WO2023022462A1

WO2023022462A1 - Reading management service provision method based on smart pen, and system for implementing same

Info

Publication number: WO2023022462A1
Application number: PCT/KR2022/012171
Authority: WO
Inventors: 안승인; 김영진
Original assignee: 시노텍코리아 주식회사
Priority date: 2021-08-17
Filing date: 2022-08-16
Publication date: 2023-02-23

Abstract

Disclosed is a service provision method of a server for providing a reading management service by using a smart pen and a terminal device of a first user, the terminal device being paired with the smart pen. The service provision method may comprise the steps of: receiving, from the terminal device, information related to a first book, the information being acquired by recognizing multiple codes included in the first book by the smart pen; acquiring information related to a current reading state of the first user on the basis of the information related to the first book; and transmitting, to the terminal device, the information related to the current reading state of the first user, the information being required for the terminal device to generate a reading UI for managing reading of a user, wherein the reading UI includes at least one of information on a book read by the first user, information related to a reading habit of the first user, and information on comparison between reading habits of the first user and another user.

Description

Method for providing reading management service based on smart pen and system for realizing the same

The present invention relates to a method for providing a reading management service and a system for implementing the same, and more particularly, to a method for providing a reading management service using a smart pen and a terminal device paired with the smart pen, and a system for implementing the same.

Based on the recent rapid development of information and communication technology and the COVID-19 pandemic, non-face-to-face education is being activated, and various EduTech technologies to support online classes and convergence content learning are being closely applied to real life. Edutech is a compound word of education and technology. It goes beyond simple E-learning and uses virtual/augmented reality, artificial intelligence, big data, etc. to maximize learner-customized education and non-face-to-face learning effects. means learning service.

Edtech technology can be applied to various smart devices. For example, smart phones, smart TVs, and tablet PCs are being used to utilize edutech technology. Not only that, recently, a smart pen using optical identity (OID) technology is being used to provide edutech technology.

However, in the case of edutech technology using a smart pen, it is merely a level of recognizing characters displayed in textbooks in the form of books or documents, and there is a limitation that it cannot be applied to various learning services. In addition, there is also a problem that a user-customized education service cannot be provided based on information obtained through a current smart pen.

The present disclosure was made to solve the above-described problems and limitations, and an object of the present disclosure is to provide a reading management service providing method using a smart pen and a terminal device paired with the smart pen, and a system for implementing the same.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a service providing method of a server that provides a reading management service using a smart pen and a terminal device of a first user paired with the smart pen includes a plurality of smart pens included in a first book. receiving, from the terminal device, information related to the first book obtained by recognizing a code of ; obtaining information related to the reading status of the first user based on the information related to the first book; and transmitting, by the terminal device, information related to the reading status of the first user necessary for generating a reading UI for managing reading of the first user to the terminal device, wherein the reading UI comprises: It may include at least one of information about a book read by the first user, information related to the reading habit of the first user, or comparison information between the reading habit of the first user and other users.

The information related to the first book may include information on the type of the first book, time information at which the smart pen recognized each of the plurality of codes, or video or audio information included in each of the plurality of codes. may contain at least one.

The obtaining of information related to the reading status of the first user may include calculating the number of pages read by the first user for a unit time based on time information at which the smart pen recognizes each of the plurality of codes. and the information related to the reading habit of the first user may include the calculated number of pages read by the first user during unit time.

The obtaining of information related to the reading status of the first user includes calculating comparison information on the number of pages read by the first user during unit time and the number of pages read by second user during unit time. and the reading habit comparison information may include the calculated comparison information.

In addition, the acquiring of the information related to the reading status of the first user may include determining a page or portion of the first book read beyond a threshold time based on time information at which the smart pen recognized each of the plurality of codes. and calculating information about the reading habit of the first user, wherein the information related to the reading habit of the first user includes information about pages or portions of the calculated first book that the first user has read beyond a threshold time. can

The reading UI may include a calendar UI generated based on the type of book read by the first user and the time at which the first user read a specific book.

Also, the reading habit comparison information between the first user and other users may include at least one of reading time comparison information and reading number comparison information between the first user and the second user.

The reading UI may include a UI element for transmitting a signal requesting sharing of information stored in the paired smart pen to the smart pen.

Also, the reading UI may include a reward UI displaying a reward provided when the first user reads at least one book according to a predetermined criterion.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, in a system for providing a reading management service based on a smart pen using a smart pen, a terminal device of a first user paired with the smart pen, and a server for managing the reading management service, pairing the smart pen with the terminal device; transmitting, by the smart pen, information related to the first book obtained by recognizing a plurality of codes included in the first book to the terminal device; transmitting, by the terminal device, information related to the first book to the server; obtaining, by the server, information related to the reading status of the first user based on the information related to the first book; and transmitting, by the server, the obtained information related to the reading status of the first user necessary for the terminal device to display a reading UI for managing the reading of the user to the terminal device. The UI may include at least one of information about books read by the first user, information related to reading habits of the first user, and comparison information between the first user and other users.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method for providing a reading management service using a terminal device paired with a smart pen and a system for implementing the method may be provided to a user. Accordingly, the user can be more efficiently provided with various reading management services, such as his/her reading habit or reading status.

Effects of the present disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.

1 is a diagram for explaining an environment to which a system providing a reading management service according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is applied;

2 is a flowchart for explaining a method in which a server provides a reading management service according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

3a, 3b, and 3c are views for explaining the configuration and operation of a reading UI displayed on a terminal device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

4 is a diagram for explaining the configuration and operation of a UI displaying information related to a user among reading UIs displayed on a terminal device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

5 is a diagram for explaining the configuration and operation of a calendar UI among reading UIs displayed on a terminal device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

6 is a diagram for explaining the configuration and operation of a UI displaying comparison information between users among reading UIs displayed on a terminal device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

7 is a block diagram for explaining the configuration of a server according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Since the present disclosure may have various changes and various embodiments, specific embodiments are illustrated in the drawings, and will be described in detail through detailed description. However, this is not intended to limit the present disclosure to specific embodiments, and it should be understood that the present invention includes all modifications, equivalents, and substitutes included in the spirit and scope of the present invention.

In describing the present disclosure, detailed descriptions of related known technologies will be omitted if it is determined that the subject matter of the present invention may be unnecessarily obscured. In addition, numbers (eg, first, second, etc.) used in the description process of this specification are only identifiers for distinguishing one component from another component.

In addition, when one component in this specification is referred to as "connected" or "connected" to another component, the one component may be directly connected or directly connected to the other component, but in particular the opposite It should be understood that, as long as no description exists, it may be connected or connected via another component in the middle.

In addition, in the present specification, components expressed as '~ unit (unit)', 'module', etc. are two or more components combined into one component, or one component is divided into two or more components for each more subdivided function. may be differentiated into In addition, each of the components to be described below may additionally perform some or all of the functions of other components in addition to its own main function, and some of the main functions of each component may be different from other components. Of course, it may be performed exclusively by a component.

Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

1 is a diagram for explaining an environment to which a system for providing a reading management service according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is applied.

As shown in FIG. 1 , a system 1000 for providing a reading management service according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a terminal device (A(1), A(2)…A( n)), smart pens (B(1), B(2)…B(n)) paired with each of the terminal devices, a server (S) providing and managing a reading management service, and It may include a terminal device (C) of a manager who manages the server (S).

Each device shown in FIG. 1 may be communicatively connected through a network (W). The network may include a wired network and a wireless network. For example, the network may include various networks such as a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), and a wide area network (WAN).

Also, the network W may include the well-known World Wide Web (WWW). However, the network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is not limited to the networks listed above, and may include at least a part of a known wireless data network, a known telephone network, and a known wired/wireless television network.

1 illustrates a case where the terminal devices (A(1), A(2)...A(n)) used by the user are smart phones, but are not limited thereto. As another example, the terminal device used by the user may be implemented as any device (eg, AI speaker, desktop PC, tablet PC, laptop computer, wearable device, etc.) capable of exchanging various data with the server S.

In describing the present disclosure, a smart pen (or stylus) recognizes (or scans) a code (eg, an optical identity (OID) type of barcode) included in a book or document, etc. It refers to a device that acquires various information included in the code, outputs the obtained information in the form of audio or video, or transmits the acquired information to a paired terminal device.

The smart pen may include at least one sensor (eg, optical sensor, etc.) capable of recognizing a code in which various information is embedded, and an output device (eg, speaker) for outputting audio or video included in the recognized code. , display, etc.) may be included. A smart pen may be implemented in a pen shape as shown in FIG. 1 , but this is only an example.

A smart pen may have various types of communication modules embedded therein. For example, a smart pen may be paired with a terminal device through a built-in Wi-Fi module or a Bluetooth module. When the smart pen is once paired with the terminal device through a Wi-Fi module or a Bluetooth module, it may be automatically paired with the terminal device, but is not limited thereto and may be paired according to a user command.

In describing the present disclosure, a case in which a smart pen transmits information obtained by recognizing a code included in a book to a paired terminal device will be mainly described, but it is not known that the smart pen can directly transmit the acquired information to a server. Of course.

The server S may provide a reading management service to the terminal device based on information obtained through the smart pen. And, the server (S) may be managed or controlled by a terminal device (C) used by a manager who manages the server (S). Although the terminal device C used by the manager managing the server S in FIG. 1 is illustrated as a smart phone, it is not limited thereto and may be implemented as a device such as a desktop PC, tablet PC, notebook, or wearable device. Meanwhile, an operation performed by the server S will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 2 .

2 is a flowchart illustrating a method for a server to provide a reading management service according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The server may receive information related to the first book obtained by the smart pen recognizing a plurality of codes included in the first book from the terminal device (K1).

Specifically, the smart pen may acquire information related to the first book by recognizing a plurality of codes (eg, OID-type barcode codes, etc.) included in the first book. Here, that a plurality of codes are included in the first book may mean that the code is embedded on the cover of the first book or on an inner page of the first book. For example, the information related to the first book includes at least one of information about the type of the first book, time information when the smart pen recognized each of the plurality of codes, and video or audio information included in each of the plurality of codes. You can, but this is just an example.

In addition, different information may be embedded in each of the plurality of codes included in the first book. For example, the code included in the cover of the first book may include information about the title of the first book or the type of the first book. In addition, the code included in each page of the first book may include at least one of text, audio, or video included in each page and an index (ie, page number) of each page.

And, the terminal device may receive information related to the first book from the smart pen. As an embodiment, the terminal device may acquire information related to the first book from the smart pen in real time.

As another embodiment, the terminal device may obtain information related to the first book from the smart pen based on a user command. For example, the reading UI generated and displayed by the terminal device may include a UI element for transmitting a request signal requesting sharing of information stored in the paired smart pen to the smart pen. When a user command for selecting (eg, touching) the UI element is input, the terminal device may transmit the request signal to the smart pen. Also, the smart pen may transmit information related to the first book to the terminal device based on the received signal. When the smart pen transmits information to the terminal device in real time, the battery of the smart pen may be easily consumed. Accordingly, the smart pen may transmit information recognized (or acquired) from the first book to the terminal device based on a user command.

The terminal device may transmit information related to the first book acquired from the smart pen to the server.

The server may obtain information related to the reading status of the first user based on the information related to the first book (K2). That is, the server may obtain information related to the reading status of the first user by arranging, classifying, or calculating information related to the first book.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the server, based on time information at which the smart pen recognizes each of a plurality of codes included in the first book, includes information related to the reading status of the first user for a unit time of the first user. The number of pages read (ie, the reading speed of the first user) may be calculated (or calculated). For example, based on the time at which the smart pen recognizes the first code of a specific page of the first book and the time at which the last code is recognized, the server determines the number of pages read during the first user's unit time (ie, the first user's number of pages). reading speed).

In another embodiment, the server may provide comparison information on the number of pages read by the first user per unit time and the number of pages read by the second user during unit time (ie, reading speed comparison information) among information related to the reading status of the first user. ) can be calculated. Meanwhile, when calculating reading speed comparison information between the first user and the second user, the server may use the calculated reading speed based on the same book. However, when there is no common book read by the first user and the second user, the server may calculate reading speed comparison information through reading speeds calculated based on different books.

As another example, the server may calculate reading time comparison information or reading number comparison information between the first user and the second user among information related to the reading status of the first user. The comparison information may be implemented in a graph or table format, but is not limited thereto and may be implemented in various data formats.

Here, the second user may be a user having information identical to or similar to at least one of a plurality of characteristics (eg, age, object of interest or subject, etc.) related to the first user or within a predefined range. For example, the second user may be a user having the same age as the first user or a similar (ie, peer age) age within a predefined range. That is, when calculating comparison information associated with the first user, the server may first search for a user having the same or similar characteristics as the first user. And, the server may calculate comparison information between the searched user and the first user.

In another embodiment, the server determines information about a page or portion of a first book read by exceeding a threshold time, among information related to the reading status of the first user, based on time information at which the smart pen recognized each of the plurality of codes. information can be derived. That is, the server may record or calculate the page or portion read by the user consuming more than a threshold time.

As another embodiment of the present disclosure, the server may train an artificial intelligence (AI) model that outputs information related to the reading status of the first user based on the information related to the first book.

For example, the server generates an artificial intelligence model to output the reading speed of the first user among information related to the reading status of the first user, based on learning data related to time information at which the smart pen recognized each of a plurality of codes. can be learned

As another example, the server identifies a part of the first book read by exceeding a threshold time among information related to the reading status of the first user, based on learning data related to time information at which the smart pen recognized each of the plurality of codes. An artificial intelligence model can be trained to do this.

As another example, the server may train an artificial intelligence model to output comparison information with other users based on learning data related to information related to the first book.

Here, the learning method of the artificial intelligence model may be a supervised learning method, but is not limited thereto, and an unsupervised learning method may be used.

The server inputs the information related to the first book received from the terminal device (eg, the time when the smart pen recognized each of a plurality of codes) to the pre-learned artificial intelligence model, thereby determining the reading status of the first user and the reading status of the first user. Related information (eg, the user's reading speed, the portion of the first book for which the user took more than a critical time to read, comparison information with other users, etc.) may be acquired.

In the case of the above method, the terminal device obtains information related to the reading status of the first user by using a server-based artificial intelligence model. However, this is only one embodiment, and the terminal device may download and utilize the pre-learned artificial intelligence model from the server (ie, utilize the on-device artificial intelligence model).

The server may transmit, to the terminal device, information related to the reading status of the first user, which is necessary for the terminal device to generate a reading UI for managing the user's reading (K3). That is, the server transmits the obtained information related to the reading status of the first user to the terminal device, so that the terminal can generate and display a reading UI.

Meanwhile, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the server may provide a user or an administrator who manages the server with a service for checking information related to reading status for each user on a website based on information obtained from a plurality of smart pens. there is. That is, users can check their reading content uploaded through the smart pen on the website. In addition, administrators can more easily grasp the user's reading status and statistics by checking the plurality of reading contents uploaded through the smart pen on the website.

3 to 6 are views for explaining the configuration and operation of a reading UI that a terminal device generates and displays based on information received from a server, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

As shown in FIGS. 3 to 6 , the terminal device may generate and display a reading UI based on information related to reading status received from the server. However, the reading UI shown in FIGS. 3 to 6 is only an example, and may be implemented in various ways according to user settings, server settings, and terminal types.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the reading UI may include at least one of information about books read by the first user, information related to reading habits of the first user, and comparison information between the first user and other users. can

For example, as shown in (a) of FIG. 3 , the reading UI 300 includes a UI element (eg, a bookshelf 310) for checking a book read by the first user or information on the book to be read; Information related to the reading habit of the first user (eg, reading status 320 element), reading habit comparison information between the first user and other users (eg, reading report 330 element), and information stored in the paired smart pen A UI element 350 for transmitting a signal requesting sharing to the smart pen may be included.

In addition, the reading UI 300 may further include a UI element 340 capable of downloading sound sources or images. The terminal device may download audio and video related to a plurality of books from the server. When the UI element 340 is selected by the user, the terminal device may display an icon representing downloadable audio or video. In addition, the terminal device may download a voice or video corresponding to an icon selected by the user from among the displayed icons from the server.

The book addition 360-1 element of the reading UI 300 is an element for adding information about a book to be read by the user. For example, referring to (b) and (c) of FIG. 3 , when a user command for selecting the add book 360-1 element is input, the terminal device may display a UI including icons representing a plurality of publishers. there is. That is, the terminal device may display a UI including icons representing a plurality of publishers so that the first user can select a book to read from among series or books published by a plurality of publishers. Here, the terminal device may receive information about a plurality of publishers from the server.

For example, it is assumed that a first user wants to read a book of a specific series published by publisher A. When a publisher A is selected by the first user and a specific series 370 is selected among series (or books) published by the publisher A, the terminal device displays a bookshelf graphic user interface (GUI) in which the selected series is arranged in a book. can be displayed. As another embodiment, the bookshelf GUI may include books read by the first user through the smart pen.

Also, if a user command for selecting the delete element 360-2 is input, the terminal device can delete a specific series among the series arranged on the bookshelf.

As an embodiment of the present disclosure, referring to FIG. 4 , when a user command for selecting a user element 410 from the reading UI is input, the terminal device may generate or display a UI for checking information related to the user. . For example, the UI may include a UI element 420 related to a friend of the user and a note list 430 indicating notes exchanged with the friend.

As another embodiment of the present disclosure, referring to FIG. 5 , when a user command for selecting a reading status element 510 from the reading UI is input, the terminal device determines the type of book read by the first user and the first reading status element 510 from the reading UI. A calendar UI generated based on the time the user reads a specific book may be displayed.

For example, it is assumed that a first user reads a first book on Wednesday, June 9 using a smart pen. The smart pen may transmit information indicating that the code included in the first book was recognized at a specific time on June 9 to the terminal device. And, the terminal device may transmit the received information to the server. The server may obtain information related to the reading status of the first user based on the information received from the terminal device. And, the server may transmit the obtained information related to the reading status of the first user to the terminal device.

And, as shown in FIG. 5 , the terminal device uses the information related to the reading status of the first user received from the server to display a calendar UI including information 530 indicating that the first book was read on June 9. (520) can be displayed. When information 530 indicating that the first book was read on June 9 is selected from the calendar UI 520 by the user, the terminal may display detailed information of the selected information 530 . The detailed information may include, for example, information about a detailed time or page at which the first book was read during August 4th.

As another embodiment of the present disclosure, referring to FIG. 6 , when a user command for selecting a reading report element 610 from the reading UI is input, the terminal device displays reading habit comparison information between the first user and other users. can For example, the terminal device may display reading time comparison information 630-1 or reading number comparison information 630-2 between the first user and the second user 620, and the information is in the form of a graph. can be visualized.

As another example, the terminal device may display information (eg, a ranking graph) 630 - 3 related to a reward obtained through time compliance by the first user.

Specifically, the terminal may provide a reward to the first user when the first user reads at least one book according to a preset criterion. Here, the reward may be a point for purchasing a book, a cash reward, or a mobile gift certificate (eg, gifticon), but is not limited thereto. In addition, the predetermined standard may be set to a situation of reading every day for a specific period of time (eg, 1 month or 1 year, etc.) or a situation of reading a predetermined number of books for a specific period of time, but is not limited thereto. It can be set in various ways by the user.

The terminal device may generate and display a UI indicating a reward ranking awarded to the first user among all users.

7 is a block diagram for explaining the configuration of the server 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7 , the server 100 may include a memory 110 , a communication unit 120 and a processor 130 . However, it is not limited thereto, and the server 100 may include software and hardware configurations within a range obvious from the viewpoint of those skilled in the art according to necessary operations.

The memory 110 may store execution data capable of operating an artificial intelligence model. The memory 110 may store account information of a plurality of users and health examination data or genetic analysis data related to the plurality of users.

The communication unit 120 may exchange data with a user terminal device or an external server storing various types of data through a network.

The processor 130 may be electrically connected to the memory 110 to control overall operations and functions of the server 100 . Overall operations and functions of the server 100 described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 6 may be implemented by the processor 130 .

Meanwhile, the above-described embodiments of the present invention can be written as a program that can be executed on a computer, and the written program can be stored in a medium.

The medium may continuously store programs executable by a computer or temporarily store them for execution or download. In addition, the medium may be various recording means or storage means in the form of a single or combined hardware, but is not limited to a medium directly connected to a certain computer system, and may be distributed on a network.

Examples of the medium include magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks and magnetic tapes, optical recording media such as CD-ROM and DVD, magneto-optical media such as floptical disks, and ROM, RAM, flash memory, etc. configured to store program instructions. In addition, examples of other media include recording media or storage media managed by an app store that distributes applications, a site that supplies or distributes various other software, and a server.

Above, the embodiments described in the present disclosure and the accompanying drawings merely illustrate some of the technical ideas included in the present disclosure by way of example. Therefore, since the embodiments disclosed in this specification are intended to explain rather than limit the technical spirit of the present disclosure, it is obvious that the scope of the technical spirit of the present invention is not limited by these embodiments.

All modifications and specific examples that can be easily inferred by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technical idea included in the specification and drawings of the present disclosure should be construed as being included in the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

A service providing method of a server providing a reading management service using a smart pen and a terminal device of a first user paired with the smart pen,

receiving, from the terminal device, information related to the first book obtained by recognizing a plurality of codes included in the first book by the smart pen;

obtaining information related to the reading status of the first user based on the information related to the first book; and

Transmitting, by the terminal device, information related to the reading status of the first user necessary for generating a reading UI for managing the reading of the first user to the terminal device;

The reading UI includes at least one of information about a book read by the first user, information related to the reading habit of the first user, and comparison information between the first user and another user's reading habit. .
According to claim 1,

The information related to the first book may include at least one of information about the type of the first book, time information when the smart pen recognized each of the plurality of codes, or video or audio information included in each of the plurality of codes. Including, service providing method.
According to claim 2,

The step of obtaining information related to the reading status of the first user,

Calculating the number of pages read by the first user for a unit time based on time information at which the smart pen recognizes each of the plurality of codes;

The service providing method of claim 1 , wherein the information related to the reading habit of the first user includes the calculated number of pages read by the first user per unit time.
According to claim 3,

The step of acquiring information related to the reading status of the first user,

Calculating comparison information on the number of pages read by the first user per unit time and the number of pages read by the second user during unit time;

The service providing method of claim 1 , wherein the reading habit comparison information includes the calculated comparison information.
According to claim 2,

The step of obtaining information related to the reading status of the first user,

Calculating information on a page or part of the first book that has been read beyond a threshold time based on time information at which the smart pen recognizes each of the plurality of codes;

The service providing method of claim 1 , wherein the information related to the reading habit of the first user includes information about a page or portion of the calculated first book that the first user has read beyond a threshold time.
According to claim 1,

The service providing method of claim 1 , wherein the reading UI includes a calendar UI generated based on a type of book read by the first user and a time at which the first user read a specific book.
According to claim 1,

Wherein the reading habit comparison information between the first user and other users includes at least one of reading time comparison information and reading number comparison information between the first user and the second user.
According to claim 1,

Wherein the reading UI includes a UI element for transmitting a signal requesting sharing of information stored in the paired smart pen to the smart pen.
According to claim 1,

The reading UI includes a reward UI displaying a reward provided when the first user reads at least one book according to a predetermined criterion.
A system for providing a reading management service based on a smart pen using a smart pen, a terminal device of a first user paired with the smart pen, and a server for managing the reading management service, the method comprising:

pairing the smart pen with the terminal device;

transmitting, by the smart pen, information related to the first book obtained by recognizing a plurality of codes included in the first book to the terminal device;

transmitting, by the terminal device, information related to the first book to the server;

obtaining, by the server, information related to the reading status of the first user based on the information related to the first book; and

transmitting, by the server, the obtained information related to the reading status of the first user necessary for the terminal device to display a reading UI for managing reading of the user to the terminal device;

The system of claim 1 , wherein the reading UI includes at least one of information about a book read by the first user, information related to a reading habit of the first user, or information comparing reading habits between the first user and other users.