WO2023093989A1 - Device for displaying snack articles for sale - Google Patents

Device for displaying snack articles for sale Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2023093989A1
WO2023093989A1 PCT/EP2021/083018 EP2021083018W WO2023093989A1 WO 2023093989 A1 WO2023093989 A1 WO 2023093989A1 EP 2021083018 W EP2021083018 W EP 2021083018W WO 2023093989 A1 WO2023093989 A1 WO 2023093989A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
base
base plate
tube
carousel
compartments
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2021/083018
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Marinus Michael SMITS
Original Assignee
Saharas International Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saharas International Ltd. filed Critical Saharas International Ltd.
Priority to PCT/EP2021/083018 priority Critical patent/WO2023093989A1/en
Publication of WO2023093989A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023093989A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47FSPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
    • A47F3/00Show cases or show cabinets
    • A47F3/001Devices for lighting, humidifying, heating, ventilation
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47FSPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
    • A47F3/00Show cases or show cabinets
    • A47F3/10Rotary show cases or cabinets
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07FCOIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F11/00Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles
    • G07F11/02Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles from non-movable magazines
    • G07F11/04Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles from non-movable magazines in which magazines the articles are stored one vertically above the other
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07FCOIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F11/00Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles
    • G07F11/02Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles from non-movable magazines
    • G07F11/04Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles from non-movable magazines in which magazines the articles are stored one vertically above the other
    • G07F11/16Delivery means
    • G07F11/22Pushers actuated indirectly by hand, e.g. through cranks or levers
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07FCOIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F11/00Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles
    • G07F11/46Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles from movable storage containers or supports
    • G07F11/50Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles from movable storage containers or supports the storage containers or supports being rotatably mounted
    • G07F11/54Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles from movable storage containers or supports the storage containers or supports being rotatably mounted about vertical axes
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07FCOIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F17/00Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
    • G07F17/0064Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for processing of food articles
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07FCOIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F9/00Details other than those peculiar to special kinds or types of apparatus
    • G07F9/10Casings or parts thereof, e.g. with means for heating or cooling
    • G07F9/105Heating or cooling means, for temperature and humidity control, for the conditioning of articles and their storage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to devices for displaying articles for sale.
  • Vending machines or automats are widely used for providing snack foods. Where the physical appearance of the item to be sold is important, but there is still a high level of standardization, it is useful for the vending machine to include a window to allow viewing of the items therewithin.
  • the items are arranged in rows or shelf elements and each item within the row or shelf element is substantially identical.
  • a forwarding means is required to move each item along, so that as one item is vended, by being placed opposite a vending port, for example, the next item is brought up into its place.
  • Heated snacks such as dough coated nuts, require carefully controlled conditions, and simple vending machines are thus unsuitable for storing and selling heated snacks.
  • a first aspect relates to a device for displaying snack articles for sale or complimentary, said device comprising:
  • a rotatable carousel comprising a plurality of compartments, such as three or more, each adapted for receiving a stack of snack containers;
  • carousel comprises:
  • a base plate comprising a centrally positioned hole or cut-out
  • an elongated metal tube preferably of aluminium, copper, and mixtures thereof, with a tube wall defining a lumen, said tube being mounted vertically on said base plate such that its tube wall is flanking said hole or cut-out;
  • said base comprises a mechanism configured for rotating said base plate relative to said base; wherein the base comprises an opening leading into said compartments, said opening being of a size allowing for the removal therethrough of a single container from a stack of containers within one of said compartments.
  • the carousel may turn in its entirety, or alternatively, only some of the internal parts of the carousel may turn.
  • the base plate is adapted for being rotated relative to the base.
  • the heat distribution plate elements are preferably mounted to the tube to better receive and distribute the heat from the electrical heating element.
  • the metal tube may be adapted for being rotated relative to both the base and the base plate.
  • the tube may be adapted for being connected to a drive shaft, such as a motor drive shaft, or alternatively operably connected to a lever arm.
  • the heat distribution plate elements are mounted to the tube, thereby being used to push the stacks of snack containers positioned there between, thereby sliding the stacks of snack containers across the base plate.
  • the elongated metal tube is releasably fastened to the base.
  • the heat distribution plate elements are releasably fastened to the metal tube and the base plate, e.g., via brackets or flanges formed therein.
  • the housing may also be releasably fastened to the carousel, e.g., to the base or the base plate.
  • the base plate is adapted for being rotated relative to said base.
  • the mechanism is based on friction transmission.
  • the mechanism comprises a disc or wheel operably connected to a lever arm, said disc or wheel configured for acting on the base plate when the lever arm is activated.
  • the disc or wheel may be coated with a friction increasing material, such as an elastomeric material, e.g., rubber, silicone, or the like.
  • the elongated metal tube is adapted for being rotated relative to the base and base plate, and wherein the heat distribution plate elements are mounted to the tube.
  • the device further comprises a thermostat, preferably mounted within the base of the carousel, configured for regulating the temperature within said compartments by activating or deactivating said electrical heating element.
  • the base is configured with a cavity adapted for receiving the edge of a tabletop, and a fastening means adapted for fastening the base to said tabletop.
  • the mechanism comprises a disc or wheel operably connected to a lever arm, the user will pull in the entire device, why it needs to be fastened to a support, such as a tabletop.
  • a second aspect relates to the use of a device according to the present invention for displaying heated snack articles for sale or complimentary.
  • Figures 1a and 1b show side views of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows a side view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention where parts of the housing and base are removed.
  • Figure 3 shows a side view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention where a stack of snack containers is removed to show the plate element.
  • Figure 4 shows a side view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention where the stacks of snack containers are removed together with one of the plate elements to better show the tube.
  • Figure 5 shows a perspective view of a part of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, where the heating element is exposed.
  • Figure 6 shows a top view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, where the lid has been removed.
  • the device 100 comprises a rotatable carousel 200, and a housing 300.
  • the rotatable carousel 200 is here shown with four compartments (see also Figure 6) with a stack of snack containers 210 therein.
  • the device also may be configured as a tabletop standing version, the present example is shown for attachment to the edge of a tabletop (not shown).
  • the base 220 is configured with a cavity 600 adapted for receiving the edge of a tabletop, and a fastening means 610 adapted for fastening the base 220 to said tabletop.
  • the housing 300 is adapted for covering a part of the carousel 200, and may e.g., comprise windows as shown in Figure 1B.
  • the carousel 200 comprises a base 220, a base plate 225 (see Figures 2-5) with a centrally positioned hole 230 (see Figure 5), an elongated metal tube 235 (see Figures 4 and 6), an electrical heating element 240 (see Figure 5), and four heat distribution plate elements 250 (see Figures 2-6).
  • the number of distribution plate elements 250 may vary, depending on the size of the device and/or the size of the products 210 to be displayed.
  • the heat distribution plate elements 250 are preferably made of aluminium, copper, or mixtures/alloys of the two materials, and are distributed, preferably evenly, at the circumference of the tube 235. These materials are great heat conductors.
  • the heat distribution plate elements 250 are pairwise formed in the same sheet material (see Figures 5 and 6), i.e., one sheet material is bent to form two heat distribution plate elements 250.
  • the two sheet materials are connected in the top via a bracket 260.
  • the two sheet materials are mounted to the base plate 225 via a flange formed in the sheet material.
  • the plate elements 250 together with the base plate 225 define the compartments of the carousel 200.
  • the base 220 comprises an opening 215 leading into the compartments.
  • the opening 215 is of a size allowing for the removal therethrough of a single container 210 from the stack of containers 210 that are fronting the opening 215, i.e., it is not possible to remove multiple containers at the time.
  • the elongated metal tube 235 is preferably of aluminium, copper, or mixtures/alloys of the two. These materials are great heat conductors.
  • the tube 235 is mounted vertically on the base plate 225 such that its tube wall is flanking the hole 230.
  • the electrical heating element 240 is mounted on the base 220 and extends through the hole 230 ( Figure 5) and into the lumen of the tube 235.
  • the base 220 also comprises a mechanism 400 configured for rotating the base plate 225 relative to the base 220.
  • This mechanism 400 may be embodied in many different ways, a preferable embodiment is shown in the figures.
  • the mechanism 400 is here shown comprising a disc or wheel 410 operably connected to a lever arm 420 ( Figure 2).
  • the disc or wheel 410 is configured for acting on the base plate 225 when the lever arm 420 is activated, thereby rotating the base plate 225.
  • the disc or wheel 410 is coated with a friction increasing material 430, such as an elastomeric material, e.g., rubber, silicone, or the like.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a device for displaying articles for sale. The device is provided with a rotatable carousel with integrated heating.

Description

Device for displaying snack articles for sale
Technical field of the invention
The present invention relates to devices for displaying articles for sale.
Background of the invention
Vending machines or automats are widely used for providing snack foods. Where the physical appearance of the item to be sold is important, but there is still a high level of standardization, it is useful for the vending machine to include a window to allow viewing of the items therewithin. Typically, the items are arranged in rows or shelf elements and each item within the row or shelf element is substantially identical. A forwarding means is required to move each item along, so that as one item is vended, by being placed opposite a vending port, for example, the next item is brought up into its place.
Heated snacks, such as dough coated nuts, require carefully controlled conditions, and simple vending machines are thus unsuitable for storing and selling heated snacks.
Description of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a device that is suitable for heating and displaying heated snacks.
A first aspect relates to a device for displaying snack articles for sale or complimentary, said device comprising:
- a rotatable carousel comprising a plurality of compartments, such as three or more, each adapted for receiving a stack of snack containers;
- a housing adapted for covering a part of said carousel; wherein said carousel comprises:
- a base;
- a base plate comprising a centrally positioned hole or cut-out;
- an elongated metal tube, preferably of aluminium, copper, and mixtures thereof, with a tube wall defining a lumen, said tube being mounted vertically on said base plate such that its tube wall is flanking said hole or cut-out;
- an electrical heating element mounted on said base and extending through said hole or cut-out and into the lumen of said tube; and
- at least two protruding heat distribution plate elements, preferably of aluminium, copper, and mixtures thereof, distributed, preferably evenly, at the circumference of said tube, wherein said plate elements together with said base plate define the compartments of said carousel; wherein said base comprises a mechanism configured for rotating said base plate relative to said base; wherein the base comprises an opening leading into said compartments, said opening being of a size allowing for the removal therethrough of a single container from a stack of containers within one of said compartments.
The carousel may turn in its entirety, or alternatively, only some of the internal parts of the carousel may turn. Preferably, the base plate is adapted for being rotated relative to the base. The heat distribution plate elements are preferably mounted to the tube to better receive and distribute the heat from the electrical heating element. Alternatively, the metal tube may be adapted for being rotated relative to both the base and the base plate. In the latter configuration, the tube may be adapted for being connected to a drive shaft, such as a motor drive shaft, or alternatively operably connected to a lever arm. Furthermore, the heat distribution plate elements are mounted to the tube, thereby being used to push the stacks of snack containers positioned there between, thereby sliding the stacks of snack containers across the base plate.
Preferably, the elongated metal tube is releasably fastened to the base. Preferably, the heat distribution plate elements are releasably fastened to the metal tube and the base plate, e.g., via brackets or flanges formed therein. The housing may also be releasably fastened to the carousel, e.g., to the base or the base plate. These embodiments allow the user to exchange single components of the device if broken or damaged.
In one or more embodiments, the base plate is adapted for being rotated relative to said base. In one or more embodiments, the mechanism is based on friction transmission. Preferably, the mechanism comprises a disc or wheel operably connected to a lever arm, said disc or wheel configured for acting on the base plate when the lever arm is activated. The disc or wheel may be coated with a friction increasing material, such as an elastomeric material, e.g., rubber, silicone, or the like.
In one or more embodiments, the elongated metal tube is adapted for being rotated relative to the base and base plate, and wherein the heat distribution plate elements are mounted to the tube.
In one or more embodiments, the device further comprises a thermostat, preferably mounted within the base of the carousel, configured for regulating the temperature within said compartments by activating or deactivating said electrical heating element.
In one or more embodiments, the base is configured with a cavity adapted for receiving the edge of a tabletop, and a fastening means adapted for fastening the base to said tabletop. Especially if the mechanism comprises a disc or wheel operably connected to a lever arm, the user will pull in the entire device, why it needs to be fastened to a support, such as a tabletop.
A second aspect relates to the use of a device according to the present invention for displaying heated snack articles for sale or complimentary.
As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from "about" or "approximately" one particular value and/or to "about" or "approximately" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about", it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It should be noted that embodiments and features described in the context of one of the aspects of the present invention also apply to the other aspects of the invention.
Brief description of the figures
Figures 1a and 1b show side views of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.
Figure 2 shows a side view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention where parts of the housing and base are removed.
Figure 3 shows a side view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention where a stack of snack containers is removed to show the plate element.
Figure 4 shows a side view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention where the stacks of snack containers are removed together with one of the plate elements to better show the tube.
Figure 5 shows a perspective view of a part of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, where the heating element is exposed.
Figure 6 shows a top view of a device in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, where the lid has been removed.
Detailed embodiments of the invention
The following description is to be seen as a non-limiting example of a device 100 according to various embodiments of the present invention. Referring to Figure 1, the general scheme of the invention is shown, where Figure 1A shown an opaque housing, while Figure 1B shows a transparent housing, allowing the user to see the products (snack containers 210) within the device. In general, the device 100 comprises a rotatable carousel 200, and a housing 300. The rotatable carousel 200 is here shown with four compartments (see also Figure 6) with a stack of snack containers 210 therein. Although the device also may be configured as a tabletop standing version, the present example is shown for attachment to the edge of a tabletop (not shown). The base 220 is configured with a cavity 600 adapted for receiving the edge of a tabletop, and a fastening means 610 adapted for fastening the base 220 to said tabletop. The housing 300 is adapted for covering a part of the carousel 200, and may e.g., comprise windows as shown in Figure 1B.
The carousel 200 comprises a base 220, a base plate 225 (see Figures 2-5) with a centrally positioned hole 230 (see Figure 5), an elongated metal tube 235 (see Figures 4 and 6), an electrical heating element 240 (see Figure 5), and four heat distribution plate elements 250 (see Figures 2-6). Obviously, the number of distribution plate elements 250 may vary, depending on the size of the device and/or the size of the products 210 to be displayed. The heat distribution plate elements 250 are preferably made of aluminium, copper, or mixtures/alloys of the two materials, and are distributed, preferably evenly, at the circumference of the tube 235. These materials are great heat conductors. In the present configuration, the heat distribution plate elements 250 are pairwise formed in the same sheet material (see Figures 5 and 6), i.e., one sheet material is bent to form two heat distribution plate elements 250. The two sheet materials are connected in the top via a bracket 260. Furthermore, the two sheet materials are mounted to the base plate 225 via a flange formed in the sheet material. The plate elements 250 together with the base plate 225 define the compartments of the carousel 200. The base 220 comprises an opening 215 leading into the compartments. The opening 215 is of a size allowing for the removal therethrough of a single container 210 from the stack of containers 210 that are fronting the opening 215, i.e., it is not possible to remove multiple containers at the time.
The elongated metal tube 235 is preferably of aluminium, copper, or mixtures/alloys of the two. These materials are great heat conductors. The tube 235 is mounted vertically on the base plate 225 such that its tube wall is flanking the hole 230.
The electrical heating element 240 is mounted on the base 220 and extends through the hole 230 (Figure 5) and into the lumen of the tube 235. The base 220 also comprises a mechanism 400 configured for rotating the base plate 225 relative to the base 220. Although this mechanism 400 may be embodied in many different ways, a preferable embodiment is shown in the figures. The mechanism 400 is here shown comprising a disc or wheel 410 operably connected to a lever arm 420 (Figure 2). The disc or wheel 410 is configured for acting on the base plate 225 when the lever arm 420 is activated, thereby rotating the base plate 225. The disc or wheel 410 is coated with a friction increasing material 430, such as an elastomeric material, e.g., rubber, silicone, or the like.
References
100 Device
200 Carousel
210 Container
215 Opening
220 Base
225 Base plate
230 Hole or cut-out
235 Tube
240 Heating element
250 Plate elements
260 Bracket
300 Housing
400 Mechanism
410 Disc or wheel
420 Lever arm
430 Coating of a friction increasing material
500 Thermostat
600 Cavity
610 Fastening means

Claims

8 Claims
1. A device (100) for displaying snack articles for sale or complimentary, said device comprising:
- a rotatable carousel (200) comprising a plurality of compartments, such as three or more, each adapted for receiving a stack of snack containers (210);
- a housing (300) adapted for covering a part of said carousel (200); wherein said carousel (200) comprises:
- a base (220);
- a base plate (225) comprising a centrally positioned hole or cut-out (230);
- an elongated metal tube (235), preferably of aluminium, copper, and mixtures thereof, with a tube wall defining a lumen, said tube (235) being mounted vertically on said base plate (225) such that its tube wall is flanking said hole or cut-out (230);
- an electrical heating element (240) mounted on said base (220) and extending through said hole or cut-out (230) and into the lumen of said tube (235); and
- at least two protruding heat distribution plate elements (250), preferably of aluminium, copper, and mixtures thereof, distributed, preferably evenly, at the circumference of said tube (235), wherein said plate elements (250) together with said base plate (225) define the compartments of said carousel (200); wherein said base (220) comprises a mechanism (400) configured for rotating said base plate (225) relative to said base (220); wherein the base (220) comprises an opening (215) leading into said compartments, said opening being of a size allowing for the removal therethrough of a single container (210) from a stack of containers (210) within one of said compartments.
2. The device (100) according to claim 1 , wherein the base plate (225) is adapted for being rotated relative to said base (220).
3. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 1-2, wherein said mechanism (400) is based on friction transmission.
4. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 3, wherein said mechanism (400) comprises a disc or wheel (410) operably connected to a lever arm (420), said disc or wheel (410) configured for acting on the base plate (225) when the lever arm (420) is activated. 9
5. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 4, wherein the disc or wheel (410) is coated with a friction increasing material (430), such as an elastomeric material, e.g., rubber, silicone, or the like.
6. The device (100) according to claim 1 , wherein the elongated metal tube (235) is adapted for being rotated relative to said base (220) and said base plate (225), and wherein the heat distribution plate elements (250) are mounted to the tube (235).
7. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 1-6, further comprising a thermostat (500), preferably mounted within the base (220) of the carousel (200), configured for regulating the temperature within said compartments by activating or deactivating said electrical heating element (240).
8. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 1-7, wherein the base (220) is configured with a cavity (600) adapted for receiving the edge of a tabletop, and a fastening means (610) adapted for fastening the base (220) to said tabletop.
9. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 1-8, wherein the elongated metal tube (235) is releasably fastened to the base (220).
10. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 1-9, wherein the heat distribution plate elements (250) are releasably fastened to the metal tube (235) and/or the base plate (225), e.g., via brackets or flanges formed therein.
11. The device (100) according to any one of the claims 1-10, wherein the housing (300) is releasably fastened to the carousel (200), e.g., to the base (220) or the base plate (225).
12. Use of a device(100) according to any one of the claims 1-11 for displaying heated snack articles for sale or complimentary.
PCT/EP2021/083018 2021-11-25 2021-11-25 Device for displaying snack articles for sale WO2023093989A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2021/083018 WO2023093989A1 (en) 2021-11-25 2021-11-25 Device for displaying snack articles for sale

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2021/083018 WO2023093989A1 (en) 2021-11-25 2021-11-25 Device for displaying snack articles for sale

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2023093989A1 true WO2023093989A1 (en) 2023-06-01

Family

ID=78825169

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2021/083018 WO2023093989A1 (en) 2021-11-25 2021-11-25 Device for displaying snack articles for sale

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2023093989A1 (en)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1460979A (en) * 1921-03-30 1923-07-03 Charles L Paine Means for heating the contents of vending machines
US2199196A (en) * 1938-02-12 1940-04-30 James R Evans Display and dispensing device
WO2008025101A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-03-06 Addco Nominees Pty Ltd Improved dispenser assembly
WO2020081892A1 (en) * 2018-10-18 2020-04-23 Applestone Meat Company Llc Item dispensing assembly systems and methods

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1460979A (en) * 1921-03-30 1923-07-03 Charles L Paine Means for heating the contents of vending machines
US2199196A (en) * 1938-02-12 1940-04-30 James R Evans Display and dispensing device
WO2008025101A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-03-06 Addco Nominees Pty Ltd Improved dispenser assembly
WO2020081892A1 (en) * 2018-10-18 2020-04-23 Applestone Meat Company Llc Item dispensing assembly systems and methods

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