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  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
  • C07C5/42—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with a hydrogen acceptor
  • C07C5/48—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with a hydrogen acceptor with oxygen as an acceptor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/28—Molybdenum
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/70—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • C07C11/02—Alkenes
  • C07C11/04—Ethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G27/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation
  • C10G27/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation with oxygen or compounds generating oxygen
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
  • B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • C07C2523/20—Vanadium, niobium or tantalum
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • C07C2523/20—Vanadium, niobium or tantalum
  • C07C2523/22—Vanadium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • C07C2523/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • C07C2523/28—Molybdenum
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • C07C2523/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • C07C2523/31—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten combined with bismuth
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
  • C10G2300/1081—Alkanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
  • C10G2300/4006—Temperature
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
  • C10G2300/4012—Pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
  • C10G2300/4018—Spatial velocity, e.g. LHSV, WHSV

Definitions

• the present specification generally relates to catalysts and processes for the dehydrogenation of alkanes to olefins, such as catalysts and processes for converting ethane to ethylene.
• Conventional catalysts for converting alkanes to olefins are based on molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), and niobium (Nb) and include promoters such as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), antimony (Sb), or tellurium (Te).
• Mo molybdenum
• V vanadium
• Nb niobium
• Te tellurium
• Te is a common promoter included in the conventional catalysts.
• Processes using such catalysts require an oxygen co-feed and utilize an oxidative dehydrogenation process at low temperature, such as below 500 °C, and low pressures, such as below 300 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) (about 20 barg).
• a method for converting alkanes to olefins comprises: contacting a feed stream comprising alkanes with an oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst in a reaction zone, where the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst does not comprise tellurium; and dehydrogenating the alkanes in the reaction zone without a co-feed of oxygen to yield a product stream comprising olefins, wherein the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst has the following formula: MovVwNbyAzOx, where v is 1.0, w is from 0.1 to 0.5, y is from 0.001 to 0.3, A is Bi, Sb, Pr, or mixtures thereof, z is from 0.01 to 0.3, and x is an oxygen content required to charge-balance the structure, and the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst has a crystallographic structure with Pba2-32 space group, characterized by reflections determined with Cu-K a X-ray diffraction (XRD)
• a method for converting alkanes to olefins comprises: contacting a feed stream comprising alkanes with an oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst in a reaction zone, where the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst has the following formula: MovVwNbyBizOx, where v is 1.0, w is from 0.1 to 0.5, y is from 0.001 to 0.3, z is from 0.01 to 0.3, and x is an oxygen content required to charge-balance the structure, wherein the oxidative dehydration catalyst has a crystallographic structure with Pba2-32 space group, characterized by reflections determined with Cu-K a X-ray diffraction (XRD) as follows:
• FIG. is a schematic drawing of a system for processing alkanes to olefins according to embodiments disclosed and described herein.
• compositional modifications of the conventional oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts allow for stable reduction and oxidation (redox) cycling of the materials.
• Catalysts disclosed and described herein have oxygen carrying capacity that is high enough so that selective conversion of ethane to ethylene is obtained in a circulating reactor fed with oxygenated solids.
• circulation rates that are industrially viable in circulating reactors may be used and adequate conversion and selectivity of ethane to ethylene is achieved. This eliminates the need for feeding gas phase oxygen to the reactor. Moreover, air can be used to regenerate the spent catalyst.
• Oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts comprising a crystalline structure of oxides of molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and one of bismuth, antimony or praseodymium disclosed and described herein may be used in processes for converting alkanes (also referred to herein as “paraffins”) in an alkane-containing feed stream to olefins.
• the processes disclosed and described herein may provide improved olefin selectivity by the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst as time on stream increases.
• Processes disclosed and described herein generally include contacting a feed stream comprising alkanes (paraffins) with the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst in a reaction zone, converting at least a portion of the alkanes to olefins yielding a product stream comprising paraffins and olefins. Finally, the paraffins and olefins in the product stream are separated, the paraffins may be recycled back to the feed stream, and the olefins are used in downstream systems or as materials in various products and processes. As the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst in the reaction zone is utilized, its activity is reduced.
• the used oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst will be removed from the reaction zone and sent to a regeneration zone where the catalyst will be regenerated by an oxygen-containing gas stream, such as air. Regenerated catalyst is then transferred from the regeneration zone back into the reaction zone, where it will be used to dehydrogenate alkanes in the feed stream to olefins. Processes according to embodiments disclosed and described herein will be provided in more detail below.
• a feed stream 100 is fed into a reaction zone 110, the feed stream 100 comprises at least one alkane.
• the feed stream may comprise steam and/or inert gas.
• the feed stream may be entirely comprised of alkanes (i.e., 100 vol% alkane).
• the feed stream comprises from 30 volume percent (vol%) to 90 vol% alkane, from 35 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 40 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 45 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 50 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 55 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 60 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 65 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 70 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 75 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 80 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 85 vol% to 90 vol% alkane, from 30 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from 35 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from 40 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from 45 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from 50 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from 55 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from 60 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from 65 vol% to 85 vol% alkane, from
• the feed stream is essentially free from oxygen, meaning that the feed stream comprises less than 2.0 volume percent (vol%) oxygen, less than 1.5 vol% oxygen, or less than 0.5 vol% oxygen. In one or more embodiments, the feed stream is free of oxygen.
• the reaction zone is not particularly limited and any type of reactor allowing for cyclic or continuous operation of the process may be used in embodiments.
• the reaction zone is not particularly limited to a single reaction zone and can consist of multiple reactors in either series or parallel configuration.
• the reaction zone may be a fluidized bed reactor, a moving bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor, a reverse flow reactor, or an ebullated bed reactor.
• the feed stream 100 which comprises alkanes, is fed into the reaction zone 110 and travels from a first end of the reaction zone 110 to a second end of the reaction zone 110 that is opposite to the first end of the reaction zone 110.
• the feed stream 100 traverse from the first end of the reaction zone 110 to the second end of the reaction zone 110, the feed stream is contacted with the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst that has been loaded into the reaction zone 110.
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst Upon contact with the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst — and at the proper reaction conditions which are described in more detail below — alkanes present in the feed stream 100 are converted to olefins. Accordingly, an effluent stream 120 that comprises alkanes and olefins exits the reaction zone 110.
• the weight ratio of the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst in the reaction zone 110 to alkane in the reaction zone 110 is from 250 to 10, from 225 to 10, from 200 to 10, from 175 to 10, from 150 to 10, from 125 to 10, from 100 to 10, from 75 to 10, from 50 to 10, from 25 to 10, from 250 to 25, from 225 to 25, from 200 to 25, from 175 to 25, from 150 to 25, from 125 to 25, from 100 to 25, from 75 to 25, from 50 to 25, from 250 to 50, from 225 to 50, from 200 to 50, from 175 to 50, from 150 to 50, from 125 to 50, from 100 to 50, from 75 to 50, from 250 to 75, from 225 to 75, from 200 to 75, from 175 to 75, from 150 to 75, from 125 to 75, from 100 to 75, from 250 to 100, from 225 to 100, from 200 to 100, from 175 to 100, from 150 to 100, from 125 to 100, from 250 to 125, from 225 to 125, from 200 to 125,
• the feed stream 100 is contacted with the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst as disclosed and described herein in the reaction zone 110 under reaction conditions sufficient to form a product stream 120 comprising olefins.
• the reaction conditions comprise a temperature within the reaction zone 110 that, according to one or more embodiments, is from 300 °C to 700
• the reaction conditions also, in embodiments, include a pressure inside the reaction zone from 0 bar(g) (0 KPa) to 20 bar(g) (2000 KPa), from 5 bar(g) (500 KPa) to 20 bar(g) (2000 KPa), from 10 bar(g) (1000 KPa) to 20 bar(g) (2000 KPa), from 15 bar(g) (1500 KPa) to 20 bar(g) (2000 KPa), from 0 bar(g) (0 KPa) to 15 bar(g) (1500 KPa), form 5 bar(g) (500 KPa) to 15 bar(g) (1500 KPa), from 10 bar(g) (1000 KPa) to 15 bar(g) (1500 KPa), from 0 bar(g) (0 KPa) to 10 bar(g) (1000 KPa), form 5 bar(g) (0 KPa) to 10 bar(g) (1000 KPa), form 5 bar(g) (0 KPa) to 10 bar(g) (1000 KPa
• the alkane weight hour space velocity (WHSV) of the feed stream 100 within the reaction zone 110 is from 0.1 per hour (/h) to 10/h, from 1/h to 10/h, from 2/h to 10/h, from 3/h to 10/h, from 4/h to 10/h, from 5/h to 10/h, from 6/h to 10/h, from 7/h to 10/h, from 8/h to 10/h, from 9/h to 10/h, from 1/h to 9/h, from 2/h to 9/h, from 3/h to 9/h, from 4/h to 9/h, from 5/h to 9/h, from 6/h to 9/h, from 7/h to 9/h, from 8/h to 9/h, from 1/h to 8/h, from
• the reaction zone 110 may be fluidly connected to a regeneration zone 200 via a conduit 111.
• the configuration of the conduit 111 is not particularly limited provided that the conduit I l l is capable of transferring used oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst from the reaction zone 110 to the regeneration zone 200.
• the regeneration zone 200 may be physically integrated with the reaction zone and may, in embodiments, be activated by providing an alternative feed gas (such as providing air in place of a hydrocarbon or alkane feed).
• the used oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst is regenerated by contacting the used oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst with an oxygencontaining gas stream 210.
• the oxygen-containing gas stream 210 is air.
• the residence time with the oxygen-containing gas stream 210 regenerates the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst so that it regains its activity and selectivity for converting alkanes to olefins.
• the regenerated oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst is transferred from the regeneration zone 200 to the reaction zone 110 via a conduit 201.
• the configuration of the conduit 201 is not limited provided it allows the transfer of the regenerated oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst from the regeneration zone 200 to the reaction zone 100.
• fresh catalyst can be introduced into the reaction zone 110 via a different conduit (not shown) than the conduit 201 for introducing regenerated catalyst into the reaction zone 110.
• An effluent 220 exits the second end of the regeneration zone 200.
• the effluent 220 is nitrogen or oxygen-deprived air.
• the oxygen-containing gas stream may comprise from 2 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 5 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 7 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 10 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 12 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 15 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 17 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 20 vol% to 22 vol% O2, from 2 vol% to 20 vol% O2, from 5 vol% to 20 vol% O2, from 7 vol% to 20 vol% O2, from 10 vol% to 20 vol% O2, from 12 vol% to 20 vol% O2, from 15 vol% to 20 vol% O2, from 17 vol% to 20 vol% O2, from 2 vol% to 17 vol% O2, from 5 vol% to 17 vol% O2, from 7 vol% to 17 vol% O2, from 10 vol% to 17 vol% O2, from 12 vol% to 17 vol% O2, from 15 vol% to 17 vol% O2, from 2 vol% to 15 vol% O2, from 5 vol% to 15 vol% O2, from 7 vol% to 15 vol% O2, from 7 vol% to 15
• the pressure in the regeneration zone 200 during the regeneration is from 0 bar(g) (0 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 2 bar(g) (200 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 4 bar(g) (400 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 6 bar(g) (600 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 8 bar(g) (800 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 10 bar(g) (1000 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 12 bar(g) (1200 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 14 bar(g) (1400 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 16 bar(g) (1600 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 18 bar(g) (1800 KPa) to 21 bar(g) (2100 KPa), 20 bar(g)
• product stream 120 comprises various oxygenates in combination with alkanes and olefins. Accordingly, in embodiments product stream 120 is transferred from the reaction zone 110 to an oxygenates scrubber 300, where oxygenates are removed from the product stream 120.
• the oxygenates scrubber 300 may be any conventional oxygenates scrubber and is not limited herein.
• Product stream 120 enters a first end of the oxygenates scrubber 300 and travels to a second end of the oxygenates scrubber 300, and a water stream 301 is added to the oxygenates scrubber 300 near the second end of the oxygenates scrubber 300. As the product stream 120 traverses from the first end of the oxygenates scrubber 300 to the second end of the oxygenates scrubber 300, oxygenates are removed from the product stream 120.
• An oxygenate stream 302 exits the oxygenates scrubber 300 near the first end of the oxygenates scrubber 300.
• the oxygenate stream 302 is then transferred from the oxygenates scrubber 300 to an oxygenates refiner 400 where oxygenates and water present in the oxygenates stream 302 are separated.
• the oxygenates refiner 400 may be any conventional oxygenates refiner and is not limited herein.
• Oxygenate stream 302 enters a first end of the oxygenates refiner 400 and travels to a second end of the oxygenates refiner 400. As the oxygenates stream 302 traverses from the first end of the oxygenates refiner 400 to the second end of the oxygenates refiner 400, oxygenates are separated from water in the oxygenates stream 302.
• An oxygenate stream 401 and a water stream 402 exit the oxygenates refiner 400 at the second end of the oxygenates refiner 400.
• a refined product stream 310 exits the second end of the oxygenates scrubber 300.
• the refined product stream 310 comprises significantly less oxygenates than product stream 120 that exited the reaction zone 110.
• refined product stream 310 comprises carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in addition to alkanes and olefins.
• refined product stream 310 is further processed by being transferred to a compressor where the refined product stream 310 is compressed.
• the compressor 500 may be any conventional compressor and is not limited herein. Once compressed, the compressed, refined product stream 510 is transferred to a CO2 separator 600.
• CO2 is separated from CO, alkanes, and olefins in the compressed, refined product stream 510.
• the CO2 separator may be any conventional CO2 separator and is not limited herein.
• Carbon dioxide 601 is purged from the CO2 separator, and a separated product stream 602 exits the CO2 separator for further processing.
• the separated product steam 602 comprises CO, alkanes, and olefins.
• the separated product stream 602 is transferred to a CO separator 700.
• CO is separated from alkanes and olefins in the separated product stream 602.
• the CO separator may be any conventional CO separator and is not limited herein.
• Carbon monoxide 701 is purged from the CO separator, and a further separated product stream 702 exits the CO separator for further processing.
• the further separated product steam 702 comprises alkanes and olefins.
• the components of the further separated product stream 702 can be separated with conventional separation units, which may optionally be part of an existing cracker separation system.
• the further separated product stream 702 is transferred to an olefin/paraffin splitter, 800.
• alkanes are separated from olefins in the further separated product stream 702.
• the splitter may be any conventional cracker and is not limited herein.
• One currently used oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst comprises MoVNbTeOx.
• the crystal phase structure, or a similar crystal phase structure, of the catalyst formed by MoVNbTeOx provides a structure that makes it possible to yield desired olefins.
• using this catalyst in an oxidative dehydrogenation process leads to significant catalyst instability because Te is volatile under reducing conditions, causing reactor contamination with Te as well as potential collapse of the preferred crystalline structure of the catalyst. This will subsequently lead to activity/selectivity loss during the alkane to olefin conversion.
• Te can be completely replaced in the MoVNbTeOx catalyst composition with a promoter.
• the promoter is selected from the group consisting of bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), or praseodymium (Pr).
• the promoter is bismuth (Bi).
• the catalyst may have a crystal structure that is sufficiently similar to MoVNbTeOx such that the alkane to olefin conversion provides desired olefins.
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst has a Pba2-32 space group crystal structure.
• This structure replaces the volatile Te with a more stable Bi, Sb, Pr or combinations thereof, which allows for improved stability over the known MoVNbTeOx catalysts while providing similar alkane conversion.
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst disclosed and described herein is both active (greater than 10% Ethane conversion), selective (greater than 65% ethylene selectivity), and renders stable performance under reaction conditions.
• the catalysts described herein may be further promoted by sodium (Na) or calcium (Ca).
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst has the following chemical formula: MovVwNbyAzOx, where v is 1.0 (e.g., Mo is used as the basis for the atomic ratios), w is from 0.1 to 0.5, y is from 0.001 to 0.3, A is Bi, Sb, Pr, or combinations thereof, z is from 0.01 to 0.3, and x is the oxygen content required to charge-balance the structure.
• w is from 0.1 to 0.5, from 0.2 to 0.5, from 0.3 to 0.5, from 0.4 to 0.5, from 0.1 to 0.4, from 0.2 to 0.4, from 0.3 to 0.4, from 0.1 to 0.3, from 0.2 to 0.3, or from 0.1 to 0.2.
• y is from 0.01 to 0.3, from 0.05 to 0.3, from 0.1 to 0.3, from 0.15 to 0.3, from 0.2 to 0.3, from 0.25 to 0.3, from 0.001 to 0.25, from 0.01 to 0.25, from 0.05 to 0.25, from 0.1 to 0.25, from 0.15 to 0.25, from 0.2 to 0.25, from 0.01 to 0.2, from 0.05 to 0.2, from 0.1 to 0.2, from 0.15 to 0.2, from 0.01 to 0.15, from 0.05 to 0.15, from 0.1 to 0.15, from 0.01 to 0.1, from 0.05 to 0.1, or from 0.01 to 0.05.
• z is from 0.05 to 0.3, from 0.10 to 0.3, from 0.15 to 0.3, from 0.2 to 0.3, from 0.25 to 0.3, from 0.01 to 0.25, is from 0.05 to 0.25, from 0.10 to 0.25, from 0.15 to 0.25, from 0.2 to 0.25, from 0.01 to 0.2, is from 0.05 to 0.2, from 0.10 to 0.2, from 0.15 to 0.2, from 0.01 to 0.15, is from 0.05 to 0.15, from 0.10 to 0.15, from 0.01 to 0.1, is from 0.05 to 0.1, or from 0.01 to 0.05.
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst has the following formula: MoVo.2-o.3Nbo.1Ao.1Ox, where x is the oxygen content required to chargebalance the structure and A is selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sb, Pr, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, A is one of Bi or Sb. It should be understood that embodiments of the MovVwNbyAzOx catalyst having a Pba2-32 space group is essentially free of Te, such as having a Te/Mo ratio below 0.01.
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst having the structure MovVwNbyAzOx and a Pba2-32 space group crystal structure improves catalyst activity and selectivity in a lattice oxidative dehydrogenation process (which is where oxygen for the conversion is extracted from the lattice of the catalyst rather than through a gaseous oxygen stream).
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst consists of a structure comprising oxides of Mo, V, Nb, and Bi having the formula MovVwNbyBizOx and a Pba2-32 space group crystal structure.
• the crystal structure of the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst disclosed and described herein can, in embodiments, also be measured using x-ray diffraction (XRD).
• XRD x-ray diffraction
• the relative intensity of XRD peaks at various angles can be used to describe the crystal structure of the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst.
• the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst has reflections determined with Cu-K a XRD as shown in Table 1.
• Table 1 the relative intensity (Rel. Intensity) is the largest when 29 is 22.2° and, thus, this relative intensity is set to 100% and used as the basis for the remaining relative intensities shown in Table 1.
• the relative intensity may be affected by the preferential orientation effect and the above-disclosed relative intensities take into account such effects.
• an oxygen stream 130 may, optionally, be added to the reaction zone 110. It should be understood that an oxygen stream 130 is not required, and embodiments disclosed and described herein do not include adding an oxygen stream 130 into the reaction zone 110. However, in embodiments, an oxygen stream 130 but can be added to facilitate reactions within the reaction zone 110. The concentration of oxygen in the oxygen stream 130 is not particularly limited.
• the oxygen concentration in the oxygen stream 130 may be from 0.1 vol% to 99.9 vol%, such as from 5.0 vol% to 95.0 vol%, from 10.0 vol% to 90.0 vol%, from 15.0 vol% to 85.0 vol%, from 20.0 vol% to 80.0 vol%, from 25.0 vol% to 75.0 vol%, from 30.0 vol% to 70.0 vol%, from 35.0 vol% to 65.0 vol%, from 40.0 vol% to 60.0 vol%, or from 45.0 vol% to 55.0 vol%.
• the concentration of oxygen in the oxygen stream is relatively low, such as from 0.1 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 0.2 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 0.5 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 0.8 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 1.0 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 1.2 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 1.5 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 1.8 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 2.0 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 2.2 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 2.5 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 2.8 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 3.0 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 3.2 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 3.5 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 3.8 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 4.0 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 4.2 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 4.2 vol% to 5.0 vol%, from 4.5 vol% to 5.0 vol%, or from 4.8 vol% to 5.0 vol%.
• the oxygen stream 130 may, in embodiments
• the oxygen stream 130 is added to the reaction zone 110 simultaneously to the feed stream 100.
• the volume ratio of oxygen (in the oxygen stream 130) to alkanes (in the feed stream 100) in the reaction zone 110 is from greater than 0.0 to 3.0, from 0.5 to 3.0, from 1.0 to 3.0, from 1.5 to 3.0, from 2.0 to 3.0, from 2.5 to 3.0, from greater than 0.0 to 2.5, from 0.5 to 2.5, from 1.0 to 2.5, from 1.5 to 2.5, from 2.0 to 2.5, from greater than 0.0 to 2.0, from 0.5 to 2.0, from 1.0 to 2.0, from 1.5 to 2.0, from greater than 0.0 to 1.5, from 0.5 to 1.5, from 1.0 to 1.5, from greater than 0.0 to 1.0, from 0.5 to 1.0, or from greater than 0.0 to 0.5.
• Oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts having a MovVwNbyBizOx structure are, in one or more embodiments, formed through a synthetic process started by adding a molybdenum- containing compound, a vanadium-containing compound, a bismuth-containing compound, a niobium-containing compound, and one or more organic acids to a mixture of alkylene glycol or alcohol amines and water to form a reaction mixture.
• the metal precursors are chosen as such that the precursors can be dissolved/digested under hydrothermal reaction conditions MovVwNbyBizOx is then synthesized from the reaction mixture by hydrothermal synthesis at a hydrothermal synthesis temperature for a period of time.
• MovVwNbyBizOx is separated from retained liquids.
• the molybdenum-containing, vanadium-containing, bismuth-containing, niobium-containing compound, and one or more acids are added to the mixture of alkylene glycol and water sequentially.
• the bismuth-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of bismuth oxide (Bi2Ch), bismuth sulfate (Bi2(SO4)3), bismuth citrate (BiCeEECh), and bismuth nitrate (Bi(NCh 3 .
• the niobium-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of niobium oxide, niobic acid (NTnCh nEEO), niobium ethoxide, and ammonium niobium oxalate and water ((NH4)Nb(C2O4)2 nH20).
• the molybdenum-containing compound can be ammonium heptamolybdate (NH4)eMo7O24 or molybdenum trioxide (MoCh), and the vanadium-containing compound can be ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3), vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4), or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5).
• the molybdenum-containing compound and the vanadium-containing compound are, in embodiments, MoO3 and V2O5, respectively.
• the antimony-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of antimony oxide (Sb2O3 or Sb20s), antimony sulfate (Sb 2 (SO 4 )3) and antimony acetate ((CFbCCh ⁇ Sb).
• the praseodymium-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of praseodymium oxide (PrCh, PnCh or PreOn), praseodymium sulfate (Pr2(SO4)3) and praseodymium nitrate (Pr(NO3)3).
• a digestible mixture of metal containing compounds having the correct stoichiometric ratio of one or more of Mo, V, Nb, and Bi could be used.
• Examples of such digestible mixtures include (Mo,V)Ox and BiNbOx.
• the acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid (CeHsO?), oxalic acid (C2H2O4), and mixtures thereof.
• the alkylene glycol is ethylene glycol.
• the hydrothermal synthesis temperature is, in embodiments, from 150 °C to 250 °C, from 160 °C to 250 °C, from 170 °C to 250 °C, from 180 °C to 250 °C, from 190 °C to 250 °C, from 200 °C to 250 °C, from 210 °C to 250 °C, from 220 °C to 250 °C, from 230 °C to 250 °C, from 240 °C to 250 °C, from 150 °C to 240 °C, from 160 °C to 240 °C, from 170 °C to 240 °C, from 180 °C to 240 °C, from 190 °C to 240 °C, from 200 °C to 240 °C, from 210 °C to 240 °C, from 220 °C to 240 °C, from 230 °C to 240 °C, from 150 °C to 230 °C,
• the hydrothermal pressure is from 4 bar (400 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), such as from 5 bar (500 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), from 10 bar (1000 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), from 15 bar (1500 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), from 20 bar (2000 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), from 25 bar (2500 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), from 30 bar (3000 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), from 35 bar (3500 kPa) to 40 bar (4000 kPa), from 4 bar (400 kPa) to 35 bar (3500 kPa), from 5 bar (500 kPa) to 35 bar (3500 kPa), from 10 bar (1000 kPa) to 35 bar (3500 kPa), from 15 bar (1500 kPa) to 35 bar (3500 kPa), from 15 bar (1500
• the MovVwNbyAzOx oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst is dried and optionally calcined by heating the dried MovVwNbyAzOx oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst to a calcination temperature and holding the MovVwNbyAzOx oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst at the calcination temperature for a period of time.
• the calcination takes place in an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), or helium (He).
• the calcination temperature is from 350 °C to 650 °C, from 375 °C to 650 °C, 400 °C to 650 °C, from 425 °C to 650 °C, from 450 °C to 650 °C, from 475 °C to 650 °C, from 500 °C to 650 °C, from 525 °C to 650 °C, from 550 °C to
• 650 °C from 575 °C to 650 °C, from 600 °C to 650 °C, from 625 °C to 650 °C, from 350 °C to
• 600 °C from 400 °C to 600 °C, from 425 °C to 600 °C, from 450 °C to 600 °C, from 475 °C to
• 600 °C from 500 °C to 600 °C, from 525 °C to 600 °C, from 550 °C to 600 °C, from 575 °C to 600 °C, from 350 °C to 575 °C, from 375 °C to 575 °C, from 400 °C to 575 °C, from 425 °C to
• the calcination takes place in air.
• the calcination temperature may be from 200 °C to 500 °C, from 375 °C to 500 °C, from 400 °C to 500 °C, from 425 °C to 500 °C, from 450 °C to 500 °C, from 475 °C to 500 °C, from 350 °C to 475 °C, from
• the obtained material from the hydrothermal synthesis was purified with 90 mL of deionized water using vacuum filtration and subsequently dried at 85 °C overnight. [0049] After drying, the material was calcined at 450 °C (at a heating rate of 2 °C/min) under a flow of N2, for 2 hours. The material was compacted under 7 ton pressure and crushed and sieved to 40-80 mesh prior to loading in the reactor and tested at 1.25 bar(a) ethane pressure having a WHSV of 3.2/hr.
• the material was calcined at 450 °C (at a heating rate of 2 °C/min) under a flow of N2, for 2 hours.
• the material was compacted under 7 ton pressure and crushed and sieved to 40-80 mesh prior to loading in the reactor and tested at 1.25 bar(a) (125 kPa) ethane pressure having a WHSV of 3.2/hr.
• the material was calcined at 450 °C (at a heating rate of 2 °C/min) under a flow of N2, for 2 hours.
• the material was compacted under 7 ton pressure and crushed and sieved to 40-80 mesh prior to loading in the reactor and tested at 1.25 bar(a) (125 kPa) ethane pressure having a WHSV of 3.2/hr.
• MoVo.3Nbo.17Teo.23Ox was prepared according to the procedure described in U.S. Patent No. 9,156,764 B2. The material was compacted under 7 ton pressure and crushed and sieved to 40-80 mesh prior to loading in the reactor and tested at 1.25 bar(a) (125 kPa) ethane pressure having a WHSV of 3.2/hr.
• the material was calcined at 450 °C (at a heating rate of 2 °C/min) under a flow of N2, for 2 hours.
• the material was compacted under 7 ton pressure and crushed and sieved to 40-80 mesh prior to loading in the reactor and tested at 1.25 bar(a) (125 kPa) ethane pressure having a WHSV of 3.2/hr .
• Performance testing was performed in a fixed-bed reactor set-up.
• the appropriate amount of 40-80 mesh catalyst particles were loaded in the reactors, and the reactors were operated in cyclic mode in which periods of ethane exposure are alternated with oxidative regeneration at the desired temperature:
• LODh step a feed stream comprising 50 vol% ethane in He/N2 was used.
• the partial pressure of ethane (Pethane) was 1.25 bar(a) to 2.5 bar(a), a WHSV of 2.3/hr to 3.2/hr was used.
• Regeneration step conducted reoxidation in diluted (2.5 vol% O2) air at a pressure of 2.5 bar(a) to 5bar(a).
• the reactor effluent composition was obtained by gas chromatography (GC) and the conversion and carbon based selectivities are calculated using the following equations:
• XC2H5 (%) [(r
• the catalyst/ethane ratio (g/g) is calculated based on the time-on-stream (TOS, min) in which the GC analyzes the reactor effluent:
• Cat/ethane w / (TOS • T1C2H6, in • MWC2H6) (3) where w is defined as the catalyst mass, T1C2H6, in is the molar inlet flow of ethane (mol/min) and MWC2H6 is the molecular weight of ethane (30 g/mol).
• Table 2 Catalytic Performance of selected examples in anaerobic lattice oxidative dehydrogenation of Ethane at 450 °C and 1.25 bar(a) of ethane
• Example 6 utilizes the same catalyst as Example 2, but was tested at 425 °C having a WHSV of 2.3/hr and an ethane partial pressure of 2.5 bar(a).
• Hydrothermal synthesis of MoV0.3Nb0.1Sb0.05Bi0.05Ox was performed in a rotating shaft oven at 190 °C for 48 hours rotating at 10 rpm.
• the obtained material from the hydrothermal synthesis was purified with 90 mL of deionized water using vacuum filtration and subsequently dried at 85 °C overnight.
• the material was calcined at 450 °C (at a heating rate of 2 °C/min) under a flow of N2, for 2 hours.
• the material was compacted under 7 ton pressure and crushed and sieved to 40-80 mesh prior to loading in the reactor and tested at 450 °C, 2.5 bar(a) ethane pressure having a WHSV of 3.2 /h.

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