WO2023016000A1 - 百蕊草种子的繁殖方法 - Google Patents

百蕊草种子的繁殖方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023016000A1
WO2023016000A1 PCT/CN2022/092215 CN2022092215W WO2023016000A1 WO 2023016000 A1 WO2023016000 A1 WO 2023016000A1 CN 2022092215 W CN2022092215 W CN 2022092215W WO 2023016000 A1 WO2023016000 A1 WO 2023016000A1
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seeds
thyme
water
greenhouse
stage
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PCT/CN2022/092215
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English (en)
French (fr)
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管悦琴
郑卫兵
杨成民
姚其盛
张争
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安徽九华华源药业有限公司
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Publication of WO2023016000A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023016000A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C7/00—Sowing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants

Definitions

  • the application relates to the technical field of cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials, in particular to a method for propagating thyme grass seeds.
  • Thymus chinense ( Thesium chinense Turcz.) is a perennial semi-parasitic plant of the family Sandalaceae. Its dried whole herb is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine in China. Most of the thyme grass is wild in the sunny grass or the middle and lower part of the field ridge in the mountains, rivers and valleys, generally in the plots with high humidity and good drainage. Therefore, the distribution of wild thyme grass with unique living environment is limited, mainly distributed in Henan, Guizhou, Hubei, Shanxi, Gansu and other remote mountainous areas.
  • Thingrass generally germinates from the end of February to early March of the second year, the flowering period is from late March to mid-April, the fruiting period is from April to May, and the withering period is from mid-to-late May. Since thyme is an infinite inflorescence and self-pollinated crop, the opening time of a single flower is about 48 hours, and the fruit matures for about one month, and the mature seeds will fall off the plant naturally. Therefore, wild thyme seeds mainly come from the immature fruit on the plant.
  • Thyme officinalis have the characteristics of deep dormancy, low germination rate, and slow propagation speed, and it is difficult to adapt to large-scale planting; therefore, solving the breeding of Thyme officinalis seeds has become one of the key factors for the wild variation of Thyme officinalis.
  • the purpose of the embodiment of the present application is to provide a method for propagating thyme grass seeds.
  • a kind of propagation method of Thymus seed comprises the steps:
  • a planting site set up a greenhouse in an area with annual sunshine hours ⁇ 2400 h, disinfect the inside of the greenhouse, and then apply base fertilizer to the soil and turn it over;
  • Sowing treatment When the temperature in the greenhouse for several consecutive days is 19-21°C, water and rake the well-trimmed soil, and then cover it with a mixture of broken thyme seeds, parasitic plant seeds and dry sand After compaction, apply water-retaining agent, cover the seedling raising substrate, then water, set up a plastic shed, and cover the sunshade net; when the shelled thyme grass seeds are full of seedlings, remove the plastic shed, and open the sunshade net;
  • Thyme grass Leaves the temperature in the greenhouse between 15 and 25°C.
  • Thyme grass enters the yellow seedling stage and the height of Thyme grass seedlings is above 10 cm, intertillage and weeding, remove some leaves of parasitic plants, water and apply flushing water. Fertilization; when the parasitic plant stemming stage and Thyme grass enter the branching stage, remove the parasitic plant flower branches and some leaves, water again and apply flushing fertilizer; after 105 to 115 days of seeding treatment, Thyme grass enters the flowering stage;
  • the mole cricket control treatment is carried out during the sowing treatment and the growth control, and the blight control treatment is carried out between the yellow seedling stage and the flowering stage of Thyme chinensis;
  • Seed Harvesting When the thyme grass enters the flowering and fruiting stage, collect the mature fruits that fall off naturally, and obtain the multiplied thyme grass seeds.
  • the method for disinfecting the greenhouse includes: from June to August, using summer outdoor temperature to sterilize the greenhouse.
  • the temperature in the greenhouse of 19-21°C for multiple consecutive days in the sowing treatment includes: the temperature in the greenhouse for at least three consecutive days is 19.5-20.5°C.
  • the dosage of broken thyme seeds is 360 ⁇ 440 grains/m 2
  • the consumption of parasitic plant seeds is 1 ⁇ 2 g/m 2
  • the amount of dry sand is 90 ⁇ 110 g/m 2 .
  • the seeds of the parasitic plants are germinated 1 week in advance.
  • the seeds of the parasitic plant are seeds of Prunella vulgaris.
  • the amount of the water retaining agent is 8-12 g/m 2 .
  • the water-retaining agent is selected from powder-type water-retaining agents.
  • the seedling-raising substrate is composed of vermiculite and seedling-raising soil mixed at a mass ratio of 2:1, and the seedling-raising substrate is covered with a thickness of 0.4-0.6 cm.
  • the mole cricket control treatment uses cyhalothrin and silicon dioxide for control treatment.
  • the treatment for preventing and treating blight includes: ventilating and dehumidifying, and keeping the soil humidity at 30%-50%.
  • the dehulled thyme seeds are dehulled thyme seeds obtained after stratification treatment at a temperature of -4 to -2°C.
  • the propagation method of thymegrass seeds provided in the embodiments of the present application is a method of using a greenhouse to carry out off-season cultivation in areas with annual sunshine hours ⁇ 2400 h. A growth period is completed within 10 months, and the reproduction coefficient of the thyme grass seeds reaches about 100 times, so a large amount of thyme grass seeds can be harvested. Therefore, this propagation method greatly improves the seed propagation efficiency of Thyme officinalis, guarantees the source of Thyme officinalis seeds, provides favorable technical guarantee for the introduction, cultivation and domestication of Thyme officinalis, and has a good application in the field of Thyme officinale planting Application prospects.
  • Fig. 1 is the thyme sowing steps diagram that the embodiment of the present application provides
  • Fig. 2 is the figure of each growth period of Thyme fructus that the embodiment of the present application provides;
  • Fig. 3 is the growth figure that the Thymus chinensis and Prunella vulgaris are harmed by damp-off disease that the embodiment of the present application provides;
  • Fig. 4 is the impact data figure of the Thyme grass seedling preservation rate provided by the embodiment of the present application by the amount of water-retaining agent;
  • Fig. 5 is the figure of growth situation of overwintering buds of Thyme fructus that the embodiment of the present application provides;
  • Fig. 6 is a graph showing the growth of thymegrass at different sowing stages corresponding to the flowering and fruiting stages provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • sequence numbers of the above-mentioned processes do not mean the order of execution, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel or sequentially, and the execution order of each process shall be based on its functions and The internal logic is determined and should not constitute any limitation to the implementation process of the embodiment of the present application.
  • the weight of the relevant components mentioned in the description of the embodiments of the present application can not only refer to the specific content of each component, but also represent the proportional relationship between the weights of the various components.
  • the scaling up or down of the content of the fraction is within the scope disclosed in the description of the embodiments of the present application.
  • the mass described in the description of the embodiments of the present application may be ⁇ g, mg, g, kg and other well-known mass units in the chemical industry.
  • the room temperature in this application refers to 20-25°C.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a kind of propagation method of thyme seed, comprises the steps:
  • S01 Provide a planting site: set up a greenhouse in an area with annual sunshine hours ⁇ 2400 h, disinfect the inside of the greenhouse, and then apply base fertilizer to the soil and turn it over;
  • Sowing treatment When the temperature in the greenhouse is 19-21°C for several consecutive days, water and rake the well-trimmed soil, and then cover it with broken thyme seeds, parasitic plant seeds and dry sand After compaction, apply water-retaining agent, cover the seedling-raising substrate, then water, set up a plastic shed, and cover the sunshade net; net;
  • S03 Growth control: Keep the temperature in the greenhouse between 15 and 25°C. When the thyme grass enters the yellow seedling stage and the height of the thyme grass seedlings is more than 10 cm, intertillage and weeding, remove some leaves of parasitic plants, water and Apply flushing fertilization; when the parasitic plant is in the stem-shooting stage and Thyme grass enters the branching stage, remove the flowering branches and some leaves of the parasitic plant, water again and apply flushing fertilizer; after 105 to 115 days of sowing treatment, Thyme grass enters the flowering stage ;
  • the mole cricket control treatment is carried out during the sowing treatment and the growth control period, and the blight control treatment is carried out between the yellow seedling stage and the flowering stage of the thyme grass;
  • the propagation method of thymegrass seeds provided in the embodiments of the present application is a method of using a greenhouse to carry out off-season cultivation in areas with annual sunshine hours ⁇ 2400 h. A growth period is completed within 10 months, and the reproduction coefficient of the thyme grass seeds reaches about 100 times, so a large amount of thyme grass seeds can be harvested. Therefore, this propagation method greatly improves the seed propagation efficiency of Thyme officinalis, guarantees the source of Thyme officinalis seeds, provides favorable technical guarantee for the introduction, cultivation and domestication of Thyme officinalis, and has a good application in the field of Thyme officinale planting Application prospects.
  • the annual sunshine hours refer to the sum of the actual sunshine hours in a year
  • the embodiment of the present application selects areas with annual sunshine hours ⁇ 2400 h for the propagation of thymegrass seeds; such areas are illuminated in winter Sufficient, can well ensure the growth of thymegrass, and at the same time, the air humidity is low, reducing the pests and diseases of thymegrass, such areas include: such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, north-central Shanxi, and north-central Shandong (north of Rizhao, Linyi, and Jining) ), northern Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi, Guanzhong Plain, central and northern Gansu (Dingxi, Tianshui, Qingyang) and other regions.
  • Greenhouses also known as greenhouses, can be used for off-season cultivation. After the greenhouse is set up in the above-mentioned areas, the inside of the greenhouse is disinfected, and then the soil in the greenhouse is fertilized and turned for later use.
  • the disinfection method in the greenhouse may include: from June to August, using summer outdoor temperature to sterilize the greenhouse.
  • the base fertilizer applied to the soil after disinfection can be biological bacterial fertilizer.
  • the soil to be turned up does not exceed 15cm, and is ready for use.
  • Daily average temperature refers to the average temperature of 24 hours a day, specifically the average temperature of daily maximum and minimum temperatures. It should be noted that because the average daily temperature is generally high in early and mid-September, it is difficult to control the temperature in the greenhouse at 19-21°C, and the planting is out of season. Lower, the temperature in the greenhouse is more easily controlled by heating at 19-21°C.
  • Thyme sowing steps as shown in Figure 1 first collect the broken thyme seeds (A in Figure 1), the broken thyme seeds, parasitic plant seeds (such as Prunella vulgaris seeds), dried Mix the sand evenly (B in Figure 1), sprinkle the soil that has been watered and leveled beforehand (C in Figure 1), and then step on it with your feet (D in Figure 1), and then spread the water-retaining agent and sand (Figure 1 E in 1), spread the seedling substrate (F in Fig. 1), and finally spray water (G in Fig. 1).
  • the above-mentioned mixture can be drilled or broadcasted, and finally a plastic shed is set up and covered with a sunshade net. Specifically, the film is covered with a sunshade net with a shading rate of 50%.
  • the dosage of broken thyme grass seeds is 360-440 grains/m 2
  • the dosage of parasitic plant seeds is 1-2 g/m 2
  • the dosage of dry sand is 90 ⁇ 110g/m 2
  • the dosage of broken thyme seeds is 400 grains/m 2
  • the dosage of parasitic plant seeds is 1.5 g/m 2
  • the dosage of dry sand is 100 g/m 2 .
  • the parasitic plant is a plant suitable for parasitic Prunella vulgaris, specifically Prunella vulgaris, etc. Therefore, the selected parasitic plant seeds may be Prunella vulgaris seeds. Before mixing the parasitic plant seeds with the dehulled thyme seeds, the parasitic plant seeds were primed 1 week in advance.
  • the dosage of the water retaining agent is 8-12g/m 2 , preferably 10g/m 2 ;
  • the water retaining agent is selected from powder type water retaining agents, such as polyacrylamide (PAM) powder.
  • PAM polyacrylamide
  • the water-retaining agent has a three-dimensional network structure, which can quickly absorb and retain water in the soil without seepage, thereby ensuring sufficient water in the rhizosphere and slowly releasing it for plants to use. Thyme likes moisture and needs to keep the soil moist, but frequent watering can easily cause soil compaction, especially for the emergence of host Prunella vulgaris.
  • the water-retaining agent can expand after absorbing water, so as to maintain a high water content in the soil, and at the same time, after the ground dries, the water-retaining agent shrinks to ensure that the surface is not hardened.
  • the seedling-raising substrate is composed of vermiculite and seedling-raising soil mixed at a mass ratio of 2:1, and the thickness of the seedling-raising substrate is 0.4-0.6 cm.
  • Such a seedling-raising substrate can be better suitable for the growth of thyme seedlings.
  • the above-mentioned dehulled Thyme fructus seeds are dehulled Thyme fructus seeds obtained after stratification treatment at a temperature of -4 to -2°C. Specifically, rinse Thyme chinensis seeds with running water at room temperature, remove and dry the water on the surface of the seeds, put them into a solution of gibberellin with a concentration of 1000 mg ⁇ L -1 and soak for 24 hours; choose river sand with uniform particles, wash them, and dry them in the air.
  • the thymegrass seeds treated with gibberellin and river sand were evenly mixed and placed in a cold storage at a temperature range of -4°C to -2°C for stratification treatment; the seeds were taken out of the cold storage, the river sand was washed away with clean water, and the washed Put the seeds in gauze and put a layer of plastic bags on them, place them in the refrigerator, rinse the seeds with clear water every 6 to 7 days, and obtain broken thyme seeds as sowing materials.
  • each growth period of Thyme chinensis is divided into: emergence period (A in Figure 2); yellow seedling period (B in Figure 2); branching period (C in Figure 2); flowering period (D in Figure 2); flowering and fruiting stage (E in Figure 2); withering stage (F in Figure 2).
  • emergence period A in Figure 2
  • yellow seedling period B in Figure 2
  • branching period C in Figure 2
  • flowering period D in Figure 2
  • flowering and fruiting stage E in Figure 2
  • withering stage F in Figure 2
  • the 4th to 5th true leaf will enter the yellow seedling stage; at this time, the roots of Thymus chinensis need to parasitize on the roots of Prunella vulgaris to grow normally. About between 15-30 days. After Prunella vulgaris is in the stem-shooting stage, thyme grass enters the branching stage. 105 to 115 days after sowing, thyme grass enters the flowering stage, and thyme grass is an infinite inflorescence, and the fruit will fall as it ripens within 30 days. into the withering period.
  • the ground temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25°C: during the growth period, the lowest temperature in the greenhouse at night is 15°C, and the highest temperature during the day is 25°C; among them, the water temperature for watering is controlled at Above 20°C, use micro-spray or drip irrigation to ensure the normal growth conditions of thymegrass.
  • Prunella vulgaris When Prunella vulgaris enters the yellow seedling stage and the height of Prunella vulgaris is more than 10 cm, intertill weeding and remove some leaves of parasitic plants such as Prunella vulgaris. Fertilize. When Prunella vulgaris is in the stemming stage and Prunella vulgaris enters the branching stage, remove the flower branches and some leaves of the parasitic plant to ensure the growth space of Prunella vulgaris, water again and apply flushing fertilizer; cut off the flower branches and some leaves of Prunella vulgaris in time, Control the growth of Prunella vulgaris, prevent premature aging of Prunella vulgaris due to flowering and fruiting, and affect the growth of Prunella vulgaris.
  • the mole cricket control treatment is carried out, and the blight control treatment is carried out between the yellow seedling stage and the flowering stage of Thyme chinensis.
  • Thyme blight damages the growth of Thyme solani and Prunella vulgaris, as shown in Figure 3, the arrows indicate that Rhizoctonia solani damages the rhizomes, causing the seedlings to wither; during the off-season cultivation of Thyme officinale, from the yellow seedling stage to the flowering stage ,
  • the temperature in the greenhouse is 12-18°C
  • the soil temperature is 14-16°C
  • the drainage is poor, it is very easy to cause damping-off.
  • the mole cricket control treatment adopts lambda-cyhalothrin and silicon dioxide for control treatment.
  • Silica can further increase the absorption of cyhalothrin, specifically, cyhalothrin and silica can be mixed at a mass ratio of 10:1 for control.
  • the treatment of blight control includes: ventilate and dehumidify, and keep the soil humidity at 30%-50%.
  • Step S04 is the step of harvesting thyme grass seeds after propagation: when the thyme grass enters the flowering and fruiting stage, collect the mature fruits that fall off naturally to obtain the multiplied thyme grass seeds.
  • the embodiment of the present application can realize that more than 90% mature seeds are harvested. The entire growth period will be completed within 10 months of the year, and the seed reproduction coefficient will be about 100 times. Therefore, the thyme grass seeds can be bred in large quantities, effectively satisfying the demand of domestic thyme grass seeds for seeds.
  • a kind of propagation method of Thymus seed comprises the steps:
  • Greenhouses are set up in areas where the annual light hours are ⁇ 2400 h. From June to August, the greenhouses are disinfected at high outdoor temperatures in summer to sterilize the greenhouses. After disinfection, biological fertilizers are used as base fertilizers, and the soil should not be overturned. 15cm, ready for use.
  • the preparation method of above-mentioned cracked thyme seeds includes: (1) pretreatment: take the thyme seeds produced in Hubei, wash them with running water for 24 hours at room temperature, remove and dry the water on the surface of the seeds, and put them in at a concentration of 1000 mg.
  • the mole cricket control treatment use lambda-cyhalothrin + silicon dioxide control; perform the blight control treatment between the yellow seedling stage and the flowering stage of the thyme grass: control watering, do a good job of ventilating and dehumidifying, Cultivation and weeding.
  • Thymus chinensis When the Thymus chinensis enters the flowering and fruiting period, a tray is placed on the ground to collect the mature fruits that fall off naturally, and then the Thyme grass seeds after propagation are obtained.
  • Figure 5 shows the growth of overwintering buds of Thyme officinalis: the overwintering buds of Thyme officinalis with a plant height of about 13cm are formed (A in Figure 5); 6 overwintering buds are partially formed (B in Figure 5), and these overwintering buds subsequently form separate stems (C in Figure 5).
  • FIG. 6 The growth of thymegrass at each sowing stage in the flowering and fruiting period is shown in Figure 6: A in Figure 6 is the flowering and fruiting period sown on October 04; B in Figure 6 is the flowering and fruiting period sown on October 10 C in Figure 6 is the flowering and fruiting period sown on November 05; D in Figure 6 is the flowering and fruiting period sown on November 28.
  • the number of seedlings per square meter seedling preservation rate ⁇ 400 grains/m 2 ;
  • the number of seeds per square meter the number of seedlings ⁇ the number of seeds / plant;
  • Reproduction coefficient number of seeds per square meter / number of sown ⁇ 100%.
  • serial number sowing date (Month Day) Seedling preservation rate (%) Number of seeds/plant (piece) Seedling number/m2 (plant) Number of seeds/m2 (pieces) reproduction coefficient 1 10.04 36.7 ⁇ 5.0 a 278.0 ⁇ 34.2 b 146.8 40810.4 102.06 2 10.10 47.9 ⁇ 5.0b 233.7 ⁇ 57.0c 191.6 44776.9 111.9 3 11.05 39.2 ⁇ 4.7 a 247.1 ⁇ 50.4 cb 156.8 38745.3 96.9 4 11.28 57.6 ⁇ 3.6c 186.4 ⁇ 37.5 a 230.4 42946.6 107.4
  • the temperature in the greenhouse was stable at 20°C ⁇ 0.5 for 3 consecutive days from 10.01 to 10.03;
  • the internal temperature is stable at 20°C ⁇ 0.5;
  • the temperature in the greenhouse is stable at 20°C ⁇ 0.5 for two consecutive days from 11.03 to 11.04; before the sowing date on November 28th, 11.24 ⁇ 11.27
  • the temperature in the greenhouse was stable at 20°C ⁇ 0.5 for 4 consecutive days.
  • the thyme grass grows well in the greenhouse, overwintering buds can be produced 3 months after sowing, and the flowering period will enter 4-4.5 months.
  • the time for a single flower to open does not exceed 2 days, and the fruit will mature within 20-30 days. Natural fall, due to its infinite co-sequence characteristics, and overwintering buds will grow into new flower branches during this period, the flowering and fruiting period of thymegrass can last up to 4 to 5 months, and last until June of the second year Around this time, the temperature is high at this time, and the stems and leaves of all thymegrass in the sowing period have withered and turned yellow, entering the harvest period.
  • Table 1 the propagation method of the embodiment of the present application makes the Thyme grass seed reproduction coefficient reach about 100 times, and a large amount of Thyme grass seeds can be harvested.

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Abstract

本申请涉及一种百蕊草种子的繁殖方法，包括如下步骤：提供种植地区：在年日照时数≥2400h的地区，设温室棚；播种处理：在连续多天温室棚内温度在19～21℃时，将翻整好的土壤覆上含有破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物种子和干沙子的混合料，施保水剂，覆上育苗基质，搭塑料拱棚，并覆盖遮阳网；当出全苗后，去掉塑料拱棚，打开遮阳网；生长控制：保持棚内温度15～25℃，在黄苗期，百蕊草苗高10cm以上时，中耕除草，去除寄生植物部分叶片，浇水并施用冲施肥；当寄生植物抽茎期、百蕊草进入分枝期，去除寄生植物花枝和部分叶片，再次浇水并施用冲施肥；最后在花果期收集自然脱落的成熟果实，得到百蕊草种子。

Description

百蕊草种子的繁殖方法
本申请要求于2021年08月13日在中国专利局提交的、申请号为202110929169.5、申请名称为“百蕊草种子的繁殖方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及中药材栽培技术领域，尤其涉及一种百蕊草种子的繁殖方法。
 背景技术
百蕊草（ Thesium chinense Turcz.）为檀香科多年生半寄生植物，其干燥全草为我国民间常用中草药，具有清热解毒、解暑、补肾涩精等作用。百蕊草大多野生于山野川谷的向阳疏草或田埂中下部，一般在湿度较大又排水良好的地块，因此，生存环境独特的百蕊草野生资源分布有限，主要分布于河南、贵州、湖北、山西、甘肃等地域偏远的山区。
野生一年生百蕊草当年结果很少，因此主要采集1.5年生的宿根型百蕊草。百蕊草一般在第二年2月底到3月初萌发，花期为3月下旬到4月中旬，果期4月到5月，枯萎期5月中下旬。由于百蕊草是无限花序，自花授粉作物，单花开放时间在48h左右，果实成熟大约1个月时间，成熟后的种子会从植株上自然脱落。因此，野生百蕊草种子主要来源于植株上尚未完全成熟的果实。近些年，百蕊草药材的价格不断上涨，造成抢青收获，从而造成植株上的百蕊草种子成熟度大幅下降，空壳率在30~50%之间，经过清选后获得的种子成本进一步提高。另外，百蕊草种子存在深度休眠、发芽率低、繁殖速度慢的特点，难适应规模化种植；因此，解决百蕊草种子繁育成为百蕊草野生变家种的关键因素之一。
目前，百蕊草家种面临种子稀缺的困境。
 技术问题
本申请实施例的目的在于提供一种百蕊草种子的繁殖方法。
 技术解决方案
本申请实施例采用的技术方案是：
一种百蕊草种子的繁殖方法，包括如下步骤：
提供种植地：在年日照时数≥2400 h的地区设置温室棚，对所述温室棚内进行消毒，然后将土壤施基肥、翻整；
播种处理：在连续多天温室棚内温度在19～21℃时，将翻整好的土壤浇水、耙平，然后覆上含有破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物种子和干沙子的混合料，压实后，施保水剂，覆上育苗基质，然后浇水，搭起塑料拱棚，并覆盖遮阳网；当破壳的百蕊草种子出全苗后，去掉塑料拱棚，打开遮阳网；
生长控制：保持温室棚内温控在15～25℃之间，在百蕊草进入黄苗期、百蕊草苗高10 cm以上时，中耕除草，去除寄生植物部分叶片，浇水并施用冲施肥；当寄生植物抽茎期、百蕊草进入分枝期时，去除寄生植物花枝和部分叶片，再次浇水并施用冲施肥；在播种处理105～115天后，百蕊草进入开花期；
其中，在所述播种处理和所述生长控制的期间进行蝼蛄防治处理，在百蕊草的黄苗期至开花期之间进行立枯病防治处理；
种子收获：在百蕊草进入花果期时，收集自然脱落的成熟果实，得到繁殖后的百蕊草种子。
在一实施例中，对所述温室棚内消毒的方法包括：在6月份至8月份，利用夏季室外温度闷棚消毒。
在一实施例中，所述播种处理中的连续多天温室棚内温度在19～21℃包括：至少连续三天温室棚内温度在19.5～20.5℃。
在一实施例中，所述含有破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物和干沙子的混合料中，破壳的百蕊草种子用量为360～440粒/m 2，寄生植物种子的用量为1～2 g/m 2，干沙子用量为90～110 g/m 2。
在一实施例中，所述寄生植物种子提前1周催芽。
在一实施例中，所述寄生植物种子为夏枯草种子。
在一实施例中，所述保水剂的用量为8～12g/m 2。
在一实施例中，所述保水剂选自粉剂型保水剂。
在一实施例中，所述育苗基质是由蛭石和育苗土按质量比2：1混合后组成的基质，所述育苗基质覆上的厚度为0.4～0.6cm。
在一实施例中，所述蝼蛄防治处理采用氯氟氰菊酯和二氧化硅进行防治处理。
在一实施例中，所述立枯病防治处理包括：通风排湿，保持土壤湿度为30%～50%。
在一实施例中，所述破壳的百蕊草种子是在-4～-2℃的温度条件下层积处理后得到的破壳百蕊草种子。
 有益效果
本申请实施例提供的百蕊草种子的繁殖方法，是在年日照时数≥2400 h的地区利用温室棚进行反季节栽培的方法，该方法依次经过特有的播种处理和生长控制，最终可以在10个月内完成一个生育期，而且使百蕊草种子繁殖系数达到100倍左右，可收获大量的百蕊草种子。因此，该繁殖方法极大提高了百蕊草的种子繁殖效率，保障了百蕊草种子来源，为百蕊草引种栽培和驯化提供了有利的技术保障，在百蕊草种植领域具有很好的应用前景。
 附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或示范性技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其它的附图。
图1是本申请实施例提供的百蕊草播种步骤图；
图2是本申请实施例提供的百蕊草各生育时期图；
图3是本申请实施例提供的百蕊草和夏枯草的被立枯病危害的生长图；
图4是本申请实施例提供的百蕊草保苗率受保水剂用量的影响数据图；
图5是本申请实施例提供的百蕊草越冬芽生长情况图；
图6是本申请实施例提供的百蕊草对应不同播种期的花果期生长情况图。
 本发明的实施方式
为了使本申请的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本申请进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本申请，并不用于限定本申请。
应理解，在本申请的各种实施例中，上述各过程的序号的大小并不意味着执行顺序的先后，部分或全部步骤可以并行执行或先后执行，各过程的执行顺序应以其功能和内在逻辑确定，而不应对本申请实施例的实施过程构成任何限定。
在本申请实施例中使用的术语是仅仅出于描述特定实施例的目的，而非旨在限制本申请。在本申请实施例和所附权利要求书中所使用的单数形式的“一种”、“所述”和“该”也旨在包括多数形式，除非上下文清楚地表示其他含义。
本申请实施例说明书中所提到的相关成分的重量不仅仅可以指代各组分的具体含量，也可以表示各组分间重量的比例关系，因此，只要是按照本申请实施例说明书相关组分的含量按比例放大或缩小均在本申请实施例说明书公开的范围之内。具体地，本申请实施例说明书中所述的质量可以是µg、mg、g、kg等化工领域公知的质量单位。本申请的室温指20～25℃。
本申请实施例提供一种百蕊草种子的繁殖方法，包括如下步骤：
S01：提供种植地：在年日照时数≥2400 h的地区设置温室棚，对所述温室棚内进行消毒，然后将土壤施基肥、翻整；
S02：播种处理：在连续多天温室棚内温度在19～21℃时，将翻整好的土壤浇水、耙平，然后覆上含有破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物种子和干沙子的混合料，压实后，施保水剂，覆上育苗基质，然后浇水，搭起塑料拱棚，并覆盖遮阳网；当破壳的百蕊草种子出全苗后，去掉塑料拱棚，打开遮阳网；
S03：生长控制：保持温室棚内温控在15～25℃之间，在百蕊草进入黄苗期、百蕊草苗高10 cm以上时，中耕除草，去除寄生植物部分叶片，浇水并施用冲施肥；当寄生植物抽茎期、百蕊草进入分枝期时，去除寄生植物花枝和部分叶片，再次浇水并施用冲施肥；在播种处理105～115天后，百蕊草进入开花期；
其中，在播种处理和生长控制的期间进行蝼蛄防治处理，在百蕊草的黄苗期至开花期之间进行立枯病防治处理；
S04：种子收获：在百蕊草进入花果期时，收集自然脱落的成熟果实，得到繁殖后的百蕊草种子。
本申请实施例提供的百蕊草种子的繁殖方法，是在年日照时数≥2400 h的地区利用温室棚进行反季节栽培的方法，该方法依次经过特有的播种处理和生长控制，最终可以在10个月内完成一个生育期，而且使百蕊草种子繁殖系数达到100倍左右，可收获大量的百蕊草种子。因此，该繁殖方法极大提高了百蕊草的种子繁殖效率，保障了百蕊草种子来源，为百蕊草引种栽培和驯化提供了有利的技术保障，在百蕊草种植领域具有很好的应用前景。
上述步骤S01中：年日照时数是指在一年时期内太阳实际照射时数的总和，本申请实施例选用年日照时数≥2400 h的地区进行百蕊草种子繁殖；这样的地区冬季光照充足，可以很好地保证百蕊草生长，同时空气湿度小，减少百蕊草病虫害，这样的地区包括：如北京、天津、河北、山西中北部、山东中北部(日照、临沂、济宁以北）、陕西秦岭北部，关中平原、甘肃中北部（定西、天水、庆阳）等地区。
温室棚（greenhouse）又称温室大棚，可用于反季节栽培。在上述地区设置温室棚后，对温室棚内进行消毒，然后将温室棚内的土壤施基肥、翻整待用。具体地，温室棚内的消毒方法可以包括：在6月份至8月份，利用夏季室外温度闷棚消毒。消毒后对土壤施用的基肥可以是生物菌肥。进一步地，翻整的土壤不超过15cm，整细待用。
上述步骤S02：将温室棚内的土壤翻整后，选择连续多天温室棚内温度在19～21℃时进行播种，例如至少连续三天温室棚内温度在19～21℃；因为百蕊草苗期在高温下易于死亡，因此播种时的温度不能过高。日均温指一天24小时的平均气温，具体为日最高、最低气温的平均气温。需要说明的是，因9月上中旬一般日均温较高，温室棚内温度难以控制在19～21℃，而且是反季节种植，因此选用10月后进行播种，10月后的室外温度均较低，温室棚内温度通过加热更容易控制的在19～21℃。
具体地，先将翻整好的土壤浇水、耙平，然后覆上含有破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物种子和干沙子的混合料，可以条播或撒播；然后施加保水剂，覆上育苗基质，然后浇水。如图1所示的百蕊草播种步骤：先收集好破壳的百蕊草种子（图1中的A），将破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物种子（如夏枯草种子）、干沙混均（图1中的B）撒上事先已经浇水整平的土壤（图1中的C），然后用脚踩实（图1中的D），然后撒施保水剂和沙子（图1中的E），撒施育苗基质（图1中的F），最后微喷浇水（图1中的G）。上述混合料可以条播或撒播，最后搭起塑料拱棚，并覆盖遮阳网。具体地，膜外覆盖遮阳率为50%的遮阳网。
其中，为保证出苗后的百蕊草有足够的寄主寄生，破壳的百蕊草种子用量为360～440粒/m 2，寄生植物种子的用量为1～2g/m 2，干沙子用量为90～110g/m 2。进一步地，破壳的百蕊草种子用量为400粒/m 2，寄生植物种子的用量为1.5g/m 2，干沙子用量为100g/m 2。更进一步地，寄生植物为适合百蕊草寄生的植物，具体可以是夏枯草等，因此，选用的寄生植物种子可以是夏枯草种子。将寄生植物种子与破壳的百蕊草种子混合前，提前1周将寄生植物种子催芽。
其中，保水剂的用量为8～12g/m 2，优选10g/m 2；保水剂选自粉剂型保水剂，如聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）粉剂。保水剂具有三维网状结构，在土壤中能将水迅速吸收并保住，不渗失，进而保证根际范围水份充足、缓慢释放供植物利用。百蕊草喜湿，需要保持土壤湿润，而经常浇水易造成土壤板结，特别对寄主夏枯草的出苗影响较大。施用保水剂后，一方面保水剂吸水后可以膨胀，从而可以保持土壤较高含水量，同时也可在地面干燥后，保水剂收缩，保证了地表不板结。
其中，育苗基质是由蛭石和育苗土按质量比2：1混合后组成的基质，育苗基质覆上的厚度为0.4～0.6cm。这样的育苗基质，可以更好地适合百蕊草幼苗生长。
进一步地，上述破壳的百蕊草种子是在-4～-2℃的温度条件下层积处理后得到的破壳百蕊草种子。具体地，将百蕊草种子在室温下流水冲洗捞出晾干种子表面水分，放入浓度为1000 mg•L -1赤霉素溶液中浸泡24h；选颗粒均匀的河沙洗净、晾干，将赤霉素处理的百蕊草种子与河沙按混合均匀置于温度区间为-4℃～-2℃冷库中层积处理；将种子从冷库取出，用清水洗去河沙，将洗净的种子置于纱网中再套上一层塑料袋，放置于冰箱中，每隔6~7天用清水冲洗一次种子，得到破壳的百蕊草种子，作为播种材料。
上述步骤S03，为生长控制过程。如图2所示，将百蕊草各生育时期分为：出苗期（图2中的A）；黄苗期（图2中的B）；分枝期（图2中的C）；开花期（图2中的D）；花果期（图2中的E）；枯萎期（图2中的F）。具体地，破壳的百蕊草种子撒于土壤上后，一般一周后开始出苗，出全苗时间在14~16天左右。出苗1个月后，第4-5片真叶时进入黄苗期；此时百蕊草的根需寄生到夏枯草的根上才能正常生长，如不能将形成僵苗至逐渐死亡，黄苗期大约在15-30天之间。夏枯草在抽茎期后，百蕊草进入分枝期。播种后105～115天，百蕊草进入开花期，百蕊草为无限花序，果实30天内随熟随掉，此时花果同期，称为花果期，最终百蕊草茎叶逐渐枯黄，进入枯萎期。
在百蕊草和寄生植物共生长的过程中，控制温室棚内地温15～25℃：即生长期间，温室棚内晚间最低温度15℃，白天最高温度25℃；其中，浇水的水温控制在20℃以上，采用微喷或滴灌，保证百蕊草正常生长条件。
在百蕊草进入黄苗期、且百蕊草苗高10 cm以上时，中耕除草，去除寄生植物如夏枯草部分叶片，即视夏枯草生长量，摘除夏枯草部分叶片，浇水结合施用冲施肥。当夏枯草在抽茎期、百蕊草进入分枝期时，去除寄生植物花枝和部分叶片以保证百蕊草的生长空间，再次浇水并施用冲施肥；及时剪除夏枯草花枝和部分叶片，控制夏枯草长势，防止夏枯草因开花结实提前衰老，影响百蕊草的生长。
上述播种处理和生长控制的过程中，进行蝼蛄防治处理，在百蕊草的黄苗期至开花期之间进行立枯病防治处理。立枯病危害百蕊草和夏枯草的生长，如图3所示，箭头表示立枯丝核菌危害根茎部，造成小苗枯萎；百蕊草在反季节栽培过程中，从黄苗期到花期，当温室棚内气温在12~18℃、土温在14~16℃、排水不良等条件下极易发生立枯病。特别是遇到连续阴雪天极易发生，小苗周围有白色霉层，与地面接触的根茎部变黄褐色，小苗枯死，因此要控制浇水，中耕降低土壤湿度，做好通风排湿。
具体地，蝼蛄防治处理采用高效氯氟氰菊酯和二氧化硅进行防治处理。二氧化硅可以进一步增加氯氟氰菊酯吸收度，具体地，氯氟氰菊酯和二氧化硅可以质量比10：1混合进行防治。立枯病防治处理包括：通风排湿，保持土壤湿度为30%-50%。
步骤S04即为繁殖后的百蕊草种子收获步骤：在百蕊草进入花果期时，收集自然脱落的成熟果实，得到繁殖后的百蕊草种子。本申请实施例可以实现90%以上的成熟种子得到收获。实现当年10个月内完成整个生育期，实现种子繁殖系数100倍左右。因此可以大量繁育百蕊草种子，有效满足家种百蕊草对种子的需求。
下面结合具体实施例进行说明。
实施例1
一种百蕊草种子的繁殖方法，包括如下步骤：
一、提供种植地
在年光照时数≥2400 h的地区设置温室棚，在6月份至8月份，利用夏季室外高温温度闷棚消毒，对温室棚内进行消毒，消毒后施用生物菌肥作为基肥，翻动土壤不超过15cm，整细待用。
二、播种处理
在当年10~11月份连续多天温室棚内的温度稳定在20℃±0.5时，将翻整好的土壤浇透水、耙平，将破壳的百蕊草种子（400粒/m 2）、夏枯草（1.5 g/m 2，提前1周在培养箱18℃中催芽）和干沙子（100 g/m 2）混合后均匀条播，用脚踩实后，撒施保水剂（粉剂，10g/m 2），再将蛭石和育苗土按质量比2：1混合组成的育苗基质覆上0.5cm，采用微喷透浇水。搭起塑料拱棚，并覆盖遮阳网；播种一周后开始出苗，出全苗时间在15天左右，然后去掉塑料拱棚，打开外遮阳网，适时浇水保持湿润。
上述破壳的百蕊草种子制备方法包括：（1）预处理：取湖北产的百蕊草种子，在室温下，流水冲洗24 h捞出晾干种子表面水分，放入浓度为1000 mg·L -1赤霉素溶液中浸泡24h；（2）低温层积：选颗粒均匀的河沙洗净、晾干，将预处理后的百蕊草种子与河沙按质量比1：1的比例混合均匀，基质含水量以“手握成团，松手即散”为宜，置于温度区间为-4℃～-2℃冷库中层积处理60 d；将种子从冷库取出，用清水洗去河沙，将洗净的种子置于纱网中再套上一层塑料袋，放置于4℃冰箱中，每7 d用清水冲洗一次种子，得到破壳的百蕊草种子即为播种材料。
播种后2个月后统计保苗率：保苗率（%）=成活苗（株）/播种数量（个）×100%。
三、生长控制
保持温室棚内温控在15～25℃之间，在百蕊草出苗1个月后进入黄苗期，百蕊草苗高10 cm以上时，中耕除草，去除寄生植物部分叶片，浇水并施用冲施肥；在夏枯草植物抽茎期、百蕊草进入分枝期时，去除寄生植物花枝和部分叶片，再次浇水并施用冲施肥；在播种后110天左右，百蕊草进入开花期；
其中，进行蝼蛄防治处理：采用高效氯氟氰菊酯+二氧化硅防治；在百蕊草的黄苗期至开花期之间进行立枯病防治处理：控制浇水，做好通风排湿，中耕除草。
四、种子收获
在百蕊草进入花果期时，在地面上摆上托盘收集自然脱落的成熟果实，得到繁殖后的百蕊草种子。
结果分析
图4为不同保水剂对百蕊草保苗率的影响：注：a、b、c字母表示，不相同的字母者为差异显著（P=0.05)。由此可知，当保水剂的施用量控制在10g/m 2时百蕊草保苗率最高，显著高于其他处理。
图5为百蕊草越冬芽生长情况：百蕊草株高13cm左右越冬芽形成（图5中的A）；部分形成6个越冬芽（图5中的B），这些越冬芽后续形成分茎（图5中的C）。
从当年10月份~11月份日，分4个不同时间点分别播种，按400粒/m 2播种，在第二年的6-7月间采收期统计保苗率及单株种子数，计算每平方米苗数、每平方米种子数和繁殖系数，结果如表1所示。
各播种期的百蕊草在花果期的生长情况如图6所示：图6中的A为10月04日播种的花果期；图6中的B为10月10日播种的花果期；图6中的C为11月05日播种的花果期；图6中的D为11月28日播种的花果期。
每平方米苗数=保苗率×400粒/m 2；
每平方米种子数=苗数×种子数/株；
繁殖系数=每平方米种子数量/播种数量×100%。
表1不同播种时间对保苗率与繁殖系数的影响
序号 播种日期 （月.日） 保苗率(%) 种子数/株（个） 苗数/m2（株） 种子数/m2（个） 繁殖系数
1 10.04 36.7±5.0 a 278.0±34.2  b 146.8 40810.4 102.06
2 10.10 47.9±5.0 b 233.7±57.0  c 191.6 44776.9 111.9
3 11.05 39.2±4.7 a 247.1±50.4  cb 156.8 38745.3 96.9
4 11.28 57.6±3.6 c 186.4±37.5  a 230.4 42946.6 107.4
注:同一列中含有不相同字母为差异显著（P=0.05)。
其中，10.04（即10月04日）播种日期前，10.01~10.03连续3天温室棚内稳定在20℃±0.5；10.10（即10月10日）播种日期前，10.07~10.09连续3天温室棚内稳定在20℃±0.5；11.05（即11月05日）播种日期前，11.03~11.04连续2天温室棚内温度稳定在20℃±0.5；11.28（即11月28日）播种日期前，11.24~11.27连续4天温室棚内温度稳定在20℃±0.5。
由表1可知：保苗率总体上呈增高趋势，其中11月28日处于最高水平。
百蕊草温室内生长良好的情况下，在播种后3个月即可生出越冬芽，4~4.5个月进入花期，单花开放的时间不超过2天，果实会在20~30天内成熟后自然掉落，由于其无限共序的特点，以及越冬芽在此期间会长成新的花枝，百蕊草的花果期最长可达4~5个月，一直持续到第二年6月份左右，此时气温较高，所有播期的百蕊草茎叶均已枯黄，进入收获期。从表1可知，本申请实施例的繁殖方法使百蕊草种子繁殖系数达到100倍左右，可收获大量的百蕊草种子。
以上仅为本申请的可选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请。对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的权利要求范围之内。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种百蕊草种子的繁殖方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    提供种植地：在年日照时数≥2400 h的地区设置温室棚，对所述温室棚内进行消毒，然后将土壤施基肥、翻整；
    播种处理：在连续多天温室棚内温度在19～21℃时，将翻整好的土壤浇水、耙平，然后覆上含有破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物种子和干沙子的混合料，压实后，施保水剂，覆上育苗基质，然后浇水，搭起塑料拱棚，并覆盖遮阳网；当破壳的百蕊草种子出全苗后，去掉塑料拱棚，打开遮阳网；
    生长控制：保持温室棚内温控在15～25℃之间，在百蕊草进入黄苗期、百蕊草苗高10 cm以上时，中耕除草，去除寄生植物部分叶片，浇水并施用冲施肥；当寄生植物抽茎期、百蕊草进入分枝期时，去除寄生植物花枝和部分叶片，再次浇水并施用冲施肥；在播种处理105～115天后，百蕊草进入开花期；
    其中，在所述播种处理和所述生长控制的期间进行蝼蛄防治处理，在百蕊草的黄苗期至开花期之间进行立枯病防治处理；
    种子收获：在百蕊草进入花果期时，收集自然脱落的成熟果实，得到繁殖后的百蕊草种子。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，对所述温室棚内消毒的方法包括：在6月份至8月份，利用夏季室外温度闷棚消毒。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述播种处理中的连续多天温室棚内温度在19～21℃包括：至少连续三天温室棚内温度在19.5～20.5℃。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述含有破壳的百蕊草种子、寄生植物和干沙子的混合料中，破壳的百蕊草种子用量为360～440粒/m 2，寄生植物种子的用量为1～2 g/m 2，干沙子用量为90～110 g/m 2。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述寄生植物种子提前1周催芽。
  6. 如权利要求4所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述寄生植物种子为夏枯草种子。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述保水剂的用量为8～12g/m 2。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述保水剂选自粉剂型保水剂。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述育苗基质是由蛭石和育苗土按质量比2：1混合后组成的基质，所述育苗基质覆上的厚度为0.4～0.6cm。
  10. 如权利要求1-9任一项所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述蝼蛄防治处理采用氯氟氰菊酯和二氧化硅进行防治处理。
  11. 如权利要求1-9任一项所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述立枯病防治处理包括：通风排湿，保持土壤湿度为30%～50%。
  12. 如权利要求1-9任一项所述的繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述破壳的百蕊草种子是在-4～-2℃的温度条件下层积处理后得到的破壳百蕊草种子。
PCT/CN2022/092215 2021-08-13 2022-05-11 百蕊草种子的繁殖方法 WO2023016000A1 (zh)

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