WO2022259092A1 - System of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs - Google Patents

System of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022259092A1
WO2022259092A1 PCT/IB2022/055127 IB2022055127W WO2022259092A1 WO 2022259092 A1 WO2022259092 A1 WO 2022259092A1 IB 2022055127 W IB2022055127 W IB 2022055127W WO 2022259092 A1 WO2022259092 A1 WO 2022259092A1
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Prior art keywords
matrix
permanent
slabs
structural
construction
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PCT/IB2022/055127
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Victor Elitcherd Gracia Serrano
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Victor Elitcherd Gracia Serrano
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Publication of WO2022259092A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022259092A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21F—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F27/00—Making wire network, i.e. wire nets
    • B21F27/12—Making special types or portions of network by methods or means specially adapted therefor
    • B21F27/20—Making special types or portions of network by methods or means specially adapted therefor of plaster-carrying network
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
    • B29C44/32—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B32B13/02—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material with fibres or particles being present as additives in the layer
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88—Curtain walls
    • E04B2/90—Curtain walls comprising panels directly attached to the structure
    • E04B2/94—Concrete panels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B7/00—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B7/20—Roofs consisting of self-supporting slabs, e.g. able to be loaded
    • E04B7/22—Roofs consisting of self-supporting slabs, e.g. able to be loaded the slabs having insulating properties, e.g. laminated with layers of insulating material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/20—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of plastics
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/20—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of plastics
    • E04C2/22—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of plastics reinforced
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
    • E04C2/284—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
    • E04C2/288—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and concrete, stone or stone-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
    • E04C2/36—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by transversely-placed strip material, e.g. honeycomb panels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/02—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings of plastic materials hardening after applying, e.g. plaster
    • E04F13/04—Bases for plaster

Definitions

  • the invention is related to the construction industry in general.
  • it refers to a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightweight reinforced concrete slabs, which comprises a permanent matrix between a spatial mesh, which is then Once in its final position, it is covered with fresh concrete or plates.
  • the first concrete slabs date from the Roman Empire, where they were built in the form of arches, vaults and domes.
  • the typical curved shapes in these slabs were crucial for them to be able to hold, since in this way they only worked under the action of cutting forces.
  • the modern reinforced concrete slabs continue to using the wooden platform or falsework that the Romans used in antiquity, to contain the materials that make up the slabs.
  • the formwork of slabs and walls are commonly made of wood and release oils are applied to prevent the adhesion of the concrete, in addition these formworks wear out very quickly due to the erosion of the concrete and exposure to the weather, for which they are discarded and when they rot they release the oils absorbed in the soils, contaminating them.
  • the use of traditional formwork involves carrying out preliminary work to prepare the wood, before carrying out the formwork itself, so that after the expected time has elapsed to reach the resistance of the concrete, dismantle or strip it, to later clean the wood. and prepare it again, carry the material, transport it and store it properly. This laborious process continues to be one of the most used today, due to the lack of a system that solves the complex needs of this sector.
  • Balloon frame emerged in the United States, which consisted of replacing the traditional wooden beams and pillars with a structure of thinner slats and numerous , for being more manageable and allow them to be nailed together, and then cover the entire frame and empty spaces with wooden tongue and groove boards.
  • This constructive typology produced buildings (usually one or two-story houses) that were lighter and easier to build, adapting European houses to the abundance of wood at that time and the scarcity of carpenters and skilled labor.
  • the present invention describes a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs, which is made up of an innovative permanent mold or matrix, traversed by a mesh. space, which, as in wet construction, reinforces the cast or rendered concrete on the mold, to produce "I” or "H” profiles with a full or alveolar core and "T” sections in one or two interlocking directions, obtaining elements with a better ratio of material-inertia than traditional methods, which translates into cost-benefit.
  • the versatility of the proposed panel system also allows its use as dry construction, consisting of replacing the wet or fresh concrete mix with laminated gypsum boards, OSB or fiber cement, joining the plates to the panels by means of screws that are They are fixed to an anchor incorporated in the meshes, obtaining another construction alternative for those places where working with wet cementitious mixtures is a problem.
  • This system solves the aforementioned drawbacks, and additionally provides other advantages that will be mentioned from the description that follows. It should be noted, thanks to advances in the field of earthquake-resistant engineering, we now know that structures with the greatest weight are more affected by earthquakes.
  • the invention produces walls and slabs with a geometry of high and low relief on their internal faces, providing amazing acoustic insulation, significantly repelling sound waves that reach them.
  • the permanent matrix is a sound absorbing material, which is strategically located in the central area of the panels, where it traps a percentage of the sounds that pass through the rigid insulation layer, avoiding echoes or reverberations.
  • Another favorable factor is that it is a lightweight construction system, which can be loaded by hand and does not require the use of cranes, heavy machinery or special equipment with high energy consumption or polluting fuels for handling and installation.
  • Splendidly it is a construction system that does not require wooden falsework or formwork, helping to reduce the consumption of wood in the construction sector, favoring the recovery of forests, since the formwork has a very ephemeral use.
  • plastics preferably recycled, as raw material of the matrix, frames us in one of the green causes that seeks to mitigate air pollution, damage to the soil, contribute to the cleaning of bodies of water and the conservation of Marine life.
  • the object of this patent is the protection of a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightweight slabs.
  • This invention essentially refers to elements that, when finished, will have a flat shape, being able to be oriented vertically, horizontally or inclined, and in some cases they can even be curved. It is commonly used as load-bearing, dividing walls and/or mezzanine or roof slabs of a building. For its part, it seeks to provide a modern, economical, thermo-acoustic insulating and safe construction system in the face of natural catastrophes such as earthquakes or hurricanes.
  • Some of the advantages of the invention consist of manufacturing the panels preferably with discarded plastics, with which this garbage passes from being a serious environmental pollution problem, to becoming an excellent construction material.
  • this system contributes in multiple ways in favor of the environment, having, on the one hand, that it prevents amounts of plastic garbage from being thrown in landfills, incinerated, or reaching rivers, lakes or seas.
  • the system does not need wooden formwork, favoring the recovery of forests.
  • plastic as an excellent thermal insulator, and its use reduces energy consumption aimed at acclimatizing buildings throughout their useful life, consequently reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.
  • Another significant advantage of the invention is the reduction in construction time, these being more than 60% in relation to traditional construction systems, as well as a decrease in the costs of structures and masonry of around 40%. .
  • Figure 1 shows in axonometric perspective a panel module in a vertical position, where the permanent matrix (1) can be seen traversed by the connectors (3) joining the flat meshes (2) and partially plastered (4) on both sides in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 2 illustrates two panel alternatives in perspective, where the permanent matrix (1) crossed by the connectors (3) can be seen, joining the flat meshes (2) and partially plastered (4) on both sides, where a typical section "I” or ⁇ " (6) in intersecting longitudinal and transversal directions, both with alveoli (5) that adhere to the geometric shape of said matrix (1).
  • Figure 3 shows some cross sections of panels with different options for alveoli (5) used in the geometric design of the permanent dies (1) of the invention, filled or with empty spaces, with protruding geometries on one or two faces of the die ( 1), in one direction or two directions and with longitudinal edge fitting (11).
  • Figure 4 illustrates some typical sections "G or ⁇ " (6) that are generated when they are plastered (4) and the permanent matrix (1) and the reinforcement meshes are drowned, where said sections adopt the geometric shape of the alveolus (5 ) selected.
  • Figure 5 shows some typical cross sections of the panels for walls and slabs, based on the permanent matrix (1) with its respective longitudinal edge fitting (11); highlighting the typical sections "G or "H” (6) that are produced by emptying or revoking (4) the dies (1) and meshes (2) that are joined by connectors (3).
  • Figure 6 shows some typical cross sections of the slab panels, based on the permanent matrix (1) with its respective longitudinal edge fitting (11); highlighting the typical "T" sections (7) that are produced by emptying (4) the dies (1) and meshes (2) that are joined by connectors
  • Figure 7 shows a plan view, cross section A-A' and in perspective of a portion of the slab panel, traversed by a non-coincident spatial mesh, with shapes of pyramids (8), which is composed of flat shapes such as triangles. and quadrilaterals, where the emptying and plastering can be seen
  • Figure 8 illustrates a plan view, cross section B-B' and in perspective of a portion of the slab panel, traversed by a spatial mesh. non-coincident and rotated, with shapes of antiprisms (9), which is composed of flat shapes such as triangles and quadrilaterals, where the hollowing (4) can be seen on the upper faces of the permanent matrix (1), with longitudinal fitting (10) edge, leaving drowned in the plaster (4) the reinforcing meshes (2) and the joint connectors (3) and the fixing anchors (12) of screws to hold the plates (13) of laminated plaster, OSB or fiber cement .
  • shapes of antiprisms (9) which is composed of flat shapes such as triangles and quadrilaterals, where the hollowing (4) can be seen on the upper faces of the permanent matrix (1), with longitudinal fitting (10) edge, leaving drowned in the plaster (4) the reinforcing meshes (2) and the joint connectors (3) and the fixing anchors (12) of screws to hold the plates (13) of laminated plaster, OSB or fiber cement .
  • Matrix or permanent mold (1) It is the volume of mass or filling with a specific geometric design, completely solid or with empty spaces, made with recycling or other thermoplastic materials. On this matrix (1) the concrete (4) is thrown or poured, adhering to said matrix (1) to take the specific positive form of the mold. Its permanent condition contributes to providing lightness and thermo-acoustic insulation, without adding rigidity to the element.
  • Reinforcement Refers to the wire, rod or bar, made of metallic material or reinforced polymer fiber, individually or in groups adequately intertwined as a net or mesh (2), which reinforce the interior of a concrete or concrete element. Its function in this invention is to reinforce or reinforce the concrete elements to confer resistance and ductility.
  • Connectors (3) These are wires that cross the permanent matrix (1) and are attached to the reinforcements on the exterior faces in determined shapes and angles. In the cases of profiles "I" (6) and “T” (7), the connectors (3) reinforce the micro-columns or portion of the web that connects the wings. Its function is to transfer the internal forces that occur in the element.
  • Micro-columns They are the portions of the soul of sections "I” or “H” (6), produced by plastering (4) or pouring concrete between the spaces occupied by the permanent matrix (1), attached to the wings of the aforementioned profiles intermittently. They serve to transmit the tensions in a distributed way between the wings.
  • Profile wings Also known as skate, they are the upper and lower part of the “I” or “H” profiles (6) and the upper part in “T” sections (7). When a plurality of parallel “I” (6) or “T” (7) sections are made, joined and interconnected by their wings, elements with a very resistant area are generated.
  • Profile web It is the central part of the cross section of an “I” or ⁇ ” profile (6), located perpendicular to the wings. Its function is to connect the flanges, being able to go full or perforated intermittently with some geometry, to obtain alveolar sections (5).
  • Rib It is the central part of the cross section of a "T" profile (7) located perpendicular to its wings. Its function is to connect the upper flange, being able to go full or perforated intermittently with some geometry, to obtain alveolar sections (5).
  • Render or coating (4) It is a mixture in a soft state of concrete or mortar based on cement, sand and lime, which is projected covering the permanent mold (1) with a flat finish and thickness depending on the purpose of the element. One of its functions is to protect the reinforcement from ambient humidity, while internally it acquires the shape imposed by said mold (1).
  • the resistance of the concrete depends on the work carried out by the structural element, which provides rigidity to the wall or slab.
  • Grids Refers to the geometric shapes that are given by the union of linear elements that make up the meshes (2) and the connectors (3), and can be in two dimensions such as triangles and quadrilaterals, or in three dimensions as regular polyhedra or irregular, tetrahedrons (8), octahedrons, pyramids (8), prisms or antiprisms (9).
  • the shapes are delineated by means of the edges that make up the grids, where said edges are the elements through which stresses or efforts are transferred.
  • Flaps (11) They are reinforcement mesh projections (2) opposite each other, which are located along the entire length of the longest edges of the panel. Its function is to reinforce the union between panels by superimposing meshes (2).
  • Thermoplastics are polymers that belong to the family of plastics, a material that, at relatively high temperatures, deforms or melts, allowing it to be given new shapes, and hardens when it cools down. Their physical properties gradually change if they are melted and molded multiple times, decreasing their reusability.
  • Polyesters Polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (PEBD), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), which can be expanded (EPS) or extruded (XPS), Polybutylene (PB), Polystyrene (PS), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), Teflon or Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Nylon (a type of polyamide), among much others.
  • OSB Oriented strand board
  • Plate (13) of laminated plaster It consists of sheets or plates (13) of laminated plaster between two layers of cardboard, therefore its components are generally plaster and cellulose.
  • Fiber cement plate (13) are sheets made up of a binder such as cement or calcium silicate, reinforced with organic, mineral and/or synthetic inorganic fibers.
  • Fixing anchor (12) are pieces or strips of metal or reinforced polymer fiber, smooth or with folds, which are attached to the meshes (2) of reinforcement, intermittently, to allow proper fixation by means of screws of the plasterboard, OSB or fiber cement.
  • the present invention refers to a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightweight slabs.
  • Structural elements such as walls or slabs are formed by groups of specific sections that provide rigidity and insulation.
  • the profiles "G or ⁇ " (6) were identified as very stable geometric configurations with good structural behavior; if the web of said profiles is also intermittently perforated, advantages are obtained in relation to the moment of inertia, rigidity and linear weight.
  • the shapes that were contemplated for the alveolar openings (5) of the soul were triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, circular, elliptical, sinusoidal or oval, regular or irregular, with angled or rounded edges, or any another open or closed geometric section, combination of these or similar.
  • the present invention created a panel with geometries (5) on one of the faces of the permanent matrix (1) and the other flat face, where said matrix (1 ) acts as formwork, containing the poured concrete (4) on its upper face, giving it the shape of typical “T” sections (7) or ribs.
  • This design makes efficient use of materials, as well as allowing load distribution in one direction or two directions, the latter depending on the engineering specifications of each project.
  • the lower part of the panel (4) can be revoked to encapsulate the matrix (1) and take advantage of insulation sales, or instead plates (13) of laminated plaster, OSB or fiber cement can be superimposed by means of screws to the fixing anchor (12).
  • the reinforcement of the panels for walls and slabs is made up of a set of elements called spatial mesh, where the flat meshes (2) and connectors (3) work in combination. Beyond the inherent resistance of the mesh material (2) and the diameters of the wires that make it up, the resistant capacity of the spatial mesh is directly influenced by the geometric configuration of its components, therefore, the layout of the meshes (2) and connectors (3) is relevant.
  • the meshes (2) separated by connectors (3) were considered, where their knots coincide or do not coincide from a plan view, and even with some of them rotated, thus having different geometric configurations, and therefore, a variety of resistances for each performance.
  • the invention has an interlocking shape (10) that allows easy but effective coupling.
  • Said insert (10) consists of two opposite projections of the permanent matrix (1), located on the two longest edges of the panels, thus avoiding spillage or loss of cement grout when the mixture is in a fresh state.
  • protrusions or overlaps (1 1 ) opposite meshes (2) are left on said edge, which successively overlap between the panels to be joined.
  • One of the surprising effects of the invention is its ability to produce sound insulation. Effect that is achieved by the quantity and arrangement of internal planes that are produced when covering the matrix (1) of the panel. Since the internal geometry resulting from the invention significantly increases the surface that will be in contact with the sound waves, reflecting a wide spectrum of frequencies, such as voices, music or car noise.
  • said permanent matrix (1) is established with a low-density material, such as mineral or textile fibers, rigid foams or some similar material that operates as an acoustic absorber.
  • thermoplastics an intrinsic property of thermoplastics
  • multiple air chambers or cells contained in the material are formed, which delay heat transfer. This factor produces excellent thermal insulation, thus obtaining walls and slabs with composite insulation properties, resulting in optimally soundproofed spaces isolated from natural temperature changes.
  • Such materials do not promote or proliferate the growth of bacteria or fungi, nor do they significantly affect the weight of the elements built due to their low density.
  • alveoli (5) were studied in the souls of the "I” or ⁇ " profiles (6) and the "T" shapes (7) that are generated when covering the matrix (1 ) permanent. Having in all cases significant improvements in the capacities of the profiles, compared to completely filled sections.
  • the geometries studied for the alveoli (5) were triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, trapezoidal, circular, elliptical, sinusoidal or oval, regular or irregular, with angled or rounded edges, they proved to be more efficient compared to the totally alternative. traditional solid.

Abstract

The present invention relates to a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs, characterised in that it has a novel permanent mould or matrix (1) with different geometric shapes, manufactured from plastic material, with longitudinal matrix (1) interlocks (10), which is traversed by a spatial mesh (2) with reinforcement flaps (11) for the poured or plastered concrete (4), producing "I" or "H" profiles (6) and interconnected "T" sections (7), in one or two directions, or replacing the fresh cement mix with gypsum, OSB or fibre cement boards (13), screwed to said meshes (2). The invention obtains structural benefits by having a better material-inertia ratio, economic benefits by having a better cost-profit ratio, and environmental benefits by using waste plastics as construction material, reducing energy consumption due to good insulation, and not requiring wooden formwork.

Description

SISTEMA DE PANELES PREFABRICADOS, MODULARES, LIGEROS CON PROPIEDADES DE AISLAMIENTO TÉRMICO Y ACÚSTICO PARA MUROS ALVEOLARES ESTRUCTURALES O DIVISORIOS Y LOSAS ALIGERADAS SYSTEM OF PRECAST, MODULAR, LIGHTWEIGHT PANELS WITH THERMAL AND ACOUSTIC INSULATION PROPERTIES FOR STRUCTURAL OR DIVIDING COLOR WALLS AND LIGHTWEIGHT SLABS
CAMPO DE LA INVENCIÓN FIELD OF THE INVENTION
La invención está relacionada con la industria de la construcción en general. En lo particular se refiere a un sistema de paneles prefabricados, modulares, ligeros con propiedades de aislamiento térmico y acústico para la construcción de muros alveolares estructurales o divisorios y losas aligeradas de concreto armado, que comprende una matriz permanente entre una malla espacial, que luego de estar en su posición final se recubre de concreto fresco o placas. The invention is related to the construction industry in general. In particular, it refers to a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightweight reinforced concrete slabs, which comprises a permanent matrix between a spatial mesh, which is then Once in its final position, it is covered with fresh concrete or plates.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA STATE OF THE ART
Existen variadas formas, composición y materiales para construir muros, desde la antigüedad existen los muros tradicionales, que están compuestos por ladrillos, tabiques o piedras, que por medio de un mortero se van juntando en hiladas sucesivas hasta conformar un muro. Unas de las principales desventajas de estos muros residen que son muy pesados y poco aislantes, causan un gran daño ambiental para extraer sus materiales, además de ser frágiles ante temblores. Por otra parte, están los muros de bloques, hechos de concreto o arcilla cocida, y realizan una función similar a los anteriores, se colocan trabados entre sí y confinados perimetralmente con castillos y vigas para conseguir mayor resistencia. Todos estos muros son pesados y a su vez débiles, pues son susceptibles a agrietarse ante terremotos. There are various shapes, compositions and materials to build walls, since ancient times there have been traditional walls, which are made up of bricks, partitions or stones, which are joined in successive courses by means of a mortar to form a wall. One of the main disadvantages of these walls is that they are very heavy and poorly insulating, they cause great environmental damage to extract their materials, as well as being fragile when faced with tremors. On the other hand, there are the block walls, made of concrete or baked clay, and perform a similar function to the previous ones, they are placed interlocked and confined around the perimeter with castles and beams to achieve greater resistance. All these walls are heavy and weak, as they are susceptible to cracking in the event of earthquakes.
Por su parte, las primeras losas de concreto datan del imperio romanos, donde se construían en forma de arcos, bóvedas y domos. Las formas curvas típicas en dichas losas eran cruciales para estas pudieran sostenerse, pues de esta manera solo trabajaban bajo la acción de las fuerzas de corte. Sin embargo, los elevados costos, el gran volumen que ocupa y el enorme peso que tienen, hicieron que quedarán descontinuadas cuando nació “la era del concreto armado con barras de acero”. No obstante, las losas de concreto armado modero siguen utilizando la tarima o cimbra de madera que usaban los romanos en la antigüedad, para contener los materiales que componen las losas. For its part, the first concrete slabs date from the Roman Empire, where they were built in the form of arches, vaults and domes. The typical curved shapes in these slabs were crucial for them to be able to hold, since in this way they only worked under the action of cutting forces. However, the high costs, the large volume that it occupies and the enormous weight that they have, caused them to be discontinued when "the era of concrete reinforced with steel bars" was born. However, the modern reinforced concrete slabs continue to using the wooden platform or falsework that the Romans used in antiquity, to contain the materials that make up the slabs.
Cuando la humanidad conoció las bondades del concreto armado, surgió una forma totalmente nueva de construir. Esta invención conllevo a un nuevo tipo de muros y losas de concreto armado, siendo usado en la actualidad por su gran resistencia. Sin embargo, este tipo de muros y losas son comúnmente macizos y muy pesados, además de tener un proceso constructivo muy laborioso, requerir encofrados costosos y mano de obra especializada, al mismo tiempo que su fabricación es de bajo rendimiento y son poco aislantes. When humanity learned about the benefits of reinforced concrete, a totally new way of building arose. This invention led to a new type of reinforced concrete walls and slabs, currently being used for its great resistance. However, this type of walls and slabs are commonly solid and very heavy, in addition to having a very laborious construction process, requiring expensive formwork and specialized labor, at the same time that their manufacture is of low performance and they are not very insulating.
Los encofrados de losas y muros comúnmente son de madera y se le aplican aceites desmoldantes para evitar la adherencia del concreto, además estos encofrados se desgastan muy rápido por lo erosivo del hormigón y la exposición a la intemperie, por lo cual son desechados y al podrirse liberan los aceites absorbidos en los suelos, contaminándolos. Por otra parte, el uso de encofrados tradicionales involucra realizar trabajos previos de preparación de la madera, antes de realizar el encofrado en sí, para luego de trascurrido el tiempo previsto para alcanzar la resistencia del concreto, desmantelarlo o desencofrarlo, para posteriormente limpiar la madera y volver a prepararla, acarrear el material, transportarlo y almacenarlo adecuadamente. Este laborioso proceso sigue siendo unos de los más utilizados en la actualidad, por la falta de un sistema que solucione las complejas necesidades de este sector. The formwork of slabs and walls are commonly made of wood and release oils are applied to prevent the adhesion of the concrete, in addition these formworks wear out very quickly due to the erosion of the concrete and exposure to the weather, for which they are discarded and when they rot they release the oils absorbed in the soils, contaminating them. On the other hand, the use of traditional formwork involves carrying out preliminary work to prepare the wood, before carrying out the formwork itself, so that after the expected time has elapsed to reach the resistance of the concrete, dismantle or strip it, to later clean the wood. and prepare it again, carry the material, transport it and store it properly. This laborious process continues to be one of the most used today, due to the lack of a system that solves the complex needs of this sector.
Siendo parte del estado de la técnica, se encuentran los muros de paneles prefabricados modulares o tipo sándwich, con documentos patentes US4253288A, US3305991 y US3555131 , describiendo que estos muros llevan una masa en su interior de poliestireno expandido (EPS) o poliestireno extruido (XPS) y una malla de refuerzo, que luego se aplicará el revoque o repellado. Se debe mencionar, que este tipo de muros no soporta grandes cargas, ni permite separaciones muy amplias entre ellos. Otro problema no menos importante, es el consumo energético para fabricar el EPS o XPS, siendo este de 120 MJ/kgf por unidad de masa; equivalente aproximadamente a 12.83 kg de CO2 emitido al ambiente por cada kilogramo de material, siendo este muy alto, en todo caso, mucho mayor que lo necesario para fabricar el acero o concreto que utiliza este panel. Existe otra versión de panel prefabricado, como el que se detalla en la patente IMPI No. 220242. Donde se explica que este panel utiliza en su centro residuos sólidos cortados en tiras y apelmazados con resinas aglutinantes. Aunque abordan el tema ambiental de forma más amigable, el producto presenta inconvenientes estructurales, pues no mantienen una separación adecuada entre la malla y los residuos, haciendo que se tenga un deficiente agarre entre el concreto y el refuerzo. El problema mencionado hace que este panel no posea capacidad de carga, por tal razón, solo se comercializa como muro divisorio o de cerramiento. Más recientemente, podemos encontrar el documento de patente NC2018/0001604, en la cual, se implementa el alma de un panel con bandeja de cartones de huevos enmarcada en un recuadro de madera o metal. Teniendo un enfoque ecológico poco efectivo, pues dicha bandeja desde hace mucho tiempo es parte de un ciclo de reciclaje bien definido y eficiente, y si por alguna razón llegará al vertedero, el cartón se degrada sin impactar negativamente el ambiente. Por otra parte, los cartones pueden dañarse o deformarse a causa de la humedad de la mezcla del revoque proyectada sobre ellos, sin contar con el problema de conservar este panel en la intemperie de una obra, por su escaza durabilidad frente a la lluvia. Además de ser un material combustible que contribuye a la propagación del fuego. Being part of the state of the art, there are the walls of prefabricated modular or sandwich-type panels, with patent documents US4253288A, US3305991 and US3555131, describing that these walls have a mass inside of expanded polystyrene (EPS) or extruded polystyrene (XPS ) and a reinforcing mesh, which will then be rendered or plastered. It should be mentioned that this type of walls does not support large loads, nor does it allow very wide separations between them. Another no less important problem is the energy consumption to manufacture the EPS or XPS, this being 120 MJ/kgf per mass unit; equivalent to approximately 12.83 kg of CO2 emitted into the environment for each kilogram of material, this being very high, in any case, much greater than what is necessary to manufacture the steel or concrete used in this panel. There is another version of the prefabricated panel, such as the one detailed in IMPI patent No. 220242. It explains that this panel uses solid waste cut into strips and caked with binder resins in its center. Although they address the environmental issue in a more friendly way, the product has structural drawbacks, since they do not maintain an adequate separation between the mesh and the waste, causing a poor grip between the concrete and the reinforcement. The aforementioned problem means that this panel does not have load capacity, for this reason, it is only marketed as a dividing or enclosing wall. More recently, we can find patent document NC2018/0001604, in which the core of a panel with an egg carton tray framed in a wooden or metal box is implemented. Having an ecological approach that is not very effective, since said tray has been part of a well-defined and efficient recycling cycle for a long time, and if for some reason it reaches the landfill, the cardboard degrades without negatively impacting the environment. On the other hand, the cardboards can be damaged or deformed due to the humidity of the plaster mix projected on them, without counting the problem of keeping this panel outdoors on a construction site, due to its poor durability in the face of rain. In addition to being a combustible material that contributes to the spread of fire.
Con casi un siglo de inventados, el uso de perfiles alveolares o secciones “G de alma perforada, se siguen usando sobre todo en estructuras metálicas, debido a las dificultades que implicar su realización por medio de encofrados en obras de concreto armado. Sin embargo, tampoco son los perfiles más comunes en las construcciones de metal; esto se debe a que también existen importantes inconvenientes para fabricarlos en este material, ya que demandan un considerable tiempo para realizarlos, así como el uso de equipos especializados de corte y muchas horas de trabajo para luego volverlas a unir por medio de soldadura. Por otra parte, durante el siglo XVIII surgió en los Estados Unidos, una tipología de construcción llamada Balloon frame (Armazón de Globo), que consistente en la sustitución de las tradicionales vigas y pilares de madera, por una estructura de listones más finos y numerosos, por ser más manejables y permitir clavarse entre sí, para luego tapar todo el armazón y espacios vacíos con tablas machihembradas de madera. Esta tipología constructiva produjo edificios (normalmente viviendas de una o dos plantas) más ligeros y fáciles de construir, adaptando las viviendas europeas a la abundancia de madera de aquella época y la escasez de carpinteros y mano de obra cualificada. La evolución del sistema anterior produjo el sistema de construcción Light Steel Framing, el cual sustituyo los listones de madera por perfiles de metal delgado doblado en frió, los clavos por tornillos y la madera machihembrada por placas de yeso, OSB o fibrocemento. Aunque esta forma de construcción en seco es ligera y rápida de elaborar, en la mayoría de los países de Latinoamérica no son bien acogidas, dada a la baja seguridad que ofrece ante vandalismo o golpes por objetos lanzados, como ocurre ante un huracán. With almost a century of invention, the use of alveolar profiles or "G" sections with a perforated core, are still used, above all in metallic structures, due to the difficulties involved in their realization by means of formwork in reinforced concrete works. However, they are not the most common profiles in metal constructions either; This is due to the fact that there are also significant drawbacks to manufacturing them in this material, since they require considerable time to complete, as well as the use of specialized cutting equipment and many hours of work to later rejoin them by means of welding. On the other hand, during the 18th century, a construction typology called Balloon frame emerged in the United States, which consisted of replacing the traditional wooden beams and pillars with a structure of thinner slats and numerous , for being more manageable and allow them to be nailed together, and then cover the entire frame and empty spaces with wooden tongue and groove boards. This constructive typology produced buildings (usually one or two-story houses) that were lighter and easier to build, adapting European houses to the abundance of wood at that time and the scarcity of carpenters and skilled labor. The evolution of the previous system produced the Light Steel Framing construction system, which replaced the wooden slats with cold-bent thin metal profiles, the nails with screws, and the tongue-and-groove wood with plasterboard, OSB, or fiber cement. Although this form of dry construction is light and quick to develop, in most Latin American countries it is not well received, given the low security it offers against vandalism or hits by thrown objects, as occurs in a hurricane.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención describe un sistema de paneles prefabricados, modulares, ligeros con propiedades de aislamiento térmico y acústico para la construcción de muros alveolares estructurales o divisorios y losas aligeradas, el cual, está constituido por un novedoso molde o matriz permanente, atravesado por una malla espacial, que como en construcción húmeda refuerza el concreto vaciado o revocado sobre el molde, para producirse perfiles “I” o “H” de alma llena o alveolar y secciones “T” en una o dos direcciones entrecruzadas, obteniendo elementos con mejor relación de material-inercia que los métodos tradicionales, lo cual se traduce en costo-beneficio. The present invention describes a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs, which is made up of an innovative permanent mold or matrix, traversed by a mesh. space, which, as in wet construction, reinforces the cast or rendered concrete on the mold, to produce "I" or "H" profiles with a full or alveolar core and "T" sections in one or two interlocking directions, obtaining elements with a better ratio of material-inertia than traditional methods, which translates into cost-benefit.
La versatilidad del sistema de paneles propuesto, también permite su uso como construcción en seco, consistiendo en sustituir la mezcla de concreto húmeda o fresca, por placas de yeso laminado, OSB o fibrocemento, uniendo las placas a los paneles por medio de tornillos que se fijan a un anclaje incorporado en las mallas, obteniendo otra alternativa de construcción para aquellos lugares donde trabajar con mezclas cementicias húmedas resulten un problema. Este sistema resuelve los inconvenientes anteriormente citados, y adicionalmente aporta otras ventajas que serán mencionadas a partir de la descripción que se acompaña a continuación. Cabe señalar, gracias al avance en el campo de la ingeniería sismorresistente, hoy sabemos que las estructuras con mayor peso son más afectadas por los sismos. Destacando un enorme beneficio de la invención, pues los elementos constructivos con el sistema de paneles prefabricados, modulares, con propiedades de aislamiento térmico y acústico para muros alveolares estructurales o divisorios y losas aligeradas, con un peso reducido, además de ser reforzados y detallados para la adecuada ductilidad y resistencia ante embates sísmicos. The versatility of the proposed panel system also allows its use as dry construction, consisting of replacing the wet or fresh concrete mix with laminated gypsum boards, OSB or fiber cement, joining the plates to the panels by means of screws that are They are fixed to an anchor incorporated in the meshes, obtaining another construction alternative for those places where working with wet cementitious mixtures is a problem. This system solves the aforementioned drawbacks, and additionally provides other advantages that will be mentioned from the description that follows. It should be noted, thanks to advances in the field of earthquake-resistant engineering, we now know that structures with the greatest weight are more affected by earthquakes. Highlighting an enormous benefit of the invention, since the construction elements with the system of prefabricated, modular panels, with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs, with a reduced weight, in addition to being reinforced and detailed for adequate ductility and resistance to seismic shocks.
Otra fuerza muy destructiva de la naturaleza son los huracanes, pues dañan o destruyen muchas edificaciones a su paso. Sin embargo, el diseño original de la invención le proporciona a los muros y losas una coraza de concreto monolítica muy resistente, que impide la penetración de escombros u objetos que normalmente son lanzados como proyectiles por los fuertes vientos durante un huracán. Otro factor de seguridad para la construcción, es que los muros y losas trabajan en conjunto, pues van amarrados, ligados y traslapados entre sí, a su vez que se anclan con barras de refuerzo al sistema de cimentación. Another very destructive force of nature are hurricanes, as they damage or destroy many buildings in their path. However, the original design of the invention provides the walls and slabs with a very resistant monolithic concrete shell, which prevents the penetration of debris or objects that are normally thrown as projectiles by strong winds during a hurricane. Another safety factor for the construction is that the walls and slabs work together, since they are tied, linked and overlapped with each other, while they are anchored with reinforcing bars to the foundation system.
Adicionalmente, la invención produce muros y losas con una geometría de altos y bajos relieves en sus caras internas, proporcionando un asombroso aislamiento acústico, repeliendo significativamente las ondas de sonido que llegan a ellos. Aunado a esto, la matriz permanente es un material absorbente sónico, que se encuentra ubicado estratégicamente en la zona central de los paneles, donde atrapa un porcentaje de los sonidos que traspasan la capa de aislante rígido, evitando ecos o reverberaciones. Additionally, the invention produces walls and slabs with a geometry of high and low relief on their internal faces, providing amazing acoustic insulation, significantly repelling sound waves that reach them. In addition to this, the permanent matrix is a sound absorbing material, which is strategically located in the central area of the panels, where it traps a percentage of the sounds that pass through the rigid insulation layer, avoiding echoes or reverberations.
Tomando en cuenta la importancia de proteger el ambiente, se dio prioridad a los materiales ecológicos para la fabricación de la invención. Estos materiales reciclados parcial o totalmente, se usan para manufacturar la matriz permanente de los paneles, haciendo que desechos se conviertan en un material de construcción, consiguiendo un positivo impacto ambiental. Otro beneficio indirecto pero significativo para el ambiente, son las construcciones térmicamente aisladas, pues requieren un menor consumo energético para mantener una temperatura adecuada en el interior de las edificaciones. Taking into account the importance of protecting the environment, priority was given to ecological materials for the manufacture of the invention. These partially or totally recycled materials are used to manufacture the permanent matrix of the panels, turning waste into a construction material, achieving a positive environmental impact. Another indirect but significant benefit for the environment are thermally insulated buildings, since they require less energy consumption to maintain an adequate temperature inside the buildings.
Otro factor favorable, es que resulta un sistema de construcción ligero, que se puede cargar a mano y no requiere el uso de grúas, maquinaria pesada o equipos especiales de alto consumo de energía o combustibles contaminantes para su manejo e instalación. Espléndidamente, es un sistema de construcción que no requiere cimbras de madera o encofrados, contribuyendo a bajar el consumo de madera en el sector construcción, favoreciendo la recuperación de los bosques, ya que los encofrados tienen un uso muy efímero. Another favorable factor is that it is a lightweight construction system, which can be loaded by hand and does not require the use of cranes, heavy machinery or special equipment with high energy consumption or polluting fuels for handling and installation. Splendidly, it is a construction system that does not require wooden falsework or formwork, helping to reduce the consumption of wood in the construction sector, favoring the recovery of forests, since the formwork has a very ephemeral use.
Por otra parte, la larga vida útil del plástico es un problema medioambiental, cuando se desecha en ríos o mares, sin mencionar el daño al suelo cuando se entierra en rellenos sanitarios, o la contaminación al aire cuando es quemado. En cambio, para esta invención se encuentra provechosa su durabilidad e inocuidad. La implementación de plásticos, de preferencia reciclado, como materia prima de la matriz, nos enmarca en una de las causas verdes que busca mitigar la contaminación del aire, el daño al suelo, contribuir con la limpieza de los cuerpos de agua y la conservación de la vida marina. On the other hand, the long useful life of plastic is an environmental problem, when it is disposed of in rivers or seas, not to mention the damage to the soil when it is buried in sanitary landfills, or the air pollution when it is burned. Instead, its durability and innocuousness are found advantageous for this invention. The implementation of plastics, preferably recycled, as raw material of the matrix, frames us in one of the green causes that seeks to mitigate air pollution, damage to the soil, contribute to the cleaning of bodies of water and the conservation of Marine life.
Por el tipo de materiales utilizados para la manufactura de los paneles, resulta fácil realizar trabajos de confección y corte con herramientas eléctricas y manuales, pudiendo adaptarse a cualquier diseño y configuración arquitectónica. Esta versatilidad permite la incorporación de instalaciones eléctricas, sanitarias, voz y data en su interior. Due to the type of materials used for the manufacture of the panels, it is easy to carry out preparation and cutting work with electric and manual tools, being able to adapt to any design and architectural configuration. This versatility allows the incorporation of electrical, sanitary, voice and data installations inside.
OBJETOS DE LA INVENCIÓN OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
La presente patente tiene por objeto la protección de un sistema de paneles prefabricados, modulares, ligeros con propiedades de aislamiento térmico y acústico para la construcción de muros alveolares estructurales o divisorios y losas aligeradas. Esta invención se refiere en esencia a elementos que terminados tendrán forma plana, pudiendo estar orientados en sentido vertical, horizontal o inclinados, incluso en algunos casos se pueden curvar. Comúnmente se emplea como muros portantes, divisorios y/o losas de entrepisos o techos de una edificación. Por su parte, se busca proveer un sistema de construcción moderno, económico, aislante termoacústico y seguro ante catástrofes naturales como los sismos o huracanes. The object of this patent is the protection of a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightweight slabs. This invention essentially refers to elements that, when finished, will have a flat shape, being able to be oriented vertically, horizontally or inclined, and in some cases they can even be curved. It is commonly used as load-bearing, dividing walls and/or mezzanine or roof slabs of a building. For its part, it seeks to provide a modern, economical, thermo-acoustic insulating and safe construction system in the face of natural catastrophes such as earthquakes or hurricanes.
Algunas de las ventajas de la invención, consisten en manufacturar los paneles preferiblemente con plásticos desechados, con lo cual, esta basura pasa de ser un grave problema de contaminación del medioambiente, a convertirse en un excelente material de construcción. De tal manera, que este sistema contribuye de múltiples formas a favor del ambiente, teniendo, por una parte, que se evita que cantidades basura plástica sea lanzada en vertederos, incinerada, o que llegue a los ríos, lagos o mares. Por otra parte, el sistema no necesita de encofrados de madera, favoreciendo a la recuperación de los bosques. Por último, un beneficio constante proviene del plástico como excelente aislante térmico, y su uso reduce el consumo energético destinado a aclimatar las edificaciones durante toda su vida útil, disminuyendo consecuentemente las emisiones de CO2 a la atmosfera. Some of the advantages of the invention consist of manufacturing the panels preferably with discarded plastics, with which this garbage passes from being a serious environmental pollution problem, to becoming an excellent construction material. In such a way, that this system contributes in multiple ways in favor of the environment, having, on the one hand, that it prevents amounts of plastic garbage from being thrown in landfills, incinerated, or reaching rivers, lakes or seas. On the other hand, the system does not need wooden formwork, favoring the recovery of forests. Finally, a constant benefit comes from plastic as an excellent thermal insulator, and its use reduces energy consumption aimed at acclimatizing buildings throughout their useful life, consequently reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.
Otra ventaja significativa de la invención, es la reducción del tiempo de construcción, siendo estos de más de un 60% con relación a los sistemas de construcción tradicionales, al igual que una disminución de los costos de las estructuras y mamposterías de alrededor de 40%. Another significant advantage of the invention is the reduction in construction time, these being more than 60% in relation to traditional construction systems, as well as a decrease in the costs of structures and masonry of around 40%. .
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Para complementar la descripción, con la intención de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características de la invención, se acompaña la misma con un conjunto de figuras, donde se muestran los diferentes componentes o partes asociadas al presente sistema de paneles prefabricados, modulares, ligeros con propiedades de aislamiento térmico y acústico para la construcción de muros alveolares estructurales o divisorios y losas aligeradas, así como los elementos novedosos con respecto al estado de la técnica, en donde, las figuras no pretenden limitar el alcance de la invención, siendo estas mencionadas a continuación: To complement the description, with the intention of helping a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, it is accompanied by a set of figures, where the different components or parts associated with the present system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels are shown. with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs, as well as novel elements with respect to the state of the art, where the figures are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, these being mentioned next:
La figura 1 muestra en perspectiva axonométrica un módulo de panel en posición vertical, donde la matriz (1 ) permanente se aprecia atravesada por los conectores (3) uniendo las mallas (2) planas y parcialmente revocado (4) por ambas caras de conformidad con la presente invención. Figure 1 shows in axonometric perspective a panel module in a vertical position, where the permanent matrix (1) can be seen traversed by the connectors (3) joining the flat meshes (2) and partially plastered (4) on both sides in accordance with the present invention.
La figura 2 ilustra en perspectiva dos alternativas de panel, donde se aprecia la matriz permanente (1) atravesada por los conectores (3) uniendo las mallas (2) planas y parcialmente revocado (4) por ambas caras, donde se extrae una sección típica “I” o Ή” (6) en dirección longitudinal y transversal entrecruzadas, ambas con alveolos (5) que se ciñen a la forma geométrica de dicha matriz (1). Figure 2 illustrates two panel alternatives in perspective, where the permanent matrix (1) crossed by the connectors (3) can be seen, joining the flat meshes (2) and partially plastered (4) on both sides, where a typical section "I" or Ή" (6) in intersecting longitudinal and transversal directions, both with alveoli (5) that adhere to the geometric shape of said matrix (1).
La figura 3 muestra algunas secciones transversales de paneles con diferentes opciones de alveolos (5) usadas en el diseño geométrico de las matrices (1) permanentes del invento, rellenas o con espacios vacíos, con geometrías salientes en una o dos caras de la matriz (1), en una dirección o dos direcciones y con encastre longitudinal de borde (11). Figure 3 shows some cross sections of panels with different options for alveoli (5) used in the geometric design of the permanent dies (1) of the invention, filled or with empty spaces, with protruding geometries on one or two faces of the die ( 1), in one direction or two directions and with longitudinal edge fitting (11).
La figura 4 ilustra algunas secciones típicas “G o Ή” (6) que se generan cuando se revocan (4) y quedan ahogadas la matriz (1 ) permanente y las mallas de refuerzo, donde dichas secciones adoptan la forma geométrica del alveolo (5) seleccionado. Figure 4 illustrates some typical sections "G or Ή" (6) that are generated when they are plastered (4) and the permanent matrix (1) and the reinforcement meshes are drowned, where said sections adopt the geometric shape of the alveolus (5 ) selected.
La figura 5 muestra algunas secciones transversales típicas de los paneles para muros y losas, en función de la matriz (1) permanente con su respectivo encastre longitudinal de borde (11); resaltándose las secciones típicas “G o “H” (6) que se producen al vaciar o revocar (4) las matrices (1) y mallas (2) que van unidas por conectores (3). Figure 5 shows some typical cross sections of the panels for walls and slabs, based on the permanent matrix (1) with its respective longitudinal edge fitting (11); highlighting the typical sections "G or "H" (6) that are produced by emptying or revoking (4) the dies (1) and meshes (2) that are joined by connectors (3).
La figura 6 muestra algunas secciones transversales típicas de los paneles de losa, en función de la matriz (1) permanente con su respectivo encastre longitudinal de borde (11); resaltándose las secciones típicas “T” (7) que se producen al vaciar (4) las matrices (1 ) y mallas (2) que van unidas por conectoresFigure 6 shows some typical cross sections of the slab panels, based on the permanent matrix (1) with its respective longitudinal edge fitting (11); highlighting the typical "T" sections (7) that are produced by emptying (4) the dies (1) and meshes (2) that are joined by connectors
(3), además de los anclajes de fijación (12) de tornillos para sujetar las placas (12) de yeso laminado, OSB o fibrocemento. (3), in addition to the fixing anchors (12) of screws to hold the plates (12) of laminated plaster, OSB or fiber cement.
La figura 7 muestra una vista en planta, sección transversal A-A’ y en perspectiva de una porción de panel de losa, atravesado por una malla espacial no coincidentes, con formas de pirámides (8), que está compuesta por formas planas como triángulos y cuadriláteros, donde se aprecia el vaciado y revoqueFigure 7 shows a plan view, cross section A-A' and in perspective of a portion of the slab panel, traversed by a non-coincident spatial mesh, with shapes of pyramids (8), which is composed of flat shapes such as triangles. and quadrilaterals, where the emptying and plastering can be seen
(4) en las principales caras de la matriz (1 ) permanente, con encastre longitudinal de borde (10) y solapas (11) de refuerzo, dejando ahogadas en el revoque (4) las mallas (2) de refuerzo, mientras que se aprecia la función de los conectores (3) de unión y los anclajes de fijación (12) de tornillos para sujetar las placas (13) de yeso laminado, OSB o fibrocemento. (4) on the main faces of the permanent matrix (1), with longitudinal embedding of the edge (10) and reinforcing flaps (11), leaving the reinforcing meshes (2) drowned in the plaster (4), while the appreciate the function of the joint connectors (3) and the fixing anchors (12) of screws to hold the plates (13) of laminated plaster, OSB or fiber cement.
La figura 8 ilustra una vista en planta, sección transversal B-B’ y en perspectiva de una porción de panel de losa, atravesado por una malla espacial no coincidentes y rotadas, con formas de antiprismas (9), que está compuesta por formas planas como triángulos y cuadriláteros, donde se aprecia el vaciado (4) en la caras superior de la matriz (1) permanente, con encastre (10) longitudinal de borde, dejando ahogadas en el revoque (4) las mallas (2) de refuerzo y los conectores (3) de unión y los anclajes de fijación (12) de tornillos para sujetar las placas (13) de yeso laminado, OSB o fibrocemento. Figure 8 illustrates a plan view, cross section B-B' and in perspective of a portion of the slab panel, traversed by a spatial mesh. non-coincident and rotated, with shapes of antiprisms (9), which is composed of flat shapes such as triangles and quadrilaterals, where the hollowing (4) can be seen on the upper faces of the permanent matrix (1), with longitudinal fitting (10) edge, leaving drowned in the plaster (4) the reinforcing meshes (2) and the joint connectors (3) and the fixing anchors (12) of screws to hold the plates (13) of laminated plaster, OSB or fiber cement .
DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓN DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Tratando de hacer más clara la descripción de la presente invención, a fin de comprender mejor la misma, se incluye un glosario de términos técnicos empleados en la presente memoria descriptiva, a continuación: Trying to make the description of the present invention clearer, in order to better understand it, a glossary of technical terms used in this descriptive memory is included below:
• Matriz o molde (1 ) permanente: Es el volumen de masa o relleno con diseño geométrico específico, completamente macizo o con espacios vacíos, hecho con materiales termoplásticos de reciclaje u otros. Sobre esta matriz (1) se lanza o vacía (4) el concreto, adhiriéndose a dicha matriz (1) para tomar la forma positiva específica del molde. Su condición de permanente contribuye en proporcionar ligereza y aislamiento termo acústico, sin aportar rigidez al elemento. • Matrix or permanent mold (1): It is the volume of mass or filling with a specific geometric design, completely solid or with empty spaces, made with recycling or other thermoplastic materials. On this matrix (1) the concrete (4) is thrown or poured, adhering to said matrix (1) to take the specific positive form of the mold. Its permanent condition contributes to providing lightness and thermo-acoustic insulation, without adding rigidity to the element.
• Refuerzo: Se refiere al alambre, varilla o barra, de material metálico o fibra reforzada polimérica, individual o en grupos adecuadamente entrecruzados como red o mallas (2), que refuerzan el interior de un elemento de hormigón o concreto. Su función en esta invención, es reforzar o armar los elementos de concreto para conferir resistencia y ductilidad. • Reinforcement: Refers to the wire, rod or bar, made of metallic material or reinforced polymer fiber, individually or in groups adequately intertwined as a net or mesh (2), which reinforce the interior of a concrete or concrete element. Its function in this invention is to reinforce or reinforce the concrete elements to confer resistance and ductility.
• Conectores (3): Son alambres que atraviesan la matriz (1 ) permanente y se unen a los refuerzos de las caras exteriores en formas y ángulos determinados. En casos de los perfiles “I” (6) y “T” (7), los conectores (3) refuerzan las micro-columnas o porción del alma que conectan las alas. Su función es transferir los esfuerzos internos que se produzcan en el elemento. • Connectors (3): These are wires that cross the permanent matrix (1) and are attached to the reinforcements on the exterior faces in determined shapes and angles. In the cases of profiles "I" (6) and "T" (7), the connectors (3) reinforce the micro-columns or portion of the web that connects the wings. Its function is to transfer the internal forces that occur in the element.
• Micro-columnas: Son las porciones del alma de las secciones “I” o “H” (6), producidas por el revoque (4) o vaciado de concreto entre los espacios que ocupa la matriz (1) permanente, unidos a las alas de los mencionados perfiles de manera intermitente. Sirven para transmitir las tensiones de forma distribuida entre las alas. • Micro-columns: They are the portions of the soul of sections "I" or "H" (6), produced by plastering (4) or pouring concrete between the spaces occupied by the permanent matrix (1), attached to the wings of the aforementioned profiles intermittently. They serve to transmit the tensions in a distributed way between the wings.
• Alas de perfil: También conocida como patín, son la parte superior e inferior de los perfiles “I” o “H” (6) y la parte superior en secciones “T” (7). Cuando se realizan pluralidad de secciones “I” (6) o “T” (7) paralelas, unidas e interconectas por sus alas, se generan elementos de área muy resistente. • Profile wings: Also known as skate, they are the upper and lower part of the “I” or “H” profiles (6) and the upper part in “T” sections (7). When a plurality of parallel "I" (6) or "T" (7) sections are made, joined and interconnected by their wings, elements with a very resistant area are generated.
• Alma de perfil: Es la parte central de la sección transversal de un perfil “I” o Ή” (6), ubicada de forma perpendicular a las alas. Su función es conectar los patines, pudiendo ir llena o perforada intermitentemente con alguna geometría, para conseguir secciones alveolares (5). • Profile web: It is the central part of the cross section of an “I” or Ή” profile (6), located perpendicular to the wings. Its function is to connect the flanges, being able to go full or perforated intermittently with some geometry, to obtain alveolar sections (5).
• Nervadura: Es la parte central de la sección transversal de un perfil “T” (7) ubicada de forma perpendicular a sus alas. Su función es conectar el patín superior, pudiendo ir llena o perforada intermitentemente con alguna geometría, para conseguir secciones alveolares (5). • Rib: It is the central part of the cross section of a "T" profile (7) located perpendicular to its wings. Its function is to connect the upper flange, being able to go full or perforated intermittently with some geometry, to obtain alveolar sections (5).
• Revoque o recubrimiento (4): Es una mezcla en estado blando de concreto o mortero a base de cemento, arena y cal, que se proyecta cubriendo el molde (1) permanente con terminación plana y espesor en función de la finalidad del elemento. Una de sus funciones es proteger el refuerzo humedad del ambiente, mientras que internamente adquiere la forma que le impone dicho molde (1). La resistencia del concreto depende de la labor que cumpla el elemento estructural, la cual aporta rigidez al muro o losa. • Render or coating (4): It is a mixture in a soft state of concrete or mortar based on cement, sand and lime, which is projected covering the permanent mold (1) with a flat finish and thickness depending on the purpose of the element. One of its functions is to protect the reinforcement from ambient humidity, while internally it acquires the shape imposed by said mold (1). The resistance of the concrete depends on the work carried out by the structural element, which provides rigidity to the wall or slab.
• Retículas: Se refiere a las formas geométricas que se dan por la unión de elementos lineales que componen las mallas (2) y los conectores (3), pudiendo ser en dos dimensiones como triángulos y cuadriláteros, o en tres dimensiones como poliedros regulares o irregulares, tetraedros (8), octaedros, pirámides (8), prismas o antiprismas (9). En estructuras espaciales, las formas se delinean por medio de las aristas que componen las retículas, donde dichas aristas son los elementos por donde se transfieren las tensiones o esfuerzos. • Grids: Refers to the geometric shapes that are given by the union of linear elements that make up the meshes (2) and the connectors (3), and can be in two dimensions such as triangles and quadrilaterals, or in three dimensions as regular polyhedra or irregular, tetrahedrons (8), octahedrons, pyramids (8), prisms or antiprisms (9). In spatial structures, the shapes are delineated by means of the edges that make up the grids, where said edges are the elements through which stresses or efforts are transferred.
• Vaciado o vertido (4): Es el hormigón o concreto en estado fresco o blando que se vierte o vacía (4) sobre el lado de un panel en posición horizontal o inclinada. • Encastre (10): Son porciones salientes de la matriz (1) permanente, opuestas entre sí, que se ubican en toda la longitud de los bordes más largos del panel. Su función es permitir una mejor unión entre paneles sucesivos y evitar el derrame de la lechada de cemento. • Poured or poured (4): It is the concrete or concrete in a fresh or soft state that is poured or poured (4) on the side of a panel in a horizontal or inclined position. • Insertion (10): They are protruding portions of the permanent matrix (1), opposite each other, which are located along the entire length of the longest edges of the panel. Its function is to allow a better union between successive panels and to avoid the spillage of the cement grout.
• Solapas (11 ): Son salientes de malla (2) de refuerzo opuestas entre sí, que se ubican en toda la longitud de los bordes más largos del panel. Su función es reforzar por medio de la superposición de mallas (2) la unión entre paneles. • Flaps (11): They are reinforcement mesh projections (2) opposite each other, which are located along the entire length of the longest edges of the panel. Its function is to reinforce the union between panels by superimposing meshes (2).
• Termoplásticos: Son polímeros que pertenecen a la familia de los plásticos, material que, a temperaturas relativamente altas, se deforma o derrite, permitiendo darle nuevas formas, y al enfriase se endurece. Sus propiedades físicas cambian gradualmente si se funden y se moldean varias veces, disminuyendo su posibilidad de reutilización. Los más usados son los Poliésteres, Polietileno (PE), Polietileno de Alta Densidad (PEAD), Polietileno de Baja Densidad (PEBD), Polipropileno (PP), Poliestireno (PS), pudiendo ser expandido (EPS) o extruido (XPS), Polibutileno (PB), Poliestireno (PS), Polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), Policloruro de Vinilo (PVC), Politereftalato de Etileno (PET), Policarbonato (PC), Teflón o Politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE), Nailon (un tipo de poliamida), entre muchos otros. • Thermoplastics: These are polymers that belong to the family of plastics, a material that, at relatively high temperatures, deforms or melts, allowing it to be given new shapes, and hardens when it cools down. Their physical properties gradually change if they are melted and molded multiple times, decreasing their reusability. The most used are Polyesters, Polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (PEBD), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), which can be expanded (EPS) or extruded (XPS), Polybutylene (PB), Polystyrene (PS), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), Teflon or Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Nylon (a type of polyamide), among much others.
• Oriented strand board (OSB): Se trata de placas (13) o tableros hechos por un conglomerado a base de fibras o virutas de madera. Los tableros se conforman por capas de astillas o virutas, donde cada capa sigue una orientación de virutas perpendicular a la capa anterior, unidas por medio de resinas y presión a altas temperaturas. • Oriented strand board (OSB): These are plates (13) or boards made from a conglomerate based on fibers or wood shavings. The boards are made up of layers of chips or chips, where each layer follows a chip orientation perpendicular to the previous layer, joined by means of resins and pressure at high temperatures.
• Placa (13) de yeso laminado: Consiste en láminas o placas (13) de yeso laminado entre dos capas de cartón, por lo que sus componentes son generalmente yeso y celulosa. • Plate (13) of laminated plaster: It consists of sheets or plates (13) of laminated plaster between two layers of cardboard, therefore its components are generally plaster and cellulose.
• Placa (13) de fibrocemento: Son laminas constituidas por un aglomerante como el cemento o un silicato de calcio, reforzado con fibras orgánicas, minerales y/o fibras inorgánicas sintéticas. • Fiber cement plate (13): These are sheets made up of a binder such as cement or calcium silicate, reinforced with organic, mineral and/or synthetic inorganic fibers.
• Anclaje de fijación (12): Son trozos o tiras de metal o fibra reforzada polimérica, lisas o con dobleces, que van unidas a las mallas (2) de refuerzo, de forma intermitente, para permitir la adecuada fijación por medio de tornillos de las placas de yeso, OSB o fibrocemento. • Fixing anchor (12): They are pieces or strips of metal or reinforced polymer fiber, smooth or with folds, which are attached to the meshes (2) of reinforcement, intermittently, to allow proper fixation by means of screws of the plasterboard, OSB or fiber cement.
La presente invención se refiere a un sistema de paneles prefabricados, modulares, ligeros con propiedades de aislamiento térmico y acústico para la construcción de muros alveolares estructurales o divisorios y losas aligeradas. Los elementos estructurales como muros o losas son formados por grupos de secciones específicas que le aportan rigidez y aislamiento. The present invention refers to a system of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightweight slabs. Structural elements such as walls or slabs are formed by groups of specific sections that provide rigidity and insulation.
Durante el proceso de invención del sistema, se identificaron los perfiles “G o Ή” (6) como configuraciones geometrías muy estables y de buen comportamiento estructural; si además se perfora intermitentemente el alma de dichos perfiles, se obtienen ventajas en relación con el momento de inercia, la rigidez y el peso lineal. Por otra parte, las formas que se contemplaron para las aberturas alveolares (5) del alma fueron triangulares, cuadradas, rectangulares, hexagonales, octagonales, circulares, elípticas, sinusoidal u ovaladas, regulares o irregulares, con bordes en ángulo o redondeados, o cualquier otra sección geométrica abiertas o cerradas, combinación de estas o similar. During the process of inventing the system, the profiles "G or Ή" (6) were identified as very stable geometric configurations with good structural behavior; if the web of said profiles is also intermittently perforated, advantages are obtained in relation to the moment of inertia, rigidity and linear weight. On the other hand, the shapes that were contemplated for the alveolar openings (5) of the soul were triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, circular, elliptical, sinusoidal or oval, regular or irregular, with angled or rounded edges, or any another open or closed geometric section, combination of these or similar.
Para elementos planos sometidos principalmente a flexión, como las losas de entrepiso o techo, la presente invención creo un panel con geometrías (5) en una de las caras de la matriz (1 ) permanente y la otra cara plana, donde dicha matriz (1 ) funge como encofrado, conteniendo el concreto vaciado (4) en su cara superior, dándole forma de secciones típicas “T” (7) o nervaduras. Este diseño utiliza de manera eficiente los materiales, además de permitir la distribución de cargas en una dirección o dos direcciones, dependiendo esto último de las especificaciones de ingeniería de cada proyecto. De igual manera, se podrá revocar (4) la parte inferior del panel para encapsular la matriz (1 ) y aprovechar las ventas de aislamiento, o en su lugar se puede superponer placas (13) de yeso laminado, OSB o fibrocemento por medio de tornillos al anclaje de fijación (12). For flat elements subjected mainly to bending, such as mezzanine or roof slabs, the present invention created a panel with geometries (5) on one of the faces of the permanent matrix (1) and the other flat face, where said matrix (1 ) acts as formwork, containing the poured concrete (4) on its upper face, giving it the shape of typical “T” sections (7) or ribs. This design makes efficient use of materials, as well as allowing load distribution in one direction or two directions, the latter depending on the engineering specifications of each project. In the same way, the lower part of the panel (4) can be revoked to encapsulate the matrix (1) and take advantage of insulation sales, or instead plates (13) of laminated plaster, OSB or fiber cement can be superimposed by means of screws to the fixing anchor (12).
El refuerzo de los paneles para muros y losas es compuesto por un conjunto de elementos llamado malla espacial, donde las mallas (2) planas y conectores (3), trabajan de forma combinada. Más allá de la resistencia inherente del material de las mallas (2) y los diámetros de los alambres que la conforman, la capacidad resistente de la malla espacial se ve influenciada directamente por la configuración geométrica de sus componentes, por lo cual, la disposición de las mallas (2) y conectores (3) resulta relevante. Para la invención se consideró las mallas (2) separadas por conectores (3), donde sus nudos son coincidente o no coincidentes desde una vista en planta, e incluso con alguna de ellas rotada, teniendo así distintas configuraciones geométricas, y por ende, una variedad de resistencias para cada desempeño. The reinforcement of the panels for walls and slabs is made up of a set of elements called spatial mesh, where the flat meshes (2) and connectors (3) work in combination. Beyond the inherent resistance of the mesh material (2) and the diameters of the wires that make it up, the resistant capacity of the spatial mesh is directly influenced by the geometric configuration of its components, therefore, the layout of the meshes (2) and connectors (3) is relevant. For the invention, the meshes (2) separated by connectors (3) were considered, where their knots coincide or do not coincide from a plan view, and even with some of them rotated, thus having different geometric configurations, and therefore, a variety of resistances for each performance.
Para realizar una unión adecuada entre paneles, la invención posee una forma de encastre (10) que permite un fácil pero efectivo acople. Dicho encastre (10) consiste en dos salientes opuestas de la matriz (1 ) permanente, ubicado en los dos bordes más largos de los paneles, de esta manera se evita el derrame o pérdida de lechada de cemento cuando la mezcla se encuentra en estado fresco. Adicionalmente, para garantizar una adecuada transferencia de esfuerzos en la junta de los elementos, se dejan salientes o solapas (1 1 ) opuestas de mallas (2) en dicho borde, las cuales se traslapan sucesivamente entre los paneles a unir. In order to make a suitable connection between panels, the invention has an interlocking shape (10) that allows easy but effective coupling. Said insert (10) consists of two opposite projections of the permanent matrix (1), located on the two longest edges of the panels, thus avoiding spillage or loss of cement grout when the mixture is in a fresh state. . Additionally, in order to guarantee an adequate transfer of stresses in the joint of the elements, protrusions or overlaps (1 1 ) opposite meshes (2) are left on said edge, which successively overlap between the panels to be joined.
Los detalles mencionados se consideraron en el ingenioso diseño del sistema de paneles, haciendo que estos trabajen en una dirección o dos direcciones, asociado a las principales dimensiones del panel, esto depende de la necesidad de distribución de las cargas de cada elemento de un proyecto. Obteniendo así, los únicos muros y losas alveolares y/o espaciales de este tipo, ya que básicamente están compuestos por pluralidad de perfiles “I” (6) y “T” (7) conectados continuamente por sus alas o patín. Creando con esta invención elementos estructurales muy estables y más eficientes, pues son más ligeros y poseen mayor inercia y rigidez que sus homólogos completamente macizos. The mentioned details were considered in the ingenious design of the panel system, making them work in one direction or two directions, associated with the main dimensions of the panel, this depends on the need for load distribution of each element of a project. Thus obtaining the only alveolar and/or space walls and slabs of this type, since they are basically made up of a plurality of profiles "I" (6) and "T" (7) continuously connected by their wings or skid. Creating with this invention very stable and more efficient structural elements, since they are lighter and have greater inertia and rigidity than their completely solid counterparts.
Uno de los efectos sorprendentes de la invención, es su capacidad de producir aislamiento acústico. Efecto que se logra por la cantidad y disposición de planos internos que se producen al recubrir la matriz (1 ) del panel. Puesto que la geometría interna resultante de la invención, aumenta significativamente la superficie que estará en contacto con las ondas de sonido, reflejando un amplio espectro de frecuencias, como voces, música o ruido de automóviles. Aunado a esto, dicha matriz (1 ) permanente se establece con un material de baja densidad, como las fibras minerales o textiles, espumas rígidas o algún material similar que opera como absorbente acústico. Conjuntamente, a las características de los materiales mencionados para la manufactura la matriz (1 ), está el bajo coeficiente de conductividad térmica, una propiedad intrínseca de los termoplásticos; además que en configuraciones de fibras o pellas se forman múltiples cámaras o celdas de aire contenidas en el material, la cuales retrasan la trasferencia de calor. Este factor produce un excelente aislamiento térmico, con lo que se obtienen muros y losas con propiedades de aislamiento compuesto, teniendo como resultado espacios óptimamente insonorizados y aislados de los cambios de temperatura naturales. Tales materiales no promueven o proliferan el crecimiento de bacterias u hongos, ni inciden significativamente en el peso de los elementos construidos por ser de baja densidad. One of the surprising effects of the invention is its ability to produce sound insulation. Effect that is achieved by the quantity and arrangement of internal planes that are produced when covering the matrix (1) of the panel. Since the internal geometry resulting from the invention significantly increases the surface that will be in contact with the sound waves, reflecting a wide spectrum of frequencies, such as voices, music or car noise. In addition to this, said permanent matrix (1) is established with a low-density material, such as mineral or textile fibers, rigid foams or some similar material that operates as an acoustic absorber. Together with the characteristics of the materials mentioned for the manufacture of the matrix (1), there is the low coefficient of thermal conductivity, an intrinsic property of thermoplastics; In addition, in configurations of fibers or pellets, multiple air chambers or cells contained in the material are formed, which delay heat transfer. This factor produces excellent thermal insulation, thus obtaining walls and slabs with composite insulation properties, resulting in optimally soundproofed spaces isolated from natural temperature changes. Such materials do not promote or proliferate the growth of bacteria or fungi, nor do they significantly affect the weight of the elements built due to their low density.
Como fue mencionado, para la invención se estudiaron los diferentes tipos de alveolos (5) en las almas de los perfiles “I” o Ή” (6) y las formas “T” (7) que se generan al recubrir la matriz (1 ) permanente. Teniendo en todos los casos mejoras significativas de las capacidades de los perfiles, comparado con secciones completamente llenas. Las geometrías estudiadas para los alveolos (5) fueron triangulares, cuadradas, rectangulares, hexagonales, octagonales, trapezoidales, circulares, elípticas, sinusoidales u ovaladas, regulares o irregulares, con bordes en ángulo o redondeados, demostraron ser más eficientes frente a la alternativa totalmente maciza tradicional. As mentioned, for the invention the different types of alveoli (5) were studied in the souls of the "I" or Ή" profiles (6) and the "T" shapes (7) that are generated when covering the matrix (1 ) permanent. Having in all cases significant improvements in the capacities of the profiles, compared to completely filled sections. The geometries studied for the alveoli (5) were triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, trapezoidal, circular, elliptical, sinusoidal or oval, regular or irregular, with angled or rounded edges, they proved to be more efficient compared to the totally alternative. traditional solid.
De manera de ilustrarlo mejor, al tomar un elemento plano y macizo de 1 m2 de superficie, con un volumen máximo de concreto u hormigón de 0,10 m3 y se compara con otro de la misma área, pero manteniendo un volumen de concreto similar o inferior, hecho con la invención, usando alveolos (5) hexagonales, se obtuvo como resultado que el primero posee un momento de inercia sobre su eje débil de 1=8.333 cm4, mientras que el segundo presento una inercia superior a 1=23.000 cm4, y por consiguiente la rigidez de este último también se vio aumentada. Se demuestra pues, con resultados como los mencionados, mejoras significativas por encima del 250% de la inercia frente a elementos macizos pertenecientes al estado de la técnica, lo cual indica que un elemento fabricado con la invención resulta más resistente que su equivalente completamente macizo construido de manera tradicional. In order to better illustrate it, by taking a flat and solid element with a surface area of 1 m2, with a maximum volume of concrete or concrete of 0.10 m3 and it is compared with another of the same area, but maintaining a volume of concrete similar or inferior, made with the invention, using hexagonal alveoli (5), it was obtained as a result that the first has a moment of inertia on its weak axis of 1=8.333 cm 4 , while the second presented an inertia greater than 1= 23,000 cm 4 , and consequently the rigidity of the latter was also increased. Therefore, with results such as those mentioned, it is demonstrated that significant improvements of over 250% in inertia compared to solid elements belonging to the state of the art, which indicates that an element manufactured with the invention is more resistant than its completely solid equivalent built in a traditional way.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Sistema de paneles prefabricados, modulares, ligeros con propiedades de aislamiento térmico y acústico para la construcción de muros alveolares estructurales o divisorios y losas aligeradas que comprende, un molde o matriz (1) permanente de forma geométrica, relleno o con espacios vacíos, de material ligero y aislante, con salientes opuestos en forma de encastres (10) y solapas (11 ) de refuerzo, donde la matriz (1 ) es envuelta por una malla (2) espacial, que se recubre (4) de concreto, o se le acoplan placas (13) o laminas por medio de anclajes de fijación (12) de tornillos. 1. System of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for the construction of structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightweight slabs that comprises a permanent mold or matrix (1) of geometric shape, filled or with empty spaces, of light and insulating material, with opposite projections in the form of inserts (10) and reinforcing flaps (11), where the matrix (1) is wrapped by a spatial mesh (2), which is covered (4) with concrete, or Plates (13) or sheets are attached to it by means of screw fixing anchors (12).
2. El sistema de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque la matriz (1) permanente posee alveolos (5) de formas geométricas que pueden ser una del grupo cuadradas, rectangulares, hexagonales, octagonales, trapezoidales, circulares, elípticas, sinusoidales u ovaladas, regulares o irregulares, con bordes en ángulo o redondeados, u otra sección geométrica abiertas o cerradas, o producto de cualquier combinación del grupo, orientadas en una o dos direcciones. 2. The system of claim 1, characterized in that the permanent matrix (1) has alveoli (5) of geometric shapes that can be one of the group square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, trapezoidal, circular, elliptical, sinusoidal or oval, regular or irregular, with angled or rounded edges, or other open or closed geometric section, or product of any combination of the group, oriented in one or two directions.
3. El sistema de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque el material de la matriz (1) permanente es de plástico, perteneciente a los termoplásticos, siendo dicho material de procedencia reciclado o virgen, parcialmente o en su totalidad. 3. The system of claim 1, characterized in that the material of the permanent matrix (1) is made of plastic, belonging to thermoplastics, said material of origin being recycled or virgin, partially or in its entirety.
4. El sistema de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque la matriz (1) permanente posee una cara plana y otra con formas geométricas, donde la forma de los alveolos (5) puede ser una del grupo cuadradas, rectangulares, hexagonales, octagonales, trapezoidales, circulares, elípticas, sinusoidales u ovaladas, regulares o irregulares, con bordes en ángulo o redondeados, o cualquier otra sección geométrica abiertas o cerradas, o producto de combinaciones de las anteriores, orientadas en una o dos direcciones. 4. The system of claim 1, characterized in that the permanent matrix (1) has a flat face and another with geometric shapes, where the shape of the alveoli (5) can be one of the square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, trapezoidal groups. , circular, elliptical, sinusoidal or oval, regular or irregular, with angled or rounded edges, or any other open or closed geometric section, or product of combinations of the above, oriented in one or two directions.
5. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque la malla espacial es formada por mallas (2) planas, de configuración cuadrilaterales o triangulares, separadas entre sí, pero sobrepuestas de manera coincidentes a sus nudos o desplazadas, donde alguna puede tener una geometría giradas o rotadas, de material metálico o fibra reforzada polimérica, unidas entre sí por conectores (3) de material similar, en forma perpendicular o inclinados en ángulo, atravesando la matriz (1) permanente. 5. The system of claim 1, characterized in that the spatial mesh is formed by flat meshes (2), with a quadrilateral or triangular configuration, separated from each other, but overlapping coincidentally with their nodes or displaced, where some may have a geometry twisted or rotated, of metal or fiber reinforced polymer material, joined between them by connectors (3) of similar material, perpendicular or inclined at an angle, crossing the permanent matrix (1).
6. El sistema de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado por encastres (10) de salientes opuestas de la matriz (1), donde las mallas (2) de refuerzo poseen solapas (11) o salientes opuestas, ubicadas en el borde más largo de los paneles. 6. The system of claim 1, characterized by inserts (10) of opposite projections of the matrix (1), where the reinforcing meshes (2) have flaps (11) or opposite projections, located on the longest edge of the panels.
7. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, caracterizado por anclajes de fijación (12) unidos a las mallas (2) de refuerzo. The system of claim 1, characterized by fixing anchors (12) attached to the reinforcing meshes (2).
PCT/IB2022/055127 2021-06-08 2022-06-01 System of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for structural or dividing alveolar walls and lightened slabs WO2022259092A1 (en)

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CONC2021/0007455 2021-06-08
CONC2021/0007455A CO2021007455A1 (en) 2021-06-08 2021-06-08 System of prefabricated, modular, lightweight panels with thermal and acoustic insulation properties for structural or dividing hollow core walls and lightweight slabs

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5797230A (en) * 1994-03-10 1998-08-25 Lassen; Jorgen Element for use in making a reinforced concrete structure with cavities, filler body for making such an element, and method of making a reinforced concrete structure with cavities
WO2006050665A1 (en) * 2004-11-09 2006-05-18 Xuewen Wu A filling mould and the sandwich and hollow structure thereof
CN106760143A (en) * 2016-12-16 2017-05-31 张效思 A kind of lightweight precast body and preparation method thereof
WO2019007224A1 (en) * 2017-07-04 2019-01-10 山东大学 Thermal-insulation external wall board, special mold and manufacturing method therefor

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5797230A (en) * 1994-03-10 1998-08-25 Lassen; Jorgen Element for use in making a reinforced concrete structure with cavities, filler body for making such an element, and method of making a reinforced concrete structure with cavities
WO2006050665A1 (en) * 2004-11-09 2006-05-18 Xuewen Wu A filling mould and the sandwich and hollow structure thereof
CN106760143A (en) * 2016-12-16 2017-05-31 张效思 A kind of lightweight precast body and preparation method thereof
WO2019007224A1 (en) * 2017-07-04 2019-01-10 山东大学 Thermal-insulation external wall board, special mold and manufacturing method therefor

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