied to the downlink traffic 18. In this case, the processor controller 32 may determine the input voltage V and/or the clock frequency F using a closed-form calculation or a mapping table that maps the number of spatial layers to an input voltage V and/or clock frequency F.
  • the mapping table may for instance map n spatial layers to a clock frequency of n 2 F 1 and/or to an input voltage of n 2 V 1 , so as to assume a squared relation between spatial layers and clock frequency and input voltage, as exemplified in Table 1:
  • Such an embodiment may operate on the assumption that, if the same PRB is scheduled, computational complexity is O (N 2 ) .
  • the processor controller 32 determines the input voltage V to be V 1 and/or the clock frequency F to be F 1 when the number of spatial layers allocated for the downlink traffic 18 is 1, determines the input voltage V to be 4V 1 and/or the clock frequency F to be 4F 1 when the number of spatial layers allocated for the downlink traffic 18 is 2, and determines the input voltage V to be N 2 V 1 and/or the clock frequency F to be N 2 F 1 when the number of spatial layers allocated for the downlink traffic 18 is N.
  • the mapping table may depend on a case-specific relationship between computational complexity and the working voltage property of the hardware processor (s) 30.
  • the hardware processor (s) 30 may operate on the basis of the hardware processor (s) 30 having a clock frequency controlled by a voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) whose input voltage and output frequency are related as shown in Figure 5.
  • VCXO voltage controlled crystal oscillator
  • the output frequency of such a VCXO is linearly (or substantially linearly) related to the input voltage of the VCXO.
  • the computational complexity capability of the hardware processor (s) 30 linearly (or substantially linearly) increases with input voltage and/or clock frequency.
  • the power consumed P by the hardware processor (s) 30 may be represented as:
  • the power consumption of the hardware processor (s) 30 is reduced by 3 quarters.
  • the power reduction is linearly proportional to the number of TTIs. For example, in embodiments where each TTI triggers a series of computations and the energy consumption per TTI is E, the energy consumption of N TTIs will be N*E.
  • Figure 6 shows one example of power consumption reduction achievable according to some embodiments herein.
  • downlink traffic load follows a uniformly discrete distribution (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) , and is quantized into 10 levels corresponding to 10 adaptive voltages.
  • some embodiments herein provide over 20%power reduction, e.g., by smoothening traffic over time.
  • Figure 6 shows that the average power without smoothening traffic is about 41%whereas the power with traffic smoothening is about 33%, so as to provide approximately (41-33) /41 ⁇ 20%power reduction.
  • This benefit may be extended by a non-linear relation (e.g., square or cubic) between downlink traffic load and computational complexity.
  • embodiments herein may operate based on a predefined relationship that is assumed or measured to exist between hardware processor computational complexity, input voltage and/or clock frequency, and power consumption.
  • the computational complexity demanded of the hardware processor (s) 30 due to matrix operations is linearly related to the size of the matrix.
  • the computational complexity may be proportional to the square or cube of the size of the matrix.
  • the computational complexity is linearly related to matrix size, doubling the number of MU MIMO layers doubles the minimum required input voltage to 2v and quadruples the power consumption to 4P. If the computational complexity is related to the square of matrix size, doubling the number of MU MIMO layers increases the minimum required input voltage to 4v and increases the power consumption to 16P. And if the computational complexity is related to the cube of matrix size, doubling the number of MU MIMO layers increases the minimum required input voltage to 8v and increases the power consumption to 64P.
  • the radio network node 14 or some other node builds a model, e.g., using machine learning, that models the relationship between the pattern of downlink traffic 18 transmitted by the radio network node 14 and power consumption by the hardware processor (s) 30. Using this model, the radio network node 14 may map the current pattern of downlink traffic 18 to a desired or expected power consumption level.
  • a model e.g., using machine learning
  • some embodiments herein realize power consumption reduction via radio resource allocation and corresponding adaptation of input voltage and/or clock frequency, instead of necessarily reducing the number of antennas used to transmit the downlink traffic 18 and/or decreasing the transmission bandwidth of the downlink traffic 18.
  • other embodiments herein may realize additional power consumption savings by reducing the number of transmit antennas with reductions in the number of spatial layers allocated, e.g., as much as possible while still meeting the scheduling objective. In these embodiments, then, switching off transmit antenna (s) along with layer reduction may achieve even larger power efficiency.
  • the radio network node 14 herein may be a base station 52 in a cellular communication system 50, as shown in Figure 7, e.g., for a Long Term Evolution (LTE) or New Radio (NR) system.
  • the base station 52 in such an embodiment includes a higher layer (HL) 54, e.g., an application layer, that conveys data and signaling with lower layers, including a physical (PHY) layer 70.
  • the base station 52 in this regard includes a data buffer 56 that stores uplink data 64 and downlink data 62 for user equipment (UE) , e.g., UE0, UE1, UE2.
  • the data buffer 56 provides buffer status 58 to the scheduler 60, which assigns radio resources to each UE.
  • the data buffer 56 prepares data for the PHY layer 70 and then the PHY layer 70 transmits to or receives from the UE (s) .
  • the PHY layer 70 takes care of channel measurement and reporting the resulting measurement reports 68 to the scheduler 60, which is input as arguments to the scheduling algorithm (s) of the scheduler 60.
  • the UE shall follow configuration and scheduling for radio resources from the base station 52.
  • the base station 52 exemplifies the radio network node 14 in Figure 1, with the scheduler 60 in Figure 7 exemplifying the scheduler 20 in Figure 1, and the DL data 62 exemplifying the downlink traffic 18.
  • An advanced antenna system is a combination of an AAS radio and a set of AAS features.
  • An AAS radio comprises an antenna array closely integrated with the hardware and software required for transmission and reception of radio signals, and signal processing algorithms to support the execution of the AAS features.
  • An AAS provides much greater adaptivity and steerability, in terms of adapting the antenna radiation patterns to rapidly time-varying traffic and multi-path radio propagation conditions.
  • multiple signals may be simultaneously received or transmitted with different radiation patterns.
  • Multi-antenna techniques here referred to as AAS features, include beamforming and MIMO.
  • the radio network node 14 may use the evolved Common Public Radio Interface (eCPRI) to connect its radio circuitry and hardware processor (s) 30. Due to the strict requirement on the processing timing, the radio network node 14 may co-locate the hardware processor (s) 30 with its radio circuitry, e.g., so as to move at least a part of the baseband processing to the radio circuitry. As baseband processing demands higher computational complexity, e.g., for multi-antenna processing, that baseband processing consumes more power, further jeopardizing the power efficiency of the radio network node’s radio circuitry. By improving the power efficiency of the hardware processor (s) 30, therefore, some embodiments herein facilitate co-location of the hardware processor (s) 30 with radio circuitry with less impact on the power efficiency of the radio circuitry.
  • eCPRI evolved Common Public Radio Interface
  • FIG 8 illustrates one or more such embodiments where the hardware processors 30 used to perform digital processing of the downlink traffic 18 are co-located with radio frequency (RF) circuitry 28RF of the radio network node 14.
  • the radio network node 14 includes a base unit 14A at the base of an antenna tower and a remote unit 14B located at the top of the antenna tower near the antenna array.
  • the base unit 14A includes the scheduler 20 and in some embodiments the processor controller 32.
  • the remote unit 14B includes RF circuitry 28RF near the antenna array, e.g., to meet timing demands.
  • the radio network node 14 co-locates the hardware processor (s) 30 with this RF circuitry 28R, e.g., such that at least some baseband processing is performed by circuitry near the antenna array. So located the hardware processor (s) 30 may share at least some circuitry with the RF circuitry 28RF. In these and other embodiments, reducing the power consumption of the hardware processor (s) 30 advantageously reduces the power consumption demands of circuitry located near the antenna array.
  • Figure 9 depicts a method performed by a radio network node 14 configured for use in a wireless communication network 10 in accordance with particular embodiments.
  • the method includes setting values of parameters 24 that govern allocation of radio resources 22 in multiple respective dimensions, according to a priority ordering 26 (Block 900) .
  • the method also includes allocating radio resources 22 in accordance with the parameters 24 (Block 910) .
  • the method further includes determining, based on one or more of the parameters 24, an input voltage V and/or clock frequency F of one or more hardware processors 30 of the radio network node 14 (Block 920) .
  • the method also includes deploying the one or more hardware processors 30 with the determined input voltage V and/or clock frequency F (Block 930) .
  • the method also includes using the one or more hardware processors 30 as deployed, performing digital processing of downlink traffic 18 to be transmitted in the allocated radio resources 22 (Block 940) .
  • the parameters 24 include a spatial parameter 24S that governs allocation of radio resources 22 in a spatial dimension. In one or more of these embodiments, the priority ordering prioritizes minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in the spatial dimension above minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in any other dimension. In one or more of these embodiments, the parameters 24 further include a frequency parameter 24F that governs allocation of radio resources 22 in a frequency domain and a time parameter 24T that governs allocation of radio resources 22 in a time domain, wherein the priority ordering prioritizes minimization of radio resources 22 allocated in the frequency domain above minim ization of radio resources 22 allocated in the time domain. In one or more of these embodiments, determining the input voltage and/or clock frequency based on one or more of the parameters 24 comprises determining the input voltage and/or clock frequency based on the spatial parameter.
  • the priority ordering is an order in which the values of the parameters 24 are set.
  • setting the values of the parameters 24 comprises initializing values of the parameters 24 to maximize allocation of radio resources 22 in each of the multiple respective dimensions.
  • setting the values of the parameters 24 also comprises, for each of the parameters 24, in said order, adapting the value of the parameter as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the corresponding dimension while still meeting a scheduling objective given the values of the other parameters 24.
  • the parameters 24 include a spatial parameter 24S that governs allocation of radio resources 22 in a spatial dimension, a frequency parameter 24F that governs allocation of radio resources 22 in a frequency dimension, and a time parameter 24T that governs allocation of radio resources 22 in a time dimension.
  • adapting comprises adapting the value of the spatial parameter 24S as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the spatial dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the frequency parameter 24F and the value of the time parameter 24T.
  • adapting also comprises, after adapting the value of the spatial parameter 24S, adapting the value of the frequency parameter 24F as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the frequency dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the spatial parameter 24S and the value of the time parameter 24T.
  • adapting also comprises, after adapting the value of the spatial parameter 24S and the frequency parameter 24F, adapting the value of the time parameter 24T as much as possible to minimize allocation of radio resources 22 in the time dimension while still meeting the scheduling objective given the value of the frequency parameter 24F and the value of the spatial parameter 24S.
  • the scheduling objective is to meet a traffic demand and to meet each of one or more performance requirements.
  • the spatial parameter 24S is a maximum number of spatial layers.
  • the frequency parameter 24F is a maximum number of physical resource blocks, and/or the time parameter 24T governs whether a transmission time interval is blanked.
  • the one or more hardware processors 30 used to perform digital processing of the downlink traffic 18 are co-located with radio frequency circuitry of the radio network node 14.
  • Embodiments herein also include corresponding apparatuses.
  • Embodiments herein for instance include a radio network node 14 configured to perform any of the steps of any of the embodiments described above for the radio network node 14.
  • Embodiments also include a radio network node 14 comprising processing circuitry and power supply circuitry.
  • the processing circuitry is configured to perform any of the steps of any of the embodiments described above for the radio network node 14.
  • the power supply circuitry is configured to supply power to the radio network node 14.
  • Embodiments further include a radio network node 14 comprising processing circuitry.
  • the processing circuitry is configured to perform any of the steps of any of the embodiments described above for the radio network node 14.
  • the radio network node 14 further comprises communication circuitry.
  • Embodiments further include a radio network node 14 comprising processing circuitry and memory.
  • the memory contains instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the radio network node 14 is configured to perform any of the steps of any of the embodiments described above for the radio network node 14.
  • the apparatuses described above may perform the methods herein and any other processing by implementing any functional means, modules, units, or circuitry.
  • the apparatuses comprise respective circuits or circuitry configured to perform the steps shown in the method figures.
  • the circuits or circuitry in this regard may comprise circuits dedicated to performing certain functional processing and/or one or more microprocessors in conjunction with memory.
  • the circuitry may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs) , special-purpose digital logic, and the like.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • the processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM) , random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc.
  • Program code stored in memory may include program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments.
  • the memory stores program code that, when executed by the one or more processors, carries out the techniques described herein.
  • FIG 10 is an example that illustrates a radio network node 14 as implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • the radio network node 14 includes hardware processor (s) 30, control circuitry 1010, and RF circuitry 1020.
  • the RF circuitry 1020 is configured to transmit and/or receive information to and/or from one or more other nodes, e.g., via any communication technology. Such communication may occur via one or more antennas that are either internal or external to the radio network node 14.
  • the control circuitry 1010 and/or the hardware processor (s) are configured to perform processing described above, e.g., in Figure 9. Control circuitry 1010 in this regard may execute instructions stored in memory 1030 for performing at least a part of that processing.
  • a computer program comprises instructions which, when executed on at least one processor of a radio network node 14, cause the radio network node 14 to carry out any of the respective processing described above.
  • a computer program in this regard may comprise one or more code modules corresponding to the means or units described above.
  • Embodiments further include a carrier containing such a computer program.
  • This carrier may comprise one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.
  • embodiments herein also include a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer readable (storage or recording) medium and comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor of a radio network node 14, cause the radio network node 14 to perform as described above.
  • Embodiments further include a computer program product comprising program code portions for performing the steps of any of the embodiments herein when the computer program product is executed by a radio network node 14.
  • This computer program product may be stored on a computer readable recording medium.
  • Figure 11 shows an example of a communication system 1100 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the communication system 1100 includes a telecommunication network 1102 that includes an access network 1104, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 1106, which includes one or more core network nodes 1108.
  • the access network 1104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 1110a and 1110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 1110) , or any other similar 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access node or non-3GPP access point.
  • 3GPP 3 rd Generation Partnership Project
  • the network nodes 1110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 1112a, 1112b, 1112c, and 1112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 1112) to the core network 1106 over one or more wireless connections.
  • UE user equipment
  • the radio network node 14 herein may be any of the access network nodes in the access network 1104.
  • Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors.
  • the communication system 1100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections.
  • the communication system 1100 may include and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and/or other similar type of system.
  • the UEs 1112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 1110 and other communication devices.
  • the network nodes 1110 are arranged, capable, configured, and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 1112 and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 1102 to enable and/or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and/or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 1102.
  • the core network 1106 connects the network nodes 1110 to one or more hosts, such as host 1116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts.
  • the core network 1106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 1108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and/or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 1108.
  • Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SI DF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and/or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
  • MSC Mobile Switching Center
  • MME Mobility Management Entity
  • HSS Home Subscriber Server
  • AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
  • SMF Session Management Function
  • AUSF Authentication Server Function
  • SI DF Subscription Identifier De-concealing function
  • UDM Unified Data Management
  • SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy
  • NEF Network Exposure Function
  • UPF User Plane Function
  • the host 1116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 1104 and/or the telecommunication network 1102, and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider.
  • the host 1116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio/video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
  • the communication system 1100 of Figure 11 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts.
  • the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and/or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
  • UMTS Universal Mobile T
  • the telecommunication network 1102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 1102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 1102. For example, the telecommunications network 1102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and/or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) /Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
  • URLLC Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication
  • eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband
  • mMTC Massive Machine Type Communication
  • the UEs 1112 are configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction.
  • a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 1104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 1104.
  • a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode.
  • a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio–Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
  • MR-DC multi-radio dual connectivity
  • the hub 1114 communicates with the access network 1104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 1112c and/or 1112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 1110b) .
  • the hub 1114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs.
  • the hub 1114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 1106 for the UEs.
  • the hub 1114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs.
  • the hub 1114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data.
  • the hub 1114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 1114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 1114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and/or after adding additional local content.
  • the hub 1114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular in if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
  • the hub 1114 may have a constant/persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 1110b.
  • the hub 1114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and/or schedule between the hub 1114 and UEs (e.g., UE 1112c and/or 1112d) , and between the hub 1114 and the core network 1106.
  • the hub 1114 is connected to the core network 1106 and/or one or more UEs via a wired connection.
  • the hub 1114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 1104 and/or to another UE over a direct connection.
  • UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 1110 while still connected via the hub 1114 via a wired or wireless connection.
  • the hub 1114 may be a dedicated hub–that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to/from the UEs from/to the network node 1110b.
  • the hub 1114 may be a non-dedicated hub–that is, adevice which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 1110b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and/or end point for certain data channels.
  • a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other UEs.
  • a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded/integrated wireless device, etc.
  • VoIP voice over IP
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • LME laptop-embedded equipment
  • CPE wireless customer-premise equipment
  • UEs identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
  • 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
  • NB-IoT narrow band internet of things
  • MTC machine type communication
  • eMTC enhanced MTC
  • a UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) .
  • D2D device-to-device
  • DSRC Dedicated Short-Range Communication
  • V2V vehicle-to-vehicle
  • V2I vehicle-to-infrastructure
  • V2X vehicle-to-everything
  • a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device.
  • a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) .
  • a UE may
  • the UE 1200 includes processing circuitry 1202 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1204 to an input/output interface 1206, a power source 1208, a memory 1210, a communication interface 1212, and/or any other component, or any combination thereof.
  • processing circuitry 1202 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1204 to an input/output interface 1206, a power source 1208, a memory 1210, a communication interface 1212, and/or any other component, or any combination thereof.
  • Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Figure 12. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
  • the processing circuitry 1202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1210.
  • the processing circuitry 1202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above.
  • the processing circuitry 1202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
  • the input/output interface 1206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and/or output devices.
  • Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof.
  • An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 1200.
  • Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.
  • the presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user.
  • a sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof.
  • An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • the power source 1208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used.
  • the power source 1208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1208 itself, and/or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 1200 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 1208.
  • Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 1208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 1200 to which power is supplied.
  • the memory 1210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth.
  • the memory 1210 includes one or more application programs 1214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1216.
  • the memory 1210 may store, for use by the UE 1200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
  • the memory 1210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and/or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof.
  • RAID redundant array of independent disks
  • HD-DVD high-density digital versatile disc
  • HDDS holographic digital data storage
  • DIMM external mini-dual in-line memory module
  • SDRAM synchronous dynamic random access memory
  • the UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’
  • the memory 1210 may allow the UE 1200 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data.
  • An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
  • the processing circuitry 1202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 1212.
  • the communication interface 1212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1222.
  • the communication interface 1212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) .
  • Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1218 and/or a receiver 1220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) .
  • the transmitter 1218 and receiver 1220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
  • communication functions of the communication interface 1212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and/or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
  • CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • NR New Radio
  • UMTS Universal Mobile communications
  • WiMax Ethernet
  • TCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol
  • SONET synchronous optical networking
  • ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
  • QUIC Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 1212, via a wireless connection to a network node.
  • Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE.
  • the output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
  • a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection.
  • the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change.
  • the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
  • a UE when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare.
  • IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door/window sensor, a flood/moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or
  • AR Augmented
  • a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another UE and/or a network node.
  • the UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device.
  • the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard.
  • a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
  • any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case.
  • a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone.
  • the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed.
  • the first and/or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above.
  • a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
  • FIG. 13 shows a network node 1300 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and/or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network.
  • network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) .
  • APs access points
  • BSs base stations
  • Node Bs evolved Node Bs
  • gNBs NR NodeBs
  • Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations.
  • a base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay.
  • a network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) .
  • RRUs remote radio units
  • RRHs Remote Radio Heads
  • Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio.
  • Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
  • DAS distributed antenna system
  • network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and/or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
  • MSR multi-standard radio
  • RNCs radio network controllers
  • BSCs base station controllers
  • BTSs base transceiver stations
  • OFDM Operation and Maintenance
  • OSS Operations Support System
  • SON Self-Organizing Network
  • positioning nodes e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location
  • the network node 1300 includes a processing circuitry 1302, a memory 1304, a communication interface 1306, and a power source 1308.
  • the network node 1300 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components.
  • the network node 1300 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components)
  • one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes.
  • a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs.
  • each unique NodeB and RNC pair may in some instances be considered a single separate network node.
  • the network node 1300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) .
  • RATs radio access technologies
  • some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 1304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1310 may be shared by different RATs) .
  • the network node 1300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1300, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1300.
  • RFID Radio Frequency Identification
  • the processing circuitry 1302 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 1300 components, such as the memory 1304, to provide network node 1300 functionality.
  • the processing circuitry 1302 includes a system on a chip (SOC) .
  • the processing circuitry 1302 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1312 and baseband processing circuitry 1314.
  • the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1312 and the baseband processing circuitry 1314 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units.
  • part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1312 and baseband processing circuitry 1314 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
  • the memory 1304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1302.
  • volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Dis
  • the memory 1304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and/or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1302 and utilized by the network node 1300.
  • the memory 1304 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1302 and/or any data received via the communication interface 1306.
  • the processing circuitry 1302 and memory 1304 is integrated.
  • the commu nication interface 1306 is used in wired or wireless com mu nication of signaling and/or data between a network node, access network, and/or UE.
  • the communication interface 1306 comprises port (s) /terminal (s) 1316 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection.
  • the communication interface 1306 also includes radio front-end circuitry 1318 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 1310.
  • Radio front-end circuitry 1318 comprises filters 1320 and amplifiers 1322.
  • the radio front-end circuitry 1318 may be connected to an antenna 1310 and processing circuitry 1302.
  • the radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1310 and processing circuitry 1302.
  • the radio front-end circuitry 1318 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection.
  • the radio front-end circuitry 1318 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1320 and/or amplifiers 1322.
  • the radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1310.
  • the antenna 1310 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1318.
  • the digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1302.
  • the communication interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.
  • the network node 1300 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1318, instead, the processing circuitry 1302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1310.
  • the processing circuitry 1302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1310.
  • all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1312 is part of the communication interface 1306.
  • the communication interface 1306 includes one or more ports or terminals 1316, the radio front-end circuitry 1318, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1312, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 1306 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1314, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
  • the antenna 1310 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals.
  • the antenna 1310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1318 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly.
  • the antenna 1310 is separate from the network node 1300 and connectable to the network node 1300 through an interface or port.
  • the antenna 1310, communication interface 1306, and/or the processing circuitry 1302 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1310, the communication interface 1306, and/or the processing circuitry 1302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a UE,another network node and/or any other network equipment.
  • the power source 1308 provides power to the various components of network node 1300 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) .
  • the power source 1308 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1300 with power for performing the functionality described herein.
  • the network node 1300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1308.
  • the power source 1308 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
  • Embodiments of the network node 1300 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 13 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein.
  • the network node 1300 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1300 and to allow output of information from the network node 1300. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1300.
  • FIG 14 is a block diagram of a host 1400, which may be an embodiment of the host 1116 of Figure 11, in accordance with various aspects described herein.
  • the host 1400 may be or comprise various combinations hardware and/or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, container, or processing resources in a server farm.
  • the host 1400 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.
  • the host 1400 includes processing circuitry 1402 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1404 to an input/output interface 1406, a network interface 1408, a power source 1410, and a memory 1412.
  • processing circuitry 1402 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1404 to an input/output interface 1406, a network interface 1408, a power source 1410, and a memory 1412.
  • Other components may be included in other embodiments. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices of previous figures, such as Figures 12 and 13, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of host 1400.
  • the memory 1412 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs 1414 and data 1416, which may include user data, e.g., data generated by a UE for the host 1400 or data generated by the host 1400 for a UE. Embodiments of the host 1400 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown.
  • the host application programs 1414 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , Advanced Video Coding (AVC) , MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) , MPEG, G.
  • VVC Versatile Video Coding
  • HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding
  • AVC Advanced Video Coding
  • MPEG MPEG
  • VP9 video codecs
  • audio codecs e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
  • the host application programs 1414 may also provide for user authentication and licensing checks and may periodically report health, routes, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in or on the edge of a core network. Accordingly, the host 1400 may select and/or indicate a different host for over-the-top services for a UE.
  • the host application programs 1414 may support various protocols, such as the HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) , Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) , Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) , etc.
  • HTTP Live Streaming HLS
  • RTMP Real-Time Messaging Protocol
  • RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol
  • MPEG-DASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
  • FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.
  • virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources.
  • virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components.
  • Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1500 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
  • VMs virtual machines
  • the node may be entirely virtualized.
  • Applications 1502 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
  • Hardware 1504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and/or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and/or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input/output interface, and so forth.
  • Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1506 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs 1508a and 1508b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 1508) , and/or perform any of the functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.
  • the virtualization layer 1506 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 1508.
  • the VMs 1508 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1506.
  • a virtualization layer 1506 Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1502 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1508, and the implementations may be made in different ways.
  • Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) .
  • NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
  • a VM 1508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine.
  • Each of the VMs 1508, and that part of hardware 1504 that executes that VM be it hardware dedicated to that VM and/or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements.
  • a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 1508 on top of the hardware 1504 and corresponds to the application 1502.
  • Hardware 1504 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1504 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1510, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1502.
  • hardware 1504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station.
  • some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1512 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
  • Figure 16 shows a communication diagram of a host 1602 communicating via a network node 1604 with a UE 1606 over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments.
  • host 1602 Like host 1400, embodiments of host 1602 include hardware, such as a communication interface, processing circuitry, and memory.
  • the host 1602 also includes software, which is stored in or accessible by the host 1602 and executable by the processing circuitry.
  • the software includes a host application that may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as the UE 1606 connecting via an over-the-top (OTT) connection 1650 extending between the UE 1606 and host 1602.
  • OTT over-the-top
  • the network node 1604 includes hardware enabling it to communicate with the host 1602 and UE 1606.
  • the connection 1660 may be direct or pass through a core network (like core network 1106 of Figure 11) and/or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks.
  • a core network like core network 1106 of Figure 11
  • one or more other intermediate networks such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks.
  • an intermediate network may be a backbone network or the Internet.
  • the UE 1606 includes hardware and software, which is stored in or accessible by UE 1606 and executable by the UE’s processing circuitry.
  • the software includes a client application, such as a web browser or operator-specific “app” that may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 1606 with the support of the host 1602.
  • a client application such as a web browser or operator-specific “app” that may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 1606 with the support of the host 1602.
  • an executing host application may communicate with the executing client application via the OTT connection 1650 terminating at the UE 1606 and host 1602.
  • the UE's client application may receive request data from the host's host application and provide user data in response to the request data.
  • the OTT connection 1650 may transfer both the request data and the user data.
  • the UE's client application may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides to the host application through the OTT
  • the OTT connection 1650 may extend via a connection 1660 between the host 1602 and the network node 1604 and via a wireless connection 1670 between the network node 1604 and the UE 1606 to provide the connection between the host 1602 and the UE 1606.
  • the connection 1660 and wireless connection 1670, over which the OTT connection 1650 may be provided, have been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host 1602 and the UE 1606 via the network node 1604, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices.
  • the host 1602 provides user data, which may be performed by executing a host application.
  • the user data is associated with a particular human user interacting with the UE 1606.
  • the user data is associated with a UE 1606 that shares data with the host 1602 without explicit human interaction.
  • the host 1602 initiates a transmission carrying the user data towards the UE 1606.
  • the host 1602 may initiate the transmission responsive to a request transmitted by the UE 1606.
  • the request may be caused by human interaction with the UE 1606 or by operation of the client application executing on the UE 1606.
  • the transmission may pass via the network node 1604, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in step 1612, the network node 1604 transmits to the UE 1606 the user data that was carried in the transmission that the host 1602 initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1614, the UE 1606 receives the user data carried in the transmission, which may be performed by a client application executed on the UE 1606 associated with the host application executed by the host 1602.
  • the UE 1606 executes a client application which provides user data to the host 1602.
  • the user data may be provided in reaction or response to the data received from the host 1602.
  • the UE 1606 may provide user data, which may be performed by executing the client application.
  • the client application may further consider user input received from the user via an input/output interface of the UE 1606. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE 1606 initiates, in step 1618, transmission of the user data towards the host 1602 via the network node 1604.
  • the network node 1604 receives user data from the UE 1606 and initiates transmission of the received user data towards the host 1602.
  • the host 1602 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the UE 1606.
  • One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE 1606 using the OTT connection 1650, in which the wireless connection 1670 forms the last segment.
  • factory status information may be collected and analyzed by the host 1602.
  • the host 1602 may process audio and video data which may have been retrieved from a UE for use in creating maps.
  • the host 1602 may collect and analyze real-time data to assist in controlling vehicle congestion (e.g., controlling traffic lights) .
  • the host 1602 may store surveillance video uploaded by a UE.
  • the host 1602 may store or control access to media content such as video, audio, VR or AR which it can broadcast, multicast or unicast to UEs.
  • the host 1602 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time critical electrical load to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams etc. from data collected from remote devices) , or any other function of collecting, retrieving, storing, analyzing and/or transmitting data.
  • a measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency, and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve.
  • the measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection may be implemented in software and hardware of the host 1602 and/or UE 1606.
  • sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with other devices through which the OTT connection 1650 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software may compute or estimate the monitored quantities.
  • the reconfiguring of the OTT connection 1650 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc. ; the reconfiguring need not directly alter the operation of the network node 1604. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art.
  • measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency, and the like, by the host 1602.
  • the measurements may be implemented in that software causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection 1650 while monitoring propagation times, errors, etc.
  • computing devices described herein may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.
  • processing circuitry may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.
  • computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components.
  • a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and/or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface.
  • non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
  • processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.
  • some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner.
  • the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and/or by end users and a wireless network generally.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un nœud de réseau radio (14) qui définit des valeurs de paramètres (24) qui régissent l'attribution de ressources radio (22) dans de multiples dimensions respectives, selon un ordre de priorité (26) qui priorise la minimisation des ressources radio (22) attribuées dans au moins une dimension par rapport à la minimisation des ressources radio (22) attribuées dans au moins une autre dimension. Le nœud de réseau radio (14) attribue des ressources radio (22) conformément à ces paramètres (24). Le nœud de réseau radio (14) détermine, sur la base d'un ou de plusieurs des paramètres (24), une tension d'entrée et/ou une fréquence d'horloge d'un ou plusieurs processeurs matériels (30) du nœud de réseau radio (14). Le nœud de réseau radio (14) déploie le ou les processeurs matériels (30) avec cette tension d'entrée et/ou fréquence d'horloge déterminée. Le nœud de réseau radio (14) effectue, à l'aide du ou des processeurs matériels (30) tels que déployés, un traitement numérique de trafic en liaison descendante (18) à transmettre dans les ressources radio (22) attribuées.
PCT/CN2022/100620 2022-06-23 2022-06-23 Attribution de ressources radio dans un réseau de communication WO2023245527A1 (fr)

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EP3629635A1 (fr) * 2018-09-26 2020-04-01 Intel Corporation Techniques de commutation de partie de bande passante pour configuration adaptative de tension et d'horloge

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EP0361350A2 (fr) 1988-09-26 1990-04-04 Nec Corporation Equipment téléphonique mobile avec circuit économiseur d'énergie
GB2368235A (en) * 2000-10-12 2002-04-24 Matsushita Comm Ind Uk Ltd Preventing data losses due to timing errors in a receiver operating in a power-saving mode
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WO2011047080A2 (fr) * 2009-10-13 2011-04-21 Qualcomm Incorporated Gestion d'énergie pour dispositifs sans fil
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