WO2023025492A1 - Verglasungseinheit mit elektrisch steuerbaren optischen eigenschaften mit temperaturabhängigem schaltverhalten - Google Patents
Verglasungseinheit mit elektrisch steuerbaren optischen eigenschaften mit temperaturabhängigem schaltverhalten Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023025492A1 WO2023025492A1 PCT/EP2022/070773 EP2022070773W WO2023025492A1 WO 2023025492 A1 WO2023025492 A1 WO 2023025492A1 EP 2022070773 W EP2022070773 W EP 2022070773W WO 2023025492 A1 WO2023025492 A1 WO 2023025492A1
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Definitions
- Glazing unit with electrically controllable optical properties with temperature-dependent switching behavior
- the invention relates to a glazing unit with electrically controllable optical properties, its use and a method for its control.
- Glazing units with electrically controllable optical properties are known as such. They include composite panes that are equipped with functional elements whose optical properties can be changed by applying an electrical voltage. The electrical voltage is applied via a control unit, which is connected to two surface electrodes of the functional element, between which the active layer of the functional element is located.
- An example of such functional elements are SPD (suspended particle device) functional elements, which are known, for example, from EP 0876608 B1 and WO 2011033313 A1.
- the applied voltage can be used to control the transmission of visible light through SPD functional elements.
- a further example are PDLC functional elements (polymer dispersed liquid crystal), which are known, for example, from DE 102008026339 A1.
- the active layer contains liquid crystals embedded in a polymer matrix.
- the liquid crystals are aligned in a disorderly manner, which leads to strong scattering of the light passing through the active layer. If a voltage is applied to the surface electrodes, the liquid crystals align in a common direction and the transmission of light through the active layer is increased.
- the PDLC functional element works less by reducing the overall transmission than by increasing the scattering, which prevents a clear view through or can ensure glare protection.
- electrochromic functional elements are known, for example from US 20120026573 A1, WO 2010147494 A1 and EP 1862849 A1 and WO 2012007334 A1, in which a change in transmission occurs as a result of electrochemical processes, which is induced by the electrical voltage applied.
- Such glazing units can be used, for example, as vehicle windows, the light transmission behavior of which can then be controlled electrically.
- they can be used as roof panes to reduce solar radiation or to reduce annoying reflections.
- roof panes are known, for example, from DE 10043141 A1 and EP 3456913 A1.
- Windshields have also been proposed in which an electrically controllable sun visor is realized by a switchable functional element, in order to mechanically replace the conventional one to replace folding sun visors in motor vehicles.
- Windshields with electrically controllable sun visors are known, for example, from DE 102013001334 A1, DE 102005049081 B3, DE 102005007427 A1 and DE 102007027296 A1.
- glazing units or the switchable functional elements with a plurality of segments whose optical properties can be switched independently of one another. In this way, an area of the functional element can be selectively darkened or provided with a high degree of light scattering, while other areas remain transparent.
- Glazing units with independent segments and a method for their manufacture are known, for example, from WO 2014072137 A1. Reference is also made to WO 2017157626 A1.
- the optical properties can be controlled by applying an electrical voltage to the individual segments. Animation schemes are thus also possible in which segments can be arranged one behind the other, randomly mixed up, or darkened or switched to opaque or transparent from the outer segments to the inner segments.
- the optical properties of the functional element depend on the temperature. For example, high temperatures, for example higher than 50° C., can lead to a sharp increase in the electrical resistance of the surface electrodes. If an electrical voltage is then applied to certain segments at high temperatures, this subsequently leads to the generation of electrical fields in the vicinity of segments that are actually switched off. The segments then do not change their optical state through the targeted application of a voltage, but due to the electric field.
- Another optical problem occurs when the functional element is operated at particularly low temperatures, for example below 0°C.
- the switching time of the functional element can be greatly increased. While the duration between two optical states is usually less than one second, it can take several minutes at low temperatures before the entire optical state has changed to the other. For the unaware user of the functional element, the suspicion arises that the functional element is not working properly.
- a solution to this problem is disclosed in WO 2019111235 A1.
- the duration of switching can be kept constant by means of a heating coating, which heats up the functional element if the temperature is too low.
- this solution requires the use of a heated coating, which must be operated electrically. It additional space must therefore be available and an additional electrical supply must be guaranteed.
- WO 9837453 A1 discloses an electrochromic element in which a temperature-dependent electrical voltage is applied to the electrochromic element in order to enable the fastest possible color change.
- the temperature is determined by means of a temperature sensor, which preferably measures directly in the electrochromic functional element.
- the temperature-dependent voltage is applied to the electrochromic functional element by means of a temperature-independent and preferably linear voltage ramp in order to achieve a color change in the functional element.
- the object is achieved according to the invention by a glazing unit with electrically controllable optical properties.
- the glazing unit comprises: a laminated pane with a functional element, which has electrically controllable optical properties, and a control unit, which is electrically connected to the functional element.
- the controller has a data set or programmed function that associates a voltage ramp with each temperature within a predetermined temperature range.
- the control unit is also suitable for determining the temperature of the functional element, selecting a voltage ramp based on the determined temperature from the data record or calculating it using the programmed function and applying the electrical voltage to the functional element with the selected or calculated voltage ramp.
- the object is also achieved by a method for controlling a glazing unit with electrically controllable optical properties.
- the method is characterized in that by the control unit
- a voltage ramp is selected from the data set based on the determined temperature or calculated using the programmed function and (c) an electrical voltage with the selected or calculated voltage ramp is applied to the functional element.
- the glazing unit and the method are presented together below, with explanations and preferred configurations relating equally to the glazing unit and the method. If preferred features are described in connection with the method, this means that the glazing unit is also preferably designed and suitable accordingly. Conversely, if preferred features are described in connection with the glazing unit, this means that the method is also preferably carried out accordingly.
- the glazing unit is intended to be used in a vehicle or building.
- the laminated pane is intended to separate the interior from the outside environment in a window opening (in particular a window opening of a vehicle, but alternatively also a window opening of a building or a room).
- the invention is based on the knowledge that the switching behavior of typical electrically controllable functional elements is temperature-dependent.
- the switching behavior can be adapted to the temperature by determining the temperature and selecting a voltage ramp from a data set or by calculating a voltage ramp using a programmed function. Since the time to switch between two switching states depends on the temperature, depending on the temperature of the functional element, several minutes can elapse before switching between two switching states has taken place, but it can also take less than a second.
- the voltage ramp with which a voltage is gradually applied to the functional element can be calculated or selected by the glazing unit as a function of the temperature of the functional element, whereby the duration for changing between two switching states can be accelerated or slowed down.
- the "specified temperature range” is the temperature interval that is stored on the data record or makes up the definition range of the programmed function and which must be specified before the functional element can be used.
- the specified temperature range extends preferably from -30°C to 120°C, particularly preferably from -25°C to 100°C and in particular from -20°C to 100°C. In these temperature ranges, the time required to switch between two switching states is particularly different for the different temperatures. In addition, these are normal temperature ranges that occur in natural environments (i.e. not purely laboratory conditions or exceptional conditions).
- the application of an electrical voltage also means that it is possible to switch from a switching state in which an electrical voltage is applied by the control unit to a voltage-free switching state.
- the voltage-free state also describes the state of the equilibrium voltage in, for example, electrochromic functional elements. De-energized means much more that no voltage is applied by a voltage source.
- the functional element comprises at least two switching states with different optical properties, and a temperature-dependent switching time is required for changing between two switching states. Consequently, in any given temperature range, there is a temperature with a time tmax that corresponds to the longest possible switching time required.
- Each voltage ramp selected or calculated by the control unit based on the determined temperature results in a switching time tschait that is greater than or equal to t max , so that the switching time tschait results when an electrical voltage is applied to the functional element.
- control unit has a data set or a programmed function which assigns a voltage ramp to each temperature in a predetermined temperature range, which leads to a switching speed vschait that is less than or equal to vmin . In this case, by means of the control unit
- the voltage ramp based on the determined temperature is selected from the data set or calculated with the programmed function so that when it is applied an electrical voltage to the functional element results in the switching speed vschait and
- any temperature range means in the context of the invention that preferably for each temperature interval under consideration there is at least one temperature for which the change between two switching states requires the time t max under otherwise constant conditions (voltage ramp, pressure, humidity, etc. ). So it doesn't matter whether the temperatures are viewed from -20 °C to 50 °C, for example, or from 0 °C to 100 °C in any temperature range. Each of these two temperature ranges has at least one temperature for which t max applies. Any temperature range also means a temperature range which extends over at least 1°C, preferably at least 2°C, in particular at least 5°C. Any temperature range is therefore at least 1 °C wide. A temperature range above at least 1°C can therefore go from 150°C to 151°C, for example, or from -50°C to -51°C, for example. It doesn't just mean the range from 0 °C to 1 °C.
- Temperatures (temperature values) can also mean non-integer numbers. Temperatures (temperature values) in a temperature range can preferably be real numbers with up to 10 decimal places, particularly preferably up to 5 decimal places, in particular up to 2 decimal places.
- the required switching time between two switching states can be from less than a second to several minutes.
- This variable switching behavior is undesirable for a user of a glazing unit with such a functional element.
- the control unit has a data set or a programmed function and the temperature is determined by the control unit.
- the data set assigns a voltage ramp to each temperature in a previously specified temperature range.
- the programmed function includes a definition set, which is defined at least by the temperature range is mapped and calculates a voltage ramp using the temperature (voltage ramp is in the target set).
- the electrical voltage required for switching is applied with a voltage ramp selected from the data set or calculated using the programmed function.
- the voltage ramp is selected according to the determined temperature in such a way that switching between the two switching states takes place at the switching speed vschait. It goes without saying that the duration for changing from one switching state to the other switching state of the two switching states corresponds to the duration t max or a longer duration.
- the time to switch between two switching states is therefore artificially lengthened for at least most switching processes, that is to say all those which have a technically necessary switching time of less than t max .
- electrically controllable optical properties are understood to mean, in particular, those properties which can be continuously controlled.
- Switching states between which the functional element can change refer to the switching states within the meaning of the invention, which are on a scale from a switching state with a minimal change in the optical properties (switching state 0% or minimum switching state) to a switching state with the maximum change in the optical properties (switching status 100% or maximum switching status).
- all switching states in between can be implemented steplessly.
- a switching state of 20% corresponds to a change in the optical properties of 20% of the maximum change.
- Said optical properties relate in particular to light transmission and/or scattering behavior.
- the switching time to switch between the switching states can depend on the percentage change in the optical properties.
- the difference in the change is preferably directly proportional to the switching time, so that, for example, a change in the switching state from 0% to a switching state of 80% preferably takes four times as long as a change in the switching state from 0% to a switching state of 20%.
- the switching time to change between the switching states can also be independent of the percentage change in the optical properties.
- the electrically controllable optical properties can only be switched between two discrete switching states. Then there are only two switching states, namely 0% and 100%. It is also conceivable that the electrically controllable optical properties can be switched between more than two discrete switching states.
- An AC voltage or a DC voltage can be applied to the functional element. If the functional element is a PDLC functional element or an SPD functional element, an AC voltage is applied to the functional element. If the functional element is an electrochromic functional element, a DC voltage is applied to the functional element.
- the voltage ramp means the linear change in voltage over time with a unit V s ⁇ 1 .
- the voltage ramp is not linear and is determined using an inverse function, which results from the desired optical properties of the switching state. Since there is non-linear coherence between the electrical voltage, i.e. the effective value of the alternating voltage, and the optical properties of the functional element, an inverse function is used to determine the voltage ramp.
- the inverse function can be the inverse function of the characteristic of the setting of the switching state of the functional element.
- the voltage (the rms value of the AC voltage) is applied to the functional element in steps, whereby the voltage is either decreased or increased with each step, depending on the type of functional element and whether a transparent switching state or a Switching state of lower transparency is to be achieved.
- the gradual increase in voltage is preferably non-linear by means of the inverse function.
- the inverse function is temperature dependent, so if the voltage ramp is not linear, it is preferably part of the programmed function.
- all stress values that are gradually applied up to the final stress are stored on the data set for all temperatures within a specified temperature range. Each change in voltage value takes place within a certain period of time, preferably at most one second.
- the programmed function includes the voltage ramp as a function of the temperature, the current switching state and the controlled switching state. So can from the Control unit depending on the determined temperature (for example 60 ° C), the required voltage ramp for vschait or tschait are determined and applied to the functional element.
- a voltage ramp value is preferably assigned to each temperature value in the data set.
- the data set can be created, for example, in that individual points are known through measurements, between which (for example linear) interpolation is carried out.
- the data set it is also possible for the data set to be in the form of a table, in which case a voltage ramp is assigned to specific temperature zones (for example 1° C. to 2° C.) or discrete temperature values (for example exactly 1.0° C.). The latter is less preferred since it is significantly more complex to determine measured values for all temperatures.
- the temperature-dependent switching time can be higher when switching from a switching state with higher transparency or light transmittance to a switching state with lower transparency or light transmittance (decreasing switching state), rather than when switching from a switching state with lower transparency or light transmittance to a switching state with higher transparency or light transmittance switched (increasing switching status).
- the switching time can therefore depend on the direction of the controlled switching states.
- the voltage ramp is therefore preferably selected in such a way that when an electrical voltage is applied to the functional element, the switching time tschait results both for the change to a decreasing switching state and for the change to an increasing switching state.
- the data set has therefore preferably assigned different voltage ramps to each temperature in a previously defined temperature range.
- the programmed function preferably comprises a function for changing to an increasing switching state and a function for changing to a decreasing switching state.
- the temperature-dependent, necessary switching time t max at temperatures of less than 10 °C is significantly longer than the switching time at temperatures of more than 10 °C.
- the limit temperature is typically for common functional elements at about 10 °C. Temperatures that are lower than 10 °C are mainly seasonal and weather-related.
- the time t max is typically 0.5 s or less at temperatures of 20 °C. At temperatures of -10 °C, however, the time t max is typically 5 s or more. This time difference for different temperatures can increase with decreasing temperature and depending on the functional element.
- the at least two switching states therefore preferably have a longer time required to switch between two switching states at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures.
- the functional element is preferably divided into at least two separate segments and each segment is electrically connected to the control unit, so that the electrical voltage with the voltage ramp can be applied independently for each segment.
- the functional element can also be divided into more than two separate segments.
- the functional element is particularly preferably divided into 3 or more separate segments, very particularly preferably into 5 or more and in particular into 10 or more separate segments. The division into different segments enables a needs-based control of the functional element.
- the independently controllable segments allow the user to specify which areas of the glazing unit should be transparent and which should be darkened, opaque or provided with a high level of light scattering (translucency).
- the glazing unit is used, for example, as a roof pane in a vehicle, depending on the position of the sun, excessive heating of the vehicle interior can be avoided by selectively controlling the individual segments. It is also possible for each vehicle occupant, ie for example the driver, the front passenger, the left and the right rear occupant, to be assigned a segment located above him/her.
- the functional element is approached with an animation scheme, the electrical voltage being applied first to a first segment of the at least two separate segments and only after the switching time is the electrical voltage also applied to a further segment of the at least two separate segments becomes.
- the further segment changes to another switching state only after the switching process of the first segment has been completed.
- An electrical voltage is preferably applied to the further segment immediately after the previous switching process has been completed.
- “immediately” preferably means a time of 1 s or less, particularly preferably 0.5 s or less and in particular 0.1 s or less.
- the at least two separate segments change preferably in the same switching state.
- Other animation schemes are also possible.
- adjacent segments can be switched one after the other in the manner described above, with “switching” meaning the change from one switching state to another switching state.
- switching meaning the change from one switching state to another switching state.
- the functional element is used with a different animation scheme, with a voltage being applied simultaneously for all segments of the at least two segments, so that all segments of the at least two segments change to a desired switching state at the same time.
- an electrical voltage is applied to all segments of the at least two segments with a slight time offset, preferably by a maximum of 5 seconds and particularly preferably by a maximum of 1 second, in order to change the switching state.
- the control unit is intended and suitable for controlling the optical properties of the functional element.
- the control unit is electrically conductively connected on the one hand to the functional element or possibly to the individual segments of the functional element and on the other hand to a voltage source.
- the control unit contains the required electrical and/or electronic components in order to apply the required voltage to the surface electrodes depending on a switching state.
- the switching state can be specified by the user (e.g. by operating a switch, a button or a rotary or slider), can be determined by sensors and/or via a digital interface from the central control unit of the vehicle (if the laminated pane is a vehicle pane, usually LIN -Bus or CAN-Bus) can be transmitted.
- the switches, buttons, knobs or sliders can be integrated into the vehicle's dashboard, for example, if the laminated pane is a vehicle pane.
- touch buttons can also be integrated directly into the laminated pane, for example capacitive or resistive buttons.
- the functional element can also be controlled by non-contact methods, for example by recognizing gestures, or depending on the state of the pupil or eyelid determined by a camera and suitable evaluation electronics.
- the control unit can include electronic processors, voltage converters, transistors, capacitors, diodes and other components.
- the voltage applied to the device is an AC voltage when the device is an SPD device or a PDLC device. If it is an electrochromic functional element, a DC voltage is applied to the functional element.
- the device is a PDLC device or SPD device, but the voltage source is a DC voltage source.
- the control unit is preferably connected to the on-board electrical system, from where it in turn obtains the electrical voltage and optionally the information about the switching state to be set.
- the control unit is then equipped with at least one inverter to convert the DC voltage into AC voltage.
- the control unit has a single inverter, which optionally has an output pole of the inverter with a plurality of independent outputs for separately controlling the segments of the functional element, with each segment being connected to one of the outputs.
- each segment or the functional element as a whole is therefore assigned to an output of the inverter and is electrically connected to it.
- the individual outputs are typically implemented using switches, with the inverter generating a voltage which is then switched. These switches can be integrated directly in the inverter. Alternatively, however, it is also possible for the inverter itself, strictly speaking, to have only a single output to which external switches are then connected in order to distribute the voltage to the segments of the functional element. Within the meaning of the invention, such externally connected switches are also considered to be outputs of the inverter.
- the control unit comprises a plurality of inverters, each segment being connected to its own inverter for the separate activation of the segments.
- the first configuration has the advantage that it is more cost-effective and space-saving.
- the segments can only be optically controlled digitally, so to speak.
- the segments cannot be provided with different finite switching states (can be “dimmed” independently, as it were), which is easily possible in the second embodiment.
- the inverter or inverters can be operated in such a way that a real AC voltage is generated, including its negative components based on the supply voltage of the control unit.
- a DC voltage source such as in the case of a vehicle, no negative potentials are available, this solution is technically comparatively complex.
- the control unit is equipped with two inverters, with the functional element being electrically connected to both inverters.
- the potentials of the inverters are modulated with a variable function, for example a sine function, the potentials of a first inverter being in phase and the potential of a second inverter being phase-shifted thereto, in particular with a phase shift of 180°.
- the signal from the first inverter is then inverted compared to the signal from the second inverter.
- a time-varying, periodic potential difference is thus generated, with alternating relatively positive and relatively negative contributions, which corresponds to an alternating voltage.
- each segment is electrically connected to two different inverters in order to be able to modulate an AC voltage for each segment.
- "Different inverters” does not mean that the respective inverters cannot be connected to several segments.
- the on-board voltage of vehicles (for example 12 to 14 V) is typically not sufficient to control the functional element completely optically.
- the control unit regardless of whether the functional element is a PDLC functional element, an SPD functional element or an electrochromic functional element, is also preferably equipped with a DC/DC converter which is suitable for increasing the supply voltage (primary voltage) provided, i.e to a higher secondary voltage (e.g. 65 V).
- the control unit is connected to the DC voltage source and is supplied with a primary voltage by this.
- the primary voltage is converted into the higher secondary voltage by the DC-DC converter.
- the secondary voltage is from 5 V to 70 V
- the AC voltage is from 5 V to 50 V.
- the secondary voltage is converted into an AC voltage (e.g. 48 V) by an inverter.
- the temperature of the functional element is determined in order to select or calculate the voltage ramp with which an electrical voltage is applied using this temperature. It is assumed here that the laminated pane has a homogeneous temperature overall, ie the temperature of the functional element corresponds to the temperature of other areas of the laminated pane, which is typically at least approximately the case. The determination of the temperature of the laminated pane therefore corresponds at least approximately to the determination of the temperature of the functional element.
- the laminated pane is equipped with a temperature sensor.
- the temperature sensor is connected to the control unit in such a way that the control unit can determine the temperature of the laminated pane and thus of the functional element by means of the temperature sensor.
- the measurement signal from the temperature sensor is therefore transmitted to the control unit and evaluated there, so that the control unit determines the temperature of the laminated pane using the temperature sensor.
- the temperature sensor can be integrated in the laminated pane. Alternatively, the temperature sensor can be fastened externally to the laminated pane or assigned to it.
- the temperature sensor is preferably attached to a surface of the laminated pane facing the interior (for example the vehicle interior).
- the temperature sensor can also be arranged in the control unit itself or in a fastening element with which the control unit is fastened to the laminated pane.
- a temperature sensor can also be used which is not attached directly to the laminated pane or integrated into it, but measures the temperature at a distance, for example an IR sensor which is arranged in the vicinity of the laminated pane and directed towards it.
- control unit is suitable for determining the electrical impedance of the functional element and for determining the temperature of the functional element therefrom.
- the impedance (the equivalent of classic ohmic resistance at AC voltages) is temperature dependent.
- each impedance can be assigned a temperature.
- the real part of the impedance as a function of temperature decreases strictly monotonically with increasing temperature.
- the configuration has the advantage that a temperature sensor, which is an additional component, can be dispensed with must be integrated and therefore complicates the structure and increases the manufacturing cost.
- the method is carried out in such a way that the control unit determines the impedance of the functional element and uses it to determine or estimate the temperature. For this purpose, in particular, a voltage is applied and the current flow resulting therefrom is determined. The impedance can be calculated as the quotient of the voltage and the current flow. Impedance data, for example an impedance curve or table, is stored in the control unit, which describes the temperature dependency of the impedance (more precisely, the real part of the impedance) (impedance as a function of temperature or temperature as a function of impedance). The control unit can approximately determine the temperature by comparing the absolute value of the measured impedance with the impedance data.
- Impedance data for example an impedance curve or table
- the control unit comprises at least one inverter, which converts an incoming DC voltage into an outgoing AC voltage, so that the output current of the inverter can be measured.
- apparent current or “total current”
- the reactive current (figuratively speaking, caused by the "pushing back and forth” of electrons as a result of the AC voltage and the capacitively acting functional element )
- the active current (caused by parasitic losses in the supply lines and in the functional element).
- the active component of the measured current active current must then be calculated from the total current by the control unit, for example by determining the phase shift between voltage and apparent current.
- the impedance can be determined from a measurement of the current consumption of the inverter.
- the control unit is suitable for this determination. Since only DC voltages are present here, any reactive current disappears on average over time, unless it was already intercepted by the intermediate circuit capacitors in the inverter.
- the measured current can be directly used as a basis for determining the impedance, taking into account a loss factor in the inverter. Another advantage is that this current measurement Error detection (short circuit and overload) is often already available and additional component costs can be dispensed with.
- An estimation algorithm can be used as a further possibility for determining the temperature of the functional element.
- the estimation algorithm is preferably located on the control unit and is executed there.
- the temperature of the functional element is estimated based on one or more measured signals.
- the signals for temperature estimation can be measurement data, preferably on the interior temperature, the exterior temperature, the heat radiation (infrared rays, secondary heat rays and/or ultraviolet rays) and/or the driving speed if the laminated pane is used as a vehicle pane in a vehicle.
- the signals can be measured via sensors that are typically located in vehicles anyway and can be transmitted to the control unit. Alternatively, sensors can also be arranged in the vicinity of the laminated pane specifically for the purpose of estimating the temperature. In any case, the sensors are connected to the control unit.
- the temperature can be estimated using the measured signals using the estimation algorithm.
- the temperature is a function of one or more signals; the signals are the definition set and the temperature is the target set.
- the temperature of the functional element can be determined using the estimation algorithm, regardless of whether the functional element is a PDLC functional element, SPD functional element or electrochromic functional element.
- the functional element is a PDLC (polymer dispersed liquid crystal) functional element.
- the PDLC functional element contains liquid crystals embedded in a polymer matrix. If no voltage is applied to the PDLC functional element, the liquid crystals are aligned in a disorderly manner, which leads to strong scattering of the light passing through the active layer (translucency). If a voltage is applied to the functional element, the liquid crystals align themselves in a common direction and the transmission of light through the functional element is increased (transparency). However, it may also be the case that the liquid crystals are ordered in a voltage-free state and the liquid crystals are correspondingly disordered when a voltage is applied.
- the functional element is an SPD (suspended particle device) functional element.
- the SPD functional element contains suspended particles.
- the suspended particles change the optical state of the functional element by absorbing light by applying a voltage.
- SPD functional elements therefore have switching states with transparent and opaque optical properties as well as intermediate stages between transparency and opacity. If the application of a voltage is mentioned in connection with the function element as an SPD function element, then an AC voltage (the effective value of the AC voltage, not the instantaneous voltage) is always meant within the meaning of the invention.
- the functional element is an electrochromic functional element.
- the transmission of visible light through the functional element depends on the degree of incorporation of ions.
- the ions are released, for example, by an ion storage layer and stored in an electrochromic layer.
- the transmission can be influenced by the voltage applied to the functional element, which causes the ions to migrate.
- Suitable electrochromic layers preferably contain at least tungsten oxide or vanadium oxide.
- the control unit is preferably not equipped with an inverter and a DC voltage is applied to the functional element.
- a DC/DC converter to achieve voltages in the range 1V to 50V and preferably 10V to 42V may be part of the control unit as required.
- the functional element is an SPD functional element or a PDLC functional element.
- the switching speed of the functional element can be influenced significantly better with the voltage ramp if the functional element is operated using AC voltage.
- the functional element is a PDLC functional element.
- Experimental studies have shown that the technical effect of the invention is particularly advantageous for PDLC functional elements.
- the controllable functional elements mentioned and their mode of operation are known per se to a person skilled in the art, so that a detailed description can be dispensed with at this point.
- the composite pane preferably comprises at least one outer pane and one inner pane, which are connected to one another via a thermoplastic intermediate layer.
- the inner pane refers to the pane facing the interior.
- the outer pane refers to the pane facing the outside environment.
- the outer pane and the inner pane each have an outside and an inside surface and a circumferential side edge surface running therebetween.
- the outside surface of the inner pane and the outer pane designates that main surface which is intended to face the external environment in the installed position.
- the interior-side surface of the inner pane and the outer pane designates that main surface which is intended to face the interior in the installed position.
- the interior surface of the outer pane and the outside surface of the inner pane therefore face one another and are connected to one another by the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
- thermoplastic intermediate layer serves to connect the inner pane and the outer pane, as is usual with laminated panes.
- thermoplastic films are used and the intermediate layer formed from them.
- the intermediate layer is formed at least from a first thermoplastic layer and a second thermoplastic layer, between which the functional element is arranged. The functional element is then connected to the outer pane via a region of the first thermoplastic layer and to the inner pane via a region of the second thermoplastic layer.
- the thermoplastic layers preferably project beyond the functional element all the way round.
- thermoplastic layers are in direct contact with one another and are not separated from one another by the functional element, they can fuse during lamination in such a way that the original layers may no longer be recognizable and instead a homogeneous intermediate layer is present.
- a thermoplastic layer can be formed, for example, by a single thermoplastic film.
- a thermoplastic layer can also be formed from sections of different thermoplastic films whose side edges are placed together.
- the functional element is surrounded all around by a third thermoplastic layer.
- the third thermoplastic layer is designed like a frame with a recess into which the functional element is inserted.
- the third thermoplastic layer can be formed by a thermoplastic film in which the recess has been made by cutting it out.
- the third thermoplastic layer can also be composed of several foil sections around the functional element.
- the intermediate layer is then formed from a total of at least three thermoplastic layers arranged flat on top of one another, with the middle layer having a recess in which the functional element is arranged.
- the third thermoplastic layer is sandwiched between the first and second thermoplastic layers, with the side edges of all thermoplastic layers preferably being in registry.
- the third thermoplastic layer preferably has approximately the same thickness as the functional element. This compensates for the local thickness difference that is introduced by the locally limited functional element, so that glass breakage during lamination can be avoided and an improved visual appearance is created.
- the layers of the intermediate layer are preferably made of the same material, but can in principle also be made of different materials.
- the layers or foils of the intermediate layer are preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), or polyurethane (PU).
- PVB polyvinyl butyral
- EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
- PU polyurethane
- the layer or film mainly contains said material (proportion greater than 50% by weight) and can also optionally contain other components, for example plasticizers, stabilizers, UV or IR absorbers.
- the thickness of each thermoplastic layer is preferably from 0.2 mm to 2 mm, particularly preferably from 0.3 mm to 1 mm.
- foils with the standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm can be used.
- the outer pane and the inner pane are preferably made of glass, particularly preferably of soda-lime glass, as is customary for window panes.
- the panes can also be made from other types of glass, for example quartz glass, borosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass, or from rigid, clear plastics, for example polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate.
- the panes can be clear or tinted or colored. Depending on the application, there may be limits to the degree of tinting or coloring: a prescribed light transmission must sometimes be guaranteed, for example a light transmission of at least 70% in the main see-through area A in accordance with Regulation No. 43 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN /ECE) (ECE-R43, "Uniform conditions for the approval of safety glazing materials and their installation in vehicles").
- the outer pane, the inner pane and/or the intermediate layer can have suitable coatings known per se, for example anti-reflection coatings, non-stick coatings, anti-scratch coatings, photocatalytic coatings, UV-absorbing or reflecting coatings or IR-absorbing or reflecting coatings such as sun protection coatings or low-E coatings.
- suitable coatings known per se, for example anti-reflection coatings, non-stick coatings, anti-scratch coatings, photocatalytic coatings, UV-absorbing or reflecting coatings or IR-absorbing or reflecting coatings such as sun protection coatings or low-E coatings.
- the thickness of the outer pane and the inner pane can vary widely and can thus be adapted to the requirements of the individual case.
- the outer pane and the inner pane are preferably 0.5 mm to 5 mm thick, particularly preferably 1 mm to 3 mm thick.
- the laminated pane can be equipped with an opaque cover print, in particular in a peripheral edge area, as is customary in the vehicle sector, in particular for windshields, rear windows and roof windows.
- the masking print is typically formed from an enamel containing glass frits and a pigment, particularly black pigment.
- the printing ink is typically applied and baked using the screen printing process.
- Such a covering print is applied to at least one of the pane surfaces, preferably the interior-side surface of the outer pane and/or the inner pane.
- the masking print preferably encloses a central viewing area in the manner of a frame and serves in particular to protect the adhesive, by which the laminated pane is connected to the vehicle body, from UV radiation. If the control unit is attached to the surface of the inner pane on the interior side, then preferably in the opaque area of the covering print.
- the composite pane according to the invention contains the functional element with electrically controllable optical properties, which is preferably arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane, ie embedded in the intermediate layer.
- the functional element is particularly preferably arranged between at least two layers of thermoplastic material of the intermediate layer, it being connected to the outer pane by the first layer and to the inner pane by the second layer.
- the functional element can also be arranged directly on the surface of the outer pane or the inner pane facing the intermediate layer.
- the side edge of the functional element is preferably completely surrounded by the intermediate layer, so that the functional element does not extend to the side edge of the laminated pane and therefore has no contact with the surrounding atmosphere.
- the temperature sensor is integrated in the laminated pane, this means within the meaning of the invention that the temperature sensor is laminated in between the outer pane and the inner pane.
- the temperature sensor is preferably embedded in the intermediate layer and particularly preferably arranged between at least two layers of thermoplastic material of the intermediate layer.
- the temperature sensor is preferably arranged adjacent to the functional element, so that the temperature sensor is 2 cm or less, particularly preferably 1 cm or less, away from the functional element.
- the functional element comprises at least one active layer and a first and a second surface electrode, which are arranged on both sides of the active layer, so that the active layer is arranged between the first and the second surface electrode.
- the surface electrodes and the active layer are typically arranged essentially parallel to the surfaces of the outer pane and the inner pane.
- the active layer has the variable optical properties which can be controlled by the electrical voltage applied to the active layer via the surface electrodes.
- the active layer thus preferably comprises at least the liquid crystals in a polymer matrix in the case of the PDLC functional element, at least the suspended particles in the case of the SPD functional element and at least the ion storage layer and the electrochromic layer in the case of the electrochromic functional element.
- the first surface electrode preferably has at least two electrode segments which are separated from one another by an insulating line.
- the insulation line is understood to mean a line-like area in which the material of the flat electrode is not present, so that the adjacent segments are materially separated from one another and are therefore electrically insulated from one another. This means that there is no direct electrical connection between the electrode segments, although the electrode segments can be electrically conductively connected to one another indirectly to a certain extent via the active layer in contact with them.
- the first surface electrode can be divided into a number of segments by a number of insulation lines. Each electrode segment represents a segment of the functional element. The number of electrode segments can be freely selected according to the desired number of segments of the functional element.
- the insulation lines run essentially parallel to one another and extend from one side edge of the flat electrode to the opposite side edge.
- any other geometric shapes are also conceivable.
- the use of insulation lines to form electrode segments of the functional element is an inexpensive and simple method of producing segments of the functional element.
- the second surface electrode and the active layer preferably each form a cohesive, complete layer.
- the isolation lines have, for example, a width of 5 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, in particular 20 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m. They are preferably introduced into the flat electrode by means of laser radiation.
- the width of the segments ie the distance between adjacent insulation lines, can be suitably selected by a person skilled in the art according to the requirements in the individual case.
- the second surface electrode has insulating lines running parallel to the first surface electrode, so that both the first and the second surface electrode have at least two electrode segments that are arranged congruently when viewed through the laminated pane.
- cross-talk effects between the segments of the functional element can be prevented.
- Cross-talk effects describe a change in the switching state of segments that should actually be voltage-free, but change their switching state due to neighboring segments to which a voltage has been applied.
- the second surface electrode is segmented to a lesser extent than the first surface electrode, that is to say less Has insulation lines and electrode segments, so that at least one electrode segment of the second surface electrode is assigned a plurality of electrode segments of the first surface electrode. In this way costs can be saved.
- the electrode segments of the first surface electrode are electrically connected to the control unit independently of one another, so that a first electrical potential (which changes over time in the case of an AC voltage) can be applied to each electrode segment (independently of the other electrode segments).
- the second surface electrode is also electrically connected to the control unit, so that a second electrical potential can be applied overall to the second surface electrode. The electrical voltage with the voltage ramp is therefore applied between each electrode segment and the second surface electrode. If the second surface electrode is also divided into electrode segments, each electrode segment of the second surface electrode is also electrically connected to the control unit independently of one another. If the first and the second potential are identical, there is no voltage between the electrodes in the respective segment (switching state 0%).
- first and the second potential are different, a voltage is present between the electrodes in the respective segment, as a result of which a finite switching state is generated.
- an equilibrium voltage can also be established in a switching state of 0%, so that the first potential and the second potential are not identical. However, since almost no electric current flows at this equilibrium voltage, the switching state only changes when a voltage is applied from a voltage source.
- the surface electrodes are preferably transparent, which means in the context of the invention that they have a light transmission in the visible spectral range of at least 50%, preferably at least 70%, particularly preferably at least 80%.
- the surface electrodes preferably contain at least one metal, a metal alloy or a transparent conducting oxide (TCO).
- TCO transparent conducting oxide
- the surface electrodes can be formed, for example, based on silver, gold, copper, nickel, chromium, tungsten, indium tin oxide (ITO), gallium-doped or aluminum-doped zinc oxide and/or fluorine-doped or antimony-doped tin oxide, preferably based on Silver or ITO.
- the surface electrodes preferably have a thickness of 10 nm to 2 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 20 nm to 1 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably from 30 nm to 500 nm.
- the functional element comprises two carrier films in addition to the active layer and the first and second surface electrodes, with the active layer and the surface electrodes preferably being arranged between the carrier films.
- the carrier films are preferably made of thermoplastic material, for example based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, particularly preferably based on PET.
- the thickness of the carrier films is preferably from 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- Such functional elements can advantageously be provided as multilayer films, in particular purchased, cut to the desired size and shape and then laminated into the laminated pane, preferably via a thermoplastic layer each with the outer pane and the inner pane. It is possible to segment the first and/or the second flat electrode by laser radiation, even if it is embedded in such a multi-layer film. Laser processing can create a thin, visually inconspicuous insulation line without damaging the carrier film that typically lies above it.
- a peripheral side edge of the functional element can be partially or completely sealed, for example by fusing the carrier layers or by a (preferably polymeric) tape.
- the active layer that may be present can be protected, in particular against components of the intermediate layer (in particular plasticizers) diffusing into the functional element, which can lead to degradation of the functional element.
- flat or foil conductors For electrical contacting of the functional element or the segments, this is preferably connected to so-called flat or foil conductors, which extend out of the intermediate layer beyond the side edge of the laminated pane.
- Flat conductors have a strip-like metallic layer as the conductive core, which, with the exception of the contact surfaces, is typically surrounded by a polymer insulating sheath.
- So-called bus bars for example strips of an electrically conductive foil (for example copper foil) or electrically conductive imprints, can optionally be arranged on the surface electrodes, with the flat or foil conductors being connected to these bus bars.
- the flat or foil conductors are connected to the control unit directly or via additional conductors.
- control unit is fastened to the interior-side surface of the laminated pane, preferably to the surface of the inner pane facing away from the intermediate layer.
- control unit can be glued directly to the surface of the laminated pane.
- control unit is inserted into a fastening element, which in turn is fastened to the interior-side surface of the laminated pane, preferably via a layer of adhesive.
- fastening elements are also known as “brackets” in the automotive sector and are typically made of plastic. Attaching the control unit directly to the laminated pane makes it easier to connect it electrically. In particular, no long cables are required between the control unit and the functional element.
- control unit is not attached to the composite pane, but is integrated, for example, in the electrical system of the vehicle or is attached to the vehicle body if the composite pane is a vehicle pane.
- the control unit is preferably arranged in the interior of the vehicle in such a way that it is not visible, for example in the dashboard or behind a wall covering.
- the invention also extends to a computer program product which is installed on the control unit of the glazing unit according to the invention and is suitable for instructing the control unit to determine the temperature of the functional element, the control unit then determining the temperature of the functional element, a voltage ramp based on the determined temperature to select the data set or to calculate by means of the programmed function and instruct the control unit to apply an electrical voltage with the voltage ramp to the functional element, the control unit subsequently applying an electrical voltage with the voltage ramp to the functional element.
- the invention also extends to a method for controlling a glazing unit with electrically controllable optical properties, in which a glazing unit according to the invention is provided, wherein
- control unit is instructed by a computer program product to determine the temperature of the functional element and then determines the temperature, (b) a voltage ramp based on the determined temperature is selected by the computer program product from the data set or is calculated using the programmed function and
- control unit is instructed by the computer program product to apply an electrical voltage to the functional element with the voltage ramp and then to apply the voltage with the voltage ramp.
- the invention also includes the use of a glazing unit according to the invention, in particular the laminated pane of a glazing unit according to the invention, in buildings or in means of transport for traffic on land, in the air or on water, preferably as a window pane of a vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle.
- a glazing unit or composite pane can be used, for example, as a windshield, roof pane, rear pane or side pane.
- the glazing unit or the laminated pane is a windshield of a vehicle.
- the functional element is preferably used as an electrically controllable sun visor, which is arranged in an upper area of the windshield, while the majority of the windshield is not provided with the functional element.
- the segments that may be present are preferably arranged essentially parallel to the upper edge of the windshield at an increasing distance from it. The independently controllable segments allow the user to determine, depending on the position of the sun, the extent of the area adjacent to the top edge to be darkened or to provide high light diffusion to avoid sun glare.
- the glazing unit or the laminated pane is a roof pane of a vehicle.
- the functional element is preferably arranged in the entire transparent area of the laminated pane.
- this see-through area comprises the entire laminated pane minus a peripheral edge region which is provided with an opaque masking print on at least one of the surfaces of the laminated pane.
- the functional element extends over the entire see-through area, with its side edges being arranged in the area of the opaque cover print and therefore not visible to the viewer.
- the optional segments are preferably essentially parallel to one Front edge (edge which faces the windshield) arranged the roof pane with increasing distance to this.
- the independently controllable segments allow the user to specify which areas of the roof pane should be transparent and which should be darkened or provided with a high degree of light scattering, for example depending on the position of the sun in order to avoid excessive heating of the vehicle interior. It is also possible for each vehicle occupant, ie for example the driver, the front passenger, the left and the right rear occupant, to be assigned a segment located above him/her.
- the invention is explained in more detail with reference to a drawing and exemplary embodiments.
- the drawing is a schematic representation and not to scale. The drawing does not limit the invention in any way. Show it:
- FIG. 1 shows a plan view of an embodiment of the glazing unit according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a cross section through the glazing unit from FIG.
- FIG. 3 shows an enlarged representation of the area Z from FIG. 2,
- FIG. 4 shows the functional element from FIG. 1 in a circuit diagram
- FIG. 5A shows a diagram of the “switching on” with the switching time at 23° C. of an electrically controllable generic functional element
- FIG. 5B shows a diagram of the “switching off” with the switching time at 23° C. of an electrically controllable generic functional element
- FIG. 6A shows a diagram of the “switching on” with the switching time at ⁇ 20° C. of an electrically controllable generic functional element
- FIG. 6B shows a diagram of the “switching off” with the switching time at -20° C. of an electrically controllable generic functional element
- FIG. 7 shows a representation of the method according to the invention with an animation scheme.
- FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 each show a detail of a composite pane 100 according to the invention with electrically controllable optical properties.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of the laminated pane 100 according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the laminated pane shown in FIG. 1 with the section line XX′.
- FIG. 3 shows an enlarged area Z of the cross-sectional view from FIG.
- the composite pane 100 comprises an outer pane 1 and an inner pane 2 which are connected to one another via an intermediate layer 3 .
- the outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 consist of soda-lime glass, which can optionally be tinted.
- the outer pane 1 has a thickness of 2.1 mm, for example, and the inner pane 2 has a thickness of 1.6 mm.
- the intermediate layer 3 comprises a total of three thermoplastic layers 3a, 3b, 3c, each of which is formed from a thermoplastic film made from PVB with a thickness of 0.38 mm.
- the first thermoplastic layer 3a is connected to the outer pane 1, the second thermoplastic layer 3b to the inner pane 2.
- the third thermoplastic layer 3c lying in between has a section in which a functional element 4 with electrically controllable optical properties fits essentially precisely, i.e. on approximately flush on all sides.
- the third thermoplastic layer 3c thus forms a kind of pas-partout or frame for the approximately 0.4 mm thick functional element 4, which is thus encapsulated all around in thermoplastic material and is thereby protected.
- the functional element 4 is, for example, a PDLC multilayer film that can be switched from a cloudy, non-transparent (translucent) switching state of 0% to a clear, transparent switching state of 100%.
- the functional element 4 is a multi-layer film consisting of an active layer 5 between a first surface electrode 8 and a second surface electrode 9 and two carrier films 6, 7.
- the first carrier film 6 is in surface contact with the first surface electrode 8 and the second carrier film 7 is with of the second surface electrode 9 areal in contact.
- the active layer 5 contains a polymer matrix with liquid crystals dispersed therein, which align themselves as a function of the electrical voltage (AC voltage) applied to the surface electrodes 8, 9, as a result of which the optical properties can be regulated.
- the carrier films 6, 7 are made of PET and have a thickness of 0.125 mm, for example.
- the carrier foils 6 , 7 are provided with a coating of ITO with a thickness of approximately 100 nm, which faces the active layer 5 and forms the surface electrodes 8 , 9 .
- the surface electrodes 8, 9 are formed via busbars (not shown, for example from strips of copper foil) connected to electrical cables 14, which establish the electrical connection to a control unit 10.
- This control unit 10 is attached, for example, to the surface of the inner pane 2 facing away from the intermediate layer 3 on the interior side.
- a non-illustrated fastening element is glued to the inner pane 2, in which the control unit 10 is inserted.
- the control unit 10 does not necessarily have to be attached directly to the laminated pane 100 .
- it can be attached to the dashboard or the vehicle body, for example, or integrated into the vehicle's on-board electrical system.
- the laminated pane 100 has a peripheral edge area which is provided with an opaque cover print 13 .
- This masking print 13 is typically made of black enamel. It is printed as a printing ink with a black pigment and glass frits in a screen printing process and burned into the surface of the pane.
- the covering print 13 is applied, for example, to the interior-side surface of the outer pane 1 and also to the interior-side surface of the inner pane 2 .
- the side edges of the functional element 4 are covered by this covering print 13 .
- the control unit 10 is arranged in this opaque edge area, ie glued onto the cover print 13 of the inner pane 2 . There, the control unit 10 does not interfere with the view through the laminated pane 100 and is optically unobtrusive. In addition, it is at a small distance from the side edge of the laminated pane 100, so that only short cables 14 are advantageously required for the electrical connection of the functional element 4.
- control unit 10 is connected to the on-board electrical system of the vehicle, which is not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 for the sake of simplicity.
- the control unit 10 is suitable for applying the voltage with a voltage ramp to the surface electrodes 8, 9 of the functional element 4 as a function of a signal for the control, which the driver specifies, for example by pressing a button, which for the desired optical state of the functional element 4 (switching state ) is required.
- the functional element 4 has, for example, four independent segments S1, S2, S3, S4, in which the switching state of the functional element 4 can be set independently of one another by the control unit 10.
- the segments S1, S2, S3, S4 are arranged one behind the other in the direction from the front edge to the rear edge of the roof pane.
- Front edge means that edge of the roof pane which is arranged closest to the front of the vehicle in the installation position
- the rear edge means that edge which is arranged closest to the rear of the vehicle in the installation position.
- the driver of the vehicle can choose (for example depending on the position of the sun) instead of providing only one area of the entire laminated pane 100 with the translucent state, while the other areas remain transparent.
- the first surface electrode 8 is interrupted by three insulating lines 8 ′, which are arranged essentially parallel to one another and extend from one side edge to the opposite side edge of the functional element 4 .
- the insulation lines 8′ are typically introduced into the first flat electrode 8 by laser processing and divide it into four materially separate electrode segments 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4. Each electrode segment 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4 is connected to the control unit 10 independently of the others.
- the control unit 10 is suitable for independently applying an electrical voltage between each electrode segment 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4 of the first surface electrode 8 on the one hand and the second surface electrode 9 on the other hand, so that the section of the active layer 5 located in between is subjected to the required voltage. to achieve a desired switching state.
- the control unit 10 is connected to a voltage source 15 via the on-board electrical system of the vehicle.
- the voltage source 15 typically provides a DC voltage in the range from 12 V to 14 V (on-board voltage of the vehicle).
- the control unit 10 is equipped with a DC-DC converter 11, which converts the on-board voltage (primary voltage) into a DC voltage with a higher magnitude, for example 65 V (secondary voltage).
- the secondary voltage must be sufficiently high to realize a switching state of the functional element 4 of 100%.
- the control unit 10 is also equipped with an inverter 12, which converts the secondary voltage into an AC voltage. One pole of the inverter 12 is connected to the second flat electrode 9 .
- the inverter 12 has several independent outputs, each output being connected to an electrode segment 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4, so that the switching state of the associated segment S1, S2, S3, S4 can be set independently of the others can.
- the electrode segments 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 and the second surface electrode 9 always have the same electrical potential, so that no voltage is present.
- a switching state greater than 0% of a segment S1, S2, S3, S4 a voltage is present between the associated electrode segment 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 and the second surface electrode 9.
- a current flows through the associated section of the active layer 5.
- the switching speed and thus the switching time depend on the temperature.
- lower temperatures from 10° C. result in the functional element 4 or the segments S1, S2, S3, S4 having a lower switching speed for changing between the switching states.
- temperatures above 10 °C such a delay is usually not present or is less pronounced.
- the switching time required to switch between two switching states is therefore the highest when the functional element 4 has a temperature of -20.degree.
- the switching speed is also defined by a voltage ramp, with which the electrical voltage is applied to the segments S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 of the functional element 4 .
- This dependence of the switching speed is exploited according to the invention in that a voltage with a voltage ramp is applied to the surface electrodes 8 , 9 , the voltage ramp being selected as a function of the temperature of the functional element 4 .
- a computer program product stored on the control unit 10 instructs the control unit 10 to first determine the temperature of the laminated pane 100 or of the functional element 4 .
- the control unit 10 determines the temperature and the computer program product selects, depending on the determined temperature, a voltage ramp from a data set stored on the control unit 10 or calculates a voltage ramp using a function programmed on the control unit 10 and instructs the control unit 10 to apply an electrical voltage with the selected or to apply a calculated voltage ramp to one or more segments S1, S2, S3, S4 of the functional element 4.
- the electrical voltage is selected in such a way that the desired switching state is achieved.
- the voltage ramp selected from the data set or calculated using the programmed function has a different value or values (linear voltage ramp or non-linear voltage ramp) depending on the temperature determined, so that the Speed of sound with which switching between the switching states is larger or smaller depending on the voltage ramp.
- the voltage ramp is selected in such a way that the switching time tschait results for all determined temperatures in the temperature range for changing the switching states.
- the switching time tschait is, for example, equal to the maximum switching time t max required in this example for a temperature of the functional element 4 at -20°C.
- the switching speed vschait, with which one changes between the switching states is identical for all temperatures and is artificially extended for all temperatures except for -20 °C.
- the temperature-dependent time for switching can therefore be higher when switching from a switching state with higher transparency or higher transmittance to a switching state with lower transparency or lower transmittance (decreasing switching state), instead of when switching from a switching state with lower transparency or low transmittance into one Switching state with higher transparency or higher degree of transmission is switched (increasing switching state).
- the voltage ramp is therefore selected or calculated such that when an electrical voltage is applied to the functional element 4, the switching time tschait results both for the change to a decreasing switching state and for the change to an increasing switching state.
- the magnitude of the voltage ramp is different depending on whether there is a change to a decreasing or an increasing switching state. It follows from this that the switching speed vschait is the same both for the change to an increasing switching state and to a decreasing switching state.
- the laminated pane 100 can be equipped with a temperature sensor, for example, which transmits the measured temperature to the control unit 10 .
- a temperature sensor can be dispensed with if the temperature of the functional element 4 is estimated on the basis of the impedance of the active layer 5, for example.
- An applied voltage leads to a current flow through the active layer 5, the extent of which depends on the temperature-dependent electrical impedance. If the current consumption is determined when a voltage is applied, then the current flow or the impedance of the active layer 5 and, in turn, the temperature can be approximately determined therefrom.
- the control unit 10 are to Stored impedance data that link the impedance of the active layer 5 with the temperature.
- FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B show diagrams of the transmittance as a function of time for a generic glazing unit.
- FIG. 5A and FIG. 6A show the change from a switching state with a lower degree of transmission to a switching state with a higher degree of transmission (switching on).
- FIG. 5B and FIG. 6B show the change from a switching state with a higher degree of transmission to a switching state with a lower degree of transmission (switching off).
- the transmittance indicates the percentage of light transmission through the laminated pane.
- the composite pane or the functional element has a temperature of 23.degree. C. and in FIGS. 6A and 6B a temperature of -20.degree.
- the signal to change the switching state comes for all curves after 5 s (indicated by “switching” in FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B).
- switching in FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B.
- the change to the other switching state is completed after less than 1 s.
- the switching behavior in Figure 6A and Figure 6B at -20 °C differs from that at 23 °C.
- Switching on the functional element i.e. changing from a switching state with a transmittance of approx. 20% to a transmittance with approx. 47%, requires a switching time of approx. 5 s.
- the switching time is therefore 23° compared to FIG. 5A C more than quintuple.
- the effect can be observed even more clearly when switching off.
- the transmittance drops by only about 25% over a period of 100 s and reaches a transmittance of about 32% within this time. Since the measurement ended after 105 s, the targeted switching state of 20%
- This temperature-dependent switching behavior with switching times lasting from less than a second to several minutes irritates a non-specialist user of the glazing unit and possibly triggers the user's suspicion that the glazing unit is not working properly.
- FIG. 7 shows a flowchart to illustrate an exemplary method according to the invention, for example, after setting the desired switching state of the functional element 4 with the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4, the computer program product instructs the control unit 10 in a first method step, the Temperature of the functional element 4 to determine.
- the desired switching state is for example a switching state with a maximum change in the optical properties, ie for example the change from a minimally transparent switching state to a maximally transparent switching state.
- the temperature is determined, for example, by the control unit 10 using the temperature-dependent impedance behavior of the functional element 4 .
- a voltage ramp is selected from the data set stored on the control unit 10 using the computer program product, for example, based on the determined temperature.
- the control unit 10 is instructed by the computer program product, for example, to apply the required voltage with the selected voltage ramp to achieve the desired switching state to the first segment S1 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4.
- the result of these three method steps is that the switching time to switch to the desired switching state corresponds to the switching time tschait for segment S1 or the speed of sound for changing from the minimum switching state to the maximum switching state corresponds to the speed of sound vschait.
- the switching time tschait for the first segment S1 has elapsed, the desired switching state is reached and it is switched to the second segment S2 of the four segments
- S3, S4 corresponds to the switching time tschait.
- the voltage is maintained even after the desired switching state has been reached, or it is switched to a state in which no voltage is applied by the control unit.
- the voltage continues to be applied to the respective segment S1, S2, S3,
- the temperature of the functional element 4 of the glazing unit is determined by the control unit 10 as instructed by the computer program product;
- a voltage ramp is selected based on the determined temperature from (a) from the data set stored on the control unit 10 or calculated using the programmed function;
- An electrical voltage which is necessary to achieve the desired switching state, is applied to the first segment S1 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 with the voltage ramp selected in (b). The electrical voltage continues to be applied even after the desired switching state has been reached, so that the first segment S1 remains in the desired switching state;
- the electrical voltage is applied to the second segment S2 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 with the voltage ramp selected in (b). The electrical voltage continues to be applied even after the desired switching state has been reached, so that the second segment S2 remains in the desired switching state;
- the electrical voltage is applied to the third segment S3 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 with the voltage ramp selected in (b).
- the electrical voltage continues to be applied even after the desired switching state has been reached, so that the third segment S3 remains in the desired switching state;
- the electrical voltage is applied to the fourth segment S4 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 with the voltage ramp selected in (b).
- the electrical voltage is also after Reaching the desired switching state further applied, so that the fourth segment S4 remains in the desired switching state;
- the procedure is complete and will be ended.
- the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 are thus successively brought into the desired switching state from the first segment S1 to the fourth segment S4.
- the desired switching status is reached when the switching time tschait has elapsed.
- the sequence can also be different, for example the fourth segment S4 could be brought into the desired switching state first, then the third segment S3, then the second segment S2 and finally the first segment S1. Fewer or more segments than the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 shown here are also possible.
- the method can therefore also be carried out in the same way with a different number of segments. It is also possible for the segments to be switched to different switching states.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202280003756.4A CN116209564A (zh) | 2021-08-24 | 2022-07-25 | 具有有与温度相关的切换行为的电可控光学特性的玻璃单元 |
EP22754410.3A EP4392251A1 (de) | 2021-08-24 | 2022-07-25 | Verglasungseinheit mit elektrisch steuerbaren optischen eigenschaften mit temperaturabhängigem schaltverhalten |
KR1020247008101A KR20240048523A (ko) | 2021-08-24 | 2022-07-25 | 온도 의존적 스위칭 동작을 갖고 전기적으로 제어할 수 있는 광학특성을 갖는 글레이징 유닛 |
JP2024510676A JP2024534108A (ja) | 2021-08-24 | 2022-07-25 | 電気的に制御可能な光学特性を有し、温度依存切り替え挙動を有するグレージングユニット |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP21192743 | 2021-08-24 | ||
EP21192743.9 | 2021-08-24 |
Publications (1)
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WO2023025492A1 true WO2023025492A1 (de) | 2023-03-02 |
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PCT/EP2022/070773 WO2023025492A1 (de) | 2021-08-24 | 2022-07-25 | Verglasungseinheit mit elektrisch steuerbaren optischen eigenschaften mit temperaturabhängigem schaltverhalten |
Country Status (5)
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EP (1) | EP4392251A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2024534108A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20240048523A (de) |
CN (1) | CN116209564A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2023025492A1 (de) |
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-
2022
- 2022-07-25 CN CN202280003756.4A patent/CN116209564A/zh active Pending
- 2022-07-25 JP JP2024510676A patent/JP2024534108A/ja active Pending
- 2022-07-25 KR KR1020247008101A patent/KR20240048523A/ko unknown
- 2022-07-25 WO PCT/EP2022/070773 patent/WO2023025492A1/de active Application Filing
- 2022-07-25 EP EP22754410.3A patent/EP4392251A1/de active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP4392251A1 (de) | 2024-07-03 |
CN116209564A (zh) | 2023-06-02 |
JP2024534108A (ja) | 2024-09-18 |
KR20240048523A (ko) | 2024-04-15 |
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