WO2023203366A1 - Procédé de gestion de batteries pour systèmes de propulsion électrique - Google Patents

Procédé de gestion de batteries pour systèmes de propulsion électrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023203366A1
WO2023203366A1 PCT/IB2022/053761 IB2022053761W WO2023203366A1 WO 2023203366 A1 WO2023203366 A1 WO 2023203366A1 IB 2022053761 W IB2022053761 W IB 2022053761W WO 2023203366 A1 WO2023203366 A1 WO 2023203366A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
battery
cells
data set
battery pack
management system
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2022/053761
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Giovanni Cipolla
Carmelo LI VELI
Original Assignee
Daca-I Powertrain Engineering S.R.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Daca-I Powertrain Engineering S.R.L. filed Critical Daca-I Powertrain Engineering S.R.L.
Priority to PCT/IB2022/053761 priority Critical patent/WO2023203366A1/fr
Publication of WO2023203366A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023203366A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4278—Systems for data transfer from batteries, e.g. transfer of battery parameters to a controller, data transferred between battery controller and main controller
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the management of batteries (module, or single battery, or a battery pack), for electric or partially electric propulsion systems, for example, electric traction vehicles.
  • batteries module, or single battery, or a battery pack
  • electric or partially electric propulsion systems for example, electric traction vehicles.
  • electric vehicles for the sake of convenience, but it is understood that the invention is applicable to any system that uses electric propulsion even in partial mode: for example, land, marine, aircraft, industrial vehicles, hybrid vehicles, human-driven or self-driving vehicles.
  • electric propulsion systems for example electric motor vehicles, generally use a lithium-ion battery pack which is first formed by assembling a single module 20 consisting of elementary cells 10, with electrical interconnection in series and / or in parallel; then, one or more modules are installed in a framed structure of the battery 30, whose shape and internal layout are adapted to the vehicle body.
  • This assembly constitutes a single battery; finally, a plurality of batteries are installed on board the vehicle, such batteries forming the battery pack 40.
  • the latter will also be equipped with an adequate thermal management system (TMS) and battery management system (BMS) from an electrical I electronic point of view.
  • TMS thermal management system
  • BMS battery management system
  • the Battery Management System (BMS) is a part of the energy management system, fast acting, much more complex and must interface with other on-board systems such as engine management, climate control, communications and systems safety.
  • One of the main tasks of the battery management system is to ensure that the cells are properly balanced. If the cells are unbalanced at the beginning or end of a charge / discharge cycle, the cells themselves will position themselves in ranges outside their operating voltage window, which will rapidly degrade the cell and reduce the functionality and performance of the module as a whole. This can also increase the chances of the battery failing. For this reason, it is necessary that individual cell voltage monitoring be performed and that the appropriate circuitry and logic exist at the module level to keep the cells within their voltage window while they are charged and discharged.
  • lithium-ion batteries use a lithium compound on the cathode and graphite or lithium titanate on the anode. These batteries have a high energy density, poor memory effect and low selfdischarge. At the same time, however, they can pose a safety hazard as they contain a flammable electrolyte and can cause explosions and fires if damaged or incorrectly charged.
  • lithium-ion cells also have specified temperature windows and maximum charge and discharge current limits.
  • the battery management system calculates the maximum charge and discharge current that a module can withstand and has adequate circuits to protect against currents above these limits.
  • the battery management system also monitors module temperature, while more advanced battery management systems measure the temperature of individual cells.
  • the modules, batteries and battery packs also present a further problem of performance loss (with the same nominal characteristics) due to the design of the module connectors and the thermal management of the system.
  • BMS Battery Management System
  • the present invention defines a method of managing a battery or a battery pack of electric or partially electric propulsion systems, for example electric traction vehicles, which makes use of: - a "smart" battery management system equipped with a physical model of the battery pack and appropriate control strategies,
  • the at least one "technical data set” includes an alphanumeric code readable by the BMS when any vehicle is turned on, which summarizes the peculiar characteristics of each cell, (in other words, its "identity card”) and also its sensitivity to temperature variations, which will affect its performance in the module and / or in the battery and / or in the battery pack due to the cell-cell thermal non-uniformity as well as that due to the type and layout of the thermal management system found at the battery pack and, moreover, the electrical deviation of the connectors between the different modules from the nominal reference value.
  • the method according to the present invention will comprise the steps of measuring the deviations of the characteristics from the nominal value of the individual lithium-ion cells, the modules and the entire battery pack; transferring the technical data set obtained from the battery (or from the battery pack); decoding the technical data set; and supplying the same to the battery management system.
  • the method includes the phase of using, by the battery management system, this technical data set to compensate for the variations between the different cells and / or between the different battery modules, in order to better manage, in terms of charge I discharge and duration, the individual cells, overcoming the criticalities of the module and / or the battery and / or the battery pack as a whole. Therefore, according to the present invention, a method is provided for the management of batteries that supply electric or partially electric propulsion systems, for example electric traction vehicles, having the characteristics set out in the independent claim, attached to the present description.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the assembly of a battery pack used to power electric traction vehicles
  • FIG. 2 is the same Figure 1 highlighting the macro-phases of the method of managing a battery or a battery pack, according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of the method of managing a battery or a battery pack.
  • the present invention will now be described according to a preferred embodiment.
  • Battery state of charge means its current capacity, related to the last charge-discharge cycle.
  • Battery state of health is a "measure” that reflects the general condition of a battery and its ability to deliver specified performance compared to a new battery; in fact, during the life of a battery, its performance tends to gradually deteriorate due to irreversible physical and chemical changes that occur with use and with age until the battery is no longer usable.
  • Li-ion batteries State of charge and state of health of Li-ion batteries are affected by several factors, such as cell materials, module and battery pack design, usable capacity, charge-discharge rate, hysteresis, temperature and rate of discharge, self-discharge, aging.
  • Each single cell contributes to the determination of these parameters and, therefore, the "deep" knowledge of the single cell of a module and / or of a battery and / or of a battery pack becomes strategic for the optimal functioning of the entire battery pack.
  • the management method of batteries that power electric or partially electric propulsion systems comprises the following macro-phases (see Figure 2):
  • the characterization at the end of the line (EoL) of the lithium-ion cells allows a more refined and motivated selection by production classes; in this way the percentage of waste and I or initial use of the cells in "minor” applications is reduced and, above all and consequently, the cost of batteries for automotive use is significantly reduced.
  • the method makes use of:
  • BMS battery management system
  • the at least one "technical data set” includes an alphanumeric code readable by the battery pack control system (BMS) when the vehicle is switched on, which summarizes the electrochemical non-uniformity between the cells 10, as well as that due to the type and layout of the thermal management system found at the level of the battery pack 40 and, moreover, the electrical deviation of the connectors between the different modules from the nominal reference value.
  • BMS battery pack control system
  • the macro-phase S100 (characterizing the cells at the end of the production line and coding the cells according to the performed characterization") can be divided into the following phases:
  • the macro-phase S200 (“managing, by means of the battery management system (BMS) and the battery thermal management system (BTM), the hardware and software relating to modules 20 and/or batteries 30 and/or to the battery pack 40") can be declined in the following phases: - S210 decoding the technical data set by the battery management system (BMS),
  • the ECM can be used as a CAE tool to perform a parametric analysis of the battery robustness project, in the event of the presence of a few unhealthy cells;
  • the ECM can be used as a control strategy, to be implemented in the BMS for a better prediction of the battery health status (the relevant parameters of each single cell are the current and voltage ratios between all cells).
  • these methodologies are based on battery modules assembled with cells having small dispersion of performance (i.e. selected in very narrow degrees) and such methodologies detect a limited number of parameters (i.e. only current and voltage, roughly related to the real performance of the cells).
  • the advantages mentioned above are achievable because the BMS collect, from the beginning, the individual performances of each cell, and also their thermal non-uniformity in operation inside the battery pack, and therefore can manage, with the appropriate strategy indicated above, the charge phase and the discharge phase of the individual cells with an "a priori" cell balancing approach.
  • the technical data set is presented in the form of an alphanumeric data set which can be condensed into a linearly developed barcode or a two-dimensional symbology code or other appropriate coding, for example the "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).
  • RFID Radio Frequency Identification
  • the alphanumeric data set can be applied to the single cell at the end of the production line; moreover, to take into account the nonuniformity of the connectors and the thermal state of the individual cells, due to the layout of the battery 30, the same will be equipped with a further alphanumeric code.
  • These alphanumeric codes will be created using any methodology, for example by imprinting the code on a special plate for laser marking.
  • the alphanumeric data set could also be stored in the electronics of the battery pack 40.
  • the alphanumeric data set could also be stored in the identification and diagnosis control unit, already existing on the battery pack, and automatically read by the Battery Management System (BMS) upon connection.
  • BMS Battery Management System
  • the decoding phase can also be carried out using known methods.
  • a scanner or an RFID tag reader can be used to read the technical data set.
  • the alphanumeric data set were stored in the battery pack identification and diagnosis control unit, it would be automatically read by the battery management system (BMS) at the instant of connection.
  • BMS battery management system
  • the algorithm implemented in the battery management system is able to estimate the "initial" factory value (end-of-line test), the values of which will then be modified during operation, based on the SOH, through the adaptive self-learning algorithm.
  • the results processed by the method can also be sent to the vehicle displays using the "CAN-bus", or the "Controller Area Network”, a serial standard for buses, used to connect various electronic control units.
  • the algorithm is used to record past history for maintenance purposes or to predict vehicle mileage: the remaining range, based on recent driving or usage patterns, is calculated based on the current state of charge, corrected by the current health status and consumed energy.
  • the input data for the BMS algorithm comprise an alphanumeric data set, for example an alphanumeric string, which characterize each sample of the complete battery pack 40 (or of the single battery 30, if applicable) and its individual modules 20.
  • the alphanumeric string contains at least the following parameters:
  • the standard AC impedance response which may be available from the conventional screening test performed by the cell manufacturer to ascertain the quality requirements for various components
  • the temperature of the single cell 10 under specified conditions which could be available from a further end-of-line test and is correlated to the thermal management circuits and the position of the individual 10 cells within the layout of the battery pack 40.
  • BMS battery management system
  • the advantages that the proposed methodology presents are various and all contribute to improving the management of electric-powered vehicles.
  • a more reliable estimate of the vehicle autonomy will be possible, thanks to a better determination of the configurational and structural characteristics of the individual cells, as well as their deviation (when "new") from the nominal reference values, for which the management system battery (BMS) can proceed in a faster, more effective and more efficient way, in defining state of charge, state of health, etc., in operation during the life of the battery pack; a longer duration of the battery 30 or the battery pack 40, thanks to the targeted control of the charge/discharge of the individual cells 10; lower energy consumption due to the elimination of cell leveling; a more robust limp-home guarantee due to the ability to detect and bypass weaker cells, but not a complete module.
  • BMS management system battery

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé de gestion de batteries (30) ou d'un bloc-batterie (40) comprenant au moins un module (20) doté d'une pluralité de cellules lithium-ion (10) qui alimentent des systèmes de propulsion électrique ou partiellement électrique, le procédé comprenant les macro-phases suivantes consistant : - à caractériser les cellules (10) à la fin de la ligne de production et coder les cellules selon la caractérisation réalisée, - à gérer, au moyen d'un système de gestion de batterie (BMS) et d'un système de gestion thermique de batterie (BTM), un matériel et un logiciel relatifs aux modules (20) et/ou aux batteries (30) et/ou au bloc-batterie (40).
PCT/IB2022/053761 2022-04-22 2022-04-22 Procédé de gestion de batteries pour systèmes de propulsion électrique WO2023203366A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IB2022/053761 WO2023203366A1 (fr) 2022-04-22 2022-04-22 Procédé de gestion de batteries pour systèmes de propulsion électrique

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IB2022/053761 WO2023203366A1 (fr) 2022-04-22 2022-04-22 Procédé de gestion de batteries pour systèmes de propulsion électrique

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012030455A2 (fr) * 2010-09-02 2012-03-08 Proterra Inc. Système et procédés permettant une gestion de batterie
WO2016012922A1 (fr) * 2014-07-25 2016-01-28 Lithium Balance A/S Spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique dans des systèmes de gestion de batteries
CN113612284A (zh) * 2021-08-10 2021-11-05 重庆峘能电动车科技有限公司 电池管理系统

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012030455A2 (fr) * 2010-09-02 2012-03-08 Proterra Inc. Système et procédés permettant une gestion de batterie
WO2016012922A1 (fr) * 2014-07-25 2016-01-28 Lithium Balance A/S Spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique dans des systèmes de gestion de batteries
CN113612284A (zh) * 2021-08-10 2021-11-05 重庆峘能电动车科技有限公司 电池管理系统

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