WO2023100380A1 - 転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の増殖抑制剤 - Google Patents
転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の増殖抑制剤 Download PDFInfo
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-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a growth inhibitor for metastatic human prostate cancer cells.
- Human prostate cancer is a metastatic cancer and ranks as the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men.
- prostate cancer is known to preferentially metastasize to bone.
- Bone metastasis is a common complication in various cancers. Comparing the incidence rates, it is 70-79% for multiple myeloma, 65-90% for prostate cancer, 65-75% for breast cancer, and 65-75% for lung cancer. It is known to show 17-64% in cancer and 10% in colorectal cancer. Thus, it can be seen that the bone metastasis of prostate cancer is extremely high. Bone metastasis from prostate cancer causes complications such as severe pain, fractures, spinal cord compression, and myelosuppression.
- Localized prostate cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 100%, while metastatic prostate cancer has only a 30% survival rate. Therefore, there is a need for more effective therapeutic inhibitors.
- Current treatments include surgical resection, chemotherapy, hormonal castration, immunotherapy, and radioisotope therapy. It is hoped that the drug will be developed.
- DHMBA 3,5-dihydroxy-4-benzylmethoxy alcohol
- DHMBA metastatic human prostate cancer cells
- the present invention A drug containing 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) as an active ingredient that inhibits the growth of metastatic human prostate cancer cells. characterized by or, A drug containing 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) as an active ingredient that induces cell death in metastatic human prostate cancer cells. characterized by or, A drug containing 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) as an active ingredient that inhibits migration and invasion of metastatic human prostate cancer cells. It is characterized by
- DHMBA 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzylalcohol
- DHMBA novel 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzylalcohol identified from marine oysters
- DHMBA acted on the intracellular signaling system. Furthermore, as a mechanism for this, the expression levels of Ras, PI3K, Akt, MAPK, and mTOR, which are molecules involved in signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, were decreased. Interestingly, the expression levels of tumor suppressor gene proteins p53, p21, Rb and regucalcin were increased. DHMBA, on the other hand, promoted cell death. DHMBA, an antioxidant, suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells. It was suggested that the cancer cell growth inhibitory action of DHMBA is related to gene expression via aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Furthermore, the expression levels of NF-kB, caveolin-1 and integrin ⁇ 1, which are protein factors involved in metastasis of cancer cells, were decreased.
- the novel natural compound DHMBA suppresses the growth of prostate cancer cells and promotes their cell death, exerts a growth control effect on cancer cells, and furthermore, has a metastatic activity on cancer cells. It was confirmed that the Thus, DHMBA could be a useful tool for the treatment of human prostate cancer.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram explaining the inhibitory effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol on the proliferation of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram explaining the inhibitory effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on the proliferation of human prostate cancer DU-145 cells.
- Fig. 3 is an explanatory diagram explaining the inhibitory effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on the proliferation of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in the presence of cell growth inhibitors and intracellular signaling inhibitors.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram explaining the effect of DHMBA on the expression level of protein molecules involved in promoting cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on human prostate cancer PC-3 and DU-145 cell death.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram explaining the effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on human prostate cancer PC-3 cell death and comparison with the anticancer agent gemcitabin.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the effect of an allyl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor on the proliferation-suppressing and cell-death-inducing actions of DHMBA on prostate cancer cells.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram explaining the inhibitory effect of DHMBA on reactive oxygen production in prostate cancer cells.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram explaining the inhibitory effect of DHMBA on the migration of prostate cancer cells.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram explaining the inhibitory effect of DHMBA on the invasion of prostate cancer cells.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the effect of DHMBA on the expression levels of protein molecules involved in the promotion of migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells.
- DHMBA 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
- Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (4.5 g/glucose, L-glutamine/pyruvate, antibiotics (100 units/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin; 1% P/S)) was prepared by Corning (Mediatech, Inc. Manassas, VA, USA) Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA) Amphotericin B (fungizone), caspase-3 inhibitor (CAS 169332- 60-9-Calbiochem), gemcitabine.
- FBS Fetal bovine serum
- 2-Methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (2-methyl-4-o-tolylazo-phenyl)-amide (CH223191) is from Selleckchem Com. (Houston, TX, USA) All other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).Caspase-3 inhibitor was dissolved in phosphate buffer (PBS) and CH223191 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DHMBA and other reagents were dissolved in 100% ethanol and stored cold at -20°C until use in experiments.
- PBS phosphate buffer
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- DHMBA 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
- DHMBA 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
- PC-3 Metastatic human prostate cancer cells
- PC-3 DU-145 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC CRL-1435 TM , ATCC; Rockville, MD, USA).
- PC-3 cells were isolated from a 62-year-old adult male with adenocarcinoma and bone metastases.
- DU-145 cells were also isolated from a 69-year-old adult male with adenocarcinoma that had metastasized to the brain.
- cancer cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (4.5 g/glucose, L-glutamine pyruvate, antibiotics (100 units/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin; 1% P/S, 1% fungizone containing).
- Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium 4.5 g/glucose, L-glutamine pyruvate, antibiotics (100 units/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin; 1% P/S, 1% fungizone containing).
- PC-3 and DU-145 cells (using 1x10 3 /6-well plates, in 2 ml medium per well) were grown in DMEM medium containing DHMBA (1 and 10 ⁇ M) (10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison) with 5% Cultured for 9 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 . After culturing, the medium was removed, the cells were washed twice with PBS, and 95% methanol (0.5 ml) was added to fix them for 20 minutes. After fixation, each well of the culture dish was washed 4 times with PBS (1 ml), added with 0.5% crystal violet (0.5 ml), and allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours for staining. After washing off the staining solution and drying, colonies containing 50 or more cells were counted with an Olympus MTV-3; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) microscope.
- PC-3 and DU-145 cells (1x10 5 cells/well in 1 ml medium per well using a 24-well plate) were grown in DMEM medium (10% FBS) containing DHMBA (1 and 10 ⁇ M). , 1% P/S and 1% Fungison) and 5% Cultured at 37 ° C. under CO 2 for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 days.
- PC-3 cells (1x10 5 cells/ml per well) were grown in DMEM medium (containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% fungison), DHMBA (10 ⁇ M), cell The growth cycle inhibitors roscovitine (10 or 100 nM), butyrate (10 or 100 ⁇ M), and sulforaphane (1 or 10 nM), and the intracellular signaling inhibitor wortmannin (10 or 100 nM), PD98059 (1 or 10 ⁇ M) and staurosporin (1 or 10 nM), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) inhibitor CH223191 (1, 10, or 25 ⁇ M) for 3 days.
- DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% fungison
- DHMBA 10 ⁇ M
- cell The growth cycle inhibitors roscovitine (10 or 100 nM)
- butyrate (10 or 100 ⁇ M)
- sulforaphane (1 or 10 nM
- PC-3 and DU-145 cells (using 1x105 /24-well plates, in 1 ml medium per well) were grown in DMEM medium (containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison). at 5% The cells were cultured at 37 ° C. under CO 2 for 3 days, and when the cells reached subconfluence, the culture medium was changed to that containing DHMBA (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M). , and cultured for 24 and 48 hours. After culturing, cells adhering to the bottom of the dish were scraped off and counted.
- DHMBA 0.1%, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M
- Intracellular reactive oxygen species were measured using a ROS measurement kit (MAK144-1 Kit, Sigma-Aldrich) using H 2 DCFDA as a pro-fluorescent substrate.
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- PC-3 and DU-145 cells 2.5x104 cells/well in 0.1ml culture medium per well using a 96-well plate
- DHMBA 0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M
- DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% fungison
- PC-3 and DU-145 cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison. 5% in liquid The cells were cultured at 37 ° C. under CO 2 for 48 hours, and when the cells reached confluence, a linear scratch was performed using a pipette tip (200 ⁇ l). Free cells were washed away with PBS, the above culture medium (containing DHMBA 0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M) was added and cultured for 48 hours. After incubation, the cell-free interval was measured. The post-incubation interval was compared to the pre-incubation scratch interval and expressed as a percentage of the control (value without DHMBA).
- the cell invasion activity of prostate cancer PC-3 and DU-145 cells was measured using transwell chambers (Corning, Life Sciences catalog number CLS3464-48EA, USA). A chamber was placed in each well of a 24-well plate. 50 ⁇ l of Matrigel (Corning Life Sciences, Cat. No 356230, USA) was added to the top of the chamber. After drying the gel, 500 ⁇ l of PC-3 or DU-145 cell suspension (2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml in DMEM without FBS) was added on top of the gel. This cell suspension contained DHMBA (0, 1, 10, or 100 ⁇ M). After adding the cell suspension to the chamber, it was incubated for 1 hour to allow the cells to adhere.
- DHMBA 0., 1, 10, or 100 ⁇ M
- PC-3 cells (1x10 6 cells/10 ml, 100 mm dish) were grown in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison at 5% Cultured for 3 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- DHMBA 10 ⁇ M was contained in the culture medium.
- cells were conditioned by adding cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA) containing proteolytic enzymes and protein phosphatase activity inhibitors. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 17,000 xg at 4°C for 10 minutes and the supernatant was recovered.
- cell lysis buffer Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA
- the amount of protein in the supernatant was measured using Bio-Rad Protein Assay Dye (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif., USA) using albumin as a standard protein. Protein samples were stored in a ⁇ 80° C. freezer until use. 40 ⁇ g of protein sample solution was applied to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (12% SDS-PAGE) and separated. The protein molecules were then transferred to a nylon membrane. This membrane was immunoblotted with an antibody that specifically binds to the protein molecule. Ras (cat. no. 3339, rabbit), Akt (cat. no. 9272, rabbit), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; cat. no.
- Rabbit anti-regucalcin antibody was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat. no. HPA029103, rabbit). Target proteins were incubated with the primary antibodies described above for 16 hours at low temperature. After that, they were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., mouse sc-2005 or rabbit sc-2305; diluted 1:1,000) at room temperature for 60 minutes. Protein bands were then developed with a Chemiluminescence substrate (cat. no. 34577, Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill., USA), exposed and detected on X-ray film using a developer.
- a Chemiluminescence substrate catalog. no. 34577, Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill., USA
- Gemcitabin is clinically used as a cancer drug that induces the death of many cancer cells. This action is based on the inhibition of DNA synthesis in the cell nucleus. Culturing PC-3 cells in the presence of gemcitabin (1, 10 50, 100 and 250 nM) for 3 days caused significant cell death (Fig. 7A). PC-3 cell death-inducing action of DHMBA (1 and 10 ⁇ M) was not induced in the presence of gemcitabine (1 or 10 nM) (Fig. 7B).
- Aryl hydrocarbon receptors bind to AHR and nuclear translocating protein factors in the cytoplasm, translocate to the nucleus and bind to genes, leading to expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes as well as many other genes.
- DHMBA was speculated to bind to AHR and effect gene expression. To demonstrate this, the AHR specific inhibitor CH223191 was used to examine whether DHMBA (10 ⁇ M) induces cell proliferation and cell death-inducing effects (FIG. 8).
- DHMBA is well known to be an antioxidant. Therefore, the effect on the production of active oxygen in PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells was examined (Fig. 8). In the presence of DHMBA (1, 10, 100, and 1000 ⁇ M), the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen production was significantly suppressed when the cells were cultured for 24 hours. These results suggest that part of the effect of DHMBA on prostate cells is due to the reduction in active oxygen production.
- DHMBA human prostate cancer cells PC-3 as well as DU-145 cells are metastatic cancer cells. This effect on metastasis was evaluated by examining the effects on prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Incubation of PC-3 cells (Figs. 9A, 9C) and DU-145 cells (Figs. 9B, 9D) in the presence of DHMBA (1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M) significantly inhibited their migration. rice field. Furthermore, it was found that the invasiveness of PC-3 cells (Figs. 10A, 10C) and DU-145 cells (Figs. 10B, 10D) was also significantly suppressed. Furthermore, when examining the expression levels of protein molecules involved in promoting prostate cancer cell migration and invasiveness, it was found that the expression levels of NF- ⁇ B p65, caveolin-1, and integrin ⁇ 1 were significantly reduced. (Fig. 11).
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of an experiment conducted on the inhibitory effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on the proliferation of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.
- Figure 1(A) shows that PC-3 cells ( 1x103 cells/well of 6-well plate) were grown in DMEM medium (10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% fungizone), 5% It is a diagram of 9 days of culture at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- FIG. 1(B) is a diagram showing the number of colonies counted.
- Figure 1(C) shows that PC-3 cells ( 1x105 cells/well of 24-well plate) were cultured in DMEM medium (10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% P/S) containing DHMBA (10 ⁇ M). 5% in Fungison-containing) It is a diagram of culturing for 1-6 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- Figures 1 (D) and (E) show that PC-3 cells (1 x 10 5 cells/well of 24-well plate) were cultured in DMEM containing DHMBA (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 ⁇ M). 5% Cultured for 3 (D) and 6 (E) days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 . After culturing, cells adhering to the bottom of the dish were peeled off and counted. Each data is a diagram showing the average value and standard deviation of values obtained from 8 wells of cultured cells. *p ⁇ 0.001 compared to control (white or gray bar). 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
- FIG. 2 is an illustration of an experiment conducted on the inhibitory effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on the proliferation of human prostate cancer DU-145 cells.
- DU-145 cells (1x10 3 cells/well of 6-well plate) were cultured in DMEM medium (10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% P/S) containing DHMBA (1 or 10 ⁇ M). 5% in Fungison-containing) It is a diagram of 9 days of culture at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- (B) is a diagram showing the number of colonies counted.
- DU-145 cells (1x10 5 cells/well of 24-well plate) were cultured in DMEM medium (10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison) containing DHMBA (10 ⁇ M). ), 5% It is a diagram of culturing for 1-6 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- D DU-145 cells (1x10 5 cells/well of 24-well plate) were cultured in DMEM medium containing DHMBA (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 ⁇ M). 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison), 5% Cultured for 3 (D) and 6 (E) days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- FIG. 3 shows the inhibitory effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on the proliferation of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in the presence of cell growth inhibitors and intracellular signaling inhibitors. It is the explanatory view which went.
- (A) PC-3 cells (1 ⁇ 10 5 cells/ml/well of 24-well plate) were treated with the cell cycle inhibitors roscovitine (10, 100 nM), butyrate (10, 100 ⁇ M). ), and DHMBA (10 ⁇ M) containing sulforaphan (1, 10 nM). It is a diagram of three days of culture at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- PC-3 cells (1x10 5 cells/ml/well of 24-well plate) were treated with wortmannin (10 or 100 nM), PD98059 (1 or 10 ⁇ M), and staurosporine ( 1 or 10 nM) in DMEM medium (10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% fungison) containing DHMBA (10 ⁇ M), 5%
- DMEM medium 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% fungison
- DHMBA 10 ⁇ M
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of an experiment conducted on the effect of DHMBA on the expression level of protein molecules involved in the enhancement of cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
- PC-3 cells (1x10 6 cells/10 ml, 100 mm dish) were grown in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison at 5% Cultured for 3 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- DHMBA (10 ⁇ M) was contained in the culture medium. After culturing, cells were conditioned by adding cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA) containing proteolytic enzymes and protein phosphatase activity inhibitors.
- cell lysis buffer Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA
- each protein molecule band is representative from 4 dishes of different cultured cells. It is a diagram showing the average value and standard deviation of the % value compared with the control group of the measured value of each band density. *p ⁇ 0.01 compared to control. 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of an experiment conducted on the effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on human prostate cancer PC-3 and DU-145 cell death.
- PC-3 Fig. A, B
- DU-145 Fig. D, E cells (using 1x105 /24-well plates, in 1 ml medium per well) were grown in DMEM medium (10% FBS). , 1% P/S and 1% Fungison) and 5% The cells were cultured at 37 ° C. under CO 2 for 3 days, and when the cells reached subconfluence, the culture medium was changed to that containing DHMBA (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M). , cultured for 24 and 48 hours.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the number of cells adhering to the dish after culturing.
- PC-3 cells 1x106 cells/10 ml, 100 mm dish
- DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison at 5% Cultured for 3 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- DHMBA 10 ⁇ M was contained in the culture medium.
- cell lysis buffer Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA
- proteolytic enzymes and protein phosphatase activity inhibitors 40 ⁇ g of the protein sample solution was used for separation by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (12% SDS-PAGE), after which protein molecules were transferred to a nylon membrane.
- Each protein molecule band is representative from 4 dishes of different cultured cells. It is a diagram showing the average value and standard deviation of the % value compared with the control group of the measured value of each band density. *p ⁇ 0.01 compared to control. 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram explaining an experiment comparing the effect of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) on human prostate cancer PC-3 cell death and the anticancer agent gemcitabin.
- PC-3 cells using 1x105 /24-well plates, in 1 ml medium per well) were grown in DMEM medium (containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison) at 5% Cultivate for 3 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 . When the cells reach subconfluence, replace the culture medium with one containing gemcitabine (1, 10, 50, 100, or 250 nM) and culture for 48 hours. bottom.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the number of cells adhering to the dish after culturing.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing the effect of an allyl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor on the proliferation-suppressing and cell-death-inducing effects of DHMBA on prostate cancer cells.
- PC-3 cells using 1x105 /24-well plates, in 1 ml medium per well) were grown in DMEM medium (containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison) at 5% The cells were cultured in the presence of DHMBA (10 ⁇ M) and the allyl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor CH223191 (1, 10, or 25 ⁇ M) at 37 ° C. under CO 2 for 3 days to examine effects on cell proliferation.
- PC-3 cells (using 1x105 /24-well plates, in 1 ml medium per well) were grown in DMEM medium (containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison). ,Five% The cells were cultured at 37 ° C. under CO 2 for 3 days, and when the cells reached subconfluence, the medium was changed to one containing DHMBA (10 ⁇ M) and CH223191 (1, 10, or 25 ⁇ M). , cultured for 48 h. After culturing, cells adhering to the bottom of the dish were peeled off and counted. Each data is a diagram showing the average value and standard deviation of values obtained from 8 wells of cultured cells. *p ⁇ 0.001 compared to control (Gray bar without CH223191a and DHMBA). 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram of an experiment conducted on the inhibitory effect of DHMBA on reactive oxygen production in prostate cancer cells.
- PC-3 and DU-145 cells (using 2.5x10 4 /96-well plates, 0.1ml culture per well) were grown in DMEM culture medium containing DHMBA (0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M). Medium (containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison), 5% Cultured for 24 hours at 37 ° C. under CO 2 . After culturing, cells were washed with PBS and incubated with 0.1 ml of 25 ⁇ M H 2 DCFDA solution for 45 minutes.
- FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram of an experiment conducted on the inhibitory effect of DHMBA on the migration of prostate cancer cells.
- PC-3 and DU-145 cells (using 2x10 5 cells/24-well plate, 1 ml medium per well) were grown in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison. ,Five% The cells were cultured at 37 ° C. under CO 2 for 48 hours, and when the cells reached confluence, a linear scratch was performed using a pipette tip (200 ⁇ l). Free cells were washed away with PBS, the above culture medium (containing DHMBA 0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ⁇ M) was added and cultured for 48 hours. After incubation, the cell-free interval was measured.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of an experiment conducted on the inhibitory effect of DHMBA on the invasion of prostate cancer cells.
- Cell invasion activity of prostate cancer PC-3 and DU-145 cells was measured using a transwell chamber. 500 ⁇ l of PC-3 or DU-145 cell (2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml DMEM without FBS) suspension was added. This cell suspension contained DHMBA (0, 1, 10, or 100 ⁇ M). After adding the cell suspension to the chamber, it was incubated for 1 hour to allow the cells to adhere to the surface of the gel. 0.75 ml of medium without FBS and medium containing 10% FBS was added to the bottom of the chamber. This plate is 5% It was cultured at 37 ° C. for 24 hours under CO 2 , 95% air.
- Each data (C) and (D) is a diagram showing the average value and standard deviation of the values obtained from 8 wells of cultured cells. *p ⁇ 0.001 compared to controls without FBS (white bars). # p ⁇ 0.001, compared to control without DHMBA (Greber). 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram showing the effect of DHMBA on the expression levels of protein molecules involved in promoting the migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells.
- PC-3 cells (1x10 6 cells/10 ml, 100 mm dish) were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S and 1% Fungison at 5% Cultured for 3 days at 37 ° C. under CO 2 .
- DHMBA (10 ⁇ M) was contained in the culture medium. After culturing, cells were conditioned by adding cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA) containing proteolytic enzymes and protein phosphatase activity inhibitors.
- cell lysis buffer Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA
- each protein molecule band is representative from 4 dishes of different cultured cells. It is a diagram showing the average value and standard deviation of the % value compared with the control group of the measured value of each band density. *p ⁇ 0.01 compared to control. 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
- DHMBA is a phenolic antioxidant originally isolated and identified from marine oysters.
- DHMBA exerts an inhibitory effect on metastatic human prostate cancer cells, PC-3 and DU-145.
- DHMBA suppresses cancer cell colony formation, cell proliferation, reactive oxygen production, cell migration and invasion associated with cell metastasis, and even exerts the effect of inducing cancer cell death. It was discovered.
- the present invention provides new methods in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.
- the growth inhibitory effect of DHMBA on prostate cancer cells was not expressed when cultured in the presence of the cell cycle inhibitors oscovitine, butyrate, or sulforaphane.
- Butyrate suppresses the accumulation of cdc2 mRNA in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle and inhibits the acceleration of early and late G1 phases.
- Roscovitine is a selective and potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases cdc2, cdk2 and cdk5. Sulforaphan results in inhibition of the G2/M cell division cycle associated with checkpoint kinase-mediated cell cycle phosphorylation.
- DHMBA is thought to cause inhibition of the cell growth cycle in the G1 and G2 M phases. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of DHMBA on PC-3 cell growth was not observed in the presence of PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, MAPK inhibitor PD98059, and protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, which caused PC-3 cell growth inhibition. .
- DHMBA The cytostatic effect of DHMBA was presumed to be induced by acting on the intracellular signaling process that promotes cell proliferation. Therefore, when the expression levels of Ras, Akt, MAPK, phospho-MAPK, and mTOR, which are involved in cell proliferation, were examined, it was found that these factors were decreased. Furthermore, the expression levels of p53, p21, Rb, and regucalcin, which are tumor suppressor genes involved in cell growth suppression, were increased. Thus, it was inferred that DHMBA's cancer cell proliferation-suppressing effect is exerted by acting on a wide range of cell signaling processes.
- DHMBA induces the death of prostate cancer PC-3, DU-145 cells. This finding suggests that the cell death-inducing effect partially contributes to the cell proliferation-suppressing effect of DHMBA. It was inferred that the cell death-inducing action of DHMBA is related to the decrease in the expression level of caspase-3, which is involved in the degradation of nuclear DNA. Interestingly, in the presence of gemcitabine, which is clinically used for cancer treatment, the combined use of DHMBA increased the significant cell death-inducing effect.
- AHR aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CH223191 The cytostatic and cell death-inducing effects of DHMBA were not expressed in the presence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) specific inhibitor CH223191.
- AHR binds to AHR-associated nuclear translocating proteins, translocates to the nucleus, binds to DNA, and causes the induction of a wide variety of gene proteins. Among them are enzyme proteins involved in drug metabolism.
- AHR was originally discovered by studying its strong binding to polychlorinated hydrocarbon, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
- TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TCDD is known to exert a growth inhibitory effect on colon cancer cells and liver cancer cells.
- biocompounds and nutritional isoflavones
- DHMBA is known as an antioxidant. DHMBA was found to suppress ROS production in PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. From this finding, it was speculated that DHMBA partially contributes to the suppression of proliferation of prostate cancer cells and the expression of cell death-inducing action.
- DHMBA suppressed the migration and invasiveness of metastatic prostate cancer cells PC-3 and DU-145 cells.
- DHMBA decreased the expression levels of NF- ⁇ B p65, caveolin-1 and integrin ⁇ 1, molecules involved in cancer cell metastasis.
- DHMBA a novel marine compound, exerts effects such as suppressing proliferation of metastatic human prostate cancer cells, inducing cell death, and suppressing metastatic activity of cancer cells.
- DHMBA 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
- a metastatic human prostate cancer cell growth inhibitor having an inhibitory effect on the growth of metastatic human prostate cancer cells
- 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
- DHMBA 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
- Metastatic human prostate cancer cell death-inducing agent for metastatic human prostate cancer cells or 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) is asserted that inhibitors of cell migration and invasion of metastatic human prostate cancer cells, which have inhibitory effects on cancer cell migration and invasion, are useful as novel therapeutic agents for metastatic prostate cancer cells. It is possible.
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Abstract
Description
特に、前立腺がんは優先的に骨に転移することが知られている。種々のがんにおいて、骨転移は共通の合併症であり、その発生率を比較すると、多発性骨髄腫では70-79%、前立腺がんは65-90%、乳がんでは65-75%,肺がんにおいては17-64%、大腸がんでは10%を示すことが知られている。このように、前立腺がんの骨転移性は極めて高いことがわかる。前立腺がんの骨転移は、激しい痛み、骨折、脊髄圧迫、骨髄抑制などの合併症を引き起こす。局所の前立腺がんの5年間の生存率は100%であるが、転移性前立腺がんはわずかに30%の生存率を示す。そのために、より効果的な治療抑制剤が必要とされている。現在の治療法には、外科的切除、化学療法、ホルモン去勢、免疫療法、および放射性同位元素療法などがあるが、これらの治療抑制剤では不十分であり、そのために、より効果的な治療抑制剤の開発が期待されている。
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)を有効成分とした転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の増殖抑制作用を有する、
ことを特徴とし、
または、
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)を有効成分とした転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の細胞死誘導作用を有する、
ことを特徴とし、
または、
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)を有効成分とした転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の移動と浸潤作用の抑制作用を有する、
ことを特徴とするものである。
この作用は、細胞内情報伝達に関与するシグナリング因子の阻害剤の存在下では有意な抑制効果を示さなかった。
興味あることに、がん細胞抑制遺伝子たんぱくのp53, p21, Rb, レギュカルチンの発現レベルは増加した。
一方、DHMBAは、細胞死を促進した。アンチオキシダントであるDHMBAはがん細胞内の活性酸素の産生を抑制した。DHMBAのがん細胞増殖抑制作用は、aryl hydrocarbon receptorを介する遺伝子発現に関係することが示唆された。
さらに、がん細胞の転移に関与するたんぱく因子のNF-kB, caveolin-1, integrin β1の発現レベルは低下された。
このように、DHMBAは、ヒト前立腺がんの治療に有用な手段になりえるものと考えられる。
(試薬)
ダルベッコ変法イーグル培養液(4.5 g/グルコース, L-グルタミン・ピルビン酸、抗生物質(100 units/mL penicillin、 100 μg/mL streptomycin; 1% P/S)含有の培養液は、Corning (Mediatech, Inc. Manassas, VA, USA)から得られた。牛血清(Fetal bovine serum;FBS)は Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA)から購入した。Amphotericin B (fungizone), カスパーゼ-3 阻害剤 (CAS 169332-60-9-Calbiochem), gemcitabine. 2-Methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (2-methyl-4-o-tolylazo-phenyl)-amide (CH223191) はSelleckchem Com. (Houston, TX, USA)から、購入した。他のすべての試薬類はSigma-Aldrich (USA)から購入した。カスパーゼ-3 阻害剤はリン酸緩衝液 (PBS)に溶解し、 また、CH223191 はdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)に溶解した。 DHMBA 並びに他の試薬は100% エタノールに溶解し、実験に使用するまで-20℃ において保冷保存した。
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) は、100%純度の合成品を使用した。実験には100%エタノールに溶解して使用した。使用するまで、-20℃ において保冷保存した。なお、カキ肉から抽出したカキ肉エキスに3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)が多く含有されていることは本発明者らが取得した特許から証明されており、かかる3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)を使用しても同様の結果がもたらされると確信する。
転移性のヒト前立腺がん細胞PC-3, DU-145 細胞は、American Type Culture Collection (ATCC CRL-1435TM, ATCC; Rockville, MD, USA) から購入した。PC-3細胞は、62歳の成人男性のアデノカルシノーマで骨転移したがんから単離されたものである。また、DU-145 細胞は、69歳の成人男性のアデノカルシノーマで、脳に転移したがんから単離されたものである。これらのがん細胞は、ダルベッコ変法イーグル培養液(4.5 g/グルコース, L-グルタミン・ピルビン酸、抗生物質(100 units/mL ペニシリン、 100 μg/mL ストレプトマイシン; 1% P/S、1% fungizone含有)中で培養した。
PC-3 およびDU-145 細胞 (1x103/6穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり2ml培養液において)は、 DHMBA (1および10 μM)を含むDMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、9日間培養した。培養後、培養液を除去し、細胞はPBSで2回洗浄し、95%メタノール(0.5ml)を添加して20分間固定した。固定後、培養デッシュの各ウエルはPBS(1ml)で4回洗浄後、0.5%クリスタルバイオレット(0.5ml)を添加して2時間室温にて放置して染色した。染色液を洗浄除去し、乾燥後、細胞が50個の以上を含むコロニーをOlympus MTV-3; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)の顕微鏡にて計数した。
PC-3 およびDU-145 細胞 (1x105細胞数/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液中において)は、 DHMBA (1および10 μM)を含むDMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、1、2、3、4及び6日間培養した。別の実験において、PC-3 細胞 (1x105細胞数/ml per well) は、DMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、DHMBA (10 μM)、細胞増殖サイクル阻害剤 のroscovitine (10 あるいは 100 nM), butyrate (10 あるいは100 μM)、 および sulforaphane (1 あるいは 10 nM), また、 細胞内シグナル伝達阻害剤のwortmannin (10 あるいは 100 nM), PD98059 (1 あるいは10 μM) ならびにstaurosporin (1 あるいは 10 nM), さらには、aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)阻害剤CH223191 (1, 10, あるいは 25 μM)の存在下で、3日間培養した。培養後、培養デッシュの底面に付着している細胞をCa2+/Mg2+-含有しないPBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA)に溶解した 0.05%トリプシン-EDTA溶液0.1mlを添加し、37℃で2分間インキュベーションして付着している細胞を遊離させ、10%% FBS および1% P/SをふくむDMEM培養液0.9mlを添加して反応を停止した。この細胞懸濁液中の細胞数を“細胞数測定”の項目に記した方法で計数した。
PC-3 および DU-145 細胞 (1x105/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液において)は、DMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養し、細胞がサブコンフルエントに達した時点で、培養液をDHMBA (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μM)を含むものに交換し、24及び48時間培養した。培養後に、デッシュの底面に付着している細胞をはがし、計数した。別の実験において、3日間培養後、細胞がサブコンフルエントに達した時点で、DHMBA (1 あるいは10 μM)ならびにカスパーゼー3阻害剤(10 μM) を含む培養液に交換して、48時間培養後、細胞計数した。さらに、3日間培養後、細胞がサブコンフルエントに達した時点で、DHMBA (1 あるいは10 μM)含有あるいは非含有のDMEM培養液に、gemcitabine (0.1, 1, 10, 50 あるいは100 nM) あるいは CH223191 (1, 10, 及び 25 μM)を加えた培養液に交換して、48時間培養し、細胞を計数した。
細胞培養後、培養デッシュの底面に付着している細胞をCa2+/Mg2+-含有しないPBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA)に溶解した0.05%トリプシン-EDTA溶液0.1mlを添加し、37℃で2分間インキュベーションして付着している細胞を遊離させ、10%% FBS および1% P/SをふくむDMEM培養液0.9mlを添加して反応を停止した。可視的な細胞は、Olympus MTV-3の顕微鏡にて、Hemocytometer (Sigma-Aldrich)を用いて、細胞計数した。
細胞内活性酸素(ROS)は、pro-fluorescent 基質のH2DCFDAを用いたROS測定キット(MAK144-1 Kit, Sigma-Aldrich)を用いて測定した。PC-3 および DU-145 細胞 (2.5x104細胞数/ウェルあたり、96穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり0.1ml培養液中)は、DHMBA (0.1, 1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μM) を含むDMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、24時間培養した。培養後、細胞は、PBS で洗浄後、25 μM H2DCFDA溶液の0.1mlを添加して45分間インキュベートした。その後、PBSで洗浄し、細胞中に産生した活性酸素量は蛍光測定プレートリーダーを用いて、波長Ex/Em=485/535 nmにおいて、蛍光強度を測定した。結果は、DHMBAを添加しなかった対象群に対する蛍光強度の%として表示した。
前立腺がんPC-3及びDU-145細胞の移動性は、スクラッチアッセイを用いて調べた。PC-3 およびDU-145 細胞 (2x105細胞数/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液中)は、10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソンを含有したDMEM培養液中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、48時間培養し、細胞がコンフルエントに達した時点で、ピペットチップ(200 μl)を用いて、直線のスクラッチを行なった。遊離の細胞をPBSで洗浄除去し、上記の培養液(DHMBA 0.1, 1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μMを含有)を添加して、48時間培養した。培養後、細胞フリーの部分の間隔を測定した。培養前のスクラッチを行なっときの間隔に対する培養後の間隔を比較し、対照(DHMBAを含まない時の値)に対する%として表示した。
前立腺がんPC-3及びDU-145細胞の細胞侵入活性は、transwell chambers (Corning, Life Sciencesのカタログナンバー CLS3464-48EA, USA)を用いて測定した。24穴のプレートの各ウェルにチャンバーを置いた。チャンバーの上面にはマトリゲル(Corning Life Sciences, Cat. No 356230、U S A)の50 μlを添加した。ゲルの乾燥後に、ゲルの上面にPC-3あるいはDU-145細胞(2.5 x104 細胞数/mlの FBSを含まないDMEM)懸濁液500 μlを添加した。この細胞懸濁液にはDHMBA (0, 1, 10, あるいは 100 μM)を含有した。チャンバーに細胞懸濁液を添加後、1時間インキュベートし、細胞を付着させた。チャンバーの下面には、F B Sを含有しない培養液と10% F B Sを含有する培養液の0.75 mlを添加した。このプレートは、5% CO2 , 95% 空気下で、37 0C で24時間培養した。培養後、チャンバーの上面の培養液を除去し、フィルターを回収し、冷70% エタノール (1 ml)中に30分間置き、ゲルを浸潤したフィルターの下面に存在する細胞を固定した。その後、0.75 ml, 20% メタノールに溶解したクリスタルバイオレットの0.5%を含む)液に30分間浸して染色した。染色後、PB Sで洗浄し、乾燥した。乾燥後、染色された細胞数を顕微鏡(Olympus MTV-3; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)で計数した。また、染色された細胞の映像は顕微鏡写真撮影された。
PC-3細胞 (1x106 細胞/10 ml、100 mm デッシュ)は、10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有するDMEM培養液中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養した。また、培養液にはDHMBA (10 μM)を含有させた。培養後、細胞はタンパク分解酵素及びプロテインホスファターゼ活性阻害剤を含む細胞溶解液cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) を添加して調整した。細胞溶解液は、17,000xgで4℃、10 分間遠心分離して、その上清液を回収した。上清液中のタンパク質量は、Bio-Rad Protein Assay Dye (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA)を用いて、アルブミンを標準タンパクとして、測定した。タンパクサンプルは、使用するまで、-80℃の冷凍庫に保存した。タンパク試料液の40 μgを用いて、SDS ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(12% SDS-PAGE) に添加し、分離した。その後、タンパク分子は」ナイロンメンブレンにトランスファーした。このメンブレインは、タンパク分子に特異的に結合する抗体を用いて、免疫ブロットした。 Ras (cat. no. 3339, rabbit), Akt (cat. no. 9272, rabbit), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; cat. no. 4695, rabbit), phosphorylated-MAPK (cat. no. 4370, rabbit), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR, cat. no. 4517, mouse), Rb (cat. no. 9309, mouse), p21 (cat. no. 2947, rabbit), caveolin-1 (cat. no. 3267, rabbit), および β-actin (cat. no. 3700, mouse) などの抗体はCell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA)から購入した。また、 p53 (cat. no. sc-126, mouse), NF-κB p65 (cat. no. sc-109, rabbit) および integrin β1 (cat. no. sc-13590, mouse) は Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA)から入手した。さらに、Rabbit anti-regucalcin 抗体はSigma-Aldrich (cat. no. HPA029103, rabbit)から購入した。標的プロテインは、上記の1次抗体を用いて16時間低温でインキュベートした。その後、2次抗体のhorseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., mouse sc-2005 or rabbit sc-2305; diluted 1:1,000) を用いて60分間室温でインキュベートした。その後、プロテインのバンドはChemiluminescence substrate (cat. no. 34577, Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) をもって発光させて、X 線フィルム上で、デヴェロッパーを使用して感光し、検出した。
データの統計処理は、GraphPad InStat version 3 for Windows XP (GraphPad Software Inc. La Jolla, CA)を用いておこなった。データは、平均値 ±標準偏差で表示した。多重比較検定は、Tukey-Kramer 多重比較検定にて行った。危険率0.05%以下をもって有意差ありと判定した。
(ヒト前立腺がん細胞の増殖に及ぼすDHMBAの効果)
まず、転移性のヒト前立腺がんのPC-3及び DU-145細胞のコロニー形成に及ぼす効果を調べた。
PC-3細胞及び DU-145細胞のコロニー形成は、DHMBA (1あるいは10 μM)の存在下で、9日間培養すると、有意に抑制された(図1、図2参照)。
さらに、細胞増殖に及ぼす効果を調べたとところ、DHMBA (10 μM)の存在下で、1-6日間培養することにより、PC-3細胞及び DU-145細胞の増殖は抑制された。細胞増殖に及ぼすDHMBAの有意な効果は、0.01 μMの低濃度でも認められた(図1、図2参照)。
PC-3及び DU-145細胞を、細胞サイクル阻害剤のroscovitine (10 あるいは 100 nM), butyrate (10 あるいは 100 μM), および sulforaphan (1 あるいは 10 nM)の存在下で3日間培養すると、細胞増殖は抑制された(図3A)。
DHMBA(10 μM)の細胞増殖抑制効果は、これら阻害剤の存在下では観察されなかった(図3B)。
この結果は、DHMBAは、細胞増殖サイクルのG1ならびにG1/M 期に作用していることが示唆した。
wortmannin (10 あるいは 100 nM), PD98059 (1 あるいは 10 μM), 及び staurosporine (1 あるいは 10 nM)の存在下で、前立腺がん細胞(PC-3)を3日間培養すると、細胞増殖は抑制された(図3C)。これら阻害剤の存在下において、DHMBA(10 μM)の有意な細胞増殖抑制効果は発現しなかった(図3D)。これらの結果は、DHMBA の細胞増殖抑制作用の発現には、細胞増殖を促進するシグナル過程に作用していることを示唆した。
DHMBAが前立腺がん細胞(PC-3)の増殖を抑制する作用の分子メカニズムを明らかにするために、細胞増殖の増進に関与するたんぱく分子の発現レベルの変動を、ウエスタンブロッティングで調べた (図4)。
PC-3 細胞は、DHMBA(10 μM)の存在下で、3日間培養した。細胞増殖の増進に寄与する, Ras, PI3 kinase, Akt, MAP kinase, phospho-MAP kinase, 並びに mTORの発現レベルは有意に抑制された。興味あることに、細胞増殖を抑制する分子のp53, Rb, p21, および regucalcin(レギュカルチン)の発現レベルは有意に増加した。これらのプロテイン分子の変動が、DHMBAの細胞増殖抑制効果の発現に寄与しているものと示唆された。
さらに、DHMBAの前立腺がん細胞の細胞死誘導作用について調べた。PC-3 およびDU-145細胞は、DHMBAの不在下で、3日間培養し、サブコンフルエントに達した状態で、DHMBA を含む培養液に交換して、24及び48時間培養後、デッシュの底面に付着している細胞数を計数して、細胞死誘導の作用を調べた(図5)。PC-3 (図5A、5B)およびDU-145 (図5D、5E)の細胞死は、DHMBA (1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μM)の存在下で培養すると有意に増加した。これらの増加は、カスパーゼ3阻害剤 (10 μM) の存在下では引き起こされなかった(図5C, 5F)。
アリルハイドロカーボンレセプター (aryl hydrocarbon receptor ;AHR)は、細胞質内でAHR と核移行たんぱく因子と結合して、核移行して遺伝子に結合し、薬物代謝酵素並びに他の多くの遺伝子発現をもたらす。DHMBAは、AHR に結合して、遺伝子発現作用をもたらすと推察された。このことを実証するために、AHRの特異的阻害剤のCH223191を用いて、DHMBA(10 μM)の細胞増殖作用ならびに細胞死誘導作用が引き起こされるのかを調べた(図8)。
DHMBAは、アンチオキシダントであることがよく知られている。そこで、前立腺がん細胞のPC-3およびDU-145 細胞の活性酸素の産生に及ぼす効果を調べた(図8)。
DHMBA (1, 10, 100, および 1000 μM)の存在下で、細胞を24時間培養したときの細胞内活性酸素産生量を測定すると、有意な抑制が認められた。この結果は、DHMBAの前立腺細胞に及ぼす効果の一部は活性酸素産生低下に起因していることが推察された。
ヒト前立腺がん細胞のPC-3 ならびにDU-145細胞は、転移性のがん細胞である。この転移性に及ぼす作用を、前立腺がん細胞の移動 (migration)と浸潤 (invasion) 性への効果を調べることにより、評価した。
DHMBA (1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μM)の存在下で、PC-3細胞(図9A、9C)並びにDU-145細胞(図9B、9D)を培養すると、その移動性は有意に抑制された。さらに、PC-3 細胞(図10A、10C)並びにDU-145細胞(図10B、10D)の浸潤性も有意に抑制されることが見いだされた。さらに、前立腺がん細胞の移動と浸潤性の増進に関与するたんぱく分子の発現レベルを調べると、NF-κB p65, caveolin-1, 並びにintegrin β1の発現レベルが有意に低下されることが見いだされた(図11)。
図1は、3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)のヒト前立腺がんPC-3細胞の増殖に及ぼす抑制効果について実験を行った説明図である。
図1(A)は、 PC-3細胞(1x103 細胞数/6 ウエルのプレートの1ウェルあたり)は、DHMBA (1あるいは 10 μM) を含むDMEM培養液(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン(fungizone)含有)中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、9日間培養した図である。
図1(B)は、コロニー数を計数した図である。
図1(C)は、PC-3細胞(1x105 cells/24 ウエルのプレートの1ウェルあたり)は、DHMBA (10 μM) を含むDMEM培養液(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、1-6日間培養した図である。
(A)は、DU-145細胞(1x103 cells/6 ウエルのプレートの1ウェルあたり)は、DHMBA (1あるいは 10 μM) を含むDMEM培養液(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、9日間培養した図である。
(B)は、コロニー数を計数した図である。
(C)は、DU-145細胞(1x105 cells/24 ウエルのプレートの1ウェルあたり)は、DHMBA (10 μM) を含むDMEM培養液(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、1-6日間培養した図である。
(D)、(E)は、DU-145細胞(1x105 cells/24 ウエルのプレートの1ウェルあたり)は、DHMBA (0.01、0.1、1、10、100、1000 μM) を含むDMEM培養液(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3 (D) 及び 6(E)日間培養した。培養後、デッシュに付着した細胞をはがし、計数した。各々のデータは、培養細胞の8ウェルから得られた値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.001 対照(白あるいはグレーバー) と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
(A)、(B)は、PC-3細胞(1x105 cells/ml/24 ウエルのプレートの1ウェルあたり) は、細胞サイクル阻害剤のroscovitine (10 、 100 nM), butyrate (10、 100 μM), および sulforaphan (1、10 nM)を含有した DHMBA (10 μM) を含むDMEM培養液(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養した図である。
(C),(D)は、PC-3細胞(1x105 cells/ml/24 ウエルのプレートの1ウェルあたり) は、wortmannin (10 あるいは 100 nM), PD98059 (1 あるいは 10 μM), 及び staurosporine (1 あるいは 10 nM)を含有したDHMBA (10 μM) を含むDMEM培養液(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養した図である。培養後、デッシュに付着した細胞をはがし、計数した。各々のデータは、異なった培養細胞の8ウェルから得られた値の平均値と標準偏差で示した。*p<0.001 対照(グレーバー) と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
PC-3細胞 (1x106 細胞/10 ml、100 mm デッシュ)は、10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有するDMEM培養液中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養した。また、培養液にはDHMBA (10 μM)を含有させた。培養後、細胞はタンパク分解酵素及びプロテインホスファターゼ活性阻害剤を含む細胞溶解液cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) を添加して調整した 。タンパク試料液の40 μgを用いて、SDS ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(12% SDS-PAGE) で分離し、その後、タンパク分子はナイロンメンブレンにトランスファーした。このメンブレインは、タンパク分子に特異的に結合する抗体を用いて、免疫ブロットした。
各々たんぱく分子のバンドは、異なった培養細胞の4デッシュから得られた代表的なものを示した図である。
各々のバンドの濃さを測定した値の対照群と比較した%値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.01 対照と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
PC-3 (A、B図)および DU-145 (D、E図)細胞 (1x105/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液において)は、DMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養し、細胞がサブコンフルエントに達した時点で、培養液をDHMBA (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μM)を含むものに交換し、24及び48時間培養した図である。培養後に、デッシュに付着している細胞を計数した図である。
各々たんぱく分子のバンドは、異なった培養細胞の4デッシュから得られた代表的なものを示した図である。
各々のバンドの濃さを測定した値の対照群と比較した%値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.01 対照と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
PC-3細胞 (1x105/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液において)は、DMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養し、細胞がサブコンフルエントに達した時点で、培養液をgemcitabine (1, 10, 50,100, あるいは 250 nM)を含むものに交換し、48時間培養した。培養後に、デッシュに付着している細胞を計数した図である。
3日間培養後、細胞がサブコンフルエントに達した時点で、DHMBA (1 あるいは10 μM)ならびにgemcitabine(1, 10, 100 nM)を含む培養液に交換して、48時間培養後、細胞計数した。培養後、デッシュに付着した細胞をはがし、計数した。各々のデータは、培養細胞の8ウェルから得られた値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.001 対照(グレーバー) と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
PC-3細胞 (1x105/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液において)は、DMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、DHMBA (10 μM)及び アリルハイドロカーボンレセプター阻害剤 CH223191 (1, 10, あるいは 25 μM)の存在下で3日間培養し、細胞増殖に及ぼす作用を調べた。図である
PC-3細胞 (1x105/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液において)は、DMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養し、細胞がサブコンフルエントに達した時点で、培養液をDHMBA (10 μM)並びにCH223191 (1, 10, あるいは 25 μM)を含むものに交換し、48時間培養した。培養後、デッシュの底面に付着した細胞をはがし、計数した。各々のデータは、培養細胞の8ウェルから得られた値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.001 対照(CH223191 a及びDHMBA を含まないグレーバー) と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
PC-3 および DU-145 細胞 (2.5x104/96穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり0.1ml培養液)は、DHMBA (0.1, 1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μM) を含むDMEM培養液中(10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有)で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、24時間培養した。培養後、細胞は、PBS で洗浄後、25 μM H2DCFDA溶液の0.1mlを添加して45分間インキュベートした。PBSで洗浄後、細胞は蛍光測定プレートリーダーを用いて、波長Ex/Em=485/535 nmにおいて、蛍光強度を測定した。結果は、DHMBAを添加しなかった対照群に対する蛍光強度の%として表示した。各々のデータは、培養細胞の8ウェルから得られた値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.001 対照(白バー) と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
PC-3 およびDU-145 細胞 (2x105細胞数/24穴プレートを使用して、1穴あたり1ml培養液)は、DMEM培養液中10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、48時間培養し、細胞がコンフルエントに達した時点で、ピペットチップ(200 μl)を用いて、直線のスクラッチを行なった。遊離の細胞をPBSで洗浄除去し、上記の培養液(DHMBA 0.1, 1, 10, 100, あるいは 1000 μMを含有)を添加して、48時間培養した。培養後、細胞フリーの部分の間隔を測定した。
(A)、(B)クリスタルバイオレット染色した細胞の図である。
(C)、(D)培養前のスクラッチを行なっときの間隔に対する培養後の間隔を比較し、対照(DHMBAを含まない時の値)に対する%として表示した。各々のデータは、培養細胞の8ウェルから得られた値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.001 対照(白バー) と比較して。#p<0.001、 DHMBAを含まない対照(グレーバー) と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
前立腺がんPC-3及びDU-145細胞の細胞侵入活性はtranswell chamberを用いて測定した。PC-3あるいはDU-145細胞(2.5 x104 細胞数/ml FBSを含まないDMEM)懸濁液500 μlを添加した。この細胞懸濁液にはDHMBA (0, 1, 10, あるいは 100 μM)を含有した。チャンバーに細胞懸濁液を添加後、1時間インキュベートし、細胞をゲルの表面に付着させた。チャンバーの下面には、F B Sを含有しない培養液と10% F B Sを含有する培養液の0.75 mlを添加した。このプレートは、5% CO2 , 95% 空気下で、37 0C で24時間培養した。培養後、チャンバーの上面の培養液を除去し、フィルターを回収し、冷70% エタノール (1 ml)中に30分間置き、フィルターの下面にゲルを浸潤した細胞を固定した。その後、0.75 ml, 20% メタノールにクリスタルバイオレット0.5%を含む)液に30分間浸して染色した。染色後、PB Sで洗浄し、乾燥した。乾燥後、染色された細胞数を顕微鏡(Olympus MTV-3; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)で計数した。また、染色された細胞の映像は写真撮影された。
(A)、(B)代表的な画像を示した図である。
(C)、(D)各々のデータは、培養細胞の8ウェルから得られた値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.001 FBS を含まない対照(白バー) と比較して。#p<0.001、 DHMBAを含まない対照(グレーバー) と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
PC-3細胞 (1x106 細胞数/10 ml、100 mm デッシュ)は、10% FBS, 1% P/S および 1% ファンギソン含有するDMEM培養液中で、5% CO2 下で、 370Cにおいて、3日間培養した。また、培養液にはDHMBA (10 μM)を含有させた。培養後、細胞はタンパク分解酵素及びプロテインホスファターゼ活性阻害剤を含む細胞溶解液cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) を添加して調整した 。タンパク試料液の40 μgを用いて、SDS ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(12% SDS-PAGE) で分離し、その後、タンパク分子は」ナイロンメンブレンにトランスファーした。このメンブレインは、タンパク分子に特異的に結合する抗体を用いて、免疫ブロットした。
各々たんぱく分子のバンドは、異なった培養細胞の4デッシュから得られた代表的なものを示した図である。
各々のバンドの濃さを測定した値の対照群と比較した%値の平均値と標準偏差で示した図である。*p<0.01 対照と比較して。1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post-test.
前立腺がんは、転移性がんであり、男性において、がんに関連した死因の第2にランクされている。そのために、転移性前立腺がんのより効果的な治療法の更なる開発が必要とされている。
DHMBAは、創始的に、海洋性カキから、単離同定されたフェノール性のアンチオキシダントである。
その結果、DHMBAは、がん細胞のコロニー形成、細胞増殖、活性酸素産生、細胞の転移に関連した細胞移動性ならびに浸潤性を抑制し、さらにはがん細胞死を誘導する作用をも発揮することが見だされた。このように、本発明は、転移性前立腺がんの治療における新たな方法を提供している。
このように、DHMBAのがん細胞増殖抑制効果は、広範な細胞シグナリング過程に作用して、発揮されているもの推察された。
本発明において、海洋性新規化合物のDHMBAが、転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の増殖抑制、細胞死誘導ならびにがん細胞の転移活性の抑制などの作用を発揮するとの新規の知見が解明された。
Claims (3)
- 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)を有効成分とした転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の増殖抑制作用を有する、
ことを特徴とする転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の増殖抑制剤。
- 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)を有効成分とした転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の細胞死誘導作用を有する、
ことを特徴とする転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の細胞死誘導剤。
- 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA)を有効成分とした転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の移動と浸潤作用の抑制作用を有する、
ことを特徴とする転移性ヒト前立腺がん細胞の細胞の移動と浸潤作用の抑制剤。
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