WO2023213459A1 - Agencement de circuit - Google Patents

Agencement de circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023213459A1
WO2023213459A1 PCT/EP2023/054790 EP2023054790W WO2023213459A1 WO 2023213459 A1 WO2023213459 A1 WO 2023213459A1 EP 2023054790 W EP2023054790 W EP 2023054790W WO 2023213459 A1 WO2023213459 A1 WO 2023213459A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bypass
supercapacitor
control unit
circuit
circuit arrangement
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2023/054790
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christos Vellios
Joachim Sauerborn
Original Assignee
SWJ Germany GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SWJ Germany GmbH filed Critical SWJ Germany GmbH
Publication of WO2023213459A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023213459A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00308—Overvoltage protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/50—Charging of capacitors, supercapacitors, ultra-capacitors or double layer capacitors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a circuit arrangement, an electrical energy storage device, the use of a circuit arrangement as an energy storage device and a method for operating a circuit arrangement.
  • Energy can be stored, among other things, through chemical conversion (e.g. in accumulators) or through physical processes (e.g. in capacitors).
  • Capacitors can be differentiated according to their design. For example, there are ceramic capacitors, plastic film capacitors, metal paper capacitors and electrolytic capacitors. These types of capacitors typically have a capacity ranging from picofarads (pF) to about 1 farad.
  • Supercapacitors can have a capacity in the range of kilofarads or more.
  • the capacity of supercapacitors results from two different technical effects and can therefore be divided into double-layer and pseudocapacitance. While double layer capacitance is based on charge separation, pseudocapacitance is the result of redox reactions. During operation, the double layer and pseudo capacitance add up to the total capacitance of the supercapacitor.
  • supercapacitors have a low nominal voltage of usually 2.4 to 2.7 V compared to conventional capacitors. At the same time, supercapacitors are extremely sensitive to higher voltages. Even slightly exceeding the nominal voltage during the charging process can lead to permanent damage to the supercapacitor. If supercapacitors are integrated into electronic circuits, it therefore makes sense to protect them from higher voltages.
  • WO 2018/237320 A1 proposes a balancing circuit in which each supercapacitor is assigned a bypass circuit.
  • the bypass circuits are connected to a bus system and, when activated, cause charge equalization between the series-connected supercapacitors. Activation takes place via a clock.
  • the circuit is complex due to the use of a bus system and the clock generator.
  • the clock generator only effects periodic and not permanent charge balancing. This means that there is only temporary protection for the capacitors.
  • EP 1 274 105 B1 also proposes a bypass circuit for supercapacitors.
  • the bypass circuit includes a transistor, a low-pass filter and a detector unit that generates a logic signal that is supplied to a charging device for charging the supercapacitor, thereby controlling the charging current by which the supercapacitor is charged. Due to the detector unit and the control of the charging device, this bypass circuit is also very complex.
  • DE 600 23 772 T2 discloses a circuit arrangement with a double-layer capacitor and a shunt regulator connected in parallel to the double-layer capacitor and an NPN transistor connected in parallel to the double-layer capacitor. One terminal of the shunt regulator is connected to the base of the NPN transistor.
  • the US 2020/0044459 A1 discloses a device and a method with which the batteries of a battery pack are to be protected from overcharging.
  • the circuit arrangement has at least one supercapacitor and a bypass circuit connected in parallel to the supercapacitor, which prevents or limits charging of the supercapacitor in an active state.
  • the bypass circuit is in an inactive state below a predefined voltage threshold of a capacitor voltage applied to the supercapacitor and is put into the active state when the predefined voltage threshold is exceeded.
  • the circuit arrangement is characterized in that the bypass circuit comprises a switch that can be controlled by a control unit, by means of which the bypass circuit can be set into the active state independently of the predefined voltage threshold, in particular from the inactive state into the active state.
  • the switch is suitable for moving the bypass circuit from the inactive state to the active state.
  • the bypass circuit is provided to protect the supercapacitor from overvoltage.
  • the bypass circuit When the bypass circuit is placed in the active state, it preferentially conducts current around the supercapacitor. This current does not further charge the supercapacitor, so there is no overvoltage and the supercapacitor is protected. If there is no external voltage in the circuit arrangement, i.e. no power source is connected to the supercapacitor, then the bypass circuit discharges the supercapacitor in its active state. In any case, electrical energy is converted into heat by a bypass circuit when it is active and is “lost”, i.e. released into the environment.
  • the charging and discharging of supercapacitors is not always completely identical. If supercapacitors connected in series are always fully charged, these problems are hardly noticeable. However, it has been recognized that over time, increasing deviations occur between the charge states of several supercapacitors connected in series if the supercapacitors are incompletely charged and discharged several times.
  • the invention therefore creates a possibility of putting the bypass circuit into the active state independently of the predefined voltage threshold and in this way compensating for deviations.
  • the switch has an open and a closed state. When closed, the switch conducts electricity; when open, the switch does not conduct electricity.
  • the bypass circuit is preferably put into the active state when the switch is closed.
  • the switch is preferably a transistor, with the switch being in the closed state when the transistor is switched on. Alternatively, other switches can also be used.
  • each supercapacitor having a bypass circuit connected in parallel, as mentioned above, and each switch of the bypass circuits being controllable independently of the other switches. In this way, the switches of all bypass circuits can be opened or closed as required and the bypass circuits can be placed in the active state as required.
  • Double-layer capacitors have carbon electrodes or their derivatives with a very high static double-layer capacitance.
  • the proportion of the Faraday pseudocapacitance in the total capacity is only small.
  • Pseudocapacitors have electrodes made of metal oxides or conductive polymers and have a very high proportion of Faraday pseudocapacitance.
  • Hybrid capacitors have asymmetrical electrodes, one with a high double-layer capacitance and the second with a high pseudocapacitance.
  • the supercapacitors of the circuit arrangement according to the invention are particularly preferably lithium titanate oxide supercapacitors (LTO supercapacitors).
  • LTO supercapacitors are hybrid capacitors.
  • the negative graphite electrode is replaced by a sintered electrode made of titanium spinel (Li4Ti50i2).
  • the lithium titanate electrode has a significantly higher effective surface area of a factor of 30 than a graphite electrode. For this reason, very high charging and discharging currents in the range greater than 10C can be achieved.
  • the power density is therefore around 1,200-3,500W/kg (2,700-7,500W/liter).
  • the high charging and discharging currents can lead to the deviations stated above in the event of incomplete charging cycles. Therefore, the circuit arrangement according to the invention is particularly advantageous when using LTO supercapacitors.
  • the control unit is connected to the supercapacitors in such a way that it determines the capacitor voltage applied to the respective supercapacitor and/or the capacitor potential applied to a positive pole of the respective supercapacitor. can grasp.
  • the capacitor voltage or capacitor potential provides information about how large the deviation in the state of charge of several supercapacitors is. In this way, the control unit can determine which bypass circuit should be put into the active state.
  • the positive pole of each supercapacitor is preferably connected to its own input of the control unit, whereby the control unit receives an input signal in the form of a potential depending on the actually existing capacitor potential. By comparing the potentials, the control unit can determine the capacitor voltage of the respective capacitor and from this determine the deviations in the charging state.
  • the capacitor voltage can also be recorded directly by a measuring unit and transmitted to the control unit as information. For this purpose, the measuring unit is connected to the supercapacitor and the control unit.
  • a protective circuit with a voltage divider is therefore preferably arranged between each positive pole and the associated input of the control unit, the voltage divider being connected at one end to the positive pole and having two resistors connected in series, between which a node is arranged and the input of the Control unit is connected to the node.
  • the potential at the input of the control unit is lower than the capacitor potential of the respective supercapacitor.
  • the other end of the voltage divider is preferably at a zero potential (UBO) of the circuit arrangement. This zero potential does not have to correspond to the ground potential.
  • a connection of the control unit is preferably also at the zero potential of the circuit arrangement.
  • the resistors are adapted to the nominal maximum capacitor potential of the associated supercapacitor.
  • the nominal maximum capacitor potential results from the nominal voltages of the supercapacitors connected in series and the position of the respective supercapacitor in the series connection starting from the cathode. For example, if three supercapacitors with a nominal voltage of 2.7 V are connected in series, then starting from the anode, the nominal maximum capacitor potential is 2.7 V for the first supercapacitor, 5.4 V for the second supercapacitor and 8 for the third supercapacitor. 1V
  • the resistors of the voltage divider are selected such that the potential present at the input of the control unit is below a predetermined level Value is, which is preferably 5 V.
  • the predetermined value is particularly preferably identical for all inputs.
  • the voltage dividers of the bypass circuits of adjacent supercapacitors are preferably different.
  • the resistances of each voltage divider are in particular selected such that the predetermined value is not exceeded at the nominal maximum capacitor potential of the associated supercapacitor.
  • the voltage threshold is preferably defined by the bypass circuit itself, in particular by its electronic components. In particular, it is not specified, influenced or even controlled from outside the bypass circuit.
  • the bypass circuit has at least one bypass transistor, which works as a switching element and is connected in parallel to the supercapacitor, and a cross-controller connected in parallel to the supercapacitor, which switches the bypass transistor through (becomes conductive) when its switching threshold is reached and thereby the bypass transistor.
  • circuit is put into the active state in which the bypass circuit passes current around the supercapacitor.
  • a cross-controller can generally be understood as a component that is connected in parallel to the supercapacitor and, at least in the active state, always absorbs enough current that the voltage across the supercapacitor is kept constant. In the bypass circuit, the cross-controller acts as a threshold switch.
  • a threshold switch is generally an electronic or electrical component that combines the function of a sensor with a switching function. The switching process is triggered when the physical quantity “measured” by the sensor exceeds a preset limit value (the threshold value).
  • the measured variable is a variable of the circuit arrangement, namely the capacitor voltage applied to the supercapacitor.
  • the cross-controller is preferably switchable and has a control input for this purpose.
  • a TL431 switchable
  • the cross controller can therefore also be referred to as a parallel controller, shunt controller or threshold switch.
  • a resistor is connected in series with the bypass transistor and the resistor and the bypass transistor are connected together in parallel with the supercapacitor. This prevents a short circuit from occurring if the bypass circuit is activated.
  • the bypass transistor is preferably a bipolar transistor.
  • a MOSFET metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor
  • the bypass transistor delivers a sufficiently high current, in particular >2 A, between collector and emitter even at low voltages, in particular ⁇ 2.7 V. In this way, the bypass transistor provides a good protection function for the supercapacitor.
  • the switching threshold is an intrinsic variable of the cross-controller. If the cross-controller has a control input, the switching threshold at the control input must be reached so that the cross-controller switches. With a TL431 the switching threshold is 1.5 V to 2.5 V.
  • the supercapacitor is first charged by a charging current as usual.
  • the bypass circuit is in a passive (inactive) state as long as the switching threshold of the cross controller is not reached.
  • the at least one bypass transistor is controlled by the cross-controller.
  • the bypass circuit is then in an active state. In this state, the bypass circuit passes current around the supercapacitor. This current does not further charge the supercapacitor, so an overvoltage does not occur at least when the supercapacitor's charging current is less than or equal to the current passed through the bypass circuit around the supercapacitor. In any case, the amount of current charging the supercapacitor is reduced by the bypass circuit in the active state and the supercapacitor is protected in this way.
  • the cross-controller preferably defines the switching point for the bypass transistor by connecting an output of the cross-controller to a control input of each bypass transistor.
  • a resistor is particularly preferably arranged between the output (anode connection) of the cross-controller and the input of each bypass transistor. The use of a resistor between the cross-controller and the bypass transistor serves to compensate for tolerances and limit the maximum current of the base connection. The resistors ensure that the actual switching times of the bypass transistors, which always differ due to tolerances, are not too far apart.
  • the amplification effect of transistors is not binary, but follows a characteristic curve and depends on the level of the voltage on the capacitor (base-emitter voltage) and/or a control signal. A higher base-emitter voltage increases the gain, i.e. the transistor is further “controlled”. If the control signal is low, the amplification effect of a transistor is lower. Simple capacitors have higher nominal voltages compared to supercapacitors. These higher voltages are then also available to control transistors in a bypass circuit. As a result of the higher voltages, the transistors in the bypass circuit turn on more strongly and immediately conduct a higher current around the capacitor, protecting it very effectively. With simple capacitors, bypass circuits achieve a sufficient bypass effect.
  • bypass circuits By arranging at least two bypass circuits in parallel with the supercapacitor, more current can be conducted around the supercapacitor.
  • the bypass circuits are independent of each other. Different switching points can therefore be provided for the respective controlled bypass transistor. In this way, the protection of the supercapacitor can, for example, be switched on in multiple stages depending on the voltage present.
  • each bypass circuit comprising two bypass transistors that work as switching elements and are each connected in parallel to the supercapacitor, with the switching threshold of the cross-controller defining the switching point for the two bypass transistors connected in parallel.
  • the bypass transistors are preferably nominally identical.
  • the two bypass transistors are connected together in this case, allowing a higher current to be passed around the supercapacitor.
  • the bypass circuit preferably also has a display transistor connected in parallel to the supercapacitor.
  • the display transistor is also controlled by the cross-controller as soon as it reaches its switching threshold. In this way, the switching threshold of the cross-controller defines the switching point for the display transistor.
  • a light-emitting diode and a resistor are also connected in series in the load path of the display transistor.
  • a resistor for tolerance compensation and a current limitation of the maximum current of the base connection is arranged between the regulator node and the base of the display transistor.
  • the display transistor can differ from the bypass transistor due to the further connection to the light-emitting diode.
  • the resistance between the regulator node and the base of the display transistor is preferably selected such that the display transistor switches at the same time as the bypass transistors.
  • the bypass circuit preferably comprises a voltage divider connected in parallel to the supercapacitor, the voltage divider node of which is connected to a control input of the cross-regulator, it being defined by the voltage divider that the cross-regulator reaches its switching threshold when the predefined voltage threshold on the supercapacitor is reached.
  • the voltage divider preferably has two resistors connected in series, between which the voltage divider node is arranged.
  • at least one of the two resistors can be formed by a variable resistor arrangement, by means of which the node potential is selectable.
  • the variable resistor arrangement can be used to select at which capacitor voltage the cross-controller reaches its switching threshold.
  • different bypass circuits for example for different supercapacitors, can be implemented with the same components, which can reduce production costs.
  • the node potential is then influenced depending on which switching point is desired or what capacity the supercapacitor connected in parallel has.
  • the variable resistance arrangement preferably has a plurality of parallel sub-strands, each with a different electrical resistance, and comprises a selection means, whereby exactly one sub-strand can be selected as a conductive sub-strand or several sub-strands can be selected as conductive sub-strands by means of the selection means.
  • the selection means makes it possible to easily select between the sub-strands exactly the sub-strand(s) that is/are the right one for the supercapacitor to be used.
  • the selection can be made through fixed contacting, for example by soldering, or variable contacting, for example using a changeover switch.
  • bypass circuits are used for a supercapacitor and their cross-controllers are to switch at different capacitor voltages, then when using identical components in one bypass circuit, a first sub-strand and a second sub-strand can be selected in the other bypass circuit.
  • the node potentials of the two voltage dividers are always different and as a result the switching times of the cross controllers also differ from one another. This allows the different switching times of the two bypass circuits to be implemented in a simple manner.
  • variable resistance arrangement preferably comprises a potentiometer.
  • a potentiometer enables continuous adjustment of the resistance and ultimately the switching time.
  • a circuit arrangement with a potentiometer can therefore be adapted more flexibly to the needs.
  • the switch has an open and a closed state and preferably switches on the bypass transistor in the closed state.
  • the switch and the cross-controller are particularly preferably connected in parallel and can switch the bypass transistor through independently of one another. If the cross-controller has already switched the bypass transistor through, pressing the switch does nothing. The switch is nevertheless suitable for switching on the bypass transistor regardless of the voltage threshold.
  • the bypass circuit preferably comprises an optocoupler with a transmitting side and a receiving side, the transmitting side being connected to the control unit and the receiving side forms the switch.
  • the transmitting side and the receiving side of an optocoupler can communicate with each other, i.e. in particular transmit signals, but are galvanically separated from each other. Due to the different potentials of the various supercapacitors, it is advantageous to provide a component with galvanic isolation between the control unit and the switch. Other components that provide galvanic isolation can also be used instead of the optocoupler, for example an isolating transformer or a relay.
  • the transmitting side of the optocoupler preferably has a light-emitting diode and the receiving side has a phototransistor.
  • the light-emitting diode is controlled by the control unit of the circuit arrangement.
  • the light-emitting diode is connected to an output of the control unit. If the LED is activated by the control unit (“HIGH level triggering”), it switches the phototransistor on, which makes the switch conductive, i.e. in the closed state. If the LED is deactivated, the switch is opened. In other words, the switch can be switched into the open and closed states depending on a signal from the transmitting side.
  • the control unit preferably comprises at least one multiplexer, in particular a 74HC4067.
  • the control unit particularly preferably comprises a multiplexer, which forms the inputs for the input signals, and a multiplexer, which forms the outputs for the switches.
  • the multiplexers are preferably connected to a central control element of the control unit, for example an
  • control units are provided, with each control unit being connected to at least one switch of a bypass circuit and with adjacent control units being connected to one another with galvanic isolation.
  • the control units can communicate with one another through their connection and, in particular, exchange information about the charging states, i.e. the capacitor voltages of individual supercapacitors assigned to them.
  • assemblies are created, each consisting of a control unit and several associated supercapacitors, each with an associated bypass circuit.
  • such assemblies can be interconnected in various ways, i.e. in particular in series and/or parallel. In this way, an energy storage device is provided that is tailored precisely to the desired application.
  • each control unit is assigned several switches, with the control unit being able to control the switches assigned to it independently of one another.
  • each control unit is connected to its own display of the circuit arrangement.
  • the input signals of the control unit, the capacitor voltages of the supercapacitors associated with the control unit, the active bypass circuits, the states of all bypass circuits and/or further information can be visualized or displayed as a numerical value on the display.
  • the circuit arrangement can include one or more temperature sensors of its own, which is connected to the control unit.
  • each supercapacitor and/or each bypass circuit is assigned a temperature sensor.
  • the control unit can put the bypass circuit(s) into the active state depending on the signal from the temperature sensors.
  • supercapacitors are subject to manufacturing tolerances (manufacturing tolerances). If several supercapacitors are connected in series in a circuit, the individual supercapacitors are charged at different rates. This effect increases with the difference in the actual capacity of the individual capacitors. The inventors realized that this effect can be reduced by connecting several capacitors in parallel, thereby better protecting the individual supercapacitors.
  • at least two supercapacitors connected in parallel are provided, which together form a supercapacitor group. In other words: several supercapacitors are connected in parallel and the bypass circuit is provided in parallel.
  • connecting multiple capacitors in parallel means that the supercapacitor group is less likely to deviate significantly from its rated capacity.
  • the supercapacitors connected in parallel are nominally identical in construction. Identical components have the same tolerance limits, which makes the statistical effect particularly effective.
  • the above description relating to series-connected supercapacitors also applies to series-connected supercapacitor groups.
  • the circuit arrangement preferably comprises a switching element connected to the control unit, which is set up to be able to disconnect and close the connection between a connection for a power source and the supercapacitor.
  • the switching element is preferably a relay which is connected in series with the supercapacitors.
  • the object of the invention is also achieved by an electrical energy storage device with a housing and at least one circuit arrangement arranged in the housing according to the above description. Spelling solved.
  • the series-connected supercapacitors provide a higher voltage rating than is possible with a single supercapacitor. At the same time, deviations in the charging states of the supercapacitors are avoided by the circuit arrangement according to the invention.
  • the energy storage then advantageously provides the zero potential for the first circuit arrangement in the series, for example through a connection to ground. All other circuit arrangements have the higher end potential of the previous circuit arrangement in the series as the zero potential.
  • the zero potential of the first circuit arrangement is 0 V
  • the zero potential of the second circuit arrangement is 25 V
  • the zero potential of the third circuit arrangement is 50 V.
  • At least one temperature sensor can be arranged in the housing, which detects the temperature in the housing.
  • the temperature sensor is connected to the control unit.
  • the housing is preferably grounded.
  • the energy storage preferably comprises at least one display connected to the control unit, in particular connected galvanically separately, on which, for example, the temperature in the housing, the input signals of the control units, the capacitor voltages of the supercapacitors, the active bypass circuits, the states of all bypass devices associated with the control unit Circuits and/or further information are displayed.
  • the energy storage can include a communication unit connected to the control unit.
  • the communication unit serves as a data logger and for communication with other devices.
  • the communication unit preferably has at least one wireless or wired interface, for example WiFi. Remote maintenance is also possible in this way.
  • the communication unit is preferably galvanically isolated from the control unit.
  • the object of the invention is also achieved through the use of a circuit arrangement according to the above description as an energy storage in a photovoltaic system, in a vehicle with an alternative drive, in a charging station for electric vehicles, in a buffer storage of a wind turbine or in a mobile storage.
  • a circuit arrangement according to the above description as an energy storage in a photovoltaic system, in a vehicle with an alternative drive, in a charging station for electric vehicles, in a buffer storage of a wind turbine or in a mobile storage.
  • a suitable circuit arrangement would lead to deviations in the charging states of series-connected supercapacitors over time. These deviations are avoided by the invention. It can also happen that the programming of the inverter of the photovoltaic system switches off before the supercapacitors reach the voltage threshold.
  • the supercapacitors are never fully charged to the point where the voltage threshold is reached and the bypass circuits are switched to the active state. Therefore, even in the event of a supposed full charge, the bypass circuits do not automatically equalize the charge.
  • the circuit arrangement according to the invention is particularly advantageous in such cases because it can ensure equalization of the charge states even below the voltage threshold.
  • the object of the invention is also achieved by a method for operating a circuit arrangement according to the above description.
  • the control unit controls the switch of the bypass circuit in such a way that the bypass circuit is placed in the active state regardless of the predefined voltage threshold.
  • the control unit preferably controls the switches of several bypass circuits depending on the potentials present at the inputs of the control unit. As described above, the potentials provide information about which capacitor voltage is present at each supercapacitor and are therefore particularly suitable as a starting point for controlling the switches.
  • the control unit preferably compares the potentials of several bypass circuits present at the inputs of the control unit with one another, controls the switches of selected bypass circuits depending on the comparison and thereby puts the selected bypass circuits into the active state.
  • the control unit first converts the potentials of several bypass circuits present at the inputs of the control unit into comparison values using a factor predetermined by the respective voltage divider, then compares the comparison values of the bypass circuits with one another, and controls the switches of selected bypass circuits depending on the comparison and thereby puts the selected bypass circuits into the active state.
  • the values and arrangement of the resistors of the voltage divider are known. It is therefore possible to convert a potential present at a specific input of the control unit into the capacitor potential, which was previously reduced by the voltage divider.
  • the capacitor voltage then results from the difference between the capacitor potentials of two neighboring supercapacitors.
  • the capacitor voltages of each supercapacitor can be determined as a comparison value and then compared with each other.
  • the comparison is used to determine which supercapacitor has the highest charge (capacitor voltage) and only the bypass circuit associated with this supercapacitor is activated. In this way, only the charging process of a single supercapacitor is stopped and all other supercapacitors can “catch up”. As a result, comparatively little electrical energy is lost as heat. If two or more supercapacitors have the same capacitor voltage, the bypass circuit of the first supercapacitor starting from the anode is preferably put into the active state.
  • the comparison can be used to determine which supercapacitors have a higher capacitor voltage than at least one other supercapacitor in the same series and the bypass circuits of the supercapacitors with higher capacitor voltages are then put into the active state. In this case, all but one of the supercapacitors would no longer be charged.
  • Whether a bypass circuit becomes active may depend on one or more conditions. For example, a bypass circuit can be put into the active state as soon as the supercapacitor associated with it has a higher capacitor voltage than at least one other supercapacitor in the same series. Alternatively, the bypass circuit can only be put into the active state from a certain difference in the capacitor voltages and/or a difference to a certain number of supercapacitors in the same series. The difference is preferably less than 10% of the nominal voltage and/or between 0.02 V and 0.2 V.
  • a (higher) difference limit for the capacitor voltages at which the control unit detects a fault and, for example, causes an output in the form of an alarm signal, for example a red LED or an acoustic warning signal.
  • a message e.g. email, SMS or push message
  • a predefined recipient e.g. service technology, owner, etc.
  • the control unit may further initiate an emergency shutdown, for example using the relay, thereby stopping charging of all supercapacitors.
  • Figure 1 shows a circuit diagram of a circuit arrangement
  • Figure 2 shows a circuit diagram of an electrical energy storage device.
  • the circuit arrangement 10 shown in Figure 1 comprises two supercapacitors 12, which can be connected to a power source (not shown) and/or a consumer (not shown) via an anode connection 14 and a cathode connection 16. If a power source is connected, the supercapacitors 12 are charged; if a consumer is connected, the supercapacitors 12 are discharged. Due to tolerances, charging and discharging are not completely identical, so that over time and in particular in the event of multiple, incomplete charging and discharging, deviations between the charging states of the two supercapacitors 12 can occur.
  • Each supercapacitor 12 has a positive pole 17 and a negative pole 18.
  • the potential at the positive pole 17 is higher and is also referred to as the capacitor potential.
  • the voltage present at one of the supercapacitors 12, i.e. the potential difference between the positive pole 17 and the negative pole 18, is referred to as the respective capacitor voltage.
  • a bypass circuit 30 is connected in parallel with the supercapacitor 12.
  • the bypass circuit 30 comprises a plurality of strands, each connected in parallel to the supercapacitor 12: two bypass strands 40, a display strand 50, a regulator strand 60 and a voltage divider strand 70.
  • the strands are explained in more detail below.
  • the bypass strands 40 are identical in construction and are each connected in parallel to the supercapacitor 12. Therefore only one bypass line 40 is described.
  • the bypass strand 40 includes the load path of a bypass transistor 42, the load path being connected in series with a first resistor 44.
  • the bypass transistor 42 is a pnp bipolar transistor.
  • the control train 60 includes the load path of a transverse regulator 62, the load path being connected in series with a second resistor 64.
  • the cross controller 62 is a TL431. This is a controllable cross-controller 62 with three connections, an anode connection, a cathode connection and a reference connection. The load path runs between the anode connection and the cathode connection.
  • the cathode connection of the cross regulator 62 is connected to the negative pole 18 of the supercapacitor 12.
  • a regulator node 63 Between the anode connection of the cross regulator 62 and the second resistor 64 there is a regulator node 63, which is connected to the base of both bypass transistors 42.
  • a third resistor 46 is arranged between the controller node 63 and the base for tolerance compensation.
  • the cross-controller 62 blocks.
  • the base and the emitter of both bypass transistors 42 are then both at the potential of the positive pole 17. No current therefore flows on the base -Emitter path so that the bypass transistors are not switched on.
  • the supercapacitor 12 is charged. Below a voltage threshold of the capacitor voltage applied to the supercapacitor 12, which is predefined by the switching threshold of the cross-controller 62, the bypass circuit 30 is therefore in an inactive state.
  • the voltage divider string 70 has a voltage divider 72.
  • the voltage divider 72 comprises two series-connected resistors, a fifth resistor 73 and a sixth resistor 74.
  • a voltage divider node 75 is arranged between the fifth resistor 73 and the sixth resistor 74 and is connected to the reference connection, i.e. the control input of the cross-controller 62.
  • the ratio of the resistors 73, 74 defines at which capacitor voltage the cross-controller 62 reaches its switching threshold and switches.
  • the switching threshold of the cross-controller 62 is reached at its reference connection, the cross-controller 62 conducts and the system voltage drops across the second resistor 64.
  • the base of the bypass transistors 42 is therefore pulled to the potential of the negative pole, whereby the bypass transistors 42 are switched on, i.e. become conductive. This puts the bypass circuit 30 into the active state.
  • the switching threshold of the cross-controller 62 defines the switching point for the bypass transistors 42. After switching the bypass transistors 42, part of the charging current flows past the supercapacitor 12 through the bypass transistor 42 and in this way charges the supercapacitor 12 no longer up. In this way, the supercapacitor 12 is protected against overvoltage at least when the current flowing from the power source to the supercapacitor 12 does not exceed the current passed through the bypass circuit 30 around the supercapacitor 12.
  • the circuit arrangement 10 further includes a display strand 50, which includes a display transistor 52.
  • the display transistor 52 is also controlled by the cross-controller 62 as soon as it reaches its switching threshold. In this way, the switching threshold of the transverse regulator 62 defines the switching point for the display transistor 52.
  • a third resistor 46 is again arranged between the regulator node 63 and the base of the display transistor 52 for tolerance compensation.
  • a light-emitting diode 54 and a fourth resistor 56 are also connected in series.
  • the bypass transistors 42 and the display transistor 52 are nominally identical in construction (similar in construction) in the embodiment shown here, just as the third resistors 46 are nominally identical in construction. As a result, the transistors 42, 52 all switch at approximately the same time.
  • the bypass transistors 42 and the display transistor 52 may be different in other embodiments.
  • the third resistors 46 are preferably adapted to the respective transistor 42, 52 in such a way that the transistors 42, 52 all switch at approximately the same time.
  • the circuit arrangement 10 further comprises an optocoupler 90, which has a transmitting side 92 with a light-emitting diode 94 and a receiving side 96 with a phototransistor 98 as a switch 100.
  • the transmitting side 92 and the receiving side 96 are galvanically isolated from one another.
  • the light-emitting diode 94 is controlled by a control unit 110 of the circuit arrangement 10.
  • the light-emitting diode 94 is connected on the one hand to an output 114 of the control unit 110 and on the other hand is connected to a zero potential UBO of the circuit arrangement 10.
  • the switch 100 is connected in parallel to the cross controller 62.
  • the control unit 110 is also connected to the zero potential UBO of the circuit arrangement 10.
  • the circuit arrangement 10 includes a display 116 connected to the control unit 110, on which information about the supercapacitors 12, for example their state of charge, and the bypass circuits 30, for example their state (active, passive), is displayed.
  • each supercapacitor 12 is connected to its own input 112 of the control unit 110 via a protective circuit 120.
  • the protection circuit 120 has a voltage divider 122 with two series-connected resistors, a seventh resistor 123 and an eighth resistor 124.
  • the voltage divider 122 is connected at one end to the positive pole 17 and at the other end to the zero potential UBO of the circuit arrangement 10.
  • a node 125 of the voltage divider 122 is located between the resistors 123, 124.
  • a capacitor 126 and a Zener diode 127 are connected in parallel to the eighth resistor 124.
  • the Zener diode 127 and the capacitor 126 serve to protect the input 112 and ensure voltage the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
  • the node 125 of the voltage divider is connected to the input 112 of the control unit 110. Therefore, there is an input signal at the input 112 in the form of a potential that is lower than the capacitor potential of the respective supercapacitor 12.
  • the resistors 123, 124 of the voltage divider 122 are adapted to the maximum capacitor potential of the respective supercapacitor 12 in such a way that at the input 112 maximum 5 V is present.
  • the control unit 110 receives an input signal at each input 112 as described. Since the resistance values of the resistors 123, 124 of the respective voltage divider 122 are known, the respective capacitor potential and, due to the series connection, the capacitor voltage of the respective supercapacitor 12 can be determined from the input signal. If the capacitor voltages of the two supercapacitors 12 differ from one another, the control unit 110 can prevent further charging of the supercapacitor 12 with the higher capacitor voltage. For this purpose, the bypass circuit 30 of the affected supercapacitor 12 is put into the active state. First, the light-emitting diode 94 is activated by the control unit 110, whereupon it switches the phototransistor 98 on. This closes the switch 100.
  • bypass transistors 42 The base of the bypass transistors 42 is consequently pulled to the potential of the cathode, whereby the bypass transistors 42 and also the display transistor 52 are switched on, i.e. become conductive. This puts the bypass circuit 30 into the active state. After switching the bypass transistors 42, part of the charging current flows past the supercapacitor 12 through the bypass transistor 42 and in this way no longer charges the supercapacitor 12.
  • the bypass circuits 30 each also include a fuse 32, which is arranged between the positive pole 17 of the respective supercapacitor 12 and the bypass circuit 30.
  • the fuses 32 interrupt the current flow between supercapacitors 12 and bypass circuit 30 in the event of an extreme overvoltage. If a fuse 32 is interrupted, the control unit 110 can recognize this as an error based on the input signals at its inputs 112. In the event of such an error, the control unit 110 can, for example, interrupt the charging process altogether, for example by switching a relay, not shown here, and thus interrupting the connection between the circuit arrangement 10 and a voltage source.
  • FIG. 2 shows the circuit diagram of an electrical energy storage 200.
  • the energy storage 200 comprises two circuit arrangements 10, which are constructed as shown in Figure 1 and are arranged in a housing, not shown.
  • the supercapacitors 12 of the two circuit arrangements 10 are all connected in series and connected on the one hand to an anode connection 14 and on the other hand to a cathode connection 16.
  • a power source can be connected again to the anode connection 14 and the cathode connection 16.
  • a bypass circuit 30 is connected in parallel to each supercapacitor 12.
  • Each circuit arrangement 10 has its own control unit 110.
  • Each control unit 110 is assigned two supercapacitors 12 and associated bypass circuits 30.
  • Each bypass circuit 30 is connected to the respective control unit 110 via two connections, with one connection being connected to an input 112 of the control unit 110 and the other connection being connected to an output 114 of the control unit 110, as in FIG.
  • the control units 110 are connected to one another via a light guide 117 with galvanic isolation. In this way, the control units 110 can exchange information, for example about the charging states of the individual supercapacitors 12.
  • the energy storage 200 further comprises a communication unit 210.
  • the communication unit 210 has several interfaces (not shown) by means of which communication with the communication unit 210 can be carried out from outside the energy storage 200.
  • the control units 110 are each connected to the communication unit 210 via a light guide 212, 214 with galvanic isolation.
  • the energy storage 200 further includes a display 220 that is connected to the communication unit 210.
  • information that the communication unit 210 receives from the control units 110 can be displayed on the display 220.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

Un agencement de circuit (10) comprend un supercondensateur (12) et, connecté en parallèle au supercondensateur (12), un circuit de dérivation (30) qui empêche ou limite la charge du supercondensateur (12) lorsqu'il est activé. L'agencement est également pourvu d'un commutateur (100) qui est commandé par une unité de commande (110) et au moyen duquel le circuit de dérivation (30) peut être transféré à l'état activé.
PCT/EP2023/054790 2022-05-03 2023-02-27 Agencement de circuit WO2023213459A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102022110861.9A DE102022110861B3 (de) 2022-05-03 2022-05-03 Schaltungsanordnung, elektrischer Energiespeicher, Verwendung einer Schaltungsanordnung und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Schaltungsanordnung
DE102022110861.9 2022-05-03

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WO2023213459A1 true WO2023213459A1 (fr) 2023-11-09

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1274105B1 (fr) 2001-06-18 2005-10-05 Saft Finance S.à.r.l. Procédé et dispositif d'équilibrage de supercapacité
DE60023772T2 (de) 1999-03-09 2006-08-03 Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Vorrichtung mit mehreren elektrischen Doppelschichtkondensatoren und Verfahren zur Einstellung der Kondensatorspannungen
US20120074905A1 (en) * 2010-09-27 2012-03-29 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Device and method for stabilizing voltage of energy storage
WO2018237320A1 (fr) 2017-06-22 2018-12-27 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Système et procédé de charge et d'équilibrage de supracondensateur
US20190267816A1 (en) * 2016-11-18 2019-08-29 Blue Solutions Local analogue equilibrating system for a set of devices for storing electrical power via a capacitive effect, electrical installation, transport vehicle and rechargeable storage module comprising such a system
US20200044459A1 (en) 2017-04-17 2020-02-06 Lg Chem, Ltd. Apparatus and Method for Preventing Overcharge

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011053013A1 (de) 2011-08-26 2013-02-28 Refusol Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Symmetrierung der Spannungsaufteilung von in Reihe geschalteten Energiespeichern

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE60023772T2 (de) 1999-03-09 2006-08-03 Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Vorrichtung mit mehreren elektrischen Doppelschichtkondensatoren und Verfahren zur Einstellung der Kondensatorspannungen
EP1274105B1 (fr) 2001-06-18 2005-10-05 Saft Finance S.à.r.l. Procédé et dispositif d'équilibrage de supercapacité
US20120074905A1 (en) * 2010-09-27 2012-03-29 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Device and method for stabilizing voltage of energy storage
US20190267816A1 (en) * 2016-11-18 2019-08-29 Blue Solutions Local analogue equilibrating system for a set of devices for storing electrical power via a capacitive effect, electrical installation, transport vehicle and rechargeable storage module comprising such a system
US20200044459A1 (en) 2017-04-17 2020-02-06 Lg Chem, Ltd. Apparatus and Method for Preventing Overcharge
WO2018237320A1 (fr) 2017-06-22 2018-12-27 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Système et procédé de charge et d'équilibrage de supracondensateur

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