WO2023136359A1 - 波長選択スイッチ - Google Patents
波長選択スイッチ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023136359A1 WO2023136359A1 PCT/JP2023/001181 JP2023001181W WO2023136359A1 WO 2023136359 A1 WO2023136359 A1 WO 2023136359A1 JP 2023001181 W JP2023001181 W JP 2023001181W WO 2023136359 A1 WO2023136359 A1 WO 2023136359A1
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- liquid crystal
- diffraction element
- light
- refractive index
- wavelength
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to wavelength selective switches.
- optical communication has realized high-speed communication without slowing down the communication speed by sending light to the communication destination without converting the optical signal into an electrical signal.
- WDM Widelength Division Multiplexing
- WDM Widelength Division Multiplexing
- Fig. 1 shows the structure of a conventional wavelength selective switch.
- LCOS Liquid Crystal on Silicon
- a deflection element for controlling the deflection of incident light.
- the light input from the input port 10 passes through a polarization adjuster 11 such as polarization diversity, and is adjusted to a polarized wave that can control the phase of the LCOS 15 .
- the LCOS 15 can control the voltage of the slow axis developed by the birefringence of the liquid crystal, so that the phase of light having a polarized wave that coincides with the slow axis can be changed. Therefore, the polarization adjuster 11 is used to adjust the polarization of the incident light so that it matches the slow axis of the liquid crystal.
- Incident light that has been adjusted to an appropriate polarization is converted into parallel light through lens 12 and applied to dispersive element 13 .
- the light is demultiplexed by the dispersion element 13 and spreads in the wavelength dispersion direction.
- the spread light passes through the lens 14 and becomes split light parallel to the optical axis, and enters the LCOS 15 .
- the LCOS 15 provides, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, a phase difference that produces a desired deflection angle in the phase of incident light. As a result, the incident light is reflected at the desired deflection angle and output to the output port 16 along the dashed path in FIG.
- By adjusting the deflection angle of the LCOS 15 light of each wavelength can be switched to a desired output port among the plurality of output ports 16 .
- Patent Document 1 discloses that an element used for deflection control and an element used for intensity control are separated, and a reflective liquid crystal phase modulator is used for deflection control.
- a wavelength selective switch has been proposed that uses a transmissive liquid crystal element for control to prevent crosstalk (S/N to unconnected ports) from deteriorating during switching.
- an object of the present invention is to improve crosstalk and provide a compact wavelength selective switch.
- one or more input ports, one or more output ports, a polarization adjuster for adjusting the polarization state of light incident from the input port, and the wavelength incident from the input port It has a dispersive element for demultiplexing the multiplexed light and a deflection element for controlling the deflection of the demultiplexed light, and the dispersive element has an optical axis derived from a liquid crystal compound and the direction of the optic axis is along at least one in-plane direction.
- a wavelength selective switch characterized in that it is a liquid crystal diffraction element having a liquid crystal alignment pattern.
- the refractive index difference ⁇ n of the liquid crystal compound used in the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element, the film thickness d of the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element, and the wavelength ⁇ of the incident light satisfy the following formula (1), [ 3]. ⁇ /2 ⁇ /10 ⁇ n ⁇ d ⁇ /2+ ⁇ /10 (1)
- It has a first bonding layer provided between the liquid crystal diffraction element and the ⁇ /4 plate, and a second bonding layer provided between the ⁇ /4 plate and the light refracting member.
- the difference between the refractive index of the first bonding layer and the refractive index of the liquid crystal diffraction element is 0 to 0.1
- the refractive index of the first bonding layer and the refractive index of the ⁇ /4 plate is 0 to 0.1
- the difference between the refractive index of the second bonding layer and the refractive index of the ⁇ / 4 plate is 0 to 0.1
- the refractive index of the second bonding layer and the refractive index of the photorefractive member is 0 to 0.1.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a conventional wavelength selective switch.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of the wavelength selective switch 1 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of a liquid crystal diffraction element.
- FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a wavelength selective switch 2 according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a reflective liquid crystal diffraction element.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a reflective liquid crystal diffraction element provided with a light refraction member.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another example of a reflective liquid crystal diffraction element.
- ⁇ is a numerical value ⁇ ⁇ to a numerical value ⁇ ⁇
- the range of ⁇ is a range including the numerical values ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ ⁇ , and represented by mathematical symbols, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
- Angles such as “specified numerical angle,” “parallel,” “perpendicular,” and “perpendicular,” unless otherwise specified, include the generally accepted error ranges in the relevant technical fields.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of the wavelength selective switch 1 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- the wavelength selective switch 1 has one or more input ports 20, one or more output ports 26, a polarization adjuster 21 that adjusts the polarization state of light incident from the input port, and parallelizes the polarization-adjusted light.
- a lens 22 that converts into light, a transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 that demultiplexes the wavelength-multiplexed light (incident light Li) incident from the input port, and the demultiplexed light spread in the wavelength dispersion direction into parallel light. It has a lens 24 for conversion and a deflection element 25 for controlling the deflection of demultiplexed light.
- [Input port] Light containing a plurality of wavelength components (for example, signal light in wavelength multiplexing optical communication) is input to the input port 20 from outside the wavelength selective switch 1 .
- the number of input ports 20 may be increased or decreased as desired.
- the polarization adjuster 21 adjusts the polarization state of incident light to a polarization direction that is convenient for splitting or deflecting light when a dispersive element or a polarizing element (to be described later) has polarization dependence. It is an object. Polarization diversity is well known as a technique for this purpose. The present invention also uses polarization diversity for adjusting polarization.
- the dispersion element used in the present invention is preferably a liquid crystal diffraction element having a liquid crystal orientation pattern in which the direction of the optic axis derived from the liquid crystal compound changes while continuously rotating along at least one in-plane direction. . Since the liquid crystal diffraction element generates almost no high-order light when diffracted, it can suppress the occurrence of crosstalk due to high-order light compared to surface relief type or volume hologram type diffraction gratings that have been used as conventional dispersion elements. In this embodiment, a transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element will be described.
- the liquid crystal compound LC forming the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 has a liquid crystal alignment pattern in which the direction of the optical axis 30A changes while continuously rotating along the X direction in the in-plane direction.
- the optic axis 30A of the liquid crystal compound LC has a liquid crystal orientation pattern that changes while continuously rotating clockwise along the outline arrow. That the direction of the optical axis 30A of the liquid crystal compound LC changes while continuously rotating in the direction of the white arrow (predetermined one direction) specifically means that the liquid crystal compound LC is arranged along the direction of the white arrow.
- the angle formed between the optical axis 30A of the liquid crystal compound LC and the direction of the white arrow differs depending on the position of the direction of the white arrow. This means that the angle formed with the direction of .theta. changes sequentially from .theta.
- the direction of the optical axis 30A is oriented in the Y direction orthogonal to the X direction, that is, in the Y direction orthogonal to the one direction in which the optical axis 30A rotates continuously. equal.
- the angle between the optic axis 30A of the liquid crystal compound LC and the X direction is equal in the Y direction.
- the optical axis 30A of the liquid crystal compound LC changes in the X direction in which the optical axis 30A continuously rotates and changes in the plane.
- the length (distance) by which the axis 30A rotates 180 degrees is defined as the length ⁇ of one period of the liquid crystal alignment pattern. That is, let the length of one period ⁇ be the distance between the centers in the X direction of two liquid crystal compounds LC having the same angle with respect to the X direction. Specifically, as shown in FIG.
- the length of one period ⁇ be the center-to-center distance in the X direction between two liquid crystal compounds LC whose X direction and the direction of the optical axis 30A match.
- the liquid crystal orientation pattern of the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 repeats the length ⁇ of one period in one direction in which the direction of the optical axis 30A, that is, the X direction, rotates continuously.
- the transmission type liquid crystal diffraction element 23 can adjust the diffraction angle by changing the length ⁇ of one period of the liquid crystal alignment pattern. If the length ⁇ of one period is reduced, the diffraction angle is increased, so that the distance between the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 and the lens 24 can be reduced, and the size of the device can be reduced.
- the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 can be produced, for example, by the method described in International Publication No. 20/022513.
- the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 may contain a chiral agent and have a structure in which liquid crystal molecules are rotated in the Z direction in FIG. By rotating the liquid crystal molecules in the Z direction, effects of changing the diffraction angle and widening the wavelength range of diffracted light can be expected.
- the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 may be laminated with liquid crystal diffraction elements with different rotation directions in the X direction and the Z direction. Further, a retardation layer other than the liquid crystal diffraction element may be arranged on the surface or between the layers. As a result, the effect of increasing the diffraction efficiency and widening the diffraction angle can be expected.
- ⁇ /4 plates 27 and 28 are arranged on the entrance surface and the exit surface of the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23, respectively. Since the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 efficiently diffracts the circularly polarized light, the linearly polarized light emitted from the polarization adjuster 21 is converted into circularly polarized light by the ⁇ /4 plates 27 and 28 (see FIG. 2). Efficiency can be increased.
- the axial angle of the circularly polarizing plate may be appropriately adjusted according to the direction of circularly polarized light diffracted by the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 .
- the light emitted from the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 is circularly polarized light, and when an LCOS is used as the deflection element 25, it is necessary to enter linearly polarized light in a direction that matches the liquid crystal slow axis of the LCOS.
- the ⁇ /4 plate 28 By disposing the ⁇ /4 plate 28 on the output surface side of the diffraction element 23, the emitted circularly polarized light can be converted into linearly polarized light, and the light can be deflected by the LCOS.
- the polarization state at the time of emission is changed to the polarization state at the time of incidence.
- the wavelength ⁇ of the ⁇ /4 plates 27 and 28 is the wavelength of the incident light Li (see FIG. 2).
- the wavelength ⁇ of the incident light is the central wavelength of the incident light.
- the wavelength ⁇ of the incident light is the center wavelength of the incident light.
- the refractive index difference ⁇ n of the liquid crystal compound used in the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23, the film thickness d of the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23, and the wavelength ⁇ of the incident light are It is preferable to satisfy the following formula (1). ⁇ /2 ⁇ /10 ⁇ n ⁇ d ⁇ /2+ ⁇ /10 (1)
- the refractive index difference ⁇ n of the liquid crystal compound, the film thickness d of the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23, and the wavelength ⁇ of the incident light are more preferably ⁇ /2 ⁇ /11 ⁇ n ⁇ d ⁇ /2+ ⁇ /11. ⁇ /2 ⁇ /12 ⁇ n ⁇ d ⁇ /2+ ⁇ /12 is more preferred.
- the wavelength ⁇ of incident light is the center wavelength of the incident light.
- a known polarizing element used for a wavelength selective switch may be used as the polarizing element used in the present invention.
- Examples include MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) mirrors and LCOS.
- the deflection element is, for example, a deflection control phase modulator that changes the phase of incident light by an applied voltage to control the deflection of the incident light.
- the number of output ports 26 may be increased or decreased as desired.
- the input port 20 and the output port 26 are preferably configured by an optical waveguide member such as an optical fiber.
- crosstalk can be improved and a miniaturized wavelength selective switch can be constructed.
- FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a wavelength selective switch 2 according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- the wavelength selective switch 2 has one or more input ports 40, one or more output ports 46, a polarization adjuster 41 that adjusts the polarization state of light incident from the input port, and parallelizes the polarization-adjusted light.
- a lens 42 that converts into light
- a reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 that demultiplexes the wavelength-multiplexed light (incident light Li) incident from the input port, and the demultiplexed light spread in the wavelength dispersion direction into parallel light.
- the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element 23 in FIG. 2 is replaced with a reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 .
- the input port 40 and the output port 46 have the same configuration as the input port 20 and the output port 26 described above, and are preferably configured by an optical waveguide member such as an optical fiber, for example.
- a reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 is used as a dispersion element.
- the liquid crystal compounds LC forming the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 50 are two-dimensionally arranged in the X direction and the Z direction. Similar to the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element, the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element hardly generates high-order light when reflected, so that the occurrence of crosstalk due to high-order light can be suppressed.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 50 has a liquid crystal orientation pattern in which the optic axis changes while continuously rotating along the X direction (predetermined one direction) in the plane.
- a cholesteric liquid crystal layer in which a cholesteric liquid crystal phase is fixed normally mirror-reflects incident light (circularly polarized light).
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 50 having the liquid crystal alignment pattern as described above reflects incident light in a direction angled in the X direction with respect to specular reflection.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 50 reflects the light incident from the normal direction not in the normal direction but at an angle with respect to the normal direction.
- the light incident from the normal direction is the light incident from the front, that is, the light incident perpendicularly to the main surface.
- the principal surface is the maximum surface of the sheet-like material.
- the angle of reflection of light by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 50 in which the optic axis of the liquid crystal compound LC rotates continuously in one direction (X direction) varies depending on the wavelength of the reflected light. Specifically, the longer the wavelength of the light, the larger the angle of the reflected light with respect to the incident light. Due to this action, the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 functions as a dispersive element for separating the wavelengths of the wavelength-multiplexed incident light Li (see FIG. 4).
- the angle of reflection of light by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 50 can be adjusted by changing the length ⁇ of one period of the liquid crystal orientation pattern in the same manner as in the transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element described above. Specifically, if the length ⁇ of one cycle is reduced, the angle of reflection is increased, so the distance between the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 and the lens 44 can be reduced, and the size of the device can be reduced.
- a ⁇ /4 plate 27 (see FIG. 4) on the incident surface of the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 . Since the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 efficiently diffracts circularly polarized light, the diffraction efficiency can be increased by converting the linearly polarized light emitted from the polarization adjuster 41 into circularly polarized light by the ⁇ /4 plate. The axial angle of the circularly polarizing plate may be appropriately adjusted according to the direction of the circularly polarized light reflected by the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 .
- the wavelength selection switch has a configuration that could not be designed with a dispersive element that only performs specular reflection like the conventional reflective diffraction grating. may be configured.
- crosstalk can be improved and a miniaturized wavelength selective switch can be constructed.
- a light refraction member 60 such as a prism element and a lens element may be attached to the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 .
- the incident light Li can be made obliquely incident on the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43, so that the wavelengths of the wavelength-multiplexed incident light Li (see FIG. 4) can be divided more widely.
- the device may be made smaller.
- the emitted light 70 is emitted from the photorefractive member 60, it is emitted at different refraction angles for each wavelength, so that the wavelengths can be separated more greatly than when the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 is used alone.
- a ⁇ /4 plate 62 is provided between the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 and the light refraction member 60 .
- a first bonding layer 61 is provided between the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 and the ⁇ /4 plate 62 .
- a second bonding layer 63 is provided between the ⁇ /4 plate 62 and the photorefractive member 60 .
- the light refraction member 60 is, for example, a prism, and has two surfaces 60a and 60b that intersect at a predetermined angle and an inclined surface 60c that connects the two surfaces 60a and 60b. One of the two surfaces 60 a and 60 b faces the surface 43 a of the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 .
- the slope 60 c is inclined with respect to the surface 43 a of the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 .
- Incident light Li enters the surface 60 b of the light refraction member 60 and is reflected by the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 .
- the emitted light 70 is separated into a plurality of wavelengths and emitted. Since the emitted light 70 divided into a plurality of parts is refracted when emitted from the surface 60b, it spreads further and is wavelength-separated.
- the incident direction of light to the prism or liquid crystal diffraction element can be determined as appropriate. is ⁇ [degrees], the incident angle ⁇ is preferably ⁇ 25 degrees ⁇ 25 degrees, more preferably ⁇ 20 degrees ⁇ 20 degrees, and still more preferably ⁇ 15 degrees ⁇ 15 degrees.
- the incident angle ⁇ with respect to the normal direction of the surface of the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element is preferably 40° ⁇ 80°, from the viewpoint of achieving both large wavelength separation and high efficiency. degree ⁇ 75 degrees is more preferred, and 50 degrees ⁇ 70 degrees is even more preferred.
- the refractive index n of the photorefractive member is preferably n 1 ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ n ⁇ n 1 +0.1, where n 1 is the refractive index of the liquid crystal diffraction element (the average refractive index if there is anisotropy), n 1 ⁇ 0.075 ⁇ n ⁇ n 1 +0.75 is more preferred, and n 1 ⁇ 0.05 ⁇ n ⁇ n 1 +0.05 is even more preferred.
- an antireflection layer may be provided on the light incident surface and the reflective surface of the light refracting member.
- the length ⁇ of one period of the liquid crystal alignment pattern, and the spiral pitch and film thickness of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase, etc. may be adjusted as appropriate. .
- the film thickness d of the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element, the average refractive index nLC of the liquid crystal compound, and the wavelength ⁇ of the incident light satisfy the following formula (2) from the viewpoint of high diffraction efficiency. d ⁇ (6 ⁇ )/nLC (2)
- the film thickness d of the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element, the average refractive index nLC of the liquid crystal compound, and the wavelength ⁇ of the incident light are more preferably d ⁇ (7 ⁇ )/nLC, and d ⁇ (8 ⁇ )/nLC is more preferred.
- the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 may have a configuration in which a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal layer 52 and a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal layer 53 are laminated. As a result, the light can be efficiently diffracted regardless of the incident polarization state.
- the ⁇ /4 plate 62 between the light refraction member 60 and the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43 as described above.
- the phase difference and the slow axis of the ⁇ /4 plate 62 the light can be diffracted more efficiently. Since these depend on the incident angle and the polarization angle of light, they may be appropriately adjusted accordingly, but the following ranges are preferable.
- phase difference of the ⁇ /4 plate at the wavelength ⁇ [nm] of the incident light is Re ( ⁇ ) [nm]
- ⁇ /4 ⁇ /10 ⁇ Re( ⁇ ) ⁇ /4+ ⁇ /10 is preferred
- ⁇ /4 ⁇ /11 ⁇ Re( ⁇ ) ⁇ /4+ ⁇ /11 is more preferable
- ⁇ /4 ⁇ /12 ⁇ Re( ⁇ ) ⁇ /4+ ⁇ /12 is more preferable.
- angle between the slow axis of the ⁇ / 4 plate and the incident linearly polarized light is ⁇ [degree]
- 15 degrees ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 75 degrees is preferable
- 20 degrees ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 70 degrees is more preferable
- 25 degrees ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 65 degrees is more preferred.
- an antireflection layer may be provided on the light incident surface and the reflective surface of the light refraction member in order to increase the light utilization efficiency.
- a bonding layer may be provided between the photorefractive member, the ⁇ /4 plate, and the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element.
- the structure which has the 2nd bonding layer 63 provided may be sufficient.
- various bonding layers such as pressure sensitive adhesives and UV (Ultra Violet) adhesives are used.
- the difference between the refractive index of the bonding layer and the refractive index of the upper and lower members bonded to the bonding layer is preferably 0 to 0.1, more preferably 0 to 0.075, and 0 to 0. 0.05 is particularly preferred.
- the difference between the refractive index of the first bonding layer 61 and the refractive index of the liquid crystal diffraction element (reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43) is 0 to 0.1
- the refractive index of the first bonding layer 61 is and the refractive index difference with the ⁇ /4 plate 62 is preferably 0 to 0.1, more preferably 0 to 0.075 for any of the above refractive index differences, and 0 to 0.05 Especially preferred.
- the difference between the refractive index of the second bonding layer 63 and the refractive index of the ⁇ /4 plate 62 is 0 to 0.1
- the refractive index of the second bonding layer 63 and the refractive index of the light refractive member 60 is preferably 0 to 0.1, more preferably 0 to 0.075, particularly preferably 0 to 0.05.
- the difference in refractive index between the reflective liquid crystal diffraction element 43, the first bonding layer 61, the ⁇ /4 plate 62, the second bonding layer 63 and the photorefractive member 60 should be 0 to 0.1. is preferred, 0 to 0.075 is more preferred, and 0 to 0.05 is particularly preferred.
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Abstract
Description
[2]偏向素子が印加された電圧により入射した光の位相を変化させ、入射した光の偏向を制御する偏向制御位相変調器である、[1]に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
[3]液晶回折素子が透過型である、[1]又は[2]に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
[4]透過型の液晶回折素子に使用される液晶化合物の屈折率差Δnと、透過型の液晶回折素子の膜厚dと、入射光の波長λとが下記式(1)を満たす、[3]に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
λ/2-λ/10≦Δn×d≦λ/2+λ/10・・・(1)
[5]液晶回折素子が反射型である、[1]又は[2]に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
d≧(6×λ)/nLC・・・(2)
[7]液晶回折素子に光屈折部材が貼合されている、[1]~[6]のいずれか1つに記載の波長選択スイッチ。
[8]液晶回折素子と光屈折部材との間にλ/4板が設けられている、[7]に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
[9]液晶回折素子とλ/4板との間に設けられた第1の貼合層と、λ/4板と光屈折部材との間に設けられた第2の貼合層とを有し、第1の貼合層の屈折率と、液晶回折素子の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、第1の貼合層の屈折率と、λ/4板の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、第2の貼合層の屈折率と、λ/4板の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、第2の貼合層の屈折率と、光屈折部材の屈折率との差が0~0.1である、[8]に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
なお、以下に説明する図は、本発明を説明するための例示的なものであり、以下に示す図に本発明が限定されるものではない。
また、以下において数値範囲を示す「~」とは両側に記載された数値を含む。例えば、εが数値εα~数値εβとは、εの範囲は数値εαと数値εβを含む範囲であり、数学記号で示せばεα≦ε≦εβである。
「具体的な数値で表された角度」、「平行」、「垂直」及び「直交」等の角度は、特に記載がなければ、該当する技術分野で一般的に許容される誤差範囲を含む。
図2は、本発明の実施形態1による波長選択スイッチ1の構成を示す概念図である。波長選択スイッチ1は1つ以上の入力ポート20と、1つ以上の出力ポート26と、入力ポートから入射した光の偏光状態を調整する偏波調整器21と、偏波調整された光を平行光に変換するレンズ22と、入力ポートから入射した波長多重された光(入射光Li)を分波する透過型液晶回折素子23と、分波されて波長分散方向に広がった光を平行光に変換するレンズ24と、分波された光の偏向を制御する偏向素子25とを備えている。
入力ポート20には複数の波長成分を含む光(例えば、波長多重光通信における信号光)が波長選択スイッチ1の外部から入力される。入力ポート20の数は必要に応じて増減させてよい。
偏波調整器21は、入射光の偏波状態を、後述する分散素子や偏向素子に偏光依存性がある場合に、光を分波する、あるいは偏向させるのに都合のよい偏光方向に合わせることを目的としている。このための技術として偏波ダイバーシチがよく知られている。本発明でも偏波の調整には偏波ダイバーシチを用いる。
本発明に用いられる分散素子には液晶化合物由来の光学軸の向きが面内の少なくとも一方向に沿って連続的に回転しながら変化している液晶配向パターンを有する液晶回折素子であることが好ましい。液晶回折素子は回折する際に高次光がほとんど発生しないため、従来分散素子として使用されていた表面レリーフ型や体積ホログラム型の回折格子に対して高次光によるクロストークの発生を抑えることができる。本実施形態では透過型液晶回折素子について説明する。
液晶化合物LCの光学軸30Aの向きが白抜き矢印の方向(所定の一方向)に連続的に回転しながら変化しているとは、具体的には、白抜き矢印の方向に沿って配列されている液晶化合物LCの光学軸30Aと、白抜き矢印の方向とが成す角度が、白抜き矢印の方向の位置によって異なっており、白抜き矢印の方向に沿って、光学軸30Aと白抜き矢印の方向とが成す角度がθからθ+180度あるいはθ-180度まで、順次、変化していることを意味する。
一方、透過型液晶回折素子23を形成する液晶化合物LCは、X方向と直交するY方向、すなわち、光学軸30Aが連続的に回転する一方向と直交するY方向では、光学軸30Aの向きが等しい。
言い換えれば、透過型液晶回折素子23を形成する液晶化合物LCは、Y方向では、液晶化合物LCの光学軸30AとX方向とが成す角度が等しい。
すなわち、X方向に対する角度が等しい2つの液晶化合物LCの、X方向の中心間の距離を、1周期の長さΛとする。具体的には、図3に示すように、X方向と光学軸30Aの方向とが一致する2つの液晶化合物LCの、X方向の中心間の距離を、1周期の長さΛとする。
透過型液晶回折素子23の液晶配向パターンは、この1周期の長さΛを、X方向すなわち光学軸30Aの向きが連続的に回転して変化する一方向に繰り返す。
透過型液晶回折素子23から出射された光は円偏光であり、偏向素子25としてLCOSを用いる場合、LCOSの液晶遅相軸に一致した方向の直線偏光を入射させる必要があるため、透過型液晶回折素子23の出射面側にλ/4板28を配置することで出射した円偏光を直線偏光に変換でき、LCOSで光を偏向させることができる。この時、透過型液晶回折素子23の出射側のλ/4板28と入射側のλ/4板27の遅相軸が直交するように配置することで出射時の偏光状態を入射時の偏光状態に合わせることができる。
なお、λ/4板27、28の波長λは、入射光Li(図2参照)の波長のことである。後述のように入射光の波長λは、入射光の中心波長である。以下、特に断りがない限り、入射光の波長λは、入射光の中心波長のことである。
λ/2-λ/10≦Δn×d≦λ/2+λ/10・・・(1)
上述の液晶化合物の屈折率差Δnと、透過型液晶回折素子23の膜厚dと、入射光の波長λとは、λ/2-λ/11≦Δn×d≦λ/2+λ/11がより好ましく、λ/2-λ/12≦Δn×d≦λ/2+λ/12がさらに好ましい。
上述の液晶化合物の屈折率差Δnと、透過型液晶回折素子23の膜厚dの籍であるΔn×dを上記範囲にすることで、より効率よく回折させることができる。
入射光が、離散的に複数のピーク波長が存在する光の場合、入射光の中心波長は、RMS(Root Mean Square)法で求められる。離散的な複数のピーク波長は、光スペクトラムアナライザを用いて測定される。
また、入射光が、離散的に複数のピーク波長が存在しない光の場合、入射光のスペクトルを光スペクトラムアナライザを用いて測定する。測定されたスペクトルから最も大きいピーク高さを基準として1/2の高さの2つの波長のうち、短波側の波長の値をλ1(nm)、長波側の波長の値をλ2(nm)とするとき、中心波長と半値幅は下記式により求めることができる。反射中心波長=(λ1+λ2)/2、半値幅=(λ2-λ1)
本発明に用いられる偏向素子は、波長選択スイッチに使用される公知の偏光素子を使用してよい。例えば、MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)ミラーやLCOSが挙げられる。
偏向素子は、例えば、印加された電圧により入射した光の位相を変化させ、入射した光の偏向を制御する偏向制御位相変調器である。
出力ポート26には偏向素子25により、各波長の光が所望の出力ポートにスイッチングされる。出力ポート26の数は必要に応じて増減させてよい。また、入力ポート20と出力ポート26は、例えば、光ファイバといった光導波部材によって好適に構成される。
図4は、本発明の実施形態2による波長選択スイッチ2の構成を示す概念図である。波長選択スイッチ2は1つ以上の入力ポート40と、1つ以上の出力ポート46と、入力ポートから入射した光の偏光状態を調整する偏波調整器41と、偏波調整された光を平行光に変換するレンズ42と、入力ポートから入射した波長多重された光(入射光Li)を分波する反射型液晶回折素子43と、分波されて波長分散方向に広がった光を平行光に変換するレンズ44と、分波された光の偏向を制御する偏向素子45を備えている。
本実施形態では図2の透過型液晶回折素子23を反射型液晶回折素子43に置き換えている。
また、入力ポート40と出力ポート46は、上述の入力ポート20と出力ポート26と同様の構成であり、例えば、光ファイバといった光導波部材によって好適に構成される。
本実施形態では分散素子として反射型液晶回折素子43を用いる。反射型液晶回折素子43は図5に示すようにコレステリック液晶層50を構成する液晶化合物LCが、X方向、及び、Z方向に、二次元的に配置された状態になっている。透過型液晶回折素子と同様に反射型液晶回折素子も反射する際に高次光がほとんど発生しないため、高次光によるクロストークの発生を抑えることができる。
コレステリック液晶相を固定してなるコレステリック液晶層は、通常、入射した光(円偏光)を鏡面反射する。
これに対して、上述のような液晶配向パターンを有するコレステリック液晶層50は、入射した光を、鏡面反射に対してX方向に角度を有した方向に反射する。具体的には、図5に示すように、コレステリック液晶層50は、法線方向から入射した光を、法線方向に反射するのではなく、法線方向に対して傾けて反射する。法線方向から入射した光とは、すなわち、正面から入射した光であり、主面に対して垂直に入射した光である。主面とは、シート状物の最大面である。
図6では、反射型液晶回折素子43と光屈折部材60との間にλ/4板62が設けられている。反射型液晶回折素子43とλ/4板62との間に第1の貼合層61が設けられている。λ/4板62と光屈折部材60との間に第2の貼合層63が設けられている。
光屈折部材60は、例えば、プリズムであり、所定の角度で交わる2つの面60a、60bと、2つの面60a、60bをつなぐ斜面60cとを有する。2つの面60a、60bのうち、一方の面60aは、反射型液晶回折素子43の表面43aに対向している。斜面60cは、反射型液晶回折素子43の表面43aに対して傾斜している。
光屈折部材60の面60bに入射光Liが入射し、反射型液晶回折素子43で反射する。このとき、波長に応じた角度で反射するため、入射光Liが面60bから出射する際に、波長分離されて出射光70は複数に分かれて出射する。複数に分かれた出射光70は面60bから出射するとき屈折するため、さらに広がって波長分離される。
液晶回折素子が反射型の場合、大きな波長分離と高効率の両立の観点で、反射型の液晶回折素子の表面の法線方向に対する入射角θは、40度≦θ≦80度が好ましく、45度≦θ≦75度がより好ましく、50度≦θ≦70度がさらに好ましい。
波長を大きく分離するためには、光屈折部材の屈折率は空気(屈折率=1.0)との差が大きい方がよいが、一方で光屈折部材と液晶回折素子との屈折率の差が大きい場合はその界面反射により回折効率が悪くなる可能性があるため、上記範囲が好ましい。
このような構成の場合、斜め入射光を効率よく回折させるためには、前述の液晶配向パターンの1周期の長さΛ、ならびに、コレステリック液晶相のらせんピッチ及び膜厚等を適宜調整すればよい。
d≧(6×λ)/nLC・・・(2)
反射型液晶回折素子の膜厚dと、液晶化合物の平均屈折率nLCと、入射光の波長λとは、d≧(7×λ)/nLCであることがより好ましく、d≧(8×λ)/nLCであることがさらに好ましい。
これらは、光の入射角度や偏光角度に依存するため、それに合わせて適宜調整すればよいが、以下の範囲であることが好ましい。
λ/4-λ/10≦Re(λ)≦λ/4+λ/10が好ましく、
λ/4-λ/11≦Re(λ)≦λ/4+λ/11がより好ましく、
λ/4-λ/12≦Re(λ)≦λ/4+λ/12がさらに好ましい。
貼合層の屈折率と、貼合層に貼合されている上下の部材の屈折率との差が0~0.1であることが好ましく、0~0.075がより好ましく、0~0.05が特に好ましい。すなわち、第1の貼合層61の屈折率と、液晶回折素子(反射型液晶回折素子43)の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、第1の貼合層61の屈折率と、λ/4板62との屈折率との差が0~0.1であることが好ましく、上述のいずれの屈折率の差も0~0.075がより好ましく、0~0.05が特に好ましい。
また、第2の貼合層63の屈折率と、λ/4板62の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、第2の貼合層63の屈折率と、光屈折部材60の屈折率との差が0~0.1であることが好ましく、上述のいずれの屈折率の差も0~0.075がより好ましく、0~0.05が特に好ましい。上述のように屈折率を上記範囲に調整することにより、界面反射を小さくでき、より効率よく光を回折することができる。
なお、反射型液晶回折素子43、第1の貼合層61、λ/4板62、第2の貼合層63及び光屈折部材60における屈折率の差が、0~0.1であることが好ましく、0~0.075がより好ましく、0~0.05が特に好ましい。
11、21、41 偏波調整器
12、22,42 レンズ
13 分散素子
14、24、44 レンズ
15 LCOS
16、26、46 出力ポート
23 透過型液晶回折素子
25、45 偏向素子
27、28、62 λ/4板
30A 液晶分子の光学軸
43 反射型液晶回折素子
50、52、53 コレステリック液晶層
60 光屈折部材
60a、60b 面
60c 斜面
61 第1の貼合層
63 第2の貼合層
70 出射光
Li 入射光
Claims (9)
- 1つ以上の入力ポートと、1つ以上の出力ポートと、前記入力ポートから入射した光の偏光状態を調整する偏波調整器と、前記入力ポートから入射した波長多重された光を分波する分散素子と、前記分波された光の偏向を制御する偏向素子とを有し、
前記分散素子が液晶化合物由来の光学軸の向きが面内の少なくとも一方向に沿って連続的に回転しながら変化している液晶配向パターンを有する液晶回折素子である、波長選択スイッチ。 - 前記偏向素子が印加された電圧により入射した光の位相を変化させ、前記入射した光の偏向を制御する偏向制御位相変調器である、請求項1に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
- 前記液晶回折素子が透過型である、請求項1又は2に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
- 前記透過型の液晶回折素子に使用される液晶化合物の屈折率差Δnと、前記透過型の液晶回折素子の膜厚dと、入射光の波長λとが下記式(1)を満たす、請求項3に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
λ/2-λ/10≦Δn×d≦λ/2+λ/10・・・(1) - 前記液晶回折素子が反射型である、請求項1又は2に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
- 前記反射型の液晶回折素子の膜厚dと、液晶化合物の平均屈折率nLCと、入射光の波長λとが下記式(2)を満たす、請求項5に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
d≧(6×λ)/nLC・・・(2) - 前記液晶回折素子に光屈折部材が貼合されている、請求項1又は2に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
- 前記液晶回折素子と前記光屈折部材との間にλ/4板が設けられている、請求項7に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
- 前記液晶回折素子と前記λ/4板との間に設けられた第1の貼合層と、
前記λ/4板と前記光屈折部材との間に設けられた第2の貼合層とを有し、
前記第1の貼合層の屈折率と、前記液晶回折素子の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、
前記第1の貼合層の屈折率と、前記λ/4板の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、
前記第2の貼合層の屈折率と、前記λ/4板の屈折率との差が0~0.1であり、
前記第2の貼合層の屈折率と、前記光屈折部材の屈折率との差が0~0.1である、請求項8に記載の波長選択スイッチ。
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| US20050276537A1 (en) * | 2004-06-14 | 2005-12-15 | Engana Pty Ltd | Dual-source optical wavelength processor |
| JP2008122856A (ja) * | 2006-11-15 | 2008-05-29 | Citizen Holdings Co Ltd | 液晶光変調素子、液晶光変調装置、および液晶光変調素子の駆動方法 |
| JP2017054004A (ja) * | 2015-09-09 | 2017-03-16 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 波長選択スイッチ |
| WO2019189675A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-29 | 2019-10-03 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 光偏向装置および光学装置 |
| WO2019203357A1 (ja) * | 2018-04-20 | 2019-10-24 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 光照射装置およびセンサー |
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| US20050276537A1 (en) * | 2004-06-14 | 2005-12-15 | Engana Pty Ltd | Dual-source optical wavelength processor |
| JP2008122856A (ja) * | 2006-11-15 | 2008-05-29 | Citizen Holdings Co Ltd | 液晶光変調素子、液晶光変調装置、および液晶光変調素子の駆動方法 |
| JP2017054004A (ja) * | 2015-09-09 | 2017-03-16 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 波長選択スイッチ |
| WO2019189675A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-29 | 2019-10-03 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 光偏向装置および光学装置 |
| WO2019203357A1 (ja) * | 2018-04-20 | 2019-10-24 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 光照射装置およびセンサー |
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