Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
  • H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
  • H01M10/0562—Solid materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
  • C01B25/14—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds of phosphorus
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
  • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
  • H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
  • H01M4/621—Binders
  • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
  • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
  • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
  • H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
  • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
  • H01M50/431—Inorganic material
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
  • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
  • H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/20—Powder free flowing behaviour
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
  • C01P2006/62—L* (lightness axis)
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
  • H01M2300/008—Halides
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to a powder of solid material particles of formula (I):
• - a represents a number from 2.0 to 7.0
• - b represents a number from 3.0 to 6.0
• - c represents a number from 0 to 3.0, wherein the powder has a d 50 -value of less than 70 pm, characterised in that its L* value in the L*a*b* color system is less than 60.0.
• the present disclosure also relates to a process for preparing such powder, as well as to the use of such powder for notably manufacturing solid electrolytes or battery articles.
• Lithium ion batteries are widely used as power supplies notably for appliances.
• an organic solvent is used as an organic liquid electrolyte and lithium ions migrate from one electrode to the other, depending on whether the battery is charging or discharging.
• all-solid-state lithium ion batteries are formed by solidifying the whole battery using components, which are all solid, that-is-to-say the cathode, the anode and the electrolyte. Because all the components of the solid-state battery are solid, including the electrolyte, all-solid-state battery have a large electrical resistance and provide a small output current, in comparison to a battery using a liquid electrolyte. This means that there is a need for electrolytes having a high conductivity, as well as an aptitude to maintain this high conductivity over time.
• EP 3 026 749 A1 (Mitsui) relates to a sulfide-based solid electrolyte for a lithium ion battery having a cubic crystal structure belonging to a space group F-43m and being represented by Compositional Formula: Li7. x PS 6 -xHa x (Ha is Cl or Br), in which x varies from 0.2 to 1 .8, and wherein said electrolyte has a value of the lightness L* in the L*a*b* color system is 60.0 or more, preferably 70.0 or more and more preferably 75.0 or more.
• the quantity of sulfur in the solid electrolyte is correlated to the L* value of said electrolyte in the L*a*b* color system. More precisely, it is considered that sulfur defects in the solid electrolyte lead to a decrease in the lightness, which should be avoided for performance purpose. In other words, it is considered that the higher the L* value, the better the conductivity.
• the present invention relates to a powder of solid material particles formula (I): Li a PS b X c (I) wherein
• - a represents a number from 2.0 to 7.0
• - b represents a number from 3.0 to 6.0
• the solid material is according to formula (II):
• - X represents at least one halogen element selected in the group of F, Cl, Br and I or a combination thereof;
• - x represents a positive number from 0.5 to 2.0.
• the solid material is preferably Li 6 PS 5 CI, Li 4 P 2 S 6 , Li 7 PS 6 , Li 7 P 3 Sn or Li 3 PS 4 .
• the present invention also relates to a method for producing the powder of the present invention, comprising the steps of: a) mixing the starting materials (M) with a carbonated solvent (S) preferably selected among aprotic chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons, using mixing means, preferably mixing beads (made of ceramic preferably), with an energy of at least 7x10 5 rotations per litre of mixture (M+S), to obtain a paste in a slurry state, b) drying the paste from step a) to obtain a dried paste, b’) optionally pressing the dried paste from step b) into pellets, and c) heating the dried paste, e.g.
• the present invention also relates to the use of the powder of the present invention to manufacture a solid electrolyte, to a solid electrolyte comprising at least such powder, to an electrochemical device comprising at least such solid electrolyte, to a solid state battery comprising at least such solid electrolyte, and to an electrode or a battery separator comprising at least such powder.
• an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that in related embodiments explicitly contemplated here, the element or component can also be any one of the individual recited elements or components, or can also be selected from a group consisting of any two or more of the explicitly listed elements or components; any element or component recited in a list of elements or components may be omitted from such list; and
• the present invention relates to a powder of solid material particles of formula (I):
• - a represents a number from 2.0 to 7.0, for example from 3.0 to 6.0, from 4.0 to 6.0 or from 5.0 to 6.0;
• - b represents a number from 3.0 to 5.0, for example from 3.5 to 5.0 or from 3.9 to 5.0;
• - c represents a number from 0 to 3.0, for example from about 0.9 to about 2.9 or from about 1 .0 to about 2.5 or even from about 1 .0 to about 2.0; wherein the powder has a d 50 -value of less than 50 pm, characterised in that its L* value in the L*a*b* color system is less than 60.0.
• the powder of the present invention actually presents a L* value in the L*a*b* color system lower than taught in the prior art.
• the hydrophobicity of the powder positively affects its resistance to ageing over time. Again, without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the more hydrophobic the powder, the less water is absorbed (water being identified as having a detrimental effect on sulfide powder, especially over time), the less susceptible to ageing the powder is.
• the powder of solid material particles presenting such a low L* value can notably be prepared by wet mechanochemistry with a carbonated solvent of choice combined with a certain amount of energy.
• a carbonated solvent of choice combined with a certain amount of energy.
• the use of such a carbonated solvent during the preparation process of the powder leads to specific carbon species at the surface of the powder.
• the powder of the present invention is therefore characterized by a L* value in the L*a*b* color system below 60.0, preferably below 59.0, more preferably below 58.0 and even more preferably below 56.0.
• the L* value may notably measured with a X-Rite Ci52 spectrophotometer operated by the software OnColor.
• a thin layer of powder to be analysed is put in a sample holder with a quartz window to guarantee the stability of the sample during the measurement.
• the powder of the present invention may also be characterized by a C-content comprised 0.4 and 2.5 wt.%, for example between 0.5 and 2.0 wt.% or between 0.6 and 1.9 wt.%.
• c may be equal to zero.
• the solid material does not comprise any halogen component and the solid material is according to formula (I’):
• - a represents a number from 2.0 to 7.0, for example from 3.0 to 7.0;
• - b represents a number from 3.0 to 5.0, for example from 3.9 to 4.9 or from 4.0 to 4.5.
• c may be from 0.9 to 1.1.
• the solid material may be according to formula (I”):
• X is preferably Cl.
• formula (I”) is as follows:
• the solid material is according to formula (II): Li 7.x PS 6 .xX x (II) wherein:
• - X represents at least one halogen element selected in the group of F, Cl, Br and I or a combination thereof;
• - x represents a positive number from 0.5 to 2.0.
• - x may more particularly vary between 0.8 and 1 .8; x may for instance be equal to 1 .0 or to 1 .5; x may also vary between 0.95 and 1 .05 or between 1 .45 and 1.55; and/or
• - X is more particularly Cl, Br or a combination thereof; X may also be more particularly Cl.
• the solid material is LiePSsCI, U4P2S6, Li 7 PSe, l_i 7 P 3 Si 1 or l_i 3 PS 4 , more preferably Li 6 PS 5 CI or U3PS4.
• Formulas of the solid material described in the present disclosure may be determined according to well-known analytical techniques.
• the solid material as characterized by its formula, herein formula (I) or (II), may be the major constituent of the powder.
• the proportion of this solid material may be at least 60 wt.%, at least 70 wt.%, at least 80 wt.%, at least 90 wt.%, at least 95 wt.% or even at least 98 wt.% or 99 wt.%, based on the total weight of the powder.
• the powder may also for example comprise an amorphous phase, and the starting materials used to prepare the powder, for example LiX (X being a halogen, for example Cl), l_i 2 S, phosphorus sulfide (e.g. P2S5), and/or Li 3 PO 4 .
• LiX being a halogen, for example Cl
• l_i 2 S a halogen, for example Cl
• phosphorus sulfide e.g. P2S5
• Li 3 PO 4 Li 3 PO 4
• the powder is also characterized by its size or Particle Size Distribution (PSD).
• PSD Particle Size Distribution
• d 50 -value of less than 70 pm for example less than 65 pm, less than 50 pm or less than 40 pm
• d 9 o-value of less than 100 pm, for example less than 90 pm, less than 80 pm or less than 70 pm, as measured by laser diffraction in para-xylene.
• the d 50 -value is in the range from 2 pm to less than 70 pm, as measured by laser diffraction in para-xylene.
• the powder may be constituted of particles, which are aggregated.
• the d 50 -value corresponds to the median of a distribution in number of the diameters of the particles.
• PSD particle size distribution
• the measurement of the particle size distribution (PSD), e.g. d 50 -value, d-10-value and d 90 -value, may be performed with a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) on a number of particles, which is at least 150. Alternatively, it may be performed by laser diffraction in para-xylene.
• the particles of the powder may be spheroidal in shape.
• the particles of the powder may exhibit a sphericity ratio SR between 0.8 and 1.0, more particularly between 0.85 and 1.0, even more particularly between 0.90 and 1 .0.
• SR may preferably be between 0.90 and 1 .0 or between 0.95 and 1 .0.
• the sphericity ratio of a particle is calculated from the measured perimeter P and area A of the projection of the particle using the following equation:
• SR is 1 .0 and it is below 1 .0 for spheroidal particles.
• the SR may be determined by a Dynamic Image Analysis (DIA).
• DIA Dynamic Image Analysis
• An example of appliance that can be used to perform the DIA is the CAMSIZER®P4 of Retsch or the QicPic® of Sympatec.
• the sphericity ratio may be more particularly measured according to ISO 13322-2 (2006).
• the DIA generally requires the analysis of a large number of particles to be statistically meaningful (e.g. at least 500 or even at least 1000).
• the crystalline phase of the powder (which corresponds to the cubic crystal structure belonging to space group F -4 3 m) may be assessed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), using Cu radiation source.
• XRD X-ray diffractometry
• the powder may advantageously exhibit an ionic conductivity of at least 1.5 mS/cm, for example at least 1.7 mS/cm, or between 1.9 and 5.0 mS/cm, as measured on pressed (500 MPa) pellets by impedance spectroscopy, for example an ionic conductivity between 2.0 and 4.5 mS/cm.
• the measurement of the ionic conductivity was performed on a pressed pellet.
• a pressed pellet is manufactured using a uniaxial or isostatic pressure.
• a pressure above 100 MPa, preferentially above 300 Mpa is applied for a duration of at least 30 seconds.
• the measurement was done under uniaxial pressure typically between 2 MPa and 200 MPa and at room temperature, followed by conversion of the value to 30°C.
• the powder of the present invention may also be characterised by its ageing resistance, notably measured by the conductivity change and the weight change over time.
• the present invention also relates to a powder obtained by a process involving wet mechanochemistry with a carbonated solvent.
• the present invention also relates to such process for producing the powder described above, comprising the steps of: a) mixing the starting materials (M) with a carbonated solvent (S) preferably selected among aliphatic hydrocarbons (such as heptane) and aromatic hydrocarbons (such as xylenes), using mixing means, preferably mixing beads (for example made of ceramic), with an energy of at least 7x10 5 rotations per liter of mixture (M+S), to obtain a paste in a slurry state, b) drying the paste from step a) to obtain a dried paste, b’) optionally pressing the dried paste from step b) into pellets, and c) heating the dried paste, e.g. in the form of pellets, to a temperature comprised between 350°C and 580°C for a time period of at least 2 hours, for example at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 10 hours or at least 12 hours.
• S carbonated solvent
• M+S preferably mixing beads (for example
• the starting materials (M) are preferably at least lithium sulfide (l_i 2 S) and phosphorus sulfide.
• the carbonated solvent (S) is preferably preferably selected among aliphatic hydrocarbons (for instance hexane, heptane, octane or nonane, preferably heptane) and aromatic hydrocarbons (for instance benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes or liquid naphthenes, preferably xylenes). More preferably, the carbonated solvent (S) is selected from the group consisting of xylene, para-xylene, heptane, octane, and mixtures thereof.
• aliphatic hydrocarbons for instance hexane, heptane, octane or nonane, preferably heptane
• aromatic hydrocarbons for instance benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes or liquid naphthenes, preferably xylenes. More preferably, the carbonated solvent (S) is selected from
• the starting materials of step a) are at least lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and phosphorus sulfide.
• step a) the starting materials (M), e.g. l_i 2 S, LiCI and P 2 S 5 , are mixed together. These starting materials are generally in the powder form to obtain an intimate mixture. The amounts of these starting materials are defined to obtain the targeted stoichiometry. A small excess of l_i 2 S may be used, in particular to compensate for the potential loss of S during the calcination. The excess of l_i 2 S may for example be up to an additional 10 wt.% versus the targeted stoichiometry.
• Step a) is conveniently performed by wet ball-milling the starting materials (M) in the carbonated solvent (S).
• the weight ratio “solvent (S) I mixture (M+S)” may be between 0.2 to 3.0, for example between 0.4 to 2.0 or between 0.5 to 1 .5.
• the duration of the mixing may be between 1 to 130 hours, for example preferably between 3 and 70 hours or between 6 and 40 hours.
• the step a) of obtaining a paste in a slurry state is conducted with an energy which is of at least 7x10 5 rotations per liter of mixture (M+S), for example at least 7.1x10 5 rotations/L, at least 7.5x10 5 rotations, at least 8.0x10 5 rotations/L or at least 8.5x10 5 rotations/L of mixture (M+S).
• step b) the paste from step a) is dried. Drying may be conveniently performed through the evaporation of the liquid hydrocarbon.
• the evaporation of the liquid hydrocarbon is preferably performed at a temperature between 100°C and 150°C, more particularly between 105°C and 135°C.
• the evaporation may be performed under vacuum.
• the duration of the evaporation is generally between 1 and 20 hours, more particularly between 2 and 20 hours or between 3 and 7 hours.
• step c) the mixture of step b) is heated (or calcined), for example in a rotative oven at a temperature between 350°C and 580°C, for example between 370°C and 550°C or between 390 and 530°C.
• Step c) is preferably performed under an inert atmosphere, for instance under an atmosphere of N 2 or Ar or H 2 S.
• the duration of step c) is between 1 and 12 hours, more particularly between 2 and 10 hours or between 3 and 7 hours.
• the crystallinity of the mixture is improved and as a result, the conductivity is improved.
• the rotative oven which may be used to calcined the dried paste from step b) or the pellets from step b’) may be spinning at a rotation speed between 0.5 to 10.0 rpm.
• the size of the granules may be varied through variation of the speed. The higher the rotation speed, the higher the size of the particles. This means also that the higher the rotation speed, the higher the yield of a composition exhibiting the targeted size.
• the process may comprise an additional step d) of sieving the granules to select a specific size range. This operation may be performed manually or automatically. In the conditions used in the laboratory, it is advantageously performed manually.
• the present invention also relates to various end-use applications of the powder described herein.
• the powder of the present invention may be used to manufacture a solid electrolyte.
• the present invention also includes:
• At least one layer made of a composition comprising:
• LiCM lithium ion-conducting material
• ECM electro-conductive material
• a separator comprising at least:
• a third step the dried mixture was charged under argon atmosphere (with less than 10 ppm of water) in an alumina crucible.
• the crucible was then inserted in a tubular furnace and the product was crystallised at a temperature higher than 400°C during 12 hours under N 2 flow (20 L/h). The oven was then cooled down before the crucible was collected.
• the final product was in the form of a polydisperse powder with some agglomerates of different sizes.
• the finished product was obtained by dry homogenization.
• the paste was transferred in a dry alumina crucible and dried under dynamic vacuum at 130°C in an oven to remove the solvent. After 5 hours of drying, the milling balls were separated from the dried powder through sieving at 4 mm.
• a third step the dried mixture was charged under argon atmosphere (with less than 10 ppm of water) in an alumina crucible.
• the crucible was then inserted in a tubular furnace and the product was crystallised at a temperature higher than 400°C during 12 hours under N 2 flow (20 L/h). The oven was then cooled down before the crucible was collected.
• the final product was in the form of a polydisperse powder with some agglomerates of different sizes.
• the finished product was obtained by dry homogenization.
• the paste was transferred in a dry round bottom flask and dried under dynamic vacuum at 60°C in a rotative evaporator to remove the solvent. After 3 hours of drying, the milling balls were separated from the dried powder through sieving at 4 mm.
• the dried mixture was charged under argon atmosphere (with less than 10 ppm of water) in an alumina crucible. The crucible was then inserted in a tubular furnace and the product was crystallised at 500°C during 6 hours under N 2 flow (20 L/h). The oven was then cooled down before the crucible was collected.
• the final product was in the form of a polydisperse powder with some agglomerates of different sizes.
• the finished product was obtained by dry homogenization.
• the paste was transferred in a dry round bottom flask and dried under dynamic vacuum at 60°C in a rotative evaporator to remove the solvent. After 3 hours of drying, the milling balls were separated from the dried powder through sieving at 4 mm.
• a third step the dried mixture was charged under argon atmosphere (with less than 10 ppm of water) in a dry silicon carbide crucible coated with a papyex sheet.
• the crucible was then inserted in a tubular furnace and the product is crystallised at 520°C during 12 hours under N 2 flow (20 L/h). The oven was then cooled down before the crucible was collected.
• the final product was in the form of a polydisperse powder with some agglomerates of different sizes.
• the finished product was obtained by dry homogenization.
• the paste was transferred in a dry round bottom flask and dried under dynamic vacuum at 60°C in a rotative evaporator to remove the solvent. After 3 hours of drying, the milling balls were separated from the dried powder through sieving at 4 mm.
• the dried mixture was charged under argon atmosphere (with less than 10 ppm of water) in an alumina crucible.
• the crucible was then inserted in a tubular furnace and the product was crystallized at 510°C during 6 hours under N 2 flow (20 L/h). The oven was then cooled down before the crucible was collected.
• the final product was in the form of a polydisperse powder with some agglomerates of different sizes. The finished product was obtained by dry homogenization.
• Such a material had an L* value in the L*a*b* color system which was above 60.0 and not suitable to be used as a material for a solid state battery with the expected performance properties.
• Standard material Li 6 PS 5 CI was obtained with the following process.
• a first step 0.631 g of LiCI (purity> 99%); 1 .655 g of P 2 S 5 (purity>99%) and 1.713 g of L i2 S (purity >99%) are added into a 45 mL zirconia jar with 5 mm ZrO 2 balls. Ball milling was conducted with a planetary ball-mill. After 2 hours of milling at 500 rpm, a mixed powder was obtained.
• the powder was homogenised in a mortar inside an Ar filled glovebox ( ⁇ 1 ppm H 2 O, ⁇ 1 ppm O 2 ) and then pelletized under 500 MPa to make 6 mm diameter pellets with a mass ranging from 300 to 500 mg. These pellets were sealed under vacuum in carbon covered quartz tubes. The products were crystallised at 550°C for 7 h with a heating and cooling ramp of 0.5°C/min.
• the final product was in the form of densified pellets.
• the finished product was obtained by dry homogenization with a mortar in the Ar filled glovebox.
• the L value is measured with a X-Rite Ci52 spectrophotometer operated by the software OnColor.
• a thin layer of powder to be analysed is put in a sample holder with a quartz window to guarantee the stability of the sample during the measurement.
• the PSD of the dispersion is measured by laser diffraction using para-xylene in a Malvern Mastersizer 3000.
• the samples are placed in a Binder thermostatic chamber to perform the impedance measurements at different temperatures. Each spectrum is acquired after 2 hours of stabilization at the target temperature. The temperature range goes from -20°C to 60°C by steps of 10°C. Impedance spectroscopy is acquired in PEIS mode with an amplitude of 20mV and a range of frequencies from 1 MHz to 1 kHz (25 points per decade and a mean of 50 measurements per frequency point).

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