WO2023033137A1 - 腎臓オルガノイド及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
腎臓オルガノイド及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023033137A1 WO2023033137A1 PCT/JP2022/033078 JP2022033078W WO2023033137A1 WO 2023033137 A1 WO2023033137 A1 WO 2023033137A1 JP 2022033078 W JP2022033078 W JP 2022033078W WO 2023033137 A1 WO2023033137 A1 WO 2023033137A1
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- kidney
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- organoids
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N5/0686—Kidney cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to kidney organoids and methods for producing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to kidney organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells, and methods for producing the same.
- the present invention also relates to compositions for regenerative medicine comprising renal organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- the present invention also relates to non-human mammals having renal organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells, and methods for producing the same.
- the present invention also relates to a method of evaluating drug responsiveness to a test substance.
- the present invention also relates to methods of promoting proximal tubule maturation.
- the kidneys concentrate the metabolites (e.g., urea, uric acid, and creatinine) produced by the vital utilization of cells in the body into the urine and excrete them outside the body.
- the kidney also regulates the amount of extracellular fluid and its physicochemical properties (eg, electrolyte concentration, osmotic pressure, pH), which is the essential living environment for the body's cells.
- the kidney is a collection of nephrons whose functional units are renal corpuscles (glomeruli and Bowman's capsule) and renal tubules. Blood filtered by the glomerulus (primary urine) passes through the renal tubules and becomes urine. Tubules begin with the proximal tubule following the glomerulus, via the intermediate tubule, the distal tubule, and the connecting tubule, leading to the cortical collecting duct.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 A method for producing kidney organoids from human iPS cells has been reported (Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports that the peroxisomal proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) agonist fenofibrate increases proximal tubular gene expression in mouse proximal tubular cells.
- PPARA peroxisomal proliferation-activated receptor alpha
- kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubules There is a need in the art for kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubules. There is a need in the art for methods of assessing drug responsiveness to test substances using renal organoids with increased susceptibility to renal damage.
- One object of the present disclosure is to provide novel kidney organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- One object of the present disclosure is to provide a novel method for producing renal organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- One object of the present disclosure is to provide a novel composition for regenerative medicine comprising renal organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a novel method for evaluating drug responsiveness to a test substance.
- Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for promoting proximal tubule maturation.
- the present inventors found that culturing kidney organoids in the presence of a combination of a PPARA agonist and an RXR agonist resulted in the formation of kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- the renal organoids formed had increased sensitivity to drug responsiveness to low concentrations of cisplatin.
- [Claim 1] A method for producing kidney organoids, comprising culturing early kidney organoids using a medium containing an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist, wherein the kidney organoids contain mature proximal tubular cells. ,Method.
- the PPAR agonist is at least selected from the group consisting of a PPARA agonist, a PPARG agonist, a PPARD agonist, a PPARA/G agonist, a PPARA/D agonist, a PPARG/D agonist, and a PPARA/G/D agonist Item 1.
- the method according to Item 1 which is one type.
- any one of items 1 to 1-2 which comprises culturing using an induction medium B that contains the factor and does not substantially contain an RXR agonist.
- the induction medium B substantially free of RXR agonist further contains substantially no PPAR agonist.
- the inducing the intermediate mesoderm cells comprises using an induction medium A containing a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor to induce the pluripotent stem cells. and then culturing with induction medium B containing fibroblast growth factor and substantially free of RXR agonist.
- kidney organoid expresses a proximal tubular marker, and the proximal tubular marker is selected from the group consisting of UGT2A3, AZGP1, SLC39A4, BHMT, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, and ABCB1. 4. The method according to any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the method is at least one.
- the kidney organoid expresses a proximal tubular marker, and the proximal tubular marker is UGT2A3, AZGP1, SLC39A4, BHMT, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, ABCB1, SERPINA1, APOA1, and SPARCL1, the method according to any one of items 1 to 3.
- Item 5 Item, wherein the kidney organoid further expresses a PPARA downstream gene marker, and the PPARA downstream gene marker is at least one selected from the group consisting of APOA1, APOC3, CPT1A, FABP1, CYP27A1, and ACOX1 4. The method described in 4.
- [Item 6] Item, wherein the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the renal organoid is 1.2 times or more than the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the early renal organoid. 4. The method according to item 5. [Claim 6-1] The term wherein the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the renal organoid is 1.2 times or more than the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the early renal organoid 5. The method described in 5.
- the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the renal organoid is at least 1.5 times greater than the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the early renal organoid. 6. Item 6, wherein the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the renal organoid is 1.2 times or more than the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the early renal organoid. Method. [Claim 6-3] The number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is 1.2 times higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- the number of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is 1.2 times higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (eg, 1, 2 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6), the method according to item 6-1.
- the number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is 1.2 times higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), and the expression level in the kidney organoid is 1.2-fold higher than the expression level in the early kidney organoid, and the at least one PPARA downstream Item 6-2, wherein the number of genetic markers is at least 1 (eg, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- the number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2) , 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- the number of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least one (eg, one, two, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- the number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2) , 3, 4, 5, or 6), and the expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid.
- the number of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker is at least 1 (eg, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- the PPAR agonist is CP775146, pyrinixic acid (WY14643), bezafibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, ciprofibrate, pemafibrate, vinifibrate, clinofibrate, clofibric acid, nicofibrate ⁇ SR10171 ⁇ GW6471 ⁇ Fenofibrate ⁇ Pirinixic acid ⁇ GW7647 ⁇ Icariin ⁇ Eupatilin ⁇ Gemfibrozil ⁇ Palmitelaidic Acid ⁇ NXT629 ⁇ Saroglitazar Magnesium ⁇ Saroglitazar ⁇ Oleoylethanolamide ⁇ BMS- at least one PPARA agonist selected from the group consisting of 687453, Gypenoside XLIX, CUDA, Ciprofibrate impurity A, CP-868388 free base, AVE-8134, linoleic
- a kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells produced by the method according to any one of Items 1 to 7.
- kidney organoid wherein the kidney organoid contains mature proximal tubular cells, the kidney organoid expresses a proximal tubular marker, the proximal tubular marker is UGT2A3 , AZGP1, SLC39A4, BHMT, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, ABCB1, SERPINA1, APOA1, and SPARCL1, which is at least one selected from the group consisting of kidney organoids.
- the kidney organoid according to Item 9 further expressing at least one PPARA downstream gene marker selected from the group consisting of APOA1, APOC3, CPT1A, FABP1, CYP27A1, and ACOX1.
- the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the proximal tubular marker is equal to the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the early renal organoid.
- the kidney organoid of paragraph 9 or paragraph 10 which is 1.2 times or more than the kidney organoid of paragraph 9 or paragraph 10.
- Item 11-1 Item 10, wherein the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the renal organoid is 1.2 times or more than the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the early renal organoid. Kidney organoids as described in .
- the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the renal organoid is 1.5 times or more than the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the early renal organoid, Item 11.
- the kidney organoid according to Item 10 wherein the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the kidney organoid is 1.2 times or more higher than the expression level of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in the early kidney organoid. .
- [Claim 11-3] The number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is 1.2 times higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- [Claim 11-4] The number of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is 1.2 times higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (eg, 1, 2 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- the number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is 1.2 times higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), and the expression level in the kidney organoid is 1.2-fold higher than the expression level in the early kidney organoid, and the at least one PPARA downstream
- [Claim 11-6] The number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (eg, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- [Claim 11-7] The number of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the initial renal organoid is at least 1 (eg, 1, 2, 3) 11.
- the kidney organoid of paragraph 10 wherein the kidney organoid is 1, 4, 5, or 6).
- the number of the at least one proximal tubular marker whose expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the early renal organoid is at least 1 (eg, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), and the expression level in the renal organoid is significantly higher than the expression level in the initial renal organoid, and the number of the at least one PPARA downstream gene marker is Kidney organoid of paragraph 10 or paragraphs 11-7, which is at least one (eg, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
- the kidney organoid produced by the method according to any one of items 1 to 7, or the kidney organoid according to any one of items 8 to 11-8, is transferred to a non-human mammal.
- the kidney organoid produced by the method according to any one of items 1 to 7, or the kidney organoid according to any one of items 8 to 11-8, is treated with a kidney or a peripheral site thereof.
- Kidney damage or containing the kidney organoid produced by the method according to any one of Items 1 to 7 or the kidney organoid according to any one of Items 8 to 11-8 Compositions for regenerative medicine for treating diseases.
- [Claim 15] A method for evaluating drug responsiveness to a test substance, comprising kidney organoids produced by the method according to any one of items 1 to 7, or any of items 8 to 11-8. Item 12.
- [Item 16] A method for treating kidney damage or disease, comprising a kidney organoid produced by the method according to any one of Items 1 to 7, or any one of Items 8 to 11-8. 15.
- a method comprising introducing the renal organoid according to Item 14 or the medical composition according to Item 14 into the kidney of a mammal in need thereof or a site surrounding it.
- FIG. 1 is a flow chart outlining the production of kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells and the evaluation of drug nephrotoxicity according to one embodiment.
- Figures 2a-i show proximal tubular markers (Figure 2a: UGT2A3, Figure 2b: AZGP1, Figure 2c) in LTL-positive cells from kidney organoids cultured in the presence of the combination of CP775146 and 9-cis retinoic acid.
- 2d BHMT
- FIG. 2e ACE2
- FIG. 2f AQP6,
- FIG. 2g CUBN
- FIG. 2h LRP2
- FIG. 2i ABCB1).
- Figures 3a-3f show PPARA downstream gene markers (Figure 3a: APOA1, Figure 3b: APOC3, Figure 3c: LTL-positive cells from kidney organoids cultured in the presence of the combination of CP775146 and 9-cis retinoic acid.
- 3d is a series of bar graphs showing the expression levels of CPT1A, FIG. 3d: FABP1, FIG. 3e: CYP27A1, and FIG. 3f: ACOX1).
- Figures 4a-4i show the recent changes in LTL-positive cells from kidney organoids cultured in the presence of CP775146 alone, in the presence of 9-cis retinoic acid alone, or in the presence of a combination of CP775146 and 9-cis retinoic acid.
- FIG. 5 is a series of bar graphs showing the expression levels of Figures 5a-5e show PPARA in LTL-positive cells from kidney organoids cultured in the presence of CP775146 alone, in the presence of 9-cis retinoic acid alone, or in the presence of a combination of CP775146 and 9-cis retinoic acid.
- FIG. 5 is a series of bar graphs showing the expression levels of downstream gene clusters (FIG. 5a: APOA1, FIG.
- FIG. 5b APOC3
- FIG. 5c CPT1A
- FIG. 5d FABP1
- FIG. 5e ACOX1
- Figures 6a and 6b are 2D scatter plots for LTL-expressing cells from control group kidney organoids cultured in the absence ( Figure 6a) or in the presence of 5 ⁇ cisplatin ( Figure 6b) in the presence of cisplatin (CDDP).
- Figures 6c and 6d are 2D scatter plots for LTL-positive cells from mature kidney organoids cultured in the absence of cisplatin (CDDP) ( Figure 6a) or in the presence of 5 ⁇ cisplatin ( Figure 6b).
- FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing the results of cisplatin nephrotoxicity studies.
- Figure 8a shows immunostaining images of kidney organoids.
- Figure 8b is a histogram of the cells that make up the kidney organoid.
- FIG. 8c is a bar graph showing the percentage of LTL-positive cells in control group kidney organoids and the percentage of LTL-positive cells in mature group kidney organoids.
- FIG. 9a is a bar graph showing the expression level of LRP2.
- Figure 9b is a bar graph showing the expression level of CUBN.
- FIG. 10a is a boxplot showing the size distribution of endosomes in kidney organoids.
- FIG. 10a is a boxplot showing the size distribution of endosomes in kidney organoids.
- FIG. 10b is a pie chart showing the ratio of large endosomes ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m 2 ) to total endosomes per cell in kidney organoids in the control group.
- FIG. 10c is a pie chart showing the ratio of large endosomes ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m 2 ) to total endosomes per cell in kidney organoids of the Mature group.
- FIG. 11 is a boxplot showing dextran uptake in kidney organoids.
- FIG. 12 shows a series of bar graphs showing expression levels of proximal tubular cell maturation markers in kidney organoids generated with PPAPA antagonists.
- FIG. 12a is a bar graph showing the expression level of UGT2A3.
- FIG. 12b is a bar graph showing the expression levels of AZGP1.
- Figure 12c is a bar graph showing the expression level of SLC39A4.
- FIG. 12d is a bar graph showing the expression level of BHMT.
- FIG. 12e is a bar graph showing the expression level of ACE2.
- FIG. 12f is a bar graph showing the expression level of AQP6.
- FIG. 12g is a bar graph showing the expression levels of CUBN.
- FIG. 12h is a bar graph showing the expression level of LRP2.
- FIG. 12i is a bar graph showing the expression levels of ABCB1.
- FIG. 12j is a bar graph showing the expression levels of APOA1.
- FIG. 12k is a bar graph showing the expression levels of APOC3.
- FIG. 12l is a bar graph showing the expression level of CYP27A1.
- FIG. 12m is a bar graph showing the expression level of FABP1.
- FIG. 13 shows a series of bar graphs showing expression levels of proximal tubular cell maturation markers in kidney organoids generated with RXR antagonists.
- FIG. 13a is a bar graph showing the expression levels of UGT2A3.
- FIG. 13b is a bar graph showing the expression levels of AZGP1.
- Figure 13c is a bar graph showing the expression level of SLC39A4.
- FIG. 13d is a bar graph showing the expression level of BHMT.
- FIG. 13e is a bar graph showing the expression level of ACE2.
- FIG. 13f is a bar graph showing the expression levels of AQP6.
- FIG. 13g is a bar graph showing the expression levels of CUBN.
- FIG. 13h is a bar graph showing the expression level of LRP2.
- FIG. 13a is a bar graph showing the expression levels of UGT2A3.
- FIG. 13b is a bar graph showing the expression levels of AZGP1.
- Figure 13c is a bar graph showing the expression level of S
- FIG. 13i is a bar graph showing the expression levels of ABCB1.
- FIG. 13j is a bar graph showing the expression levels of APOA1.
- FIG. 13k is a bar graph showing the expression levels of APOC3.
- FIG. 13l is a bar graph showing the expression levels of CYP27A1.
- FIG. 13m is a bar graph showing the expression level of FABP1.
- FIG. 14 shows a series of bar graphs showing expression levels of proximal tubular cell maturation markers in kidney organoids made with pyrinixic acid.
- Figure 14a is a bar graph showing the expression levels of UGT2A3.
- FIG. 14b is a bar graph showing the expression levels of AZGP1.
- Figure 14c is a bar graph showing the expression levels of SLC39A4.
- FIG. 14d is a bar graph showing the expression level of BHMT.
- FIG. 14e is a bar graph showing the expression level of ACE2.
- FIG. 14f is a bar graph showing the expression level of AQP6.
- FIG. 14g is a bar graph showing the expression levels of CUBN.
- FIG. 14h is a bar graph showing the expression level of LRP2.
- FIG. 14i is a bar graph showing the expression level of ABCB1.
- FIG. 14j is a bar graph showing the expression levels of APOA1.
- FIG. 14k is a bar graph showing the expression levels of APOC3.
- FIG. 14l is a bar graph showing the expression level of CPT1A.
- FIG. 14m is a bar graph showing the expression level of FABP1.
- kidney organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- One aspect of the present disclosure expresses proximal tubular markers, said proximal tubular markers from UGT2A3, AZGP1, SLC39A4, BHMT, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, ABCB1, SERPINA1, APOA1, and SPARCL1
- a kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells which is at least one selected from the group consisting of:
- a PPARA downstream gene marker may be further expressed, and the PPARA downstream gene marker is at least selected from the group consisting of APOA1, APOC3, CPT1A, FABP1, CYP27A1, and ACOX1.
- a renal organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells is provided.
- organoid means a three-dimensional biological tissue-like cell aggregate formed in vitro.
- a biological tissue-like cell aggregate is, for example, a cell aggregate containing structures observed in the corresponding biological tissue. Structures observed in living tissue may be, for example, microscopically observable structures (eg glomeruli or renal tubules in the case of the kidney). Cells that constitute organoids are, for example, mostly cells that have differentiation and proliferation potentials. Organoids are characterized, for example, by the expression of marker genes (transcription or translation products thereof). Glomeruli can be identified, for example, by the expression of glomerular markers such as Podocalyxin or Nephrin or combinations thereof. A proximal renal tubule can be identified, for example, by expression of a proximal renal tubule marker described below.
- the term "early renal organoid” means an organoid that has one or more LHX1-positive metarenal vesicles.
- Early renal organoids preferably contain cells that express the epithelial cell marker EpCAM.
- the metarenal vesicles are preferably LHX1 positive and JAG1 positive or CDH6 positive.
- the metarenal vesicles are preferably LHX1 positive, JAG1 positive, and CDH6 positive.
- Early renal organoids can be obtained by a known method such as Takasato M. et al. , et al. , Nat Cell Biol. 2014;16:118-26 (incorporated herein by reference), or by the method described by Takasato M. et al.
- Early renal organoids can be produced from intermediate mesoderm cells, for example, according to Step B of the present disclosure, preferably Step B described in the Examples. Intermediate mesoderm cells can be produced from pluripotent stem cells according to Step A according to the present disclosure, preferably Step A described in the Examples. Early renal organoids can be produced from pluripotent stem cells according to steps A and B according to the present disclosure, preferably according to steps A and B described in the Examples.
- kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells means a kidney organoid containing cells expressing proximal tubular markers described below. Kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells may have one or more glomeruli and/or tubules. In one example, kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells further comprise cells expressing PPARA downstream gene markers (preferably PPARA). Kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells include, for example, proximal tubules and glomeruli.
- kidney organoid includes organoids at any stage of maturation from early renal organoids to renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells that have been induced to differentiate. Kidney organoids also include, for example, known kidney organoids or kidney organoids produced by known methods.
- mature proximal tubular cells express the proximal tubular markers described below.
- mature proximal tubular cells express the PPARA downstream gene markers further described below.
- Proximal tubular cells are present, for example, in the vicinity of glomeruli in kidney organoids.
- mature proximal tubular cells express said proximal tubular marker and said PPARA downstream gene marker.
- Organoids expressing a specific marker for example, the average expression level of a specific marker per cell of a specific cell population derived from the organoid, the specific marker derived from the control organoid
- the cell population may be organoids significantly higher than the average expression level of said specific marker per cell.
- the term "significantly" in this context means, for example, a t-test p-value of less than 0.05, preferably less than 0.01.
- a particular cell population is, for example, proximal tubular cells.
- Proximal tubular cells, which are a specific cell population derived from organoids can be produced using, for example, MACS using an antibody against a specific marker (eg, LTL).
- Comparison of expression levels can be performed using, for example, at least 3 (eg, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more) organoids.
- an organoid expressing a particular marker is such that the average expression level of a particular marker per cell of a particular cell population derived from said organoid is the same as that of said particular cell population derived from a control organoid.
- 1.2 times or more e.g., 1.2 times or more, 1.5 times or more, 1.8 times or more, 2.0 times or more, 2.3 times or more, or 2.5 times or more, or 1.2 to 2.5 times, or 1.5 to 2.5 times.
- the organoid of interest is a renal organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells according to the present disclosure and the control organoid is a primary renal organoid.
- the kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells have an expression level of at least one proximal tubular marker selected from the group of proximal tubular markers that is higher than that in the early renal organoids Significantly greater than the expression level of at least one proximal tubular marker.
- the kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubule cells have an expression level of at least one PPARA downstream gene marker selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers that is higher than the at least one in the early renal organoids. significantly higher than the expression levels of the PPARA downstream gene markers of the species.
- the kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells have an expression level of at least one proximal tubular marker selected from the group of proximal tubular markers that is higher than that in the early renal organoids Significantly higher than the expression level of at least one proximal tubular marker, and / or the expression level of at least one PPARA downstream gene marker selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers, the at least Significantly higher than the expression level of one PPARA downstream gene marker.
- the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the kidney organoid is higher than the expression level of the at least one proximal tubular marker in the early kidney organoid. more (for example, 1.2 times or more, 1.5 times or more, 1.8 times or more, 2.0 times or more, 2.3 times or more, or 2.5 times or more, or 1.2 times to 2.5 times and/or the expression level of said at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in said kidney organoids is higher than said at least one PPARA downstream gene marker in said early kidney organoids.
- the "high expression level” may be "significantly high expression level”.
- Comparison of the expression level of a marker in an organoid of interest e.g., kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubule cells
- a control organoid e.g., early renal organoid
- the organoid expressing a specific marker has a predetermined number (eg, 6) or more of the markers (eg, 10), and the average expression level in the target organoid of the marker is the control organoid.
- the predetermined number may be, for example, the same as the number of markers to be measured (e.g., 8) (e.g., 8), or may be less by one or more (e.g., 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1). For example, when the number of markers to be measured is 9, the predetermined number is 3 or more, 4 or more, preferably 5 or more, more preferably 6 or more.
- the kidney organoid according to the above-described embodiment has a predetermined number of proximal tubular markers whose expression level is higher than that in the early renal organoid (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 ) or more, and/or the number of PPARA downstream gene markers whose expression level is higher than that in the early renal organoid is a predetermined number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) or more is.
- the predetermined number is appropriately set according to the number of markers included in the group of proximal tubule markers and the number of markers included in the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the predetermined number is set, for example, in consideration of the types of markers included in the group of markers, and the types of markers for which a significant difference or a tendency toward an increase in expression level was observed in the examples of the present specification. .
- the predetermined number includes Marker A, Marker B, Marker C, and Marker D in the group of markers, and in the Example, Marker A, Marker B, and Marker C have a significant difference or a tendency to increase in expression level. is observed, the predetermined number may be set to at least 1 (eg, 1, 2, or 3), at least 2 (eg, 2 or 3), or 3.
- the "high expression level" may be "significantly high expression level".
- An organoid that expresses a specific marker is, for example, an organoid that contains cells that express the specific marker at a predetermined ratio or higher.
- a "cell expressing a given marker” in this context may be a mature proximal tubular cell.
- the predetermined ratio may be, for example, 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more of the cell population constituting the organoid.
- organoids expressing a particular marker have 5% or more (e.g., 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more) cells that express the particular marker at a predetermined level or higher.
- organoids containing Said predetermined level is, for example, the third quartile of the expression level of a negative control cell population not expressing said particular marker.
- the predetermined marker is a proximal tubular marker and/or a PPARA downstream gene marker, which will be described later.
- the expression level of a marker may be the amount of its transcription product, the amount of its translation product, or a relative level.
- the expression level of the marker can be the amount of its transcription product, the amount of its translation product, or the relative level.
- the expression level of the marker is preferably the amount, or relative level, of its transcripts.
- the expression level of the marker may be the amount or relative level of its translation product. Relative level refers to the amount of that marker relative to the endogenous control.
- Endogenous controls can be used, eg, ⁇ -actin or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
- a relative level is, for example, the amount of marker relative to ⁇ -actin.
- the amount of transcript can be measured, for example, by quantitative PCR.
- the amount of translation product can be measured, for example, by FACS or MACS. It can be measured by fluorescence immunostaining, or by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or magnetic affinity cell sorting (MACS). FACS or MACS can be performed using commercially available FACS or MACS instruments.
- LHX1 is an abbreviation for LIM homeobox 1 and means the protein encoded by the LHX1 gene.
- Cells expressing LHX1 can be detected, for example, by immunostaining using an anti-LHX1 antibody.
- LHX1-positive metanephrovesicles can be detected in kidney organoids by immunostaining using an anti-LHX1 antibody.
- JAG1 is an abbreviation for the Jagged1 protein encoded by the JAG1 gene, and means one of five cell surface proteins that interact with four receptors in the Notch signaling pathway.
- Cells expressing JAG1 can be detected, for example, by immunostaining using an anti-JAG1 antibody.
- JAG1-positive metanephrovesicles can be detected in kidney organoids by immunostaining using an anti-JAG1 antibody.
- CDH6 as used herein means the cadherin 6 protein encoded by the CDH6 gene.
- Cells expressing CDH6 can be detected, for example, by immunostaining using an anti-CDH6 antibody.
- CDH6-positive metanephrovesicles can be detected in kidney organoids by immunostaining using an anti-CDH6 antibody.
- EpCAM is an abbreviation for epithelial cell adhesion molecule and means a transmembrane glycoprotein. EpCAM can be used as an epithelial cell marker. EpCAM-expressing cells can be detected, for example, by immunostaining using an anti-EpCAM antibody.
- proximal tubular marker is at least one selected from the group consisting of UGT2A3, AZGP1, SLC39A4, BHMT, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, ABCB1, SERPINA1, APOA1, and SPARCL1.
- a proximal tubular marker is also referred to herein as a proximal tubular maturation marker.
- the proximal tubular marker is, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of UGT2A3, AZGP1, SLC39A4, BHMT, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, and ABCB1.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers species, 11 species, or 12 species.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least two selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, preferably eight, preferably 9, preferably 10, preferably 11, or more preferably 12).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 4 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., 4, 5, 6, 7, preferably 8, preferably 9, preferably are 10, preferably 11, or more preferably 12).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 6 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., 6, 7, preferably 8, preferably 9, preferably 10, preferably 11 types, or more preferably 12 types).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 7 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., 7, preferably 8, preferably 9, preferably 10, preferably 11, or more preferably 12 types).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, 10, 11 or 12 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, 11 or 12 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- the proximal tubular marker is, for example, UGT2A3, SLC39A4, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, ABCB1, SERPINA1, APOA1, and at least one selected from the group consisting of SPARCL1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least two selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., two, three, four, five, preferably six, preferably seven, preferably are 8, preferably 9, or more preferably 10).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 4 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., 4, 5, preferably 6, preferably 7, preferably 8, preferably 9, or more preferably 10). Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers. Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 8, 9 or 10 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers. Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 9 or 10 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- the proximal tubular marker is, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of UGT2A3, SLC39A4, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, and ABCB1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6 or 7).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least two selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., two, three, four, five, preferably six, or more preferably seven ).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 4 (eg, 4, 5, preferably 6, or more preferably 7) selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 6 or 7 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- the proximal tubular marker is, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of SLC39A4, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, ABCB1, and APOA1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6 or 7).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least two selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., two, three, four, preferably five, preferably six, or more preferably 7 types).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 4 (eg, 4, preferably 5, preferably 6, or more preferably 7) selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 5, 6, or 7 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 6 or 7 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of SLC39A4, ACE2, AQP6, CUBN, LRP2, and ABCB1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 types).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 2 (eg, 2, 3, 4, preferably 5, or more preferably 6) selected from the group of proximal tubular markers .
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 4 (eg, 4, preferably 5, or more preferably 6) selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 5 or 6 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- the proximal tubular marker is, for example, UGT2A3, SLC39A4, ACE2, CUBN, LRP2, ABCB1, and at least one selected from the group consisting of APOA1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6 or 7).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least two selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., two, three, four, preferably five, preferably six, or more preferably 7 types).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 4 (eg, 4, preferably 5, preferably 6, or more preferably 7) selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 5, 6, or 7 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 6 or 7 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- the proximal tubular marker is, for example, UGT2A3, SLC39A4, ACE2, CUBN, LRP2, and at least one selected from the group consisting of ABCB1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 types).
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least two selected from the group of proximal tubular markers (e.g., two, three, four, preferably five, or more preferably six). .
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 4 (eg, 4, preferably 5, or more preferably 6) selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- Proximal tubular markers are, for example, at least 5 or 6 selected from the group of proximal tubular markers.
- LTL is an abbreviation for Lotus Tetragonolobus Lectin, and means a glycoprotein that can exhibit specificity for ⁇ -linked L-fucose containing oligosaccharides.
- UDT2A3 refers to UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2A3.
- AZGP1 is an abbreviation for Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein.
- the AZGP1 gene encodes zinc- ⁇ 2-glycoprotein (ZAG).
- SLC39A4 refers to Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 4, and the SLC39A4 gene encodes Zinc/Iron-regulated transporter-like Protein 4 (ZIP4).
- BHMT is an abbreviation for Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase.
- the BHMT gene encodes an enzyme that utilizes betaine as a methyl donor and catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy).
- ACE2 is an abbreviation for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2.
- the ACE2 gene encodes an isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
- AQP6 is an abbreviation for Aquaporin6.
- the AQP6 gene encodes an aquaporin protein that functions as a water channel in cells.
- CUBN is an abbreviation for Cubilin.
- the CUBN gene encodes Cubilin, which functions as an intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex.
- LRP2 is an abbreviation for LDL Receptor Related Protein 2, a protein belonging to the receptor family with structural similarity to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR).
- the LRP2 gene encodes LDL Receptor Related Protein 2.
- the term "ABCB1” is an abbreviation for ABC transporter subfamily B member 1.
- the ABCB1 gene encodes P-glycoprotein 1 (also called ABCB1 or MDR1), a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters.
- SERPINA1 is an abbreviation for serpin family A member 1.
- the SERPINA1 gene encodes SERPINA1, a prototypical member of the Serpin superfamily of serine protease inhibitors.
- APOA1 is an abbreviation for Apolipoprotein AI and means the major protein component of HDL particles in plasma.
- the APOA1 gene encodes Apolipoprotein AI.
- SPARCL1 is an abbreviation for SPARC-like protein 1, a matrix protein, also known as Hevin.
- the SPARCL1 gene encodes the matrix protein SPARCL1.
- the "PPARA downstream gene marker” is at least one selected from the group consisting of APOA1, APOC3, CPT1A, FABP1, CYP27A1, and ACOX1.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are at least two (for example, two, three, four, preferably five or more preferably six) selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are at least 3 (eg, 3, 4, preferably 5 or more preferably 6) selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are at least 4, preferably 5 or more preferably 6 selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of APOA1, APOC3, CPT1A, FABP1, and CYP27A1 (e.g., one, two, three, preferably four, or more preferably five species).
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are at least two (eg, two, three, preferably four, or more preferably five) selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are 4 or 5 selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of APOA1, CPT1A, FABP1, ACOX1, and CYP27A1 (e.g., one, two, three, preferably four, or more preferably five species).
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, at least two (eg, two, three, preferably four, or more preferably five) selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, 4 or 5 selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene marker is, for example, at least one (eg, one, two, preferably three, or more preferably four) selected from the group consisting of APOA1, CPT1A, FABP1, and ACOX1.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, at least two (eg, two, preferably three, or more preferably four) selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, 3 or 4 selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- the PPARA downstream gene marker is, for example, at least one (eg, one, preferably two, or more preferably three) selected from the group consisting of APOA1, CPT1A, and FABP1.
- the PPARA downstream gene markers are, for example, two or three selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers.
- APOA1 is an abbreviation for Apolipoprotein AI and means the major protein component of HDL particles in plasma.
- the APOA1 gene encodes Apolipoprotein AI.
- APOC3 is an abbreviation for Apolipoprotein C-III and refers to a relatively small protein composed of 79 amino acids.
- the APOC3 gene encodes Apolipoprotein C-III.
- CPT1A is an abbreviation for Carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA, an enzyme involved in the mitochondrial outer membrane.
- the CPT1A gene encodes Carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA.
- FABP1 is an abbreviation for Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1.
- the FABP1 gene encodes Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1, also known as liver-type fatty acid binding protein.
- CYP27A1 refers to the gene encoding cytochrome P450 oxidase, also known as sterol 27-hydroxylase.
- ACOX1 is an abbreviation for Acyl-CoA Oxidase 1.
- the ACOX1 gene encodes peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase-1.
- Mature proximal tubular cells express, for example, at least one selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers according to the present disclosure.
- Mature proximal tubular cells express at least one selected from the group of proximal tubular markers according to the present disclosure.
- Mature proximal tubular cells express at least one selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers according to the present disclosure, and at least one selected from the group of proximal tubular markers according to the present disclosure Express seeds.
- mature proximal tubular cells for example, at least 3 (eg, 3, 4, preferably 5 or more preferably 6) markers selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers according to the present disclosure and express at least 5 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, preferably 8 or more preferably 9) markers selected from the group of proximal tubular markers according to the present disclosure do.
- 3 e.g., 3, 4, preferably 5 or more preferably 6
- 5 e.g., 5, 6, 7, preferably 8 or more preferably 9
- kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells expresses at least one selected from the group of proximal tubular markers according to the present disclosure.
- kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells further express at least one selected from the group of PPARA downstream gene markers of the present disclosure.
- Kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells for example, express at least one selected from the group of proximal tubular markers according to the present disclosure, and the group of proximal tubular markers according to the present disclosure At least one species selected from the above is expressed.
- Expression of a PPARA downstream gene marker in kidney organoids containing proximal tubular cells can be detected based on the transcription product of said marker gene or the translation product of said marker gene.
- a proximal tubular marker in a kidney organoid containing proximal tubular cells can be detected based on the transcription product of the marker gene or the translation product of the marker gene.
- Transcription products of marker genes can be measured, for example, by quantitative PCR.
- Translation products of marker genes can be measured, for example, by fluorescence immunostaining or by FACS or MACS.
- the expression level (e.g., the amount of transcripts of marker genes) is substantially either or both RXR agonists and PPAR agonists. Expression may be assessed if it is significantly greater than the expression level of the corresponding PPARA downstream gene marker in kidney organoids cultured using media without media (control organoids). Preferably, the expression level of the PPARA downstream gene marker is significantly greater than the expression level of the corresponding PPARA downstream gene marker in control organoids cultured using a medium that does not substantially contain an RXR agonist or a PPAR agonist. is evaluated as manifested.
- the expression level of the proximal tubular marker in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells is either an RXR agonist or a PPAR agonist, or both. Expression may be assessed if it is significantly greater than the expression level of the corresponding proximal tubular marker in renal organoids cultured with substantially free medium (control organoids).
- the expression level of the proximal tubular marker is significantly higher than the expression level of the corresponding proximal tubular marker in control organoids cultured using medium substantially free of RXR agonists and PPAR agonists. If it is large, it is evaluated as expressed.
- a medium that does not substantially contain either or both of an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist is, for example, an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist used to induce kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells of interest.
- the medium eg, induction medium C described later
- the medium may be the same in composition and/or dosage except that it does not substantially contain either or both of the RXR agonist and the PPAR agonist.
- “Substantially free" in this context does not exclude complete absence of RXR or PPAR agonists.
- a medium that is substantially free of RXR and PPAR agonists contains, e.g., less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM of PPAR agonist and less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM of RXR agonist. good. In one example, a medium that is substantially free of RXR and PPAR agonists is completely free of RXR and PPAR agonists.
- the PPARA downstream gene marker in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubule cells is such that its expression level (e.g., marker gene transcript abundance) corresponds to that in early kidney organoids (control organoids). If the expression level is significantly higher than the expression level of the PPARA downstream gene marker, it may be evaluated as being expressed.
- proximal tubular markers in renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells were found to have expression levels (e.g., transcript levels of marker genes) that were comparable to those in early renal organoids (control organoids). It may be evaluated as being expressed when it is significantly higher than the expression level of the renal tubular marker.
- One aspect of the present disclosure comprises culturing early renal organoids with culture medium C comprising an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist to produce renal organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- a method of manufacturing is provided.
- One embodiment of the present disclosure includes culturing intermediate mesoderm cells with an induction medium B containing fibroblast growth factors (induction medium b2) to form intermediate mesoderm spheroids, and By culturing germ layer spheroids using induction medium A (induction medium a2) containing a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor and then using induction medium B (induction medium b3) containing fibroblast growth factor, early kidney inducing the organoids (step B); and culturing the early renal organoids with an induction medium C containing an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist (step C).
- a method for producing an organoid is provided.
- One embodiment of the present disclosure is culturing pluripotent stem cells to induce intermediate mesoderm cells (Step A); culturing with medium b2) to form intermediate mesoderm spheroids, and culturing said intermediate mesoderm spheroids with an induction medium A containing a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor (induction medium a2), and then fibroblasts Inducing early kidney organoids by culturing with induction medium B (induction medium b3) containing cell growth factors (step B); (Step C) a method for producing kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- Step A Differentiation Induction of Intermediate Mesoderm Cells
- Step A includes culturing pluripotent stem cells to induce intermediate mesoderm cells. More specifically, in step A, pluripotent stem cells are cultured using induction medium A (induction medium a1) containing a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor, followed by induction medium B containing fibroblast growth factor (induction medium culturing with b1) to induce intermediate mesoderm cells.
- induction medium A induction medium a1
- induction medium B containing fibroblast growth factor
- Cultivation of pluripotent stem cells using induction medium a1 can be carried out under known cell culture conditions.
- Known cell culture conditions may be maintained at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 .
- the temperature for culturing is not limited to 37° C., and any temperature known in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- the CO 2 concentration is not limited to 5%, and any known CO 2 concentration in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- Culturing of pluripotent stem cells with induction medium A can be carried out for 2-8 days, 3-7 days, 4-6 days, or 5 days.
- Step A includes culturing pluripotent stem cells using induction medium a1 and then using induction medium b1 containing fibroblast growth factor.
- Cultivation using induction medium b1 for example, by culturing using induction medium a1, colonies composed of pluripotent stem cells spread horizontally and vertically with respect to the culture surface and became rounded. After it is shaped, it can be done.
- Intermediate mesoderm cells can be induced by culturing round-shaped cell colonies with induction medium B containing fibroblast growth factor.
- Cultivation of the round-shaped cell colonies (culturing of pluripotent stem cells using induction medium a1) using induction medium b1 can be carried out under known cell culture conditions.
- Known cell culture conditions may be maintained at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 .
- the temperature for culturing is not limited to 37° C., and any temperature known in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- the CO 2 concentration is not limited to 5%, and any known CO 2 concentration in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- Cultivation of the rounded cell colonies with induction medium B can be carried out for 2 to 6 days, 2 to 5 days, 2 to 4 days or 3 days. This culture can change the shape of the cell colony from rounded to sheet-like.
- pluripotent stem cells refers to the ability to be cultured in vitro and to differentiate into tissues derived from the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), i.e. pluripotency.
- Pluripotent stem cells can be established from, for example, fertilized eggs, cloned embryos, germ stem cells, or tissue stem cells.
- Pluripotent stem cells are, for example, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) derived from somatic cells, embryonic tumor cells (EC cells), or embryonic germ stem cells (EG cells). is.
- Pluripotent stem cells are preferably ES cells or iPS cells.
- ES cell is a stem cell having self-renewal ability and pluripotency, and means a pluripotent stem cell derived from an early embryo.
- ES cells are, for example, human ES cells.
- iPS cells refers to pluripotent stem cells induced from somatic cells, which are artificially endowed with pluripotency similar to embryonic stem cells by reprogramming somatic cells.
- iPS cells can be established by, for example, reprogramming differentiated cells such as fibroblasts by expressing genes such as Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc.
- iPS cells are, for example, human iPS cells established by reprogramming differentiated cells such as human fibroblasts.
- induction medium A includes a basal medium and an additive containing a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor.
- Induction medium A used in step A is also specifically referred to as induction medium a1.
- Induction medium A used in step B (particularly step b2) is also specifically referred to as induction medium a2.
- the description of induction medium A herein also applies to induction medium a1 and induction medium a2, unless otherwise stated.
- Induction medium A can be prepared, for example, by adding the additive (solid or liquid) to a basal medium (liquid). The concentrations of the additives added to the induction medium A are appropriately set by those skilled in the art in consideration of the animal species to which the cells used for culture are given.
- a “basal medium” can be a cell culture medium that can be prepared according to known protocols or can be a commercially available cell culture medium.
- the basal medium can be, for example, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Basic Medium Eagle (BME), known medium for stem cells, or known medium for differentiating stem cells.
- the basal medium is preferably a medium for differentiating stem cells, and may be, for example, STEMdiff APEL2 medium (STEMCELL Technologies). Culture media for differentiating stem cells are described, for example, in Nature Protocols, vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 768-776, 2008.
- Induction Medium A may further contain a protein-free medium (eg, PFHM-II), an antibiotic (eg, penicillin/streptomycin, gentamicin), or an antibiotic-antimycotic mixture (eg, Antibiotic-Antimycotic), or a combination thereof. may contain.
- PFHM-II protein-free medium
- an antibiotic eg, penicillin/streptomycin, gentamicin
- an antibiotic-antimycotic mixture eg, Antibiotic-Antimycotic
- GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor means a compound that inhibits the action of serine-threonine protein kinase 3 ⁇ involved in various signal transduction pathways including the wnt/ ⁇ -catenin pathway.
- the GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor can be, for example, CHIR-99021, SB216763, CHIR-98014, Staurosporine, K252A, WNT (preferably WNT3A) or TWS119, or combinations thereof.
- the GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor is preferably CHIR-99021 or WNT (preferably WNT3A).
- Induction medium a1 contains a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor other than CHIR-99021 at a concentration that exhibits the same GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory effect as CHIR-99021 at 1 to 50 ⁇ M, 2 to 25 ⁇ M, 5 to 15 ⁇ M, 5 to 8 ⁇ M, or 8 ⁇ M. may contain.
- Induction medium a2 contains a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor other than CHIR-99021 at a concentration that exhibits a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory effect similar to that of 1 to 50 ⁇ M, 2 to 25 ⁇ M, 5 to 15 ⁇ M, 5 to 10 ⁇ M, or 10 ⁇ M CHIR-99021. may contain.
- GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory action can be measured, for example, based on transcriptional activity by nuclear translocation of ⁇ -catenin in the presence of a predetermined amount of GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor. Transcription activity by nuclear translocation of ⁇ -catenin can be measured according to a known method (for example, luciferase activity measurement). Transcriptional activity by nuclear translocation of ⁇ -catenin can be measured, for example, using a commercially available kit (eg, LEADING LIGHT (registered trademark) Wnt Reporter Assay Starter kit). As used herein, the term "comparable activity" means activity within ⁇ 30%, within ⁇ 20%, or within ⁇ 10% of the control. In one embodiment, a comparable effect is within ⁇ 30% of the control effect.
- Induction medium A may contain 1-50 ⁇ M, 2-25 ⁇ M, or 5-15 ⁇ M of a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor (preferably CHIR-99021). Induction medium A may contain a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor at a concentration comparable to that of 1-50 ⁇ M, 2-25 ⁇ M, or 5-15 ⁇ M CHIR-99021. Induction medium A may contain 1-2000 ng/ml, 2-1000 ng/ml, or 5-400 ng/ml of WNT (preferably WNT3A) as a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor.
- a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor preferably CHIR-99021
- Induction medium A may contain 1-2000 ng/ml, 2-1000 ng/ml, or 5-400 ng/ml of WNT (preferably WNT3A) as a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor.
- induction medium A contains WNT (preferably WNT3A) as a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor
- induction medium a1 has a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory effect comparable to that of 1-50 ⁇ M, 2-25 ⁇ M, 5-15 ⁇ M, or 8 ⁇ M CHIR-99021.
- WNTs preferably WNT3A
- the induction medium a2 may contain WNT (preferably WNT3A) at a concentration that exhibits a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory effect similar to that of 1-50 ⁇ M, 2-25 ⁇ M, 5-15 ⁇ M, or 10 ⁇ M CHIR-99021.
- induction medium B includes a basal medium and an additive containing fibroblast growth factor and substantially free of RXR agonist.
- Induction medium B used in step A is also specifically referred to as induction medium b1.
- the induction medium B used in step b1 is also specifically referred to as induction medium b2.
- Induction medium B used in step b3 is also specifically referred to as induction medium b3.
- the description of induction medium B in this specification also applies to induction medium b1, induction medium b2 and induction medium b3 unless otherwise stated.
- the additives for Induction Medium B are also substantially free of PPAR agonists.
- Additives for induction medium B contain, for example, fibroblast growth factor and are substantially free of RXR and PPAR agonists.
- the induction medium B can be prepared, for example, by adding the additive (solid or liquid) to the basal medium (liquid).
- the basal medium for the induction medium B the description of the basal medium for the induction medium A is applied as appropriate.
- concentrations of the additives added to the induction medium B are appropriately set by those skilled in the art in consideration of the animal species to which the cells used for culture were given.
- Induction medium B is heparin, protein-free medium (e.g. PFHM-II), antibiotics (e.g.
- the induction medium b2 used to form spheroids from intermediate mesoderm cells may further contain a ROCK inhibitor (eg Y-27632).
- substantially free of RXR agonists in the context of induction medium B means that in step B using medium identical in composition and/or dosage to induction medium B, except that it is completely free of RXR agonists. It means that the RXR agonist is included in an amount such that organoids having a degree of maturity similar to that of the formed early renal organoids are induced to differentiate. "Organoids having a similar degree of maturity to early renal organoids” have one or more LHX1-positive metanephric vesicles and have less than 5% (preferably less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5%).
- the metarenal vesicles are preferably LHX1 positive and JAG1 positive or CDH6 positive.
- the metarenal vesicles are preferably LHX1 positive, JAG1 positive, and CDH6 positive.
- a "Forff tube cell” is a CDH1-positive, PAX2-positive, and GATA3-positive cell. The percentage of volch tube cells to total cells from an organoid can be measured, for example, by single-cell proteomic analysis (eg, single-cell RNA sequencing). Substantially free of RXR agonists does not exclude completely free of RXR agonists.
- the induction medium B substantially free of RXR agonist comprises less than 10 pM, less than 5 pM, less than 1 pM, less than 0.5 pM, or less than 0.1 pM RXR agonist (eg, 9cis retinoic acid).
- Induction Medium B, which is substantially free of RXR agonists, is preferably completely free of RXR agonists (eg, 9cis retinoic acid).
- the induction medium B which is substantially free of RXR agonists, contains PPAR agonists (e.g., PPARA agonists, PPARG agonists, PPARD agonists, PPARA/G agonists, PPARA/D agonists, PPARG/D agonists and PPARA/G agonists). /D agonist).
- PPAR agonists e.g., PPARA agonists, PPARG agonists, PPARD agonists, PPARA/G agonists, PPARA/D agonists, PPARG/D agonists and PPARA/G agonists.
- PPAR agonists e.g., PPARA agonists, PPARG agonists, PPARD agonists, PPARA/G agonists, PPARA/D agonists, PPARG/D agonists and PPARA/G agonists.
- /D agonist e.g., PPARA agonists
- the RXR agonist and/or PPAR agonist is included in an amount such that the organoids having the same degree of maturity as the early renal organoids formed in step B using are induced to differentiate.
- the induction medium B which is substantially free of RXR and PPAR agonists, contains less than 10 pM, preferably less than 5 pM, less than 1 pM, less than 0.5 pM or less than 0.1 pM of RXR and/or PPAR agonists.
- Induction medium B, which is substantially free of RXR and PPAR agonists is preferably completely free of RXR agonists (eg 9cis retinoic acid) and PPAR agonists (eg PPARA agonists).
- CDH1 means a gene encoding cadherin 1 protein.
- CDH1 positive cells are cells in which CDH1 transcripts are produced. CDH1-positive cells can be detected by quantitative PCR using reverse transcriptase or by single-cell proteome analysis.
- PAX2 is an abbreviation for paired box gene 2 and means a gene that encodes a homeobox transcription factor.
- PAX positive cells are cells in which PAX2 transcripts are produced. PAX2-positive cells can be detected by quantitative PCR using reverse transcriptase or by single-cell proteome analysis.
- GATA3 means a gene encoding a GATA3 transcription factor.
- GATA3-positive cells are cells in which GATA3 transcripts are produced. GATA3-positive cells can be detected by quantitative PCR using reverse transcriptase or by single-cell proteome analysis.
- CDH1-positive, PAX2-positive, and GATA3-positive cells are cells in which CDH1 transcripts, PAX2 transcripts, and GATA3 transcripts are produced. Said cells can be detected by single cell proteome analysis.
- FGF fibroblast growth factor
- FGF fibroblast growth factor
- FGF is, for example, FGF1, FGF2, FGF3, FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF7, FGF8, FGF9, FGF10, FGF11, FGF12, FGF13, FGF14, FGF15, FGF16, FGF17, FGF18, FGF19, FGF20, FGF21, or FGF21 It may be FGF23, or a combination thereof.
- the FGF can be, for example, FGF9 alone or a combination of FGF9 and another FGF (eg FGF4).
- FGF is preferably FGF9 alone.
- Induction medium B may contain 20-1000 ng/mL, 60-500 ng/mL, or 100-300 ng/mL of FGF (preferably FGF9).
- Induction medium B may contain FGFs other than FGF9 at concentrations that exhibit fibroblast proliferation effects similar to those of 20-1000 ng/mL, 60-500 ng/mL, or 100-300 ng/mL of FGF9.
- intermediate mesoderm refers to round-shaped cell colonies formed by culturing pluripotent stem cells in induction medium A (induction medium a1), induction medium B (induction medium b1), It means a sheet-like cell colony formed by culturing using.
- intermediate mesoderm cells can be produced by culturing pluripotent stem cells in induction medium A (induction medium a1) and then in induction medium B (induction medium b1). .
- pluripotent stem cells are cultured in induction medium A (induction medium a1) for 2 to 8 days, 3 to 7 days, 4 to 6 days, or 5 days, then the induction medium It can be produced by culturing in B (induction medium b1) for 2 to 6 days, 2 to 5 days, 2 to 4 days, or 3 days.
- induction medium A induction medium a1
- B induction medium b1
- Process A can be carried out, for example, according to the following procedures.
- Human iPS or ES cells cultured with StemFit AK02N medium (REPROCELL) on iMatrix-511 coatings are detached with TrypLE Select (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
- the exfoliated cells are suspended in StemFit AK02N (10 ⁇ M Y-27632), and iMatrix-511 (nippi) is added to the cell suspension to a final concentration of 0.25 ⁇ g/cm 2 .
- This cell suspension is seeded in a 12-well plate at 10,000 to 15,000 cells/cm 2 and cultured at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 for 1 day.
- STEMdiff APEL2medium (STEMCELL Technologies) (8 ⁇ M CHIR99021, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, hereinafter additives to the basal medium are shown in parentheses), which is induction medium A (induction medium a1). is used to induce primitive streaks in culture for 3-5 days. Medium exchange is performed every day after the 4th day. By setting the culture period to 5 days, the percentage of posterior intermediate mesoderm cells can be increased, thereby forming many proximal tubules.
- STEM diff APEL2medium 200 ng / mL FGF9, 1 ⁇ g / mL Heparin, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic
- induction medium B induction medium b1
- Step B Spheroid formation and formation of early renal organoids
- Step B involves culturing the intermediate mesoderm cells formed in Step A using fibroblast growth factor induction medium B (induction medium b2) to form intermediate mesoderm.
- fibroblast growth factor induction medium B induction medium b2
- induction medium B induction medium b3
- Step b1 involves culturing the intermediate mesoderm cells formed in step A with an inducing medium b2 containing fibroblast growth factors to form intermediate mesoderm spheroids.
- Step b1 may further comprise detaching the intermediate mesoderm cells formed in step A from the culture plate using a cell detachment solution. Intermediate mesodermal cells are separated by treatment with a cell detachment solution to obtain a cell suspension. Accordingly, step b1 may further comprise separating the intermediate mesoderm cells formed in step A to obtain a cell suspension.
- Cell detachment solution means a solution containing enzymes that degrade cell adhesion molecules.
- Cell detachment solutions include, for example, trypsin, preferably recombinant trypsin (eg, TrypLE Select (Thermo Fisher Scientific)). Treatment with a cell detachment solution includes, for example, incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 10 minutes, or 5 to 10 minutes.
- trypsin preferably recombinant trypsin (eg, TrypLE Select (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
- Treatment with a cell detachment solution includes, for example, incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 10 minutes, or 5 to 10 minutes.
- Step b1 comprises culturing said cell suspension with an induction medium b2 containing fibroblast growth factors.
- Spheroids can be formed by treatment with this induction medium b2.
- the induction medium b2 preferably contains a ROCK inhibitor from the viewpoint of efficient spheroid formation.
- Cultivation in step b1 can be performed under known cell culture conditions. Known cell culture conditions may be maintained at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 . The temperature for culturing is not limited to 37° C., and any temperature known in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- the CO 2 concentration is not limited to 5%, and any known CO 2 concentration in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- Culturing in step b1 with induction medium b2 containing a ROCK inhibitor can be carried out for 0.5 days to 2 days, 0.5 days, 1 day, 1.5 days, preferably 1 day. If the induction medium b2 is substantially free of ROCK inhibitors, culturing in step b1 may include an additional day of culturing.
- substantially free in the context of induction medium B (particularly induction medium b2) means comprising a ROCK inhibitor at a concentration of less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM. do. "Substantially free" does not exclude complete absence of ROCK inhibitors.
- step b1 forms spheroids (also referred to herein as "intermediate mesoderm spheroids") in which intermediate mesoderm cells are gathered.
- spheroid means a three-dimensional cell aggregate formed in vitro.
- ROCK inhibitor means a compound that inhibits Rho kinase (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase: ROCK).
- ROCK inhibitors are, for example, N-(4-pyridinyl)-4 ⁇ -[(R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexane-1 ⁇ -carbamide (Y-27632), Fasudil (HA1077), (2S)-2-methyl -1-[(4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl)sulfonyl]hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine (H-1152), 4 ⁇ -[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-N-(4-pyridyl) Benzene-1 ⁇ carboxamide (Wf-536), N-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-4-yl)-4 ⁇ -[(R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclo
- the ROCK inhibitor can be, for example, Y-27632 alone or Y-27632 in combination with other ROCK inhibitors.
- the ROCK inhibitor is preferably Y-27632.
- Induction medium B (particularly induction medium b2) contains 1-50 ⁇ M, 2-25 ⁇ M, 5-15 ⁇ M or 10 ⁇ M of ROCK inhibitor.
- Induction medium B (especially induction medium b2) is 1 to 50 ⁇ M, 2 to 25 ⁇ M, 5 to 15 ⁇ M or 10 ⁇ M of a ROCK inhibitor other than Y-27632 at a concentration that exhibits the same level of ROCK inhibitory action as Y-27632 may contain
- ROCK is a serine-threonine protein kinase.
- ROCK for example, phosphorylates myosin-binding subunit 1 (MYPT1) of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP), inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
- MYPT1 myosin-binding subunit 1
- MLCP myosin light chain phosphatase
- ROCK inhibitory action can be measured, for example, based on the amount of MYPT1 phosphorylation by ROCK in the presence of a compound capable of inhibiting its phosphorylation action.
- the ROCK inhibitory effect is determined by measuring the amount of phosphorylation of MYPT1 by ROCK, measuring the amount of phosphorylation of MYPT1 by ROCK in the presence of a compound capable of inhibiting its phosphorylation, and determining the phosphorylation of MYPT1 by ROCK. It can be measured by comparing the amounts.
- ROCK inhibitory action can be measured using a commercially available kit (e.g., 96-well ROCK activity assay kit (CELL BIOLABS, INC., Catalog No.: STA-416) or ROCK Activity Immunoblot Kit (STA-416, CELL BIOLABS, INC. ., Catalog No.: STA-415)).
- the induction medium b2 used in step b1 may be the same as or different from the induction medium b1 used in step A in composition and/or dosage.
- the induction medium b2 is preferably identical in composition and/or dosage to the induction medium b1.
- Induction medium b2 is identical in composition and/or dosage to induction medium b1, except, for example, that it contains a ROCK inhibitor.
- Step b2 includes culturing the intermediate mesodermal spheroids formed in step b1 with an induction medium A containing a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor (induction medium a2). Cultivation in step b2 is performed, for example, in air-liquid interface culture or in a liquid solvent. Cultivation in step b2 is preferably carried out in air-liquid interface culture.
- a culture device equipped with a culture well insert that can accommodate cells and has a liquid-permeable membrane on the bottom surface, and a culture base plate that can contain the culture well insert and can be filled with a culture solution.
- Such culture devices are, for example, commercially available and may be, for example, the Cell Culture Insert Transparent PET membrane (corning).
- Cultivation in step b2 can be performed under known cell culture conditions. Known cell culture conditions may be maintained at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 . The temperature for culturing is not limited to 37° C., and any temperature known in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate. The CO 2 concentration is not limited to 5%, and any known CO 2 concentration in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate. The culturing can be carried out for 1-24 hours, 1-12 hours, 1-8 hours, 1-5 hours, 2-4 hours, or 3 hours.
- the induction medium a2 used in step b2 may or may not have the same composition and/or dosage as the induction medium a1 used in step A.
- the induction medium a2 is preferably identical in composition and/or dosage to the induction medium a1.
- Induction medium a2 is identical in composition and/or dosage to induction medium a1, except for, for example, a higher concentration of GSK3 ⁇ .
- Step b3 includes culturing the intermediate mesodermal spheroids cultured in step b2 with induction medium B containing fibroblast growth factor (induction medium b3). Cultivation in step b3 can form early renal organoids. Culturing in step b3 can be performed under known cell culture conditions. Known cell culture conditions may be maintained at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 . The temperature for culturing is not limited to 37° C., and any temperature known in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate. The CO 2 concentration is not limited to 5%, and any known CO 2 concentration in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- Said culture can be carried out for 4-12 days, 4-10 days, 5-8 days, 6 days, 7 days or 8 days, preferably 6 days.
- Cultivation in step b3 is performed, for example, until formation of nephrons containing proximal renal tubules is confirmed in the cultured spheroids.
- the spheroids confirmed to form nephrons containing proximal tubules in step b3 are also referred to as early renal organoids.
- the induction medium b3 may contain 20-1000 ng/mL, 60-500 ng/mL, or 100-300 ng/mL of FGF (preferably FGF9).
- the induction medium b3 may be identical or different in composition and/or dosage from the induction medium b1 or b2.
- induction medium b3 comprises the same composition and/or dosage as induction medium b1.
- Induction medium b3 comprises, for example, the same composition and/or dosage as induction medium b2.
- induction medium b3 comprises the same composition and/or dosage as induction medium b2, except that it contains a ROCK inhibitor.
- Step B can be carried out, for example, according to the following procedure.
- cells are detached with TrypLE Select (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
- STEM diff APEL2 medium 200 ng/mL FGF9, 1 ⁇ g/mL Heparin, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, 10 ⁇ M Y-27632
- induction medium B induction medium b2
- the cell suspension is seeded onto PrimeSurface® 96M plates (Sumitomo Bakelite) at 100,000 cells/well.
- the spheroids formed in the plate are placed on a Cell Culture Insert of Cell Culture Insert Transparent PETmembrane 6well 0.4 ⁇ m pore size (Corning) so that 3 to 6 spheroids/well are formed.
- Cell Culture Inserts containing spheroids were placed in the corresponding culture plate wells.
- STEMdiff APEL2medium (10 ⁇ M CHIR99021, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic), which is induction medium A (induction medium a2), was added between the wells of the culture plate and the lower surface of the transwell of the Cell Culture Insert, - Incubate the spheroids at the liquid interface for 3 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 .
- STEM diff APEL2 medium 200 ng/mL FGF9, 1 ⁇ g/mL Heparin, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic
- induction medium B induction medium b3
- Step C Proximal Tubular Maturation Step C involves culturing early renal organoids with medium containing RXR agonists and PPAR agonists (also referred to as induction medium C).
- the early kidney organoids used in step C may be early kidney organoids produced from pluripotent stem cells by performing steps A and B according to the present disclosure, or early kidney organoids produced by known methods. As a known method, Takasato M. et al. , et al. , Nat Cell Biol. 2014;16:118-26 (incorporated herein by reference), or by the method described in Takasato M.; , et al. , Nature. 2015;526:564-568. (incorporated herein by reference).
- the primary kidney organoids used in Step C are primary kidney organoids produced from pluripotent stem cells by performing Steps A and B of the present disclosure.
- the early renal organoids used for culture in step C contain early proximal tubules. Culturing the primary renal organoids in step C can form renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells. Kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells are characterized by expression of the markers of the present disclosure.
- Cultivation in step C can be performed under known cell culture conditions.
- Known cell culture conditions may be maintained at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 .
- the temperature for culturing is not limited to 37° C., and any temperature known in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- the CO 2 concentration is not limited to 5%, and any known CO 2 concentration in the field of cell culture can be used as appropriate.
- the culture is 5 to 20 days, 6 to 18 days, 7 to 16 days, 7 to 14 days, 7 to 12 days, 7 to 10 days, 7 to 9 days, or 7 to It will be conducted for 8 days.
- kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells formed in step C can be used as an active ingredient of a composition for regenerative medicine.
- Kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells can be used in a method of evaluating renal damage caused by a test substance or in a method of evaluating drug responsiveness to a test substance.
- induction medium C includes a basal medium and an additive containing an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist.
- the induction medium C can be prepared, for example, by adding the additive (solid or liquid) to the basal medium (liquid).
- the basal medium for the induction medium C the description of the basal medium for the induction medium A is applied as appropriate.
- the basal medium may contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, preferably linoleic acid and/or linolenic acid.
- the additive RXR agonist and PPAR agonist are added to the polyvalent Regardless of the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, they may be added at the concentrations disclosed herein.
- the additive RXR agonist and PPAR agonist are added to the polyunsaturated fatty acid in the basal medium.
- Induction medium C may further contain a protein-free medium (eg PFHM-II), an antibiotic (eg penicillin/streptomycin, gentamicin), or an antibiotic-antimycotic mixture (eg Antibiotic-Antimycotic), or a combination thereof. may contain.
- PFHM-II protein-free medium
- antibiotic eg penicillin/streptomycin, gentamicin
- antibiotic-antimycotic mixture eg Antibiotic-Antimycotic
- RXR is an abbreviation for Retinoid X Receptor, which means a protein that is a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors. RXR forms heterodimers with nuclear receptors such as PPARs or retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and regulates transcriptional activity.
- RXR agonist means a compound or composition that increases the transcriptional regulatory activity of a gene when combined with the retinoid X receptor (RXR).
- RXR agonists include, for example, 9-cis retinoic acid (alitretinoin, CAS No.: 5300-03-8), AGN195204 (CAS No.: 220619-73-8), TTNPB (arotinoid acid, CAS No.: 71441- 28-6), Adapalene (CAS No.: 106685-40-9), Bexarotene (CAS No.: 153559-49-0), Tazarotene (CAS No.: 118292-40-3), Tamibarotene (CAS No.: 94497-51-5), CH55 (CAS No.: 110368-33-7), and AM580 (CAS No.: 102121-60-8).
- RXR agonists are, for example, 9-cis retinoic acid, or AGN195204.
- An RXR agonist is
- the amount of RXR agonist (eg, 9-cis retinoic acid) added to induction medium C may be 0.1-10 ⁇ M, 0.5-5 ⁇ M, 0.5-3 ⁇ M, 0.5-2 ⁇ M, or 1 ⁇ M. can be done.
- Induction medium C is 0.1 to 10 ⁇ M, 0.5 to 5 ⁇ M, 0.5 to 3 ⁇ M, 0.5 to 2 ⁇ M, or 1 ⁇ M of 9-cis retinoic acid.
- the amount of RXR agonist to be added can be appropriately adjusted according to the amount of the component having RXR agonist action contained in the basal medium used for the induction medium C.
- RXR agonistic action is, for example, in the presence of a compound capable of activating RXR, RXR forms a heterodimer with PPAR, the heterodimer binds based on the expression level of the luciferase gene present downstream of the promoter region can be measured by
- RXR agonist action is measured by measuring the expression level of luciferase induced by a heterodimer of RXR and PPAR formed in the presence of 9-cis retinoic acid, and in the presence of a compound capable of activating RXR. It can be measured by measuring the expression level of luciferase induced by the heterodimer of RXR and PPAR in , and comparing them.
- RXR agonism can be measured using a commercially available assay (INDIGO, Nuclear Receptor Luciferase Reporter Assay).
- PPAR Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor and belongs to a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are three subtypes of PPAR, PPAR alpha (A), PPAR gamma (G), and PPAR delta (D).
- PPAR agonist means a compound or composition that activates a PPAR, such as PPARA, PPARG, or PPARD, or a combination thereof.
- the PPAR agonist is at least one selected from the group consisting of PPARA agonists, PPARG agonists, PPARD agonists, PPARA/G agonists, PPARA/D agonists, PPARG/D agonists, and PPARA/G/D agonists.
- a PPAR agonist is preferably a PPARA agonist, a PPARG agonist, or a PPARD agonist.
- a PPAR agonist is preferably a PPARA agonist or a PPARG agonist.
- the PPAR agonist is more preferably a PPARA agonist.
- PPARA agonist in the present invention means, for example, a compound or composition that activates PPARA.
- PPARA agonists are commercially available (see, eg, https://www.medchemexpress.com/Targets/PPAR.html, incorporated herein by reference).
- PPARA agonists include, for example, CP775146 (CAS No.: 702680-17-9), pyrinic acid (WY14643, CAS No.: 50892-23-4), bezafibrate (CAS No.: 41859-67-0), fenofib rate (CAS No.: 49562-28-9), gemfibrozil (CAS No.: 25812-30-0), clofibrate (CAS No.: 637-07-0), ciprofibrate (CAS No.: 52214 -84-3), pemafibrate (CAS No.: 848259-27-8), binifibrate (CAS No.: 69047-39-8), clinofibrate (CAS No.: 30299-08-2), clofibrin acid (CAS No.: 882-09-7), nicofibrate (CAS No.: 31980-29-7), pirifibrate (CAS No.: 55285-45-5), plafibrid (CAS No.
- NXT629 (CAS NO.: 1454925-59-7), Saroglitazar Magnesium (CAS NO.: 1639792-20-3), Saroglitazar (CAS NO.: 495399-09-2), Oleoylethanolamide (CAS NO.: 111-58-0), BMS-687453 (CAS NO.: 1000998-59-3), Gypenoside XLIX (CAS NO.: 94987-08-3), CUDA (CAS NO.: 4 79413-68-8), Ciprofibrate Impurity A (CAS No.
- the PPARA agonist is preferably CP775146, pirinixic acid (WY14643), bezafibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, ciprofibrate, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, or a combination thereof.
- the PPARA agonist is more preferably CP775146 or pyrinixic acid (WY14643).
- the PPARA agonist is more preferably CP775146.
- PPAG agonist means a compound or composition that activates PPARG.
- PPARG agonists are commercially available (see, eg, https://www.medchemexpress.com/Targets/PPAR.html, incorporated herein by reference).
- PPARG agonists include, for example, rosiglitazone (CAS No.: 122320-73-4), troglitazone (CAS No.: 97322-87-7), pioglitazone (CAS No.: 111025-46-8) (deuterated efatutazone (CAS No.: 223132-37-4), ATx08-001 (CAS No.: CAS No.: 193012-35-0), OMS-405, CHS-131 (CAS No.: 315224-26-1), THR-0921 (CAS No.: 606932-81-4), SER-150-DN, KDT-501 (CAS No.: 1374259-84-3), GED-0507-34-Levo , CLC-3001, ALL-4, Rosiglitazone (CAS NO.: 122320-73-4), Rosiglitazone hydrochloride (CAS NO.: 302543-62-0), Troglitazone (CAS NO.: 97322-87-7), T0070907 (CAS NO.:
- the PPARG agonist is preferably rosiglitazone or troglitazone or a combination thereof.
- PPARD agonist means a compound or composition that activates PPARD.
- PPARD agonists are commercially available (see, eg, https://www.medchemexpress.com/Targets/PPAR.html, incorporated herein by reference).
- PPARD is, for example, Finadelpar (CAS No.: 515138-06-4), ASP0367 , GW501516 ( Endurabol ), Ppar ⁇ agonist 5 (molecular formula: C23H21F3N2O2S ), MBX8025 (Seladelpar, CAS No.
- the PPARD agonist is preferably Finadelper or ASP0367 or a combination thereof.
- PPARA/G agonist means a compound or composition that activates PPARA/G.
- PPARA/G agonists are commercially available.
- PPARA/G agonists include, for example, saloglitazar (CAS No.: 495399-09-2), alleglitazar (CAS No.: 475479-34-6), moraglitazar (CAS No.: 331741-94-7), tesaglitazar ( CAS No.: 251565-85-2) and at least one selected from the group consisting of DSP-8658.
- PPARA/D agonist means a compound or composition that activates PPARA/D.
- PPARA/D agonists are commercially available.
- a PPARA/D agonist is, for example, either or both of ELA and T913659.
- PPAG/D agonist means a compound or composition that activates PPARG/D.
- PPARG/D agonists are commercially available. PPARG/D agonists are, for example, either or both of linoleic acid (CAS No.: 60-33-3) and T3D-959 (CAS No.: 1258076-66-2).
- PPARA/G/D agonist means a compound or composition that activates PPARA/G/D.
- PPARA/G/D agonists are commercially available.
- PPARA/G/D agonists include, for example, IVA337 (Lanifibranor, CAS No.: 927961-18-0), TTA (tetradecylthioacetic acid, CAS No.: 2921-20-2), Bavachinin (CAS No.: 19879 -30-2), GW4148, GW9135, benzafibrate (CAS No.: 41859-67-0), robeglitazone (CAS No.: 607723-33-1), and CS038 (CAS No.: 743438-45-1) At least one selected from the group consisting of
- the amount of PPAR agonist (eg, CP775146) added to induction medium C is 0.05-5 ⁇ M, 0.1-3 ⁇ M, 0.1-2 ⁇ M, 0.2-1.5 ⁇ M, 0.2-1 ⁇ M, or 0.3 to 1 ⁇ M can be mentioned.
- Induction medium C showed PPARA agonistic effects of 0.05-5 ⁇ M, 0.1-3 ⁇ M, 0.1-2 ⁇ M, 0.2-1.5 ⁇ M, 0.2-1 ⁇ M, or 0.3-1 ⁇ M CP775146.
- a PPAR agonist other than CP775146 may be added at a concentration exhibiting the same degree of action as that of CP775146.
- the amount of the PPAR agonist to be added can be appropriately adjusted according to the amount of the component having PPAR agonistic action contained in the basal medium used in the induction medium C.
- PPAR agonism can be measured in a manner similar to RXR agonism as described herein.
- the PPAR agonist action is measured by measuring the expression level of luciferase induced by the heterodimer of RXR and PPAR formed in the presence of CP775146, and measuring the expression level of RXR and PPAR in the presence of a compound capable of activating PPAR. It can be measured by measuring the expression level of luciferase induced by the heterodimer with PPAR and comparing them.
- PPAR agonism can be measured using a commercially available assay (INDIGO, Nuclear Receptor Luciferase Reporter Assay).
- the molar concentration ratio of the RXR agonist and the PPAR agonist added to the basal medium is in the range of 0.3 to 10, preferably 0.5 to 5, when the PPAR agonist is 1. , more preferably in the range of 0.5-4.
- the ratio can be adjusted as appropriate, but the total amount is desirably within the above range.
- Process C can be carried out, for example, according to the following procedure. Promoting the maturation of proximal renal tubules by culturing kidney organoids using induction medium C, STEM diff APEL2 medium (0.3 ⁇ M CP775146, 1 ⁇ M 9-cis retinoic acid, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic) do.
- Induction medium C may contain 0.1-30 ⁇ M, 0.5-25 ⁇ M, 1-20 ⁇ M, 2-18 ⁇ M, 5-15 ⁇ M, 7-12 ⁇ M, or 10 ⁇ M of a PPAR agonist (eg, pirinixic acid).
- Process C can be implemented, for example, according to the following procedures. Promoting the maturation of proximal renal tubules by culturing kidney organoids with induction medium C, STEM diff APEL2 medium (10 ⁇ M pyrinix acid, 1 ⁇ M 9-cis retinoic acid, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic) .
- Non-human mammal having renal organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells provides a non-human mammal having renal organoids in or around the kidney, characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- One aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for producing a non-human mammal having renal organoids in or around the kidney characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- a non-human mammal having a kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells includes introducing a kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells into the kidney of the non-human mammal or a site surrounding it. It can be manufactured by a method.
- the non-human mammal is introduced by a method comprising introducing a kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells into the kidney of the non-human mammal or its peripheral site, and rearing the non-human mammal , can be manufactured.
- Raising a non-human mammal includes, for example, feeding known diets for non-human mammals.
- the non-human mammal and the animal species of the pluripotent stem cells, intermediate mesoderm cells or early renal organoids used to produce the renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells are not affected by graft rejection. From the viewpoint of alleviation of this, it is preferable that they are of the same species, and more preferably of the same individual.
- tumor cells or tumor fragments are introduced into the kidney organoids, and the kidney organoids are introduced into the kidney of a non-human mammal or a site surrounding it, thereby forming the kidney organoids as a kidney cancer model into the kidney.
- a non-human mammal having the peripheral site can be produced.
- the non-human mammal as a kidney cancer model can be used in a method of evaluating the effect of a therapeutic drug candidate substance for kidney cancer.
- the non-human mammal as a renal cancer model, and the animal species of the pluripotent stem cells, intermediate mesoderm cells or early renal organoids used to produce the renal organoid into which the tumor cells or tumor fragments have been introduced. are preferably of the same species, more preferably of the same individual, from the viewpoint of alleviating graft rejection.
- non-human mammals include, for example, rodents such as mice, rats, guinea pigs and hamsters; non-human primates such as chimpanzees; artiodactyls such as cattle, goats and sheep; Eyes; may be pets such as rabbits, dogs, and cats.
- rodents such as mice, rats, guinea pigs and hamsters
- non-human primates such as chimpanzees
- artiodactyls such as cattle, goats and sheep
- Eyes may be pets such as rabbits, dogs, and cats.
- Non-human mammals are preferably rodents or non-human primates.
- composition for regenerative medicine comprising renal organoids characterized by containing mature proximal tubular cells according to the present disclosure.
- composition for regenerative medicine includes kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells according to the present disclosure.
- the composition for regenerative medicine according to the present disclosure can be used to treat renal damage or disease in mammals.
- the composition for regenerative medicine may contain, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as appropriate.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means any component other than the renal organoids, which is highly safe and less allergic in mammals.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, solutions (eg physiological saline, basal media or cell suspension stocks), cryoprotectants (eg glycerol), water-soluble polymers suitable for pharmaceutical administration.
- composition for regenerative medicine can be produced appropriately according to a known method.
- the composition for regenerative medicine according to the present disclosure can be produced by blending the kidney organoid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (eg, basal medium).
- the composition for regenerative medicine can be administered to a mammal in need thereof, for example, by surgically transplanting it into a predetermined site of the kidney, or by injecting it into a predetermined site of the kidney using an instrument such as a syringe. administered.
- a mammal to which a composition for regenerative medicine is administered, and an animal species of pluripotent stem cells, intermediate mesoderm cells or early renal organoids used to produce renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells are preferably of the same species, more preferably of the same individual, from the viewpoint of alleviating graft rejection.
- mammal relating to regenerative medicine compositions is, for example, humans and mammals other than humans.
- Mammals other than humans include, for example, rodents such as mice, rats, guinea pigs and hamsters, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, artiodactyls such as cows, goats and sheep, perissodacty such as horses, rabbits and dogs.
- a pet animal such as a cat.
- the mammal is human.
- kidney damage or “kidney disease” includes, for example, kidneys damaged by trauma, kidney diseases (e.g., atrophic kidney, renovascular hypertension, amyloid kidney, hyperuricemia kidney disease, and renal tubular acidosis), chronic renal disease (e.g., chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and chronic renal failure), or chronic-related syndromes (e.g., Gitelman's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome) syndrome, Fanconi syndrome, Lowe syndrome, nephrotic syndrome), or renal cancer.
- kidney diseases e.g., atrophic kidney, renovascular hypertension, amyloid kidney, hyperuricemia kidney disease, and renal tubular acidosis
- chronic renal disease e.g., chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and chronic
- composition for regenerative medicine can be used in a method for treating kidney damage or disease in mammals.
- One embodiment comprises administering a composition for regenerative medicine comprising a renal organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells according to the present disclosure to a mammal in need thereof, treating kidney damage or disease.
- One aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of treating renal injury or disease in a mammal.
- a method of treating renal damage or disease in a mammal includes introducing a renal organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells or a composition for regenerative medicine into the kidney of a mammal in need thereof or a site surrounding it. Including.
- the kidney organoids introduced into the mammal may be, for example, in the form of organoids, or cell clusters composed of single cells and/or multiple cells.
- a method of treating renal injury or disease in a mammal includes injecting a renal organoid-derived cell population containing mature proximal tubular cells into the mammal's kidney or surrounding areas in need thereof. Including injecting.
- mammal in need thereof means a mammal having or suspected of having renal damage or disease.
- a mammal with kidney damage or disease means a mammal that has been diagnosed as having kidney damage or disease by a medical practitioner (eg, a physician) according to predetermined diagnostic criteria.
- a mammal suspected of having renal damage or disease should, for example, have a behavioral history (e.g., trauma, and having undergone or been subjected to drugs harmful to renal tissue) or medical history (e.g., a mammal suspected of having renal damage or disease based on having or having had renal disease, chronic renal disease, renal-related syndromes, or renal cancer.
- Mammals according to this aspect are, for example, humans and mammals other than humans.
- Mammals other than humans may be, for example, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, artiodactyls such as cattle, goats and sheep, perissodactyla such as horses, and companion animals such as rabbits, dogs and cats.
- the mammal according to this aspect is preferably a human or non-human primate, more preferably a human.
- Treating kidney damage or disease includes curing the kidney damage or disease.
- the animal species and the mammal in need thereof are preferably the same species or the same individual.
- One aspect of the present disclosure is to bring a renal organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells according to the present disclosure or a non-human mammal having the renal organoid into contact with a test substance, and A method of assessing drug responsiveness to a test substance is provided, comprising measuring drug responsiveness in said renal organoid or said non-human mammal to.
- the "test substance” may be, for example, a low-molecular-weight compound, protein (eg, antibody), DNA, RNA, small-molecular-weight interfering RNA, or antisense oligonucleotide.
- the test substance is, for example, a disease in mammals (e.g., diseases in organs such as kidney, bladder, stomach and intestines), or cancer (e.g., kidney cancer, bladder cancer, stomach cancer and intestinal cancer). It may be a therapeutic drug, or a candidate substance thereof.
- the test substance may be, for example, a substance known to cause renal damage or a substance with the potential to do so.
- the test substance may be, for example, one type or a mixture of two or more types.
- the test substance is preferably one substance.
- Contacting a kidney organoid containing mature proximal tubular cells or a non-human mammal having the kidney organoid with a test substance means that the kidney organoid or the non-human mammal and the test substance means to put it in a condition where it can be contacted
- Bringing the kidney organoids into contact with a test substance may be, for example, mixing the test substance with a culture solution containing the kidney organoids.
- Contacting the non-human mammal with a test substance may be, for example, orally or parenterally administering the test substance to the non-human mammal.
- the drug responsiveness includes, for example, changes in structural or functional properties of renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells due to the test substance.
- the drug responsiveness measurements include measurements of structural or functional properties of the renal organoids.
- Said structural characteristic can be, for example, the proportion of mature proximal tubular cells in a kidney organoid.
- Said functional property may be, for example, dextran uptake in renal organoids. Dextran uptake by renal organoids is described, for example, in Cell Stem Cell 25, 373-387, September 5, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference) or Journal of Biological Methods, 2021, Vol. 8(2) e150.
- the change in the structural characteristics is, for example, the ratio of mature proximal tubular cells in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells not contacted with the test substance (hereinafter referred to as "first ratio”) with the proportion of mature proximal tubular cells in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells contacted with the test substance (hereinafter referred to as the "second proportion").
- a ratio of 0.7 suggests a 30% reduction in mature proximal tubular cells upon contact with the test substance.
- the evaluation method according to the present disclosure includes evaluating nephrotoxicity of a test substance based on drug responsiveness measurement results.
- the evaluation method according to the present disclosure is based on the drug responsiveness measurement results, renal organoids containing mature proximal renal tubular cells by the test substance or non-human mammals having the renal organoids Including assessing nephrotoxicity.
- test substances having nephrotoxicity include antibiotics and antibacterial drugs (aminoglycoside, vancomycin, penicillin, etc.), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, fenoprofen, etc.), anticancer drugs (cisplatin etc.), contrast agents, and immunosuppressants (cyclosporin, etc.), but are not limited to these.
- the percentage of mature proximal tubular cells in the kidney organoids according to the present disclosure can be obtained, for example, by separating the cells that make up the kidney organoids into single cells and determining the percentage of mature proximal tubular cells in the separated cell population. The number can be calculated by assigning the total number of cells in the separated cell population.
- known methods for separating individual cells from cell masses e.g., spheroids or organoids
- Individual cells from the kidney organoids can be obtained, for example, by performing the “preparation of single cells from kidney organoids” according to the present disclosure.
- the number of mature proximal tubular cells, the total cell number, or the percentage in the isolated cell population can be measured, for example, by FACS.
- Measurement of mature proximal tubule cells by FACS can be performed, for example, using lectins (eg, LTL) or antibodies that specifically bind to proximal tubules according to the present disclosure.
- the antibody may be labeled with a known fluorescent substance.
- Changes in the functional properties are, for example, the uptake amount of dextran in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells that have not been contacted with the test substance (hereinafter referred to as "first uptake amount”) and the test substance. This includes comparing the uptake of dextran in renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells that have been contacted with a substance (hereinafter referred to as "second uptake”).
- the first uptake amount and the second uptake amount are preferably measured with the same area of the proximal tubule.
- the evaluation method according to the present disclosure includes evaluating deterioration of renal function due to a test substance based on the drug responsiveness measurement results.
- the evaluation method according to the present disclosure is based on the drug responsiveness measurement results, renal organoids containing mature proximal renal tubular cells by the test substance or non-human mammals having the renal organoids Including assessing decline in renal function.
- the amount of dextran uptake in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubule cells can be determined, for example, by culturing the kidney organoids in a medium supplemented with fluorescently labeled dextran for a predetermined period of time (eg, 24 hours), and then culturing the kidney organoids. can be measured by detecting the fluorescence emitted from The fluorescence can be measured, for example, using a fluorescence microscope.
- the determination of drug responsiveness measures a structural or functional property in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells that have not been contacted with a test substance to obtain a first measurement result. obtaining a second measurement result by measuring a structural or functional property in kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells contacted with the test substance; and said first measurement result and Comparing with said second measurement result.
- the evaluation method according to the present disclosure includes renal organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells by the test substance or non-human mammals having the renal organoids, based on the drug responsiveness measurement results. Including assessing drug responsiveness (eg, presence or level of renal function) in animals.
- Drug responsiveness is determined, for example, by renal organoids containing at least 3 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 or 8 or more) mature proximal tubular cells or said renal organoids. It may be the average value of the results measured from non-human mammals having
- One aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of promoting proximal tubule maturation.
- the method comprises culturing early renal organoids with medium containing an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist.
- the method of promoting proximal tubule maturation is performed in vitro.
- proximal tubule refers to the region populated by LTL-binding cells in kidney organoids.
- the proximal tubules for example, have a brush border.
- the expression levels of proximal tubular markers in kidney organoids (organoids of interest) obtained by culturing early renal organoids using a medium containing an RXR agonist and a PPAR agonist are If it is significantly greater than the expression level of the proximal tubular marker in the kidney organoid obtained by culturing the early renal organoid using a medium that does not substantially contain either or both (control organoid), the proximal It can be evaluated that maturation of renal tubules was promoted.
- proximal tubule maturation is evaluated as promoted.
- a predetermined size in the context of endosomes is, for example, 0.5 ⁇ m 2 .
- the amount of dextran uptake in the organoid of interest is significantly higher than the amount of dextran uptake in the organoid of interest, it can be evaluated that maturation of proximal tubules has been promoted.
- the term “comprising” means that the listed elements and/or steps are present and other elements and/or steps may be added.
- the term “consisting of” means that the listed elements and/or steps are present and other elements and/or steps are excluded.
- the term “consisting essentially of” means that the recited elements and/or steps are present and other elements and/or steps are novel technical aspects of cell layers, organoids, compositions, and methods. It means that it can be added as long as it does not affect the characteristics.
- the term “substantially free” does not exclude “completely free.”
- kidney organoids Preparation of single cells derived from kidney organoids
- the kidney organoids were transferred to a centrifuge tube, and a cell detachment solution (DPBS(+), 5 mg/mL Bacillus Licheniformis Protease (Sigma), 125 U/mL DNase (Roche)) was added to the centrifuge tube.
- the organoids were placed up to 12 per centrifuge tube.
- the tubes were incubated at 6°C for 30 minutes. During the 30 minute incubation, a cell suspension containing detached cells from the organoids was prepared by pipetting every 5 minutes.
- LTL-biotin (1:50) was added to the prepared cell suspension containing single cells and incubated at 4° C. for 15 minutes. The cell suspension was then centrifuged at 300 rcf for 5 minutes at 4° C. and the supernatant was removed. The precipitate was resuspended by adding ice-cold diluted solution A. The operation of centrifuging the cell suspension and obtaining a cell suspension from the sediment was performed two more times. Anti-biotin microBeads Ultra Pure was added to the obtained cell suspension in diluted solution A and incubated at 4° C. for 15 minutes.
- LTL-binding cells also referred to as LTL-binding cells or LTL-positive cells
- MACS method More specifically, the cell suspension was applied to a magnetic field-fixed MS column (Miltenyi) to obtain LTL-positive proximal tubular cells as a positive fraction.
- Example 1 Single Cell RNA Sequencing on Kidney Organoid-Derived Cell Populations
- Example 1 was carried out to identify the factors involved in the maturation of kidney organoids.
- the inventors performed single-cell RNA sequencing on the organoids produced by carrying out Step A and Step B described later, every day of induction of differentiation, and clustered the cells.
- the cells were divided into diverse cell populations including stromal cell populations, muscle cell populations, neuronal cell populations, glomerular cell populations, nephron progenitor cell populations, and renal tubular cell populations over 31 days of differentiation induction. It was shown that the number of days to reach each cell population varies.
- a pseudo-time axis analysis was performed on the results of single-cell RNA sequencing.
- Example 1 The results of Example 1 suggest that mature cells can be induced by using a PPARA agonist, a PPARG agonist, or an RXR agonist, or a combination thereof, in the culture of kidney organoids.
- FIG. 1 is a flow chart diagram outlining the generation of kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 1 shows step A for inducing differentiation from human iPS cells to intermediate mesoderm, step B for inducing differentiation from intermediate mesoderm to early kidney organoids, and from early kidney organoids to kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells. Step C of inducing differentiation is shown.
- FIG. 1 further illustrates the steps for evaluating nephrotoxicity as described below.
- steps AC shown in FIG. 1 are performed to produce kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells.
- step C the kidney organoids are cultured with induction medium C containing a combination of the PPARA agonist CP775146 and the RXR agonist 9cis retinoic acid.
- iMatrix-511 (Nippi) was added to the cell suspension at 0.25 ⁇ g/cm 2 , seeded in a 12-well plate (Corning) at 15,000 cells/cm 2 , 37° C., CO It was cultured for 1 day under 25 %.
- Step A Differentiation Induction of Intermediate Mesoderm Primitive streaks were induced from iPS cells by culturing for days. Medium exchange was performed every day after the 4th day. The iPS cells aggregated to form colonies on the first day of induction of differentiation, and the cell colonies began to spread outward on the second day of induction of differentiation. On day 3 of induction of differentiation, proliferated cells began to be layered near the center of the cell colony, and from day 4 onward of induction of differentiation, the colony had a rounded shape.
- induction medium A On day 5 of differentiation induction, induction medium A was changed to induction medium B, STEM diff APEL2medium (200 ng/mL FGF9, 1 ⁇ g/mL Heparin, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic).
- the cell colony was further cultured in induction medium B for 3 days to induce differentiation from the primitive streak to intermediate mesoderm. During this culture, the shape of the colonies gradually changed from rounded to sheet-like.
- Step B Spheroid formation and formation of early renal organoids (step b1) After intermediate mesoderm induction (day 8 of differentiation induction), the cells were detached by incubating with TrypLE Select (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 7 minutes at 37°C to obtain a cell suspension. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 400 rcf for 3 minutes at room temperature, and the supernatant was removed. Antimycotic, 10 ⁇ M Y-27632). The cell suspension was seeded on a PrimeSurface (registered trademark) 96M plate (Sumitomo Bakelite) at 100,000 cells/well. The next day (9th day of induction of differentiation), spheroids were formed in the wells.
- PrimeSurface registered trademark
- Step b2 The formed spheroids were taken out and placed on a Cell Culture Insert of Cell Culture Insert Transparent PETmembrane 6well 0.4 ⁇ m pore size (Corning) so that 6 spheroids per well.
- Cell Culture Inserts containing spheroids were placed in corresponding culture plate wells.
- STEMdiff APEL2medium (10 ⁇ M CHIR99021, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic), which is an induction medium A, was added between the wells of the culture plate and the lower surface of the transwell of the Cell Culture Insert, and the air-liquid interface The spheroids were incubated at 37° C. under 5% CO 2 for 3 hours.
- Step b3 After the 3 hours of culture, induction medium A was replaced with induction medium B, STEM diff APEL2medium (200 ng/mL FGF9, 1 ⁇ g/mL Heparin, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic), and the spheroids were incubated for an additional 6 days. Cultured (up to day 15 of induction of differentiation) to induce early renal organoids. On days 11 to 12 of differentiation induction, the formation of nephrons containing proximal tubules could not be confirmed in the spheroids. On day 15 of differentiation induction, a nephron-like structure containing early proximal tubules was confirmed.
- Step C On the 15th day of proximal tubule maturation differentiation induction, replace with STEM diff APEL2 medium (0.3 ⁇ M CP775146, 1 ⁇ M 9-cis retinoic acid, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic), which is induction medium C, and obtain The obtained primary renal organoids were cultured for an additional 8 days (until day 23 of induction of differentiation).
- STEM diff APEL2 medium 0.3 ⁇ M CP775146, 1 ⁇ M 9-cis retinoic acid, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic
- process C we use early renal organoids in which nephron-like structures, including early proximal tubules, have been confirmed.
- spheroids in which the formation of nephrons containing proximal tubules cannot be confirmed are cultured using a medium containing an RXR agonist (e.g., 9-cis retinoic acid), they proceed in different directions of differentiation, leading to kidneys containing mature proximal tubules. It is believed that organoids cannot be produced efficiently.
- an RXR agonist e.g., 9-cis retinoic acid
- step B intermediate mesoderm cells are cultured with an induction medium containing an RXR agonist (eg, 9-cis retinoic acid) to form organoids in which Wolff's ducts (from the anterior IM) are predominantly induced. be.
- RXR agonist eg, 9-cis retinoic acid
- organoids with reduced nephron progenitor cells derived from the posterior IM
- kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells cannot be produced efficiently.
- STEM diff APEL2 medium which is a culture medium excluding CP775146 and 9-cis retinoic acid from induction medium C, was used.
- proximal tubular marker gene group ( Figure 2a: UGT2A3, Figure 2b: AZGP1, Figure 2c: SLC39A4 2d: BHMT, 2e: ACE2, 2f: AQP6, 2g: CUBN, 2h: LRP2, and 2i: ABCB1) were significantly increased.
- a PPARA agonist eg, CP775146
- an RXR agonist eg, 9-cis retinoic acid
- Example 3 Modification of Step C
- kidney organoids were grown using media containing the PPARA agonist CP775146 alone, the RXR agonist 9cis retinoic acid alone, and combinations thereof, respectively. culture.
- the concentration of PPARA in the agonist combination used in Example 3 (1 ⁇ M) is different from the concentration of PPARA in the agonist combination in Example 2 (0.3 ⁇ M).
- step C the kidney organoids on the 15th day of differentiation induction were cultured for 8 days in STEM diff APEL2 medium (1 ⁇ M CP775146, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic), which is a medium obtained by removing retinoic acid from induction medium C.
- CP1 group was cultured. prepared.
- proximal tubular marker gene groups in each group (Fig. 4a: UGT2A3, Fig. 4b: AZGP1, Fig. 4c: SLC39A4, Fig. 4d: BHMT, Fig. 4e: ACE2, Fig. 4f: AQP6, Fig. 4g: CUBN, FIG. 4h: LRP2, and FIG. 4i: ABCB1) expression levels were measured.
- the CP1_9cisRA1 group cultured with induction medium C showed a large number of proximal tubular marker genes (Fig. 4a: UGT2A3, Fig. 4c: SLC39A4, Fig. 4e: ACE2, Fig.
- FIG. 4g CUBN, Fig. 4h : LRP2, and FIG. 4i: ABCB1), a tendency toward increased expression levels was observed. No significant difference was observed in the expression levels of almost all proximal tubular marker genes between the Control group, the CP1 group, and the 9cisRA1 group.
- a PPARA agonist eg CP775146
- an RXR agonist eg 9-cis retinoic acid
- Example 4 Nephrotoxicity evaluation for cisplatin
- steps A to C shown in Fig. 1 were performed, and then nephrotoxicity evaluation was performed.
- human iPS cells are induced to differentiate into intermediate mesoderm (step A), induced to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm into early renal organoids (step B), and further from early renal organoids.
- Differentiation was induced into kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells (Step C). Kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells on day 23 of differentiation induction were subjected to the cisplatin nephrotoxicity test described below.
- Kidney organoids of the Mature group (Example 2) on day 23 of differentiation induction were treated with induction medium C (CDDP 0 ⁇ M) containing no cisplatin or STEM diff APEL2medium containing cisplatin (cisplatin intravenous drip infusion 10 mg “Marco” (Nichi-Iko Pharma) 5 ⁇ M). , 0.3 ⁇ M CP775146, 1 ⁇ M 9-cis retinoic acid, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic) for 6 days. Medium exchange was performed once every two days.
- the kidney organoids of the control group on day 23 of differentiation induction were placed in STEM diff APEL2 medium (CDDP 0 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ g/mL Heparin, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic) without cisplatin or in STEM diff APEL 2 medium containing cisplatin (CDDP 5 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ g/mL Heparin). , 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic) for 6 days. Medium exchange was performed once every two days.
- a cell suspension containing single cells was prepared from kidney organoids after cisplatin treatment according to "Preparation of single cells from kidney organoids" above.
- the cells in the suspension were suspended in 4% PFA/PBS(-) and the resulting cell suspension was incubated at 37°C for 10 minutes.
- the cell suspension was then centrifuged at 300 rcf at 4° C. for 5 minutes and the supernatant was removed.
- 100 ⁇ L of DPBS( ⁇ ) was added to the precipitate to resuspend, 900 ⁇ L of cold methanol was further added, and the mixture was incubated on ice for 30 minutes.
- a FACS buffer (0.5% FBS, 2 mM EDTA DPBS( ⁇ )) was used to adjust the cell number to 10 ⁇ 6 cells/100 ⁇ L.
- LTL-FITC vector laboratory
- the cell suspension was then centrifuged at 300 rcf at 4° C. for 5 minutes and the supernatant was removed.
- the precipitate was resuspended in FACS buffer (0.5% FBS, 2 mM EDTA DPBS(-)), and the cell suspension was passed through a cell strainer.
- the resulting cell suspension was analyzed using a flow cytometer (Agilent, NovoCyte).
- kidney organoids cultured with induction medium C induced mature proximal tubular cells.
- the strongly LTL-stained cell population shown in FIG. It is assumed to contain a high proportion of renal tubular cells.
- Example 4 showed that about 15% of the cells in the Control group renal organoids were sensitive to cisplatin, whereas about 52% in the Mature group renal organoids. This result indicates that the renal organoids in the Mature group of Examples 2 and 3 are more sensitive to low concentrations of cisplatin (eg, 5 ⁇ M) compared to the renal organoids in the Control group.
- Cisplatin is known to cause renal damage. Renal damage caused by cisplatin is known to be mainly caused by damage to the proximal renal tubules. Taking these into consideration, it is suggested that the kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells provided by the present disclosure can detect cisplatin-induced renal injury with high sensitivity. It is also suggested that kidney organoids containing mature proximal tubular cells provided by the present disclosure can provide a method for assessing drug-induced renal injury that can occur in the proximal tubule.
- kidney organoids 0.5% PBTX (0.5% TritonX100 in DPBS(-)) was added to the kidney organoids and incubated for 15 minutes for membrane permeabilization.
- the kidney organoids were washed three times with DPBS(-).
- Kidney organoids were treated with blocking buffer (10% donkey serum + 0.3% Triton X in DPBS(-)) for 3 hours at room temperature, then primary antibody was added and incubated overnight at 4°C. Then, after washing 5 times with 0.3% PBTX, a secondary antibody was added and incubated overnight at 4°C. After washing with DPBS(-) three times, incubation was carried out with 4% PFA at 4°C overnight, followed by washing with DPBS(-) three times.
- the expression pattern of the distal tubular marker ECAD, and the expression pattern of the glomerular marker NPHS1 the control kidney organoids (Fig. 8a top) and the mature kidney organoids (Fig. 8a lower row) and no difference was observed.
- Cells composing renal organoids on day 29 of differentiation induction were subjected to a flow cytometer to measure the proportion of proximal tubule cells (PT cells) in all cells (Fig. 8b).
- the percentage of proximal tubular cells in Control kidney organoids was 26.5% and the percentage of proximal tubular cells in Mature kidney organoids was 28.1%.
- a similar analysis was performed five times. As a result, there was no significant difference between the percentage of proximal tubular cells in Control kidney organoids and that in Mature kidney organoids (Fig. 8c, unpaired t-test).
- Example 5 shows that the increased expression of the maturation marker gene in the mature kidney organoids shown in Examples 2 and 3 was not the result of accelerated differentiation from nephron progenitor cells to proximal tubular cells, This is the result of accelerated maturation of proximal tubular cells.
- the Examples herein demonstrate that a combination of a PPARA agonist and an RXR agonist promotes proximal tubular cell maturation in the production of kidney organoids.
- Expression levels of LRP2 and CUBN involved in protein reabsorption Functions of proximal tubules include protein reabsorption.
- albumin protein
- Albumin taken up by endosomes is either released into blood vessels and recycled, or degraded into amino acids in lysosomes, and the amino acids are reused.
- LRP2 and CUBN are involved in protein reabsorption.
- Control group renal organoids and Mature renal organoids were prepared.
- the expression levels of LRP2 and CUBN in organoids on days 20, 23, 26 and 29 of culture were measured, respectively (Fig. 9a and Fig. 9b ).
- the expression levels of LRP2 and CUBN were each normalized to the expression level of ⁇ -actin (ACTB). Its expression was increased in the renal organoids of the Mature group on day 26 of differentiation induction compared to the renal organoids of the Control group (Figs. 9a and 9b).
- Similar results were obtained for UGT2A3, AZGP1, SLC39A4, BHMT, ACE2, AQP6 and ABCB1.
- Example 7 Number of endosomes in kidney organoids (quantification of endosome number by TEM) Tissue samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging were prepared as follows. Kidney organoids on day 26 of culture were fixed with phosphate-buffered 2% glutaraldehyde followed by 2% osmium tetroxide and kept in an ice bath for 3 hours. The immobilized organoids were dehydrated using an ethanol solution and embedded in epoxy resin. Sections of embedded organoids were made by ultramicrotome. The sections were stained with uranyl acetate for 10 minutes followed by lead stain for 5 minutes. The stained sections were subjected to TEM observation (HITACHI H-7600 at 100 kV). The acquired images were quantified by measuring the cytoplasmic area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of proximal tubular cells and the number and size ( ⁇ m 2 ) of endosomes using Image J Fiji.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- Example 7 shows that the renal organoids in the Mature group contain more mature cells than the renal organoids in the Control group.
- Example 8 Uptake of Dextran by Kidney Organoids Dextran uptake assay pHrodo (trademark) Red Dextran (10,000 MW) for Endocytosis (Invitrogen, P10361) was added to a medium containing day 26 kidney organoids cultured in the same manner as in Example 2 to 10 ⁇ g/mL, and incubated at 37°C. , and cultured for 24 h under 5% CO2 . Kidney organoids were then washed three times with ice-cold DPBS(-) and maintained in DPBS(-) (1:100) containing LTL-FITC (Vector Laboratories, FL-1321) at 4°C for 2 hours. and stained proximal tubules with LTL.
- pHrodo trademark Red Dextran (10,000 MW) for Endocytosis
- Stained kidney organoids were tiled 2X2 using a CV8000 (Yokokawa, X20 lens). Fluorescence images were acquired every 5 ⁇ m over 100 ⁇ m in the Z direction (thickness). The CV8000 could emit light at 488 nm and 561 nm and was equipped with filters of BP525/50 and BP600/37. LTL two-dimensional images were created from three-dimensional images using Average Image Projection (AveIP) and Dextran two-dimensional images using Sum Image Projection (SumIP). Using the produced images, the fluorescence intensity of Dextran within the LTL-binding region was measured and quantified.
- AveIP Average Image Projection
- SumIP Sum Image Projection
- Kidney organoids were prepared according to the same method for preparing kidney organoids described in Example 2, except that GW6471 was used. The expression levels of proximal tubule marker genes in the prepared kidney organoids were measured. A group cultured in STEM diff APEL2 medium (0.2% DMSO, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic) to which GW6471 was not added at step C (15th day of differentiation induction) was used as a control.
- Kidney organoids were produced according to substantially the same method as the method for producing kidney organoids described in Example 2, except that HX531 was used. The expression levels of proximal tubule marker genes in the prepared kidney organoids were measured. A group cultured in STEM diff APEL2 medium (0.2% DMSO, 1% PFHM II, Antibiotic-Antimycotic) to which HX531 was not added at step C (15th day of differentiation induction) was used as a control.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 show that PPARA antagonists or RXR antagonists can prevent early induction of differentiation into mature proximal tubular cells. These results confirm that the combination of PPARA agonist and RXR agonist promotes the induction of differentiation into mature proximal tubular cells in renal organoids.
- Kidney organoids were made following substantially the same method as described in Example 2, except that a PPAPA agonist (pirinixic acid) was used instead.
- FIG. 14 shows that the PPAPA agonist pirinixic acid alone increased the expression of proximal tubular markers.
- PPAPA agonist pirinixic acid
- RXR agonist pirinixic acid
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Abstract
Description
[項1] 腎臓オルガノイドを製造する方法であって、初期腎オルガノイドを、RXRアゴニスト及びPPARアゴニストを含む培地を用いて培養することを含み、前記腎臓オルガノイドが成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する、方法。
[項1-1] 前記PPARアゴニストが、PPARAアゴニスト、PPARGアゴニスト、PPARDアゴニスト、PPARA/Gアゴニスト、PPARA/Dアゴニスト、PPARG/Dアゴニスト、及びPPARA/G/Dアゴニストからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、項1に記載の方法。
[項1-2] 前記PPARアゴニストが、PPARAアゴニストである、項1又は項1-1に記載の方法。
[項2] 中間中胚葉細胞から前記初期腎オルガノイドを誘導することを更に含み、前記初期腎オルガノイドを誘導することが、前記中間中胚葉細胞を、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含み、RXRアゴニストを実質的に含まない誘導培地Bを用いて培養して、中間中胚葉スフェロイドを形成させること、前記中間中胚葉スフェロイドを、GSK3β阻害剤を含む誘導培地Aを用いて培養し、次いで、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含み、RXRアゴニストを実質的に含まない誘導培地Bを用いて培養することを含む、項1~項1-2のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[項2-1] 前記RXRアゴニストを実質的に含まない誘導培地Bが、更にPPARアゴニストを実質的に含まない、項2に記載の方法。
[項3] 多能性幹細胞から前記中間中胚葉細胞を誘導することを更に含み、前記中間中胚葉細胞を誘導することが、前記多能性幹細胞を、GSK3β阻害剤を含む誘導培地Aを用いて培養し、次いで、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含み、RXRアゴニストを実質的に含まない誘導培地Bを用いて培養することを含む、項2又は項2-1に記載の方法。
[項4] 前記腎臓オルガノイドが、近位尿細管マーカーを発現し、前記近位尿細管マーカーが、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6、CUBN、LRP2、及びABCB1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、項1~項3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[項4-1] 前記腎臓オルガノイドが、近位尿細管マーカーを発現し、前記近位尿細管マーカーが、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6、CUBN、LRP2、ABCB1、SERPINA1、APOA1、及びSPARCL1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、項1~項3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[項5] 前記腎臓オルガノイドが、更にPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーを発現し、前記PPARA下流遺伝子マーカーがAPOA1、APOC3、CPT1A、FABP1、CYP27A1、及びACOX1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、項4に記載の方法。
[項6-1] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量が、前記初期腎オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量より1.2倍以上多い、項5に記載の方法。
[項6-2] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの発現量が、前記初期腎オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの発現量より1.5倍以上多く、且つ前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量が、前記初期腎オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量より1.2倍以上多い、項5に記載の方法。
[項6-3] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項6に記載の方法。
[項6-4] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項6-1に記載の方法。
[項6-5] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)であり、且つ、前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項6-2に記載の方法。
[項6-6] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項4又は項5に記載の方法。
[項6-7] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項5に記載の方法。
[項6-8] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)であり、且つ、前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項5又は項6-7に記載の方法。
RXRアゴニストが、9-cisレチノイン酸(アリトレチノイン)、AGN195204、TTNPB(アロチノイド酸)、Adapalene、Bexarotene、Tazarotene、Tamibarotene、CH55、及びAM580からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、項1~項6-8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[項8] 項1~項7のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイド。
[項9] 腎臓オルガノイドであって、前記腎臓オルガノイドが成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有し、前記腎臓オルガノイドは、近位尿細管マーカーを発現し、前記近位尿細管マーカーが、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6、CUBN、LRP2、及びABCB1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、腎臓オルガノイド。
[項9-1] 腎臓オルガノイドであって、前記腎臓オルガノイドが成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有し、前記腎臓オルガノイドは、近位尿細管マーカーを発現し、前記近位尿細管マーカーが、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6、CUBN、LRP2、ABCB1、SERPINA1、APOA1、及びSPARCL1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、腎臓オルガノイド。
[項10] APOA1、APOC3、CPT1A、FABP1、CYP27A1、及びACOX1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーを更に発現する、項9に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-1] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量が、初期腎オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量より1.2倍以上多い、項10に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-2] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの発現量が、初期腎オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの発現量より1.5倍以上多く、且つ前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量が、初期腎オルガノイドにおける前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの発現量より1.2倍以上多い、項10に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-3] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項11に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-4] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項11-1に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-5] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)であり、且つ、前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が前記初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも1.2倍多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項11-2に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-6] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項9又は項10に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-7] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項10に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項11-8] 前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種の近位尿細管マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)であり、且つ、前記腎臓オルガノイドにおける発現量が初期腎オルガノイドでの発現量よりも有意に多い前記少なくとも1種のPPARA下流遺伝子マーカーの数が、少なくとも1個(例えば1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、又は6個)である、項10又は項11-7に記載の腎臓オルガノイド。
[項13] 項1~項7のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は項8~項11-8のいずれか一項に記載の腎臓オルガノイドを、腎臓又はその周辺部位に有する、非ヒト哺乳動物。
[項14] 項1~項7のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は項8~項11-8のいずれか一項に記載の腎臓オルガノイドを含む、腎臓の損傷又は疾患を処置するための再生医療用組成物。
[項15] 被検物質に対する薬物応答性を評価する方法であって、項1~項7のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は項8~項11-8のいずれか一項に記載の腎臓オルガノイド、項12に記載の方法で製造された非ヒト哺乳動物、又は項13に記載の非ヒト哺乳動物と、被検物質とを接触させること、及び前記被検物質に対する前記腎臓オルガノイド、又は前記非ヒト哺乳動物における薬物応答性を測定することを含む、方法。
[項15-1] 薬物応答性の測定結果に基づいて、被検物質の腎毒性を評価することを更に含む、項15に記載の方法。
[項16] 腎臓の損傷又は疾患を処置する方法であって、項1~項7のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は項8~項11-8のいずれか一項に記載の腎臓オルガノイド、或いは項14に記載の医療用組成物を、その必要のある哺乳動物の腎臓又はその周辺部位に導入することを含む、方法。
[項17] 近位尿細管の成熟化を促進する方法であって、初期腎オルガノイドを、RXRアゴニスト及びPPARアゴニストを含む培地を用いて培養することを特徴とする、方法。
本開示の1つの態様は、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有することを特徴とする腎臓オルガノイドを提供する。本開示の1つの態様は、近位尿細管マーカーを発現し、前記近位尿細管マーカーが、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6、CUBN、LRP2、ABCB1、SERPINA1、APOA1、及びSPARCL1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイドを提供する。また、本開示の1つの態様において、PPARA下流遺伝子マーカーを更に発現していてもよく、前記PPARA下流遺伝子マーカーが、APOA1、APOC3、CPT1A、FABP1、CYP27A1、及びACOX1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイドを提供する。
本開示の1つの態様は、初期腎オルガノイドを、RXRアゴニスト及びPPARアゴニストを含む培養培地Cを用いて培養することを含む、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有することを特徴とする腎臓オルガノイドを製造する方法を提供する。
工程Aは、多能性幹細胞を培養して、中間中胚葉細胞を誘導することを含む。より具体的には、工程Aは、多能性幹細胞を、GSK3β阻害剤を含む誘導培地A(誘導培地a1)を用いて培養し、次いで、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含む誘導培地B(誘導培地b1)を用いて培養して、中間中胚葉細胞を誘導することを含む。
工程Bは、工程Aで形成された中間中胚葉細胞を、繊維芽細胞増殖因子誘導培地B(誘導培地b2)を用いて培養して、中間中胚葉スフェロイドを形成させること(工程b1)、及び前記中間中胚葉スフェロイドを、GSK3β阻害剤を含む誘導培地A(誘導培地a2)を用いて培養し(工程b2)、次いで、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含む誘導培地B(誘導培地b3)を用いて培養することで(工程b3)、初期腎オルガノイドを誘導することを含む。
工程b1は、工程Aで形成された中間中胚葉細胞を、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含む誘導培地b2を用いて培養して、中間中胚葉スフェロイドを形成させることを含む。工程b1は、工程Aで形成された中間中胚葉細胞を、細胞剥離液を用いて中間中胚葉細胞を培養プレートから剥離することを更に含んでよい。細胞剥離液を用いた処理により、中間中胚葉細胞が分離され、細胞懸濁液が得られる。したがって、工程b1は、工程Aで形成された中間中胚葉細胞を分離して、細胞懸濁液を得ることを更に含んでよい。「細胞剥離液」は、細胞接着分子を分解する酵素を含む溶液を意味する。細胞剥離液は、例えば、トリプシン、好ましくは組換えトリプシン(例えば、TrypLE Select(Thermo Fisher Scientific))を含む。細胞剥離液を用いた処理は、例えば、37℃で3分~10分、又は5分~10分間インキュベートすることを含む。
工程b2は、工程b1で形成された中間中胚葉スフェロイドを、GSK3β阻害剤を含む誘導培地A(誘導培地a2)を用いて培養することを含む。工程b2での培養は、例えば、気-液界面培養又は液体溶媒にて実施される。工程b2での培養は、好ましくは気-液界面培養にて実施される。
工程b3は、工程b2で培養した中間中胚葉スフェロイドを、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含む誘導培地B(誘導培地b3)を用いて培養することを含む。工程b3での培養により、初期腎オルガノイドが形成され得る。工程b3での培養は、公知の細胞培養条件下で実施することができる。公知の細胞培養条件は、37℃で5%CO2下にて維持することであってよい。培養する温度は、37℃に限定されるものではなく、細胞培養分野において公知の温度を適宜用いることができる。CO2濃度は、5%に限定されるものではなく、細胞培養分野において公知のCO2濃度を適宜用いることができる。前記培養は、4日~12日、4日~10日、5日~8日、6日、7日又は8日間、好ましくは6日間実施することができる。工程b3での培養は、例えば、培養したスフェロイドにおいて近位尿細管を含むネフロンの形成が確認されるまで実施される。工程b3において、近位尿細管を含むネフロンの形成が確認されたスフェロイドは、初期腎オルガノイドとも称される。
工程Cは、初期腎オルガノイドを、RXRアゴニスト及びPPARアゴニストを含む培地(誘導培地Cとも称する)を用いて培養することを含む。工程Cで用いられる初期腎オルガノイドは、本開示に係る工程A及びBを実施して多能性幹細胞から製造された初期腎オルガノイド、又は公知の方法で製造された初期腎オルガノイドであってよい。公知の方法としては、Takasato M.,et al.,Nat Cell Biol.2014;16:118-26(引用により本明細書に組込まれる)に記載された方法、又はTakasato M.,et al.,Nature.2015;526:564-568.(引用により本明細書に組込まれる)に記載された方法が挙げられる。1つの実施形態において、工程Cで用いられる初期腎オルガノイドは、本開示に係る工程A及びBを実施して多能性幹細胞から製造された初期腎オルガノイドである。
本開示の1つの態様は、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有することを特徴とする腎臓オルガノイドを腎臓又はその周辺部位に有する非ヒト哺乳動物を提供する。本開示の1つの態様は、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有することを特徴とする腎臓オルガノイドを腎臓又はその周辺部位に有する非ヒト哺乳動物の製造方法を提供する。
本開示の1つの態様は、本開示に係る成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有することを特徴とする腎臓オルガノイドを含む、再生医療用組成物を提供する。
本開示の1つの態様は、哺乳動物における腎臓の損傷又は疾患を治療する方法を提供する。
本開示の1つの態様は、本開示に係る成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイド又は前記腎臓オルガノイドを有する非ヒト哺乳動物と、被検物質とを接触させること、及び前記被検物質に対する前記腎臓オルガノイド又は前記非ヒト哺乳動物における薬物応答性を測定することを含む、被検物質に対する薬物応答性を評価する方法を提供する。
本開示の1つの態様は、近位尿細管の成熟化を促進する方法を提供する。前記方法は、初期腎オルガノイドを、RXRアゴニスト及びPPARアゴニストを含む培地を用いて培養することを含む。近位尿細管の成熟化を促進する方法は、インビトロで実施される。
[実施例]
後述する実施例2及び3では、以下の成長因子及び化合物を用いた:
CHIR99021(TOCRIS、#4423)、Recombinant Human FGF9(R&D SYSTEMS、#273-F9-025)、Heparin(Sigma、#H4784-250MG)、CP775146(TOCRIS、#4190)、及び9-cisレチノイン酸(Abcam、#ab141023)。
前記腎臓オルガノイドを遠沈管に移し、前記遠沈管に細胞剥離液(DPBS(+)、5mg/mL Bacillus Licheniformis Protease(Sigma)、125U/mL DNase(Roche))を加えた。前記オルガノイドは1つの遠沈管あたり12個まで入れた。前記遠沈管を6℃で30分間インキュベートした。前記30分間のインキュベートの間、5分おきにピペッティングして、前記オルガノイドから分離した細胞を含む細胞懸濁液を調製した。得られた細胞懸濁液1mLに、氷冷した希釈溶液A(DPBS(-)、0.5% FBS、2mM EDTA、125U/mL DNase)4mLを加えた。希釈した細胞懸濁液を含む遠沈管を300rcf、4℃で10分間の遠心にかけ、その上清を除去した。その沈殿物に、氷冷した希釈溶液Aを加えて再懸濁した。前記細胞懸濁液を再び遠心にかけ、その沈殿物を希釈溶液A中に再懸濁した。得られた細胞懸濁液を、35μmのフィルター付チューブ(Falcon)に移し、前記フィルターに通じて、単一細胞(single cells)を含む細胞懸濁液を調製した。
調製した単一細胞を含む細胞懸濁液に、LTL-biotin(1:50)を加え、4℃で15分間インキュベートした。その後、前記細胞懸濁液を300rcf、4℃で5分間遠心にかけ、その上清を除去した。その沈殿物に、氷冷した希釈溶液Aを加えて再懸濁した。細胞懸濁液を遠心分離にかけ、その沈殿物から細胞懸濁液を得る操作を更に2回行った。得られた希釈溶液A中の細胞懸濁液に、anti-biotinmicroBeads Ultra Pureを加えて、4℃で15分間インキュベートした。その後、前記細胞懸濁液を300rcf、4℃の5分間遠心にかけ、その上清を除去した。その沈殿物に、氷冷した希釈溶液Aを加えて再懸濁した。この操作を更に2回行った。得られた希釈溶液A中の細胞懸濁液から、MACS法によりLTLが結合する細胞(LTL結合細胞又はLTL陽性細胞とも称する)を取得した。より具体的には、前記細胞懸濁液を、磁場に固定したMSカラム(Miltenyi)にアプライし、Positive FractionとしてLTL陽性の近位尿細管細胞を取得した。
取得したLTL陽性の近位尿細管細胞を含む細胞懸濁液から、Purelink RNAmicro kit(Thermofisher Scientific)を用いて全RNAを抽出した。得られた全RNAを鋳型として用い、PrimeScript(商標) RTmastermix(Perfect Real Time)(TaKaRa)を用いて、cDNA合成を行った。合成したcDNAは、TB Green(登録商標)Premix Ex Taq(商標) II(Tli RNaseH Plus)(TaKaRa)を用いて、リアルタイムPCRにより定量した。この定量PCRにより、発現量解析を行った。
実施例1は、腎臓オルガノイドの成熟に関与する因子を特定することを目的として行った。発明者らは、後述する工程A及び工程Bを実施することで製造されたオルガノイドについて、分化誘導日数毎にシングルセルRNA配列決定を行い、細胞のクラスタリングを行った。その結果、分化誘導31日に渡り間質細胞集団、筋肉細胞集団、神経細胞集団、糸球体細胞集団、ネフロン前駆細胞集団、及び尿細管細胞集団を含む多様性を持った細胞の集団へと分化していくこと、及び、各細胞集団に到達する日数にばらつきがあることが示された。さらに、シングルセルRNA配列決定の結果について疑似時間軸による解析を行った。その結果、製造日数が短いオルガノイドで特定の細胞種の特定の疑似時間を示す細胞が存在すること、即ち、成熟が早い細胞が存在すること、並びに、製造日数が長いオルガノイドで同じ細胞種の同じ疑似時間を示す細胞が存在すること、即ち、成熟が遅い細胞が存在することを見いだした。この結果は、特定の細胞種の同じ疑似時間を示すが、製造日数が異なる腎臓オルガノイド由来の細胞集団を比較することで、その細胞種の成熟化に関連する遺伝子を特定できる可能性を示唆する。そこで、近位尿細管細胞について、同じ疑似時間を示すが、製造日数が異なる腎臓オルガノイド由来の細胞集団について、発現変動遺伝子解析を行った。この遺伝子解析で、上流調節因子のうちで、発現量が増加した遺伝子であって、p値が低いものを選抜した。
実施例2では、実施例1により示唆されたPPARAアゴニスト、PPARGアゴニスト、又はRXRアゴニスト、若しくはそれらの組合せによる腎臓オルガノイドの成熟促進効果を検証した。図1は、1つの実施形態に係る成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイド作製の概要を示すフローチャート図である。図1は、ヒトiPS細胞から中間中胚葉へ分化誘導する工程A、中間中胚葉から初期腎オルガノイドへ分化誘導する工程B、及び初期腎オルガノイドから成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイドへ分化誘導する工程Cを示す。図1は、後述する腎毒性を評価する工程を更に示す。実施例2では、図1で示される工程A~Cを実施して、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイドを製造する。実施例2の工程Cでは、PPARAアゴニストであるCP775146と、RXRアゴニストである9cisレチノイン酸との組合せを含む誘導培地Cを用いて、前記腎臓オルガノイドを培養する。
Human iPS細胞(1502.3株、Dr.Melissa Little、Murdoch Children’s Reseach Instituteより譲受)を、iMatrix-511(Nippi)でコーティングした培養プレート表面上でStemFit AK02N培地(REPROCELL)にて維持培養した。前記細胞を、TrypLE Select(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて37℃で5分間インキュベートして剥離し、細胞懸濁液を得た。前記細胞懸濁液を200rcf、室温で5分間遠心し、上清を除去した後、沈殿物をStemFit AK02N(10μM Y-27632)中に再懸濁した。前記細胞懸濁液に、iMatrix-511(Nippi)を0.25μg/cm2となるように添加し、15,000cells/cm2となるように12well plate(Corning)に播種し、37℃、CO2 5%下で1日間培養した。
次に、前記培養で用いた培養培地を、誘導培地AであるSTEMdiff APEL2medium(STEMCELL Tecnologies)(8μM CHIR99021、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)に交換し、5日間培養することで、iPS細胞から原始線条を誘導した。培地交換は4日目以降は毎日行った。iPS細胞は分化誘導1日目には細胞が集合しコロニーを形成し、分化誘導2日目には細胞コロニーは外側方向に拡がり始めた。分化誘導3日目には、細胞コロニーの中心付近では増殖した細胞が積層し始め、分化誘導4日目以降、コロニーは丸みを帯びた形状となった。分化誘導5日目に、誘導培地Aを、誘導培地BであるSTEMdiff APEL2medium(200ng/mL FGF9、1μg/mL Heparin、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)に変更した。
(工程b1)
中間中胚葉誘導後(分化誘導8日目)、前記細胞を、TrypLE Select(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて37℃で7分間インキュベートして剥離し、細胞懸濁液を得た。前記細胞懸濁液を400rcf、室温で3分間遠心し、上清を除去した後、沈殿物を誘導培地BであるSTEMdiff APEL2medium(200ng/mL FGF9、1μg/mL Heparin、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic、10μM Y-27632)中に再懸濁した。前記細胞懸濁液を、PrimeSurface(登録商標)96Mプレート(住友ベークライト)に100,000cells/wellになるように播種した。その翌日(分化誘導9日目)、ウェル内にスフェロイドが形成された。
形成されたスフェロイドを取り出し、Cell Culture Insert Transparent PETmembrane 6well 0.4μm pore size(Corning)のCell Culture Insert上に1ウェルあたり6個のスフェロイドになるように置いた。スフェロイドを含むCell Culture Insertを、対応する培養プレートのウェルに設置した。前記培養プレートのウェルと、前記Cell Culture Insertのトランスウェル下面との間に、誘導培地AであるSTEMdiff APEL2medium(10μM CHIR99021、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)を加えて、気-液界面にて前記スフェロイドを37℃でCO2 5%下で3時間培養した。
前記3時間の培養後に、誘導培地Aを、誘導培地BであるSTEMdiff APEL2medium(200ng/mL FGF9、1μg/mL Heparin、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)に交換し、前記スフェロイドを、更に6日間(分化誘導15日目まで)培養して、初期腎オルガノイドを誘導した。分化誘導11~12日では、前記スフェロイドにおいて、近位尿細管を含むネフロンの形成は確認できなかった。分化誘導15日目では、初期の近位尿細管を含むネフロン様の構造が確認できた。
分化誘導15日目に、誘導培地CであるSTEMdiff APEL2medium(0.3μM CP775146、1μM 9-cisレチノイン酸、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)に交換し、得られた初期腎オルガノイドを、更に8日間(分化誘導23日目まで)培養した。
実施例3では、工程Cにおいて、PPARAアゴニストであるCP775146単独、RXRアゴニストである9cisレチノイン酸単独、及びそれらの組合せをそれぞれ含む培地を用いて、腎臓オルガノイドを培養する。実施例3で用いた前記アゴニストの組合せにおけるPPARAの濃度(1μM)は、実施例2での前記アゴニストの組合せにおけるPPARAの濃度(0.3μM)と異なる。
実施例4では、図1で示した工程A~Cを実施し、更に腎毒性評価を実施した。具体的には、実施例1と同様にして、ヒトiPS細胞から中間中胚葉へ分化誘導し(工程A)、中間中胚葉から初期腎オルガノイドへ分化誘導し(工程B)、更に初期腎オルガノイドから成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイドへ分化誘導した(工程C)。分化誘導23日目の成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイドを、後述するシスプラチン腎毒性試験に供した。
(シスプラチン処理)
分化誘導23日目のMature群(実施例2)の腎臓オルガノイドを、シスプラチンを含まない誘導培地C(CDDP0μM)又はシスプラチンを含有するSTEMdiff APEL2medium(シスプラチン点滴静注 10mg「マルコ」(日医工ファーマ)5μM、0.3μM CP775146、1μM 9-cisレチノイン酸、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)で6日間培養した。培地交換は、2日に1回行った。
上述の「腎臓オルガノイド由来の単一細胞の調製」に従って、シスプラチン処置後の腎臓オルガノイドから単一細胞を含む細胞懸濁液を調製した。前記懸濁液中の細胞を4%PFA/PBS(-)中に懸濁し、得られた細胞懸濁液を37℃で10分間インキュベートした。その後、前記細胞懸濁液を300rcf、4℃で5分間の遠心にかけ、その上清を除去した。その沈殿物に100μLのDPBS(-)を加えて再懸濁し、更に冷メタノール900μLを加えて、氷上で30分間インキュベートした。10^6細胞/100μLとなるようにFACS buffer(0.5%FBS、2mM EDTA DPBS(-))を用いて細胞数を調整した。得られた細胞懸濁液にLTL-FITC(vector laboratory)を1:100の濃度で加え、4℃で30分間回転攪拌した。その後、前記細胞懸濁液を300rcf、4℃で5分間の遠心にかけ、その上清を除去した。その沈殿物をFACS buffer(0.5%FBS、2mM EDTA DPBS(-))中に再懸濁し、前記細胞懸濁液をセルストレーナーに通じた。得られた細胞懸濁液をフローサイトメーター(Agilent、NovoCyte)を用いて解析した。
シスプラチンを含まないSTEMdiff APEL2medium(CDDP0μM)で培養したControl群の腎臓オルガノイドでは、LTLで強く染色される細胞集団は細胞全体の26.5%であった(図6a)。シスプラチンを含まない誘導培地C(CDDP0μM)で培養したMature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは、LTLを高発現する細胞集団は細胞全体の28.1%であった(図6c)。これらの結果は、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドにて誘導されたLTLで強く染色される細胞集団の細胞割合と、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドにて誘導されたLTLで強く染色される細胞集団の割合とがほぼ等しいことを示す。実施例2及び3で示されるように、誘導培地Cを用いて培養した腎臓オルガノイドでは、成熟した近位尿細管細胞が誘導された。実施例2及び3での結果を併せて考慮すると、図6cで示されるLTLで強く染色される細胞集団は、図6aで示されるLTLで強く染色される細胞集団に比べて、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を高い割合で含むと推測される。
上記腎臓オルガノイドにおけるシスプラチン腎毒性試験を追加で行った(n=5)。
シスプラチン存在下(CDDP5μM)で培養したControl群の腎臓オルガノイドではLTLで強く染色される細胞は18.1%であったのに対して、シスプラチン存在下で培養したMature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは15.4%であった。同様の試験を5回行った。その結果、腎臓オルガノイドにおける近位尿細管細胞の低濃度シスプラチンに対する感受性が、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドは、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドと比較して、低濃度シスプラチン(例えば5μM)に対する感受性が有意に高いことが示された(図7)。
実施例2に記載の腎臓オルガノイドの作製方法に従って、腎臓オルガノイドを作製した。分化誘導23日目の腎臓オルガノイドを免疫染色して撮影した(図8a)。
免疫染色および透明化(IF staining and clearing)
腎臓オルガノイドを、4%パラホルムアルデヒドを用いて4℃にて30分処置した後、0.5x CUBIC-L(1M NaCl:CUBIC-L=1:1)(東京化成工業株式会社、T3740)を加えて、室温で一晩インキュベーションした。その後、前記腎臓オルガノイドに、0.5%PBTX(0.5% TritonX100 in DPBS(-))を加えて15分間インキュベーションし、膜透過処理を施した。前記腎臓オルガノイドをDPBS(-)で3回洗浄した。腎臓オルガノイドを、ブロッキングバッファー(10% ロバ血清+ 0.3% Triton X in DPBS(-))で室温3時間処置したのち、一次抗体を加えて4℃で一晩インキュベーションした。その後、0.3%PBTXで5回洗浄したのち、二次抗体を加えて4℃で一晩インキュベーションした。DPBS(-)で3回洗浄したのち、4%PFAで4℃で一晩インキュベーションし、その後DPBS(-)で3回洗浄した。さらに0.5x CUBIC-R(東京化成工業株式会社、T3983)(5mg/mL DAPI 1:1000)を加えて室温で15分処置したのち、CUBIC-Rに液を置き換えて、共焦点レーザー顕微鏡(LSM800 Carl Zeiss)にて画像を撮影した。
近位尿細管の機能は、タンパク質再吸収を含む。例えば、原尿中のアルブミン(タンパク質)は、近位尿細管のエンドソームに取り込まれる。エンドソームに取り込まれたアルブミンは、血管中に放出されてリサイクルされるか、またはライソソームにてアミノ酸に分解され、該アミノ酸は再利用される。LRP2およびCUBNは、タンパク質の再吸収に関与する。
)。LRP2およびCUBNの発現量はβアクチン(ACTB)の発現量に対してそれぞれ規格化した。分化誘導26日目のMature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドと比較して、その発現が増加した(図9aおよび図9b)。同様の結果が、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6およびABCB1についても得られた。これらの結果は、近位尿細管のタンパク質再吸収に関して、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドよりも、より早期に成熟することを示す。
(TEMによるエンドソーム数の定量)
透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)にて撮影するための組織試料を、以下のように調製した。培養26日目の腎臓オルガノイドを、リン酸緩衝2%グルタルアルデヒドを用いて固定し、その後2%四酸化オスミウムを用いて氷浴中で3時間維持して固定した。固定化したオルガノイドを、エタノール溶液を用いて脱水し、エポキシ樹脂に包埋した。包埋したオルガノイドの切片を、ウルトラミクロトーム法により作製した。前記切片を酢酸ウラニルで10分間、続いて鉛染色液で5分間染色した。染色した切片をTEM観察(HITACHI H-7600 at 100kV)に供した。取得した画像は、Image J Fijiを用いて、近位尿細管細胞の細胞質の面積(μm2)、エンドソームの数および大きさ(μm2)を計測し、定量した。
細胞質(μm2)あたりのエンドソームの数は、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドよりも、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドの方が有意に多かった(図10a)。腎臓オルガノイドの1細胞中に検出される0.5μm2以上のエンドソームの割合が0%の細胞は、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドでは65.4%であったのに対して、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは38.5%と少なかった(図10bおよび図10c)。0.5μm2以上のエンドソームの割合が1~20%の細胞は、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドでは15.4%であったのに対して、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは34.6%と多かった(図10bおよび図10c)。0.5μm2以上のエンドソームの割合が41~60%の細胞は、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドでは3.8%であったのに対して、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは7.7%と多かった(図10bおよび図10c)。これらの結果は、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドと比較して、細胞質領域に対してエンドソームの数が有意に多く、かつ0.5μm2以上のエンドソームの割合が多くなることを示す。
Dextran uptake assay
実施例2と同様に培養した26日目の腎臓オルガノイドを含む培地に、pHrodo(商標)Red Dextran(10,000MW)for Endocytosis(Invitrogen社、P10361)を10μg/mLになるように加え、37℃、5%CO2下で24時間培養した。その後、腎臓オルガノイドを、氷冷したDPBS(-)で3回洗浄し、LTL-FITC(Vector Laboratories、FL-1321)を含むDPBS(-)(1:100)中に4℃で2時間維持して、LTLによって近位尿細管を染色した。染色した腎臓オルガノイドは、CV8000(Yokokawa、X20レンズ)を用いて、2X2のタイル画像を取得した。蛍光画像は、Z軸方向(厚さ)に100μmにわたって5μm毎に取得した。CV8000は、488nmおよび561nmの光を照射でき、BP525/50およびBP600/37のフィルターを備えた。LTLの2次元画像はAverage Image Projection(AveIP)を用いて、Dextranの2次元画像はSum Image Projection(SumIP)を用いて、3次元の画像から作成した。作製した画像を用いて、LTL結合領域内におけるDextranの蛍光強度を計測し、定量化した。
デキストランの蛍光強度は、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドよりも、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドの方が有意に強かった(図11、** p<0.01、unpaired t-test)。この結果は、Mature群の腎臓オルガノイドでは、Control群の腎臓オルガノイドと比較して、細胞外の物質を取り込む機能が向上していることを示す。実施例8は、Mature郡の腎臓オルガノイドが、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有することを示す。
実施例2の工程C(分化誘導15日目)にて、PPARAアゴニストおよびRXRアゴニストに代えて、PPARAアンタゴニストであるGW6471を用いたことを除いて、実施例2に記載の腎臓オルガノイドの作製方法と同じ方法に従って、腎臓オルガノイドを作製した。作製した腎臓オルガノイドにおける近位尿細管マーカー遺伝子群の発現量を測定した。工程C(分化誘導15日目)にて、GW6471を加えていないSTEMdiff APEL2medium(0.2%DMSO、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)で培養した群をControlとした。
所定濃度のGW6471を用いることで、近位尿細管細胞の成熟化マーカーであるUGT2A3(図12a)、AZGP1(図12b)、BHMT(図12d)、ACE2(図12e)、AQP6(図12f)、CUBN(図12g)、LRP2(図12h)、ABCB1(図12i)、APOA1(図12j)、APOC3(図12k)、FABP1(図12n)の発現量は、有意に低下した。SLC39A4(図12c)およびCYP27A1(図12l)の発現量が低下する傾向が観察された。
これらの結果は、PPARAアンタゴニストが、成熟した近位尿細管細胞への早期の分化誘導を妨げ得ることを示す。
実施例2の工程C(分化誘導15日目)にて、PPARAアゴニストおよびRXRアゴニストに代えて、RXRアンタゴニストであるHX531を用いたことを除いて、実施例2に記載の腎臓オルガノイドの作製方法と実質的に同じ方法に従って、腎臓オルガノイドを作製した。作製した腎臓オルガノイドにおける近位尿細管マーカー遺伝子群の発現量を測定した。工程C(分化誘導15日目)にて、HX531を加えていないSTEMdiff APEL2medium(0.2%DMSO、1% PFHM II、Antibiotic-Antimycotic)で培養した群をControlとした。
所定濃度のGW6471を用いることで、近位尿細管細胞の成熟化マーカーであるUGT2A3(図13a)、AZGP1(図13b)、SLC39A4(図13c)、BHMT(図13d)、ACE2(図13e)、AQP6(図13f)、CUBN(図13g)、LRP2(図13h)、ABCB1(図13i)、APOA1(図13j)、APOC3(図13k)、CYP27A1(図13l)、およびFABP1(図13n)の発現量は、有意に低下した。
これらの結果は、RXRアンタゴニストが、成熟した近位尿細管細胞への早期の分化誘導を妨げ得ることを示す。
実施例2の工程C(分化誘導15日目)にて、PPARAアゴニスト(CP775146)およびRXRアゴニスト(9cisレチノイン酸)の組合せに代えて、PPAPAアゴニスト(ピリニクス酸)を用いたことを除いて、実施例2に記載の腎臓オルガノイドの作製方法と実質的に同じ方法に従って、腎臓オルガノイドを作製した。作製した腎臓オルガノイドにおける近位尿細管マーカー遺伝子群の発現量を測定した(n=3)。図14は、PPAPAアゴニストであるピリニクス酸単独が近位尿細管マーカーの発現を増加させたことを示す。
Claims (11)
- 腎臓オルガノイドを製造する方法であって、
初期腎オルガノイドを、RXRアゴニスト及びPPARアゴニストを含む培地を用いて培養することを含み、
前記腎臓オルガノイドが成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する、方法。 - 中間中胚葉細胞から前記初期腎オルガノイドを誘導することを更に含み、
前記初期腎オルガノイドを誘導することが、前記中間中胚葉細胞を、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含み、RXRアゴニストを実質的に含まない誘導培地Bを用いて培養して、中間中胚葉スフェロイドを形成させること、及び
前記中間中胚葉スフェロイドを、GSK3β阻害剤を含む誘導培地Aを用いて培養し、次いで、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含み、RXRアゴニストを実質的に含まない誘導培地Bを用いて培養することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 多能性幹細胞から前記中間中胚葉細胞を誘導することを更に含み、
前記中間中胚葉細胞を誘導することが、前記多能性幹細胞を、GSK3β阻害剤を含む誘導培地Aを用いて培養し、次いで、繊維芽細胞増殖因子を含み、RXRアゴニストを実質的に含まない誘導培地Bを用いて培養することを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。 - 前記腎臓オルガノイドが、近位尿細管マーカーを発現し、
前記近位尿細管マーカーが、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6、CUBN、LRP2、ABCB1、SERPINA1、APOA1、及びSPARCL1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された、成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する腎臓オルガノイド。
- 腎臓オルガノイドであって、
前記腎臓オルガノイドが成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有し、
前記腎臓オルガノイドは、近位尿細管マーカーを発現し、
前記近位尿細管マーカーが、UGT2A3、AZGP1、SLC39A4、BHMT、ACE2、AQP6、CUBN、LRP2、ABCB1、SERPINA1、APOA1、及びSPARCL1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、腎臓オルガノイド。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は請求項5又は6に記載の腎臓オルガノイドを、非ヒト哺乳動物の腎臓又はその周辺部位に導入することを含む、腎臓オルガノイドを腎臓又はその周辺部位に有する非ヒト哺乳動物を製造する方法であって、
前記腎臓オルガノイドが成熟した近位尿細管細胞を含有する、方法。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は請求項5又は6に記載の腎臓オルガノイドを、腎臓又はその周辺部位に有する、非ヒト哺乳動物。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は請求項5又は6に記載の腎臓オルガノイドを含む、腎臓の損傷又は疾患を処置するための再生医療用組成物。
- 被検物質に対する薬物応答性を評価する方法であって、
請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造された腎臓オルガノイド、又は請求項5又は6に記載の腎臓オルガノイド、請求項7に記載の方法で製造された非ヒト哺乳動物、又は請求項8に記載の非ヒト哺乳動物と、被検物質とを接触させること、及び
前記被検物質に対する前記腎臓オルガノイド、又は前記非ヒト哺乳動物における薬物応答性を測定することを含む、方法。 - 近位尿細管の成熟化を促進する方法であって、初期腎オルガノイドを、RXRアゴニスト及びPPARアゴニストを含む培地を用いて培養することを特徴とする、方法。
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