WO2023206606A1

WO2023206606A1 - Mural test block and preparation method therefor

Info

Publication number: WO2023206606A1
Application number: PCT/CN2022/092083
Authority: WO
Inventors: 汪万福; 牛贺强; 付有旭; 陈章; 李菱志; 詹鸿涛
Original assignee: 敦煌研究院
Priority date: 2022-04-27
Filing date: 2022-05-10
Publication date: 2023-11-02
Also published as: CN115008575A

Abstract

The present invention discloses a mural test block and a preparation method therefor, which relate to the field of ancient mural research. The preparation method comprises the following steps: selecting and pretreating clay, sand and plant fibers in the location of a mural (S1); preparing a plaster layer (10) by using the pretreated clay, sand and plant fibers (S2); preparing a ground layer (20) on the plaster layer (10) (S3); and drawing a painting layer (30) on the ground layer (20) (S4). The prepared mural test block can be used for research on the protection of ancient murals.

Description

A mural test block and its preparation method

Technical field

The invention relates to the field of ancient mural research, and in particular to a mural test block and a preparation method thereof.

Background technique

Murals are one of the most precious components of cultural heritage and have important protection and research value. Ancient Chinese murals are generally distinguished by the location where they were painted, including grotto murals, temple murals, tomb murals, etc. Among them, temple murals are painted on the walls of Buddhist temples and Taoist temples, and their contents generally include Buddhist and Taoist statues and stories. Many famous painters in ancient times, such as Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Wu Daozi of the Tang Dynasty, etc., all painted temple murals. The Yuan Dynasty Taoist murals at Yongle Palace in Ruicheng, Shanxi, the Yuan Dynasty Buddhist murals at Xinghua Temple in Jishan, Shanxi, and the Ming Dynasty Buddhist murals at Fahai Temple in the western suburbs of Beijing are all masterpieces of ancient murals and are relatively well preserved.

Ancient murals generally have a history of hundreds or even thousands of years. Due to the changes in the nature of the materials used to make the murals and the combined effects of environmental and human factors, ancient murals have long suffered from a variety of diseases such as crispness, cracking, hollowing, etc. Not only does the value of cultural relics suffer, but murals with serious hollowing disease are in danger of falling off in large areas at any time, seriously threatening their permanent inheritance. It is urgent to carry out scientific protection research on murals. In view of the preciousness and non-renewability of cultural relics, conducting various experimental studies directly on the cultural relics itself is basically denied. Even a small amount of sampling of the cultural relics is subject to strict restrictions, and most of them promote the use of non-destructive technology. Therefore, when cultural relics conservation workers carry out research on the characteristics of cultural relics production materials, disease mechanisms, repair materials and repair process screening, they need to conduct research on simulated test blocks of ancient murals to meet the needs of scientific research.

Contents of the invention

In view of the above shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a mural test block and a preparation method thereof to conduct research and protection work on the mural test block.

In order to achieve the above objects and other related objects, the present invention provides a method for preparing a mural test block. The preparation method includes the following steps: selecting clay, sand and plant fibers where the mural is located, and preprocessing them; using pretreatment A ground layer is prepared from the final clay, sand and plant fiber; a background layer is prepared on the ground layer; and a painting layer is drawn on the ground layer.

In an example of the present invention, the pretreatment includes clay desalination treatment, sand impurity removal treatment, and plant fiber treatment. The clay desalination treatment includes first screening clay with a particle size of 0.001 to 0.005 mm, and using deionized water to The clay is repeatedly stirred and cleaned. After the clay is completely precipitated, the surface liquid is poured out, repeated 3 to 4 times, and dried in the sun for later use; the sand impurity removal treatment is to use a sieve to screen fine sand with a particle size of 0.25 to 0.5 mm; For plant fiber treatment, first cut the plant fibers into small sections, soak them in deionized water for 18 to 24 hours, and then dry them in the shade for later use.

In one example of the present invention, preparing the ground layer includes: using pretreated clay, sand, and plant fibers to prepare the coarse mud and fine mud required for the ground layer; preparing corresponding molds based on the mural test blocks; and placing the prepared The coarse mud is filled in the mold until the height of the coarse mud layer reaches the required size of the mural test block; when the coarse mud layer is dried to 40-60%, the fine mud is filled into the mold until the thickness is fine. The height of the mud layer reaches the required size of the mural test block.

In an example of the present invention, preparing coarse mud and fine mud includes the following steps: mix and stir the pretreated clay and sand according to a mass ratio of 55: (45-50); mix the mixed sand and plant fiber according to a mass ratio of The layers are evenly spread and stacked in a cross-layer manner, and the mass of the plant fibers accounts for 3 to 5% of the total mass of the clay and the sand; the mixed sand and plant fibers are stacked into a cone, and holes are dug at the top and Inject part of the deionized water into the interior, stir quickly and evenly, then pour the remaining deionized water into the mixture and stir to fully integrate the materials. The ratio of the total mass of the deionized water to the total mass of the sand and plant fiber is 0.2~0.3; cover the above mixed materials with plastic film and simmer for 6~12 hours, stir evenly again and set aside.

In an example of the present invention, the plant fibers in the coarse mud are selected from coarse fiber materials, and the plant fibers in the fine mud are selected from fine fiber materials; wherein, the coarse fiber materials include one of wheat straw and straw. or more; the fine fiber materials include one or more of cotton, fine linen, wool, and paper fibers.

In one example of the present invention, the ratio of the height of the coarse mud layer to the total height of the mural test block is (5-6):10. After the filling of the coarse mud layer is completed, its upper surface is processed into a ravine shape.

In one example of the present invention, the ratio of the height of the fine mud layer to the total height of the mural test block is (2-3):10. When the surface of the fine mud layer is dried to 30-50%, the surface is repaired and smoothed. .

In an example of the present invention, when preparing the background color layer, the background color layer material is first ground into powder, and deionized water is added to the background color layer material and stirred evenly, where the mass of the deionized water is the mass of the background color layer. 25-30% of the mass of the layer material; after the fine mud layer is completely dry, apply the background color layer material on the fine mud layer.

In an example of the present invention, the base color layer material is selected from any one of slaked lime, gypsum, and kaolin.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a mural test block, which is prepared using the above preparation method.

The invention provides a method for preparing a mural test block. First, the clay, sand, plant fiber and other materials from the location of the ancient mural are used to prepare the ground layer of the mural test block. After it is completely dry, a background layer and a painting layer are made on it; Among them, the clay is selected from precipitated clay with smaller particle size, which is beneficial to improving the adhesion of the test block. Fine sand with appropriate particle size is selected and impurities in the sand are removed to reduce the shrinkage of the test block and enhance the air permeability. Clay, sand and plant fibers are fully mixed in a specific proportion to make the ground layer durable and non-deformable; the base color layer is set on the ground layer to set off the theme color of the painting layer. The mural test blocks prepared by the preparation method of the present invention can be used to study ancient murals and reduce damage to cultural relics.

Description of the drawings

In order to explain the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art more clearly, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only These are some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without exerting creative efforts.

Figure 1 is a flow chart of the preparation method of the mural test block of the present invention;

Figure 2 is a flow chart for preparing the ground layer in step S2 in Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a mural test block of the present invention in one embodiment;

Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a mural test block in another embodiment of the present invention.

Component label description

10. Ground layer; 11. Coarse mud layer; 12. Fine mud layer; 20. Base color layer; 30. Painting layer.

Detailed ways

The following describes the embodiments of the present invention through specific examples. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. The present invention can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments. Various details in this specification can also be modified or changed in various ways based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It should be noted that, as long as there is no conflict, the following embodiments and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other. It should also be understood that the terminology used in the embodiments of the present invention is for describing specific embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Test methods without specifying specific conditions in the following examples usually follow conventional conditions or conditions recommended by each manufacturer.

It should be noted that terms such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "middle" and "one" cited in this specification are only for convenience of description and are not used to limit the scope of this specification. The scope of the invention that can be implemented, and changes or adjustments in their relative relationships, as long as there is no substantial change in the technical content, shall also be regarded as the scope of the invention that can be implemented.

Please refer to Figures 1 to 3. The present invention provides a method for preparing a mural test block, which method at least includes the following steps:

S1. Select the clay, sand and plant fibers where the mural is located and preprocess them;

S2. Use the pretreated clay, sand and plant fiber to prepare the ground layer 10;

S3. Prepare the background layer 20 on the ground layer 10;

S4. Draw the painting layer 30 on the base color layer 20.

Please refer to Figure 1. The pre-treatment in step S1 includes: clay desalination treatment, sand impurity removal treatment and plant fiber soaking treatment. Among them, the clay desalination treatment includes: selecting clay with good viscosity where the mural is located, such as using a sieve to screen the particle size. For clay of 0.001 to 0.005mm, place the screened clay into a container, add deionized water to the container and stir repeatedly to form a mud soup. After the soil in the container has completely settled, pour away the liquid on the surface; Then add deionized water and stir repeatedly, repeat 3 to 4 times; pour out the cleaned clay, dry it in natural light and set aside. In order to clean the clay more thoroughly, when cleaning the clay, the clay filling ratio should not exceed 1/3 of the container volume. At this time, sufficient deionized water can be added to the container. The salt in the local clay can be discharged through repeated cleaning. Reduce the salt content in clay soil. For example, the clay can be selected from the upper reaches of the river or brought to the relatively low-lying areas downstream after flash floods, and the sedimentation clay has a smaller particle size, that is, Chengban soil. The particle size of the clay can be 0.001mm, 0.003mm, 0.005mm, etc. The particle size of the clay can affect the bonding strength of the mural test block. Choosing clay within the above range can achieve better bonding strength.

The sand can be aeolian sand or riverbed sand. Large impurities in the sand need to be removed. For example, a sieve can be used to screen sand with a particle size of 0.25~0.5mm, for example, 0.25mm, 0.35mm, 0.5mm, etc. In this particle size The sand within the range can reduce the shrinkage of the mural test block and enhance the breathability.

Please refer to Figure 3. The ground layer 10 includes a coarse mud layer 11 and a fine mud layer 12. Therefore, the plant fibers include coarse fiber materials used in the coarse mud layer and fine fiber materials used in the fine mud layer. The coarse fiber materials include wheat straw, One or more types of straw, and fine fiber materials include one or more types of cotton, fine linen, wool, and paper fibers. First cut the plant fibers into small segments, for example, cut the coarse fiber material in the coarse mud layer into 1cm long segments, and cut the fine fiber material in the fine mud layer into 0.5~1cm long segments; then soak it in deionized water for 18~ Dry it in the shade after 24 hours. For example, you can soak it for 18 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours, etc. The fine fibers such as hemp leather in the fine mud layer need to be broken up by hand, and wicker is used to beat out the fine hair until it looks like cotton before use.

Please refer to Figure 1 to Figure 3. Step S2 of preparing the ground layer includes:

S21. Use the pretreated clay, sand, and plant fibers to prepare the coarse mud and fine mud required for the ground layer 10;

S22. Prepare the corresponding mold according to the mural test block;

S23. Fill the prepared coarse mud into the mold until the height of the coarse mud layer 11 reaches the required size of the mural test block;

S24. When the coarse mud layer 11 is dried to 40-60%, fill the prepared fine mud into the mold until the height of the fine mud layer 12 reaches the required size of the mural test block.

Specifically, step S21, the specific steps for preparing coarse mud and fine mud are as follows: first, mix the pretreated clay and sand according to a mass ratio of 55: (45-50) and stir evenly. For example, the mass ratio of clay to sand is 55 :45, 55:48, 55:50, etc.; evenly spread and stack the mixed sand and plant fibers in a multi-layer alternating manner, where the mass of plant fibers is 3 to 5% of the total mass of the sand; then mix The final sand and plant fibers are stacked and repaired into a cone, and then the top of the cone is dug downward to form a reservoir. Pour 2/3 of the deionized water into the reservoir and use tools. After mixing quickly and evenly with a shovel, shovel, etc., pour in the remaining deionized water and mix for 2 to 3 times to fully integrate the materials. Among them, the total mass of deionized water, clay, sand, and plant fiber is The ratio is 0.2 to 0.3; then cover the soil layer with plastic film and simmer for 6 to 12 hours, then stir again to make the plant fibers evenly distributed before use. It should be noted that when preparing coarse mud, plant fibers are selected from crude fiber materials. Crude fiber materials include wheat straw, straw, etc., and the mass of crude fiber materials can be 3%, 4%, 5%, etc. of the total mass of sand soil; Preparation When making fine mud, plant fibers are selected from fine fiber materials. Fine fiber materials include cotton, fine linen, wool, paper tendons, etc. The mass of fine fiber materials can be 3%, 4%, 5%, etc. of the total mass of sand. Due to the fine Fibers are easy to knot during the mixing process, so tools need to be used to mud the mud in layers again, and the thickness of the mud each time should not be higher than 0.3mm.

Step S22: Prepare several molds according to the shape and size of the mural test block. The mold can be made of glass, wood, plastic and other materials. The shape of the mold can be any shape, which can be selected according to the shape of the required test block. For example, it can be selected as a cylindrical structure, a cube structure, etc.

Step S23: Fill the prepared coarse mud into the mold until the height of the coarse mud layer reaches the required height of the mural test block. For example, the ratio of the height of the coarse mud layer to the total height of the mural test block is (5-6) :10. When filling the coarse mud layer, it should be filled in small amounts and multiple times, and the bottom should be compacted to ensure that there are no air bubbles. The upper surface of the coarse mud layer is processed into an irregular ravine shape and the surface is rough, which increases the surface roughness and contact area and is conducive to firm bonding with the fine mud layer.

Step S24: When the coarse mud layer is 40-60% dry, fill the prepared fine mud above the coarse mud layer in the mold until the height of the fine mud layer reaches the required height of the mural test block, for example, the height of the fine mud layer. The ratio to the total height of the mural test block is (2~3):10. When filling the fine mud layer, it should be filled in small amounts and multiple times, and each filling should be compacted as much as possible to ensure that there are no air bubbles between the fine mud layer and the coarse mud layer. When the surface of the fine mud layer is dry to 30-50%, use a wooden repair knife to level the surface to ensure that the surface of the fine mud layer is flat but not smooth, so that the background color is easy to hang. Preferably, before preparing the fine mud layer, the surface of the coarse mud layer is sprayed with water to humidify it to improve the adhesion between the coarse mud layer and the fine mud layer.

Please refer to Figures 1 and 3, step S3, when preparing the background color layer 20 on the ground layer 10, first grind the background color layer material into powder, then add deionized water to dilute and mix evenly, and then apply it on the fine mud layer. Among them, the background color layer material can be selected from slaked lime, gypsum or kaolin, etc. The amount of deionized water added is 25-30% of the mass of the background color layer material. For example, the mass of deionized water can be 25% of the mass of the background color layer material. , 28% or 30%, etc. The setting of the background color layer can set off the theme color of the mural painting layer.

Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3. Step S4 is to draw the painting layer on the base color layer. After the base color layer is dry and solidified, draw according to the pattern of the real mural. The colors of the painting layer usually include red, blue, green, yellow, orange, etc. The pigments used include cinnabar, azurite, lime green, orpiment, ocher powder, etc. The gelatin solution is used to prepare the pigment, where the mass fraction of gelatin is 3~6%. Using gelatin solution to prepare pigments can fix the color and make the color of the painting layer of the test block longer lasting.

Please refer to Figures 3 and 4. On the other hand, the present invention also provides a mural test block. The mural is prepared using the above preparation method and can be used for scientific research or exhibition needs. The mural test block includes a ground layer 10, a background layer 20 and a painting layer 30 arranged in sequence, wherein the ground layer 10 includes a coarse mud layer 11 and a fine mud layer 12. As the support system of the mural, the ground layer 10 is made of materials from the actual location of the mural. It has a smooth surface, stable structure, easy availability of materials, good durability, and no deformation; the background layer 20 is arranged above the ground layer 10 It can be used as the basis of the painting layer to highlight the theme color of the painting layer; the painting layer 30 is drawn according to the pattern of the real mural, and the effect is realistic.

The height of each layer in the mural test block can be selected according to the specific situation. For example, the ratio of the height of the coarse mud layer 11 to the total height of the mural test block is (5~6):10, and the height of the fine mud layer 12 to the total height of the mural test block. The ratio of the total height is (2~3):10, and the balance is the background color layer and the painting layer; preferably, the height of the coarse mud layer 11 is 6/10 of the total height of the mural test block, and the height of the fine mud layer 12 It is 3/10 of the total height of the mural test block, and the height of the base color layer 20 and the painting layer 30 is 1/10 of the total height of the mural test block.

The shape and size of the mural test block can be customized according to needs and is not limited here. In one embodiment, the mural test block can be a cylindrical structure, the diameter of the cylinder is 100mm, 120mm, 150mm, 180mm, 200mm, etc., and the height is 100mm; the mural test block can also be a cube structure, the sides of the cube structure The length can be 100mm, 130mm, 250mm, etc.

The invention uses materials from the location of ancient murals and arranges them in a certain proportion, so that the material, structural technology, etc. of the mural test blocks are close to the ancient murals, ensuring the authenticity of the test block murals, and can be used for scientific research without damaging the real murals. On the basis of this, it accurately reflects various researches on the disease characteristics and formation mechanism of murals. Therefore, the present invention effectively overcomes some practical problems in the prior art and has high utilization value and usage significance.

The above embodiments only illustrate the principles and effects of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the present invention. Anyone familiar with this technology can modify or change the above embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, all equivalent modifications or changes made by those with ordinary knowledge in the technical field without departing from the spirit and technical ideas disclosed in the present invention shall still be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

A method for preparing mural test blocks, which is characterized in that it at least includes the following steps:

Select the clay, sand and plant fibers from where the mural is located and pre-process them;

Use pretreated clay, sand and plant fiber to prepare the ground layer;

Prepare a background layer on the ground layer;

Draw a paint layer on top of the base color layer.
The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that the pretreatment includes:

Clay desalination treatment: Screen clay with a particle size of 0.001 to 0.005 mm, use deionized water to stir and clean the screened clay repeatedly. After the clay is completely precipitated, pour off the surface liquid, repeat 3 to 4 times, and dry in the sun for later use;

Sand impurity removal treatment: screening fine sand with a particle size of 0.25~0.5mm;

Plant fiber treatment: Cut the plant fiber into small sections, soak in deionized water for 18 to 24 hours, and then dry in the shade for later use.
The preparation method according to claim 2, characterized in that preparing the ground layer includes:

Use pretreated clay, sand, and plant fibers to prepare the coarse mud and fine mud required for the ground layer;

Prepare the corresponding mold according to the mural test block;

Fill the prepared coarse mud into the mold until the height of the coarse mud layer reaches the required size of the mural test block;

When the coarse mud layer is dried to 40-60%, the fine mud is filled into the mold until the height of the fine mud layer reaches the size required for the mural test block.
The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that preparing coarse mud and fine mud includes the following steps:

Mix the pretreated clay and sand at a mass ratio of 55: (45-50) and stir evenly;

The mixed sand and plant fibers are evenly spread and laminated in a multi-layered manner, and the mass of the plant fibers accounts for 3 to 5% of the total mass of the clay and the sand;

Stack the mixed sand and plant fibers into a cone, dig a hole at the top and inject part of the deionized water inside. After stirring evenly, pour the remaining deionized water into the mix and stir to fully integrate the materials. The ratio of the total mass of the deionized water to the total mass of the sand and plant fiber is 0.2 to 0.3;

Cover the above mixed materials with plastic film and simmer for 6 to 12 hours. Stir evenly again and set aside.
The preparation method according to claim 4, characterized in that the plant fibers in the coarse mud are selected from coarse fiber materials, and the plant fibers in the fine mud are selected from fine fiber materials; wherein the coarse fiber materials include One or more of wheat straw and straw; the fine fiber material includes one or more of cotton, fine linen, wool, and paper tendon.
The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that the ratio of the height of the coarse mud layer to the total height of the mural test block is (5-6):10, and the surface of the coarse mud layer is treated after filling. Into a ravine shape.
The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that the ratio of the height of the fine mud layer to the total height of the mural test block is (2-3):10, and the surface of the fine mud layer is dried to 30-50% When necessary, repair and smooth the surface.
The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that when preparing the background color layer, first grind the background color layer material into powder, add deionized water to dilute and stir evenly, and after the fine mud layer is completely dry, The base color layer material is painted on the fine mud layer, wherein the mass of deionized water is 25-30% of the mass of the base color layer material.
The preparation method according to claim 8, characterized in that the base color layer material is selected from any one of slaked lime, gypsum and kaolin.
A mural test block is characterized in that it is prepared by the preparation method described in any one of claims 1 to 9.