Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
  • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/63—Control systems
  • H01M10/633—Control systems characterised by algorithms, flow charts, software details or the like
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
  • H01M10/617—Types of temperature control for achieving uniformity or desired distribution of temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
  • H01M10/4257—Smart batteries, e.g. electronic circuits inside the housing of the cells or batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
  • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
  • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
  • H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/63—Control systems
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/64—Heating or cooling; Temperature control characterised by the shape of the cells
  • H01M10/643—Cylindrical cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
  • H01M10/6567—Liquids
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
  • H01M10/6567—Liquids
  • H01M10/6568—Liquids characterised by flow circuits, e.g. loops, located externally to the cells or cell casings
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
  • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
  • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
  • H01M50/213—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for cells having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
  • H01M50/233—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
  • H01M50/284—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders with incorporated circuit boards, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB]
  • H01M50/287—Fixing of circuit boards to lids or covers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/60—Arrangements or processes for filling or topping-up with liquids; Arrangements or processes for draining liquids from casings
  • H01M50/609—Arrangements or processes for filling with liquid, e.g. electrolytes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/60—Arrangements or processes for filling or topping-up with liquids; Arrangements or processes for draining liquids from casings
  • H01M50/609—Arrangements or processes for filling with liquid, e.g. electrolytes
  • H01M50/618—Pressure control
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/60—Arrangements or processes for filling or topping-up with liquids; Arrangements or processes for draining liquids from casings
  • H01M50/673—Containers for storing liquids; Delivery conduits therefor
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/60—Arrangements or processes for filling or topping-up with liquids; Arrangements or processes for draining liquids from casings
  • H01M50/691—Arrangements or processes for draining liquids from casings; Cleaning battery or cell casings
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
  • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• a system and method for actively and dynamically managing cell operating pressure and temperature of one or more battery modules is disclosed.
• Li-lon cell operating pressure and temperature values cannot be used as a reference for optimal cell operation of a new generation battery, including an all-solid-state battery. According to current knowledge, precise, active and dynamic management of battery operating pressure and temperature values is likely to be critical for:
• US 2016/0380315 proposes battery systems having independently controlled sets of battery cells based on specialized and complementary battery modules, for example a specialized power module and a specialized module in energy.
• the specificity of the modules can be linked to the use of different chemistries from one module to another.
• Application DE 102018203050 proposes a dynamic pressure management system for a battery based on a fluid injected into pockets applied against the cells of the battery.
• None of the systems proposed in the art is capable of actively and dynamically managing significant pressure and temperature variations at the level of the cells of a battery with an almost instantaneous response time depending on operating or stress conditions. data, in order to exploit the possible performance characteristics of such a battery.
• An object of the present invention is to propose a system for managing the pressure and temperature of operation of cells of one or more battery modules, which makes it possible to exploit the possible performance characteristics of such a battery.
• a battery operating pressure and temperature management system comprising: at least one battery module having a chamber housing cells of the battery, and at least one at least one on-board circuit connected to the cells and configured to drive their operation and monitor their state of charge, the chamber having opposed fluid inlets and outlets for receiving and discharging heat transfer fluid applied to all cells; a fluidic unit having a return reservoir in communication with the fluidic outlet of each battery module, a cooling reservoir for containing a quantity of the heat transfer fluid pumped from the return reservoir at a predefined cold temperature, a heating reservoir for containing a quantity of the fluid coolant pumped from the return tank at a predefined hot temperature, and a temperature and pressure control device having inputs in communication with the cooling and heating tanks and at least one output in communication with the fluid input of each battery module so as to transmit the heat transfer fluid at a temperature and a pressure by controlled mixing and flow of the heat transfer fluid from the cooling and heating reservoirs; heat transfer fluid temperature and pressure sensors circulating between the fluidic unit
• a method for managing the operating pressure and temperature of a battery comprising the steps of: housing battery cells in a chamber defined by at least one battery module, the chamber having opposing fluid inlets and outlets for receiving and discharging heat transfer fluid applied to all cells; monitoring a state of charge of cells in the at least one battery module; collecting the heat transfer fluid evacuated by the fluid outlet of each battery module in a return tank; separately cooling and heating quantities of the heat transfer fluid pumped from the return tank into cooling and heating tanks at predefined cold and hot temperatures; supplying the coolant to the fluid inlet of the at least one battery module at regulated temperature and pressure by controlled mixing and flow of the coolant from the cooling and heating reservoirs; taking temperature and pressure measurements of the heat transfer fluid supplied to and discharged by the at least one battery module; controlling the mixture and the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid supplied to the at least one battery module according to the measurements and the temperature and pressure instructions; and adjusting the temperature and pressure setpoints of the heat transfer fluid and a stress setpoint intended
• the present invention proposes a system for managing the pressure and temperature of operation of cells of one or more battery modules, which make it possible, at the same time or separately: to reach a precise value of pressure applied to the cells according to battery demand conditions; to apply even pressure to the battery cells; to apply high pressure values, for example up to 2000 psi; to vary very quickly a value of pressure applied to the cells according to changes in the conditions of solicitation or transaction; to allow a variation in the volume of the cells in charge and discharge cycle; to reach a precise temperature value of the cells according to the conditions of stress or operation of the battery; to vary very rapidly a temperature value of the cells according to changes in stress or operating conditions; to apply significant temperature values and variations, for example from 0 to 80° C.; to obtain a uniform temperature on each of the cells, over their entire surface; to adjust pressure and temperature regulation strategies according to a state of health of the battery and specificities related to a use of the battery by means of varied and/or evolving algorithms; in the case of use of the battery in
• Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a battery operating pressure and temperature management system according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a pressure and temperature control arrangement according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating a system command and control process according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating settings for pressure and temperature management and operation of a battery module according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figures 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D are graphs illustrating examples of pressure and temperature management protocols implemented in the system according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 6 is an exploded schematic diagram of a battery module with button type cells according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figures 7A and 7B are partial perspective views of an internal structure of a battery module according to one embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D are schematic diagrams of possible arrangements of several battery modules according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figures 9A and 9D are exploded schematic diagrams of a battery module with prismatic type cells according to one embodiment of the invention.
• a battery is formed of cells which are composed of two electrodes - a positive pole (or cathode) and a negative pole (or anode) - separated by a medium acting as an ionic conductor, called an electrolyte.
• the cells can be of different architectures, formats and dimensions.
• Anodes, cathodes and electrolytes can be made of different materials.
• the electrolyte can be liquid, solid, hybrid (polymer, ceramic, liquid, etc.).
• near instantaneous or "instantaneous” means a time lapse or response time of approximately 15 seconds or less, unless the context requires otherwise.
• a battery operating pressure and temperature management system according to one embodiment of the invention is illustrated.
• the system comprises at least one battery module 2.
• a system comprising three battery modules 2.
• the number number of battery modules in the system may be different from one or three, for example two or more than three if desired.
• the invention presents a solution to the problem of optimally exploiting a battery by managing the operating pressures and temperatures of the cells that it comprises in an active, dynamic, precise and almost instantaneous manner by means of a heat transfer fluid. circulating in the system according to control modes which will be described below.
• the dotted lines represent coolant circulation lines while the solid lines represent signal communication lines.
• each battery module 2 has a chamber 4 housing cells 6 of the battery, and at least one on-board circuit 8 connected to the cells 6 and configured to control their operation and monitor their state of charge.
• the on-board circuit(s) 8 may include power units, energy sinks, current limiters and an intelligent charger (not shown), making it possible to generate the relevant pressure, temperature and current density conditions to obtain the optimum performance of the battery modules 2.
• the chamber 4 has opposite fluidic inlets and outlets 10, 12 (illustrated eg in FIG. 2) to receive and evacuate a heat transfer fluid applied to all the cells 6.
• the heat transfer fluid is a liquid, advantageously an oil, and more advantageously a mineral oil making it possible to neutralize potential chemical reactions in the event of a defective cell or damaged.
• the term hydraulics may be used instead of "fluidic" in connection with an oil serving as heat transfer fluid, without limiting the heat transfer fluid to an oil and oil pressure and temperature control devices uniquely.
• the system includes a fluidic unit 14 having a return reservoir 16 in communication with the fluidic outlet 12 (shown e.g. in Figure 2) of each battery module 2, a cooling reservoir 18 to contain a quantity of the heat transfer fluid pumped from the return tank 16 at a predefined cold temperature, a heating tank 20 for containing a quantity of the heat transfer fluid pumped from the return tank 16 at a predefined hot temperature, and a temperature and pressure regulating device 22, 24 having inlets 26 in communication with the cooling and heating reservoirs 18, 20 and at least one outlet 28 in communication with the fluid inlet 10 of each battery module 2 so as to transmit the heat transfer fluid at a temperature and a pressure desired by controlled mixing and flow rate of the heat transfer fluid coming from the cooling and heating reservoirs 18, 20.
• the predefined hot temperature is 100° C. while the predefined cold temperature is -30° C., so that the heat transfer fluid supplied to the battery modules 2 by the fluidic unit 14 can have a temperature varying almost instantaneously from -30° C. to 100° C. for their dynamic management.
• Other cold and hot temperature values may be suitable depending on the chemistries of the battery modules 2 used and their operating temperature ranges, for example and preferably at most 0° C. and 80° C.
• the system comprises temperature sensors 31 (Ti, T 2 , T 3 ) and pressure 33 (Pi, P 2 , P 3 ) of the heat transfer fluid circulating between the fluidic unit 14 and the modules battery 2.
• the system comprises controllers 34, 36, 38 (hereinafter also referred to as controllers #1, #2, #3) having inputs 40, 42, 44 for receiving heat transfer fluid temperature and pressure setpoint signals in the battery modules 2, inputs 46, 48 for receiving signals for measuring temperature Ti, T 2 , T 3 and pressure Pi, P 2 , P 3 produced by the temperature 31 and pressure 33 sensors, outputs 50 for producing signals controlling the mixture and the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid transmitted by the fluidic unit 14 according to the setpoint signals and the temperature and pressure measurement signals.
• controllers 34, 36, 38 can be performed by a single controller if desired.
• Other types of sensors making it possible to monitor, measure, inform, enslave, adjust, and evolve can be added to the system, for example sensors for measuring current, measuring voltage, analyzing gas dissolved in the oil or other heat transfer fluid used (not shown).
• the system includes a BMS 52 connected to controllers 34, 36, 38 (shown e.g. in Figure 2) and on-board circuits 8 (shown e.g. in Figure 6) of battery modules 2.
• the BMS 52 is configured to produce the heat transfer fluid temperature and pressure setpoint signals and one or more demand setpoints 54 intended for the battery modules 2 according to an energy and power demand received at the input 56 and the state of charge provided by the on-board circuits 8.
• the BMS 52 can be configured to store and execute operation parameter control algorithms of the battery modules 2 according to demand conditions, the state of charge and a state of health of the battery modules 2, and according to an ambient temperature and a pre-established vocation of a battery module among the battery modules 2.
• the demand conditions, the state of charge and the state of health can be transmitted to the BMS 52 via a controller 88 of solicitation instructions for the battery modules and the states of charge and health supplied by a monitoring module 90 processing the signals produced by the on-board circuits 8 (illustrated eg in FIG. 6) of the battery modules 2.
• the pre-established vocation of a battery module 2 can be programmed in the BMS 52 so that the BMS 52 generates the appropriate command and control signals to dynamically and actively manage its pressure, its temperature, its solicitation and its states according to its vocation via the controller 88 and the circuit 54 in communication with the on-board circuits 8 of the battery modules 2, as well as via the pressure control 36 and temperature control 34, 38 controllers.
• a battery module 2 can, for example, consist in making it operate in a different way than that for which its cells 6 were normally designed.
• the operating parameters include the pressure and the temperature of the heat transfer fluid circulating in the battery modules 2, and can also include a power allowed by each battery module 2.
• the stress conditions can be, for example, a fast charge, a call for power, for example acceleration, load pulling, sudden braking in the case of an electric vehicle.
• the system can be equipped with a heat exchanger 92 with the tanks 16, 18, 20 of the fluidic unit 14 and peripheral devices (not shown) generating thermal energy, such as a heater, an air conditioner, a motor -brake, an intelligent charger, for a minimization of energy consumption to heat / cool the heat transfer fluid.
• a heat exchanger 92 with the tanks 16, 18, 20 of the fluidic unit 14 and peripheral devices (not shown) generating thermal energy, such as a heater, an air conditioner, a motor -brake, an intelligent charger, for a minimization of energy consumption to heat / cool the heat transfer fluid.
• the fluidic unit 14 is provided with a pump 94 and an accumulator 100 making it possible to dynamically adjust and manage the pressure to be applied to the battery modules 2 to a desired value.
• Pump 94 has an inlet 96 communicating with return tank 16 and an outlet 98 for conveying a quantity of heat transfer fluid pumped from return tank 16.
• Accumulator 100 has an inlet 102 communicating with outlet 98 of pump 94 and an output 104 communicating with the cooling and heating reservoirs 18, 20.
• the accumulator 100 produces a servo signal 106 controlling the pump 94 according to a pressure measurement supplied by a pressure sensor 103 (PO) at the output 104 of the accumulator 100 so that the pressure of the heat transfer fluid in the cooling and heating reservoirs 18, 20 is slightly higher than the pressure set point 44.
• a pressure relief valve 108 is preferably added in parallel to the pump 94.
• each battery module 2 may be formed of a tubular element 58 and end elements 60, 62 closing the tubular element 58 to define the chamber 4 which is similar to a tank .
• a structure 64 for supporting and spacing the cells 6 in an axial direction of the cylindrical element 58 can advantageously ensure an appropriate spacing of the cells 6 to allow their volume variation during charge-discharge cycles and to minimize the transmission of vibrations.
• mechanical cells 6 immersed in the heat transfer fluid.
• a distributor arrangement 66 of the heat transfer fluid is in communication with the fluidic inlet 10 and has openings 68 (illustrated eg in FIG. 7B) aligned with spaces between the cells 6.
• An arrangement 70 of electrical connections connects the cells 6 and the or the on-board circuits 8 together.
• the tubular element 58 can be cylindrical in shape as shown in Figure 6, being particularly suitable for cells 6 of the button type as also shown in the Figure.
• the end elements 60, 62 can advantageously be in the form of a dome projecting from opposite ends of the tubular element 58 and defining interior spaces housing the on-board circuit(s) 8.
• the on-board circuits 8 can be housed respectively in the end elements 60, 62 and isolated from the reservoir or chamber 4 by sealing washers 110, 112.
• the tubular element in cylindrical form can also be used with prismatic type 6 cell arrangements as shown in Figure 9B.
• the tubular element 58 can have a parallelepiped shape as illustrated in FIG. 9B which can advantageously be suitable for cells 6 of the prismatic type, or another shape as an oblong shape if desired. Similarly, shapes other than a dome can be used for the end elements 60, 62 if desired.
• the end elements 60, 62 and the opposite ends of the element tubular 58 can advantageously have flanges 59 for assembly by bolts (not shown) allowing the battery module 2 to be dismantled if necessary. Other kinds of connectors and joints can be used if desired.
• the support and spacing structure 64 comprises elongated bars 72 having outer surfaces substantially conforming to an inner surface of the cylindrical member 58 (illustrated e.g. in Figure 6 ), and internal surfaces having transverse notches 74 distributed in the axial direction of the cylindrical element 58 and in which the peripheral edges 76 of the cells 6 engage.
• the distributor arrangement 66 may comprise ducts 78 extending in the bars 72 and in communication with the fluid inlet 10 (illustrated e.g. in Figure 6), the openings 68 of the distributor arrangement 66 being made in the internal surfaces of the bars 72 so that the heat transfer fluid applies an isostatic pressure ( uniform) on the cells 6 immersed in and directly in contact with the heat transfer fluid.
• the arrangement 70 of electrical connections can be formed from upper and lower series of plates 80, 82 electrically connected to each other and in contact with terminals of the cells 6.
• the upper series of plates 80 can extend between the bars 72.
• the heat transfer fluid circulates between the fluidic unit 14 and the battery modules 2 through a pipe circuit (illustrated by the thick black lines) provided with heat transfer fluid flow control members , controlled by the controllers 34, 36, 38 so as to adjust a temperature and a pressure of the heat transfer fluid circulating in the pipe circuit.
• the flow control members can advantageously be, for each battery module 2, a distributor Di, D 2 , D 3 of the fluid heat transfer fluid conveyed to battery module 2, and a proportional pressure limiter Li, L 2 , L 3 of the heat transfer fluid evacuated by battery module 2.
• the controller 34 serves as a controller for managing the temperature of the heat transfer fluid in the system in general by controlling flow regulation members formed for example by distributors D 4 and D 5 on lines fluidics 30, 32 associated with the cooling and heating reservoirs 18, 20 according to the temperature setpoint signal received at the input 40.
• the controller 34 may have an input 84 to receive and take into account a temperature adjustment signal coming from a temperature sensor 35 (T o ) indicative of the temperature of the heat transfer fluid transmitted by the fluidic unit 14.
• the controller 36 (#2) serves as a pressure management controller for the heat transfer fluid supplied to and evacuated by the modules battery 2 by controlling the distributors Di, D 2 , D 3 and the proportional pressure limiters Li, L 2 , L 3 according to the pressure setpoint signal 44 and the pressure measurement signals (Pi, P 2 , P 3 ) provided by the sensors 33.
• the controller 36 is thus responsible for regulating the pressure of the heat transfer fluid in the battery modules 2.
• the controller 36 may have an input 86 to receive and take account of a signal coming from a sensor of pressure 37 (Pc) indicative of the overall pressure of the heat transfer fluid transmitted by the fluidic unit 14.
• the controller 38 serves as a temperature management controller for the heat transfer fluid circulating specifically in the battery modules 2 by controlling the distributors Di, D 2 , D 3 conveying the heat transfer fluid to the battery modules 2 according to the temperature setpoint signal 42 at the level of the cells 6 of the battery modules 2 and the temperature measurement signals (Ti, T 2 , T 3 ) supplied by the temperature sensors 31.
• the controller 38 also supplies the temperature set point to the controller 34 which manages the fluidic unit 14.
• the battery modules 2 can be organized so as to form an independent, complementary or combined arrangement depending on whether their fluidic inputs and outputs 10, 12 are twinned or separated and according to a chemistry of their cells.
• each battery module 2 can be operated in pressure and temperature of independently as shown in Figure 8A.
• the battery modules 2 can be operated at a common pressure but at different temperatures as shown in Figure 8B.
• Some battery modules 2 can be operated at a common pressure different from the pressure of another battery module 2, and at different temperatures for each battery module 2 as shown in Figure 8C.
• Some battery modules 2 may be operated at common pressure and temperature different from the operating pressure and temperature of another battery module 2, as shown in Figure 8D.
• the design of the battery modules 2 can be chosen according to certain operating conditions, for example extremely rapid recharging, strong acceleration or a large payload to be drawn in the case of an electric vehicle (not shown), a storage, extreme outside temperature, and depending on the use for which they are intended, for example, car, truck, bus, plane, train, boat, energy storage.
• As many battery modules 2 as desired can be used, complementary or not, with variable capacities and dimensions, paired or not.
• the pressure and temperature values of the battery modules 2 can be regulated in real time or be fixed.
• One of the battery modules 2 may be intended to play a special role (ie its vocation), for example to operate at a fixed pressure and in particular at a very high pressure to handle extreme operating conditions such as extremely rapid recharging or be called upon in priority during strong acceleration in the case of an electric vehicle, even if it means having to replace the battery module 2 after a certain time (eg prematurely).
• a battery module 2 can be likened to a sacrifice battery module for increased performance.
• the system can include battery modules 2 whose pressure regulation is carried out solely by variation of the temperature of the heat transfer fluid, in particular if an increased pressure value is necessary for temperature values increased, using the effect of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the heat transfer fluid.
• the system includes at least one battery module 2 (or several working in collaboration) with variable operating conditions (variable role) or fixed (dedicated role), whose active and dynamic management of the operating temperature and of the pressure applied to the cells 6 (illustrated eg in FIG. 6) is carried out via a liquid (or a fluid) under pressure in which the cells 6 are submerged.
• the various mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and logical systems described above are controlled by processors (not illustrated, but which can be integrated into the BMS 56 or the controllers 34, 36, 38) controlled by algorithms scalable and coordinated via master software implemented in the BMS 56.
• the BMS 56 can run an intelligent charging management algorithm including an efficient and optimal management strategy for energy-intensive systems (pressure and temperature regulation) during fast charging or during of sudden braking. Scalable algorithms can be based on an artificial intelligence implementation.
• the active and dynamic management of the operating temperature and of the pressure applied to the cells 6 allows optimum exploitation of the cells of a battery.
• the cylindrical tank formed by the elements 58, 60, 62 (illustrated eg in Figure 6) of the battery module 2 makes it possible to apply a variable isostatic pressure and of significant value (eg up to 2000 psi) on the cells 6 , while being compact and easy to integrate into a vehicle (not shown).
• a method for managing the pressure and operating temperature of a battery consists in housing cells 6 of the battery in a chamber 4 defined by at least one battery module 2, the chamber 4 having opposite fluidic inlets and outlets 10, 12 for receiving and evacuating a heat transfer fluid applied to all the cells 6.
• the method also involves monitoring a state of charge of the cells 6 in each battery module 2, collecting the fluid coolant evacuated by the fluid outlet 12 of each battery module 2 into a return tank 16, to separately cool and heat quantities of the heat transfer fluid pumped from the return tank 16 into cooling and heating tanks 18, 20 has predefined cold and hot temperatures, and to convey the heat transfer fluid to the fluidic inlet 10 of each battery module 2 at temperature and pressure regulated by controlled mixing and flow rate of the heat transfer fluid coming from the cooling and heating reservoirs 18 , 20.
• the method further involves taking temperature and pressure measurements of the heat transfer fluid supplied to and discharged by each battery module 2, controlling the mixing and flow rate of the heat transfer fluid supplied to each battery module 2 according to the measurements and temperature and pressure setpoints, and to adjust the temperature and pressure setpoints of the heat transfer fluid and a stress setpoint intended for each battery module 2 as a function of an energy and power demand and the state of charge of the cells 6 in each battery module 2.
• the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid supplied to each battery module 2 is maintained as long as the pressure and temperature measurements are different from the pressure and temperature.
• the method may involve performing an evolutionary process of controlling operating parameters of each battery module 2 based on demand conditions, the state of charge and a state of health of each battery module 2 and according to an ambient temperature and a pre-established vocation of a battery module 2 among all the battery modules 2 used.
• the heat transfer fluid will be considered to be oil. It should however be understood that another fluid suitable for the invention can be used with a different temperature range if desired.
• the value of the oil temperature setpoint (mixture) 114 is based on the operating temperature setpoint value (eg from -30°C to 100°C). C or other preferred temperature range) of the cells 6 (illustrated eg in Figure 6), taking into account the thermal losses, the thermal inertia, the volume of oil involved, an acceptable time to reach a new value operating temperature and material considerations (eg transitions allowable thermals).
• the strategy for quickly reaching the oil temperature setpoint can be based on algorithms developed in the laboratory on the necessary hot-cold mixture (flows) 116, 118, 120, 122.
• Prioritization by the BMS 52 can be made on the scheduling of the realization of the instructions if different operating temperatures are required from one battery module 2 to another.
• a sizing of the components of the system (reservoirs 16, 18, 20, pump 94, accumulator 100, battery module 2 illustrated eg in FIG. 2) is preferably optimized in order to maximize the speed for varying the temperature of the cells 6.
• the oil can first be brought to the correct temperature, and the pressure setpoint 124 can be carried out simultaneously for all the battery modules 2, even in the event of different setpoints for a module of battery 2 to another.
• the controller #2 36 can operate the pressure limiters Li, L 2 , L 3 and the servo valves Di , D 2 , D 3 of the battery modules 2 (illustrated eg in FIG. 2) to regulate their pressure 126, 128.
• a interaction of the oil temperature and pressure adjustment processes may involve maintaining the oil flow as long as the two setpoints (temperature and pressure) are not reached. Reaching the pressure setpoint can also take into account the effect of two other factors on the pressure value, namely the temperature of the oil and the variable volume of the cells (state of charge) 130.
• a module of battery 2 is considered compatible with the requirements when the temperature and pressure setpoints are reached 132, otherwise the temperature of battery module 2 is rectified again 116.
• pressure limit value instructions are sent to the pressure limiters Li, L 2 , L 3 via controller #2 36 in order to build the target operating pressures Pi , P 2 , P 3 in battery modules 2 (#1 , #2 and #3). If the new pressure setpoint for a given battery module 2 is more higher than the pressure measured in the battery module 2, the distributor Di, D 2 , OR D 3 associated with the battery module 2 (#1, #2 or #3), via the controller 36 (#2), authorizes the oil intake allowing this new pressure value to be reached.
• the new pressure value is reached instantly.
• the pressure P in the accumulator 100 makes it possible to build up a pressure P o in the cold and hot oil reservoirs 18, 20.
• a pressure P o ' is built up upstream of the distributors Di, D2 , D3 .
• the maximum pressure of the modules is set at 1000 psi
• the minimum acceptable pressure in the accumulator 100 could be 1500 psi.
• the pump 94 When the value of P Amin drops below the threshold of 1500 psi, the pump 94 will start and inject oil into the accumulator 100 until the moment of reaching the value of P max (2500 psi for example).
• the controller 34 (#1) manages the cold and hot oil line distributors D 4 , D 5 according to flow rate management algorithms so as to generate an oil mixture at temperature T o .
• T o >T1, T 2 , T 3
• T o Conversely, to reduce the operating temperature value of the cells, then T o ⁇ T1, T 2 , T 3 .
• the difference in values between the temperature of the oil mixture T o and the operating temperature T1, T 2 , T 3 of the cells 6 depends on the speed for reaching the new operating temperature, taking into account the thermal inertia of the system as a whole and of the thermal transition limits allowed by the materials constituting the cells 6. Even if the operating pressure value Pi, P 2 , P 3 is reached for a given battery module 2, the controller 38 ( #3) allows the admission of oil to T o via the distributor D1 , D 2 , D 3 associated with the battery module 2 as long as the target operating temperature value T1, T 2 , T 3 of the battery module 2 is not reached.
• FIG. 4 there is illustrated an example of high-level management that the system according to the invention can implement according to different parameters of pressure and temperature management and operation of a battery module 2.
• An event 134 such as a call for power, rapid braking or rapid charging is signaled to the BMS 52 (illustrated eg in Figure 1).
• the BMS 52 performs an analysis of system parameters versus operating requirements. To this end, the BMS 52 can consider certain conditions such as a state of charge (SOC), a state of health (SOH), the pressure and temperature of the cells 6 (illustrated eg in FIG. 6), their life history (calendar ) and a number of cycles experienced by the cells 6 of a battery module 2 as illustrated by block 138.
• SOC state of charge
• SOH state of health
• the pressure and temperature of the cells 6 illustrated eg in FIG. 6
• their life history calendar
• a number of cycles experienced by the cells 6 of a battery module 2 as illustrated by block 138.
• the BMS 52 can consider various parameters such as an ambient temperature, an expected charging duration, a charging power provided, peripheral devices in operation, terrain morphology to be traversed, driving habit, driving mode selection, traffic condition, charging options on a route, as illustrated by block 140.
• a verification 142 is then performed to determine if a battery module 2 is compatible with the requirements with respect to the system parameters. If this is the case, power instructions are transmitted to the compatible battery modules 2, as illustrated by block 144. Otherwise, the BMS 52 transmits instructions to the regulation mechanisms as illustrated by block 146. Temperature regulation 148 , a pressure regulation 150 and a current density management 152 are carried out, so that a battery module 2 is possibly compatible 154.
• a power surplus management 156 can be carried out for heating or cooling of the oil 158, to operate a battery module 2 as a sacrifice module at the expense of its nominal operating parameters 160, or for power dissipation 162 if desired.
• Figure 5A shows a possible protocol for regulating the pressure of the cells 6 of a battery module 2 (illustrated eg in Figure 6) according to a recommended charging or discharging speed.
• Figure 5B shows a possible protocol for regulating the pressure of the cells 6 of a battery module 2 in depending on its state of charge (SOC).
• Figure 5C shows a possible protocol for regulating the temperature of operation with respect to a recommended charge or discharge rate.
• Figure 5D shows a possible protocol for regulating operating pressure in relation to the number of charge and discharge cycles experienced by a battery module 2.
• the value of the oil pressure in a pressure tank will tend to vary depending on the following factors: the pressure set point dictated to the fluidic unit 14 by the BMS 52, the variation in the temperature of oil, cell volume variation 6.
• the pressure regulation control algorithm may include coordinated inputs related to these factors, based on a model integrating an interaction of pressure and temperature setpoints, as well as feedback on the state of charge of the cells 6, therefore their volume at a specific moment.
• the BMS 52 can coordinate and direct a solicitation of the different battery modules 2 according to an energy and power demand.
• Proximity management of each of the battery modules 2 can be carried out on board each battery module 2 by an on-board BMS or a BMS-module implemented by the on-board circuits 8.
• Oil monitoring involving for example monitoring of chemical elements or dissolved gases, can make it possible to identify symptoms of deterioration of the components constituting a battery module 2.
• a mineral oil used as heat transfer fluid can make it possible to neutralize potential chemical reactions in the event of a cell 6 defective or damaged.
• An implementation of evolutionary algorithms eg of artificial intelligence in the BMS 52 can represent a strategic aspect of the exploitation of the system according to the invention. Such algorithms can be responsible for managing the operating parameters of the battery modules 2 (current, pressure, temperature).
• a programming (eg in industry) of the initial algorithms in the BMS 52 can be made according to the use of the battery modules 2 (eg car, bus, truck, plane, boat, storage, etc.).
• a modification of such algorithms can be done over time, depending on different factors such as type of driving (eg acceleration, braking, load pulling), terrain morphology, outside temperatures, load patterns, usage patterns (frequency, duration).
• Scalable algorithms can lead to a decision to overstress a battery module 2 in the event of extreme conditions of use (eg sacrifice module).

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• 2021
  • 2021-11-10 CA CA3139110A patent/CA3139110A1/fr active Pending
• 2022
  • 2022-10-19 KR KR1020247018536A patent/KR20240091328A/ko active Pending
  • 2022-10-19 US US18/708,877 patent/US20250007031A1/en active Pending
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