WO2022240302A1

WO2022240302A1 - A structural assembly

Info

Publication number: WO2022240302A1
Application number: PCT/NZ2022/050057
Authority: WO
Inventors: Craig Andersen
Original assignee: Craig Andersen
Priority date: 2021-05-14
Filing date: 2022-05-13
Publication date: 2022-11-17

Abstract

A structural assembly includes a number of structural connectors with two opposed faces.First and second coupling members are positioned at respective sides of each face. The first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector and are such that two or more of the structural connectors can be connected together via the coupling members. The assembly includes a number of structural panels with a panel body having an upper end, a lower end, and opposed sides. First and second coupling members a repositioned on respective sides of the body. The first coupling member and the second coupling member are substantially identical to the first and second coupling members of the structural connector, such that at least one of the structural panels is interposed between,and coupled to, consecutive structural connectors, via respective first and second coupling members of the structural connectors and structural panels, respectively.

Description

A STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLY

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a structural assembly.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The stabilisation of excavations, roads, coastal areas and other earthworks is an important aspect of civil engineering. This includes beach reclamation and mitigation of erosion or loss of coastline.

Many geotechnical design environments that require treatment, such as retaining structures, may achieve stabilisation via soil cement mixing and stone, columns, cut off walls, mass gravity walls, et cetera. Such treatments can be expensive and time consuming to install, and many are not able to guarantee extended design life.

A current, popular approach is the cantilever approach. In one example of such an approach, piling is driven through assemblies of tubular structures and into hard ground to secure the assemblies against displacement. Such tubular structures are often of steel, such as galvanised steel, which is relatively heavy when compared with fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) for example.

In many cases, suitable ground for receiving the piling can be deep, requiring significant work before it can be accessed.

The use of piling also often requires that equipment be rented. Rental of piling equipment and machinery can be expensive. Furthermore, piles and the piling equipment is both bulky and heavy resulting in the transport and setup of such equipment being both time-consuming and costly.

Areas to be stabilised are often large. For example, extensive areas along a coast or a road might require stabilisation. Thus, a large number of components are often required to achieve the necessary stabilisation. It follows that the cost and time associated with the stabilisation of such areas can be prohibitive when using piling or similar operations requiring machinery to drive components such as piles into hard ground.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a structural assembly, which comprises: a number of structural connectors arranged in at least one row, each structural connector including: two opposed faces, each face having an upper end, a lower end, and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned at one of the opposed sides of each face; and a second coupling member positioned at the other of the opposed sides of the face, such that the first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector, the first and second coupling members being complementary such that two or more of the structural connectors can be connected together via the first and second coupling members; and a number of structural panels, each structural panel including: a panel body having an upper end, a lower end and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned on one of the opposed sides of the panel body; and a second coupling member positioned on the other of the opposed sides of the panel body, the first coupling member and the second coupling member being substantially identical to the respective first and second coupling members of the structural connector, such that at least one of the structural panels is interposed between, and coupled to, consecutive structural connectors, via respective first and second coupling members of the structural connectors and structural panels, respectively.

The structural panels may be coupled to the consecutive structural connectors in at least two rows of the structural connectors, the connector and panel bodies being shaped so that the structural connectors and the structural panels define one or more rows of closed cells.

The structural connectors may be arranged in at least two rows, with the structural connectors of one row alternating with the structural connectors of an adjacent row, one of the first coupling members of each structural connector in the one row being connected to one of the second coupling members of each respective structural connector in the adjacent row, the connector and panel bodies being shaped so that the structural connectors and the structural panels define one or more rows of closed cells. The structural connectors may be arranged in at least three rows, including at least one internal row interposed between two external rows, with the structural connectors of each row alternating with the structural connectors of an adjacent row, the first and second coupling members of each structural connector of each internal row being connected, respectively, to second and first coupling members of structural connectors in adjacent rows, the connector body being shaped such that the structural connectors of the, or each, internal row and adjacent rows define at least one row of closed cells

Each of the two opposed faces of the structural connector may have an inwardly curved end profile. Each of the two opposed faces may have an arcuate end profile. The arcuate end profile may have an arc measurement of approximately 90 degrees.

The panel body may have a curved end profile when viewed in plan, such that the one or more rows of closed cells has one of a circular and elliptical shape.

Each structural connector may include four faces including the two opposed faces, in the form of front and rear faces, and opposed side faces. Each of the faces may have an inwardly curved end profile. Each of the faces may have an arcuate end profile. The arcuate end profile of each face may have an arc measurement of approximately 90 degrees.

The first and second coupling members may be configured so that the first and second coupling members can engage each other such that, once engaged, subsequent rotation of the first and second coupling members relative to each other is inhibited.

The first and second coupling members may be in the form of complementary lugs and sockets, respectively, that project from respective sides of each face.

The first and second coupling members may be configured for interlocking engagement with each other.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a structural connector for a structural assembly, the structural connector comprising: opposed faces, each face having an upper end, a lower end and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned at one of the opposed sides of each face; and a second coupling member positioned at the other of the opposed sides of each face, such that the first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector, the first and second coupling members being complementary such that two or more of the structural connectors can be connected together via the first and second coupling members.

The connector body may be shaped so that, when the structural connectors are arranged in at least three rows, including at least one internal row interposed between two external rows, with the structural connectors of each row alternating with the structural connectors of an adjacent row, the first and second coupling members of each structural connector being connected, respectively, to second and first coupling members of structural connectors in adjacent rows, the structural connectors of the, or each, internal row and adjacent rows define at least one row of closed cells.

The structural connector may include opposed walls that define the respective opposed faces. Each wall may have an inwardly curved profile so that the opposed faces are curved inwardly towards each other. The opposed walls may be major walls and at least one minor wall may interconnect the major walls. Two minor walls interconnect the major walls. The minor walls may be spaced and generally parallel to each other.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a kit for a structural connector, the kit comprising: two major walls, each major wall defining an outer face and having an upper end, a lower end, and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned at one of the opposed sides of each face; a second coupling member positioned at the other of the opposed sides of each face; and at least one minor wall; wherein the major wall and the, or each, minor wall include complementary coupling formations so that the, or each minor wall can be coupled between the major walls to interconnect the major walls such that the first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector, the first and second coupling members being complementary such that two or more of the structural connectors can be connected together via the first and second coupling members.

The invention extends to a structural assembly that comprises a number of structural connectors assembled from the kit. According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a structural panel for use with the structural connector, the structural panel comprising: a panel body having an upper end, a lower end, and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned on one of the opposed sides of the panel body; and a second coupling member positioned on the other of the opposed sides of the panel body such that at least one of the structural panels can be interposed between, and coupled to, consecutive structural connectors, via respective first and second coupling members of the structural connectors and structural panels, respectively.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of erecting a structural assembly with a plurality of the structural connectors, the method comprising the step of coupling the structural connectors together such that at least one of the first coupling members of each structural connector is connected to a second coupling member of an adjacent coupling member.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of erecting a structural assembly with a plurality of the structural connectors and a plurality of the structural panels, the method comprising the step of coupling the structural panels to the structural connectors via the first and second coupling members such that the structural assembly includes a plurality of the structural connectors spaced from each other in a single row with at least one structural panel interconnecting consecutive structural connectors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 2 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 3 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 4 shows a plan view of a structural connector of the structural assemblies of figures 1 to 3. Figure 5 shows a plan view of a structural panel of the structural assemblies of figures 1 to 3.

Figure 6 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 7 shows a plan view of a facing panel of the structural assembly of figure 6.

Figure 8 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 9 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention, of the assembly of figure 8.

Figure 10 shows a plan view of four of the structural connectors of figure 9, connected together in an exemplary arrangement.

Figure 11 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 12 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 13 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention, for the structural assembly of figure 11 or figure 12.

Figure 14 shows a plan view of a structural panel for the structural assembly of figure 11 or figure 12.

Figure 15 shows a three-dimensional view of a facing panel for the structural assembly of figure 11.

Figure 16 shows a three-dimensional view of a facing panel for the structural assembly of figure 11.

Figure 17 shows a three-dimensional view of a facing panel for the structural assembly of figure 11.

Figure 18 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 19 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. Figure 20 shows a detailed view of a manner in which structural connectors are connected together to form rows in figure 19.

Figure 21 shows a plan view of one of the structural connectors of figure 18.

Figure 22 shows a plan view of one of the structural panels of figure 18.

Figure 23 shows a plan view of one of the corner panels of the structural assembly shown in figure 26.

Figure 24 shows a plan view of one of the facing panels of the structural assembly shown in figure 26.

Figure 25 shows a plan view of one of the facing panels of the structural assembly shown in figure 18.

Figure 26 shows a plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 27 shows a schematic side view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as a levee bank extension.

Figure 28 shows a schematic side view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as a levee bank extension.

Figure 29 shows a schematic side view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as a retaining wall assembly in a seashore environment.

Figure 30 shows a schematic side view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as a retaining wall assembly in a roadside environment.

Figure 31 shows a schematic three-dimensional view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as a retaining wall assembly in a roadside environment.

Figure 32 shows a schematic plan view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, together with a walkway and seating.

Figure 33 shows a schematic three-dimensional view of the structural assembly of figure 32. Figure 34 shows a schematic three-dimensional view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as a retaining wall assembly in a roadside environment.

Figure 35 shows a schematic, three-dimensional view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as a sound barrier in a roadside environment.

Figure 36 shows a plan view of a minor web for an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 37 shows a plan view of a major web for the structural connector.

Figure 38 shows a plan view of a flat panel for the structural connector.

Figure 39 shows a plan view of a curved panel for the structural connector.

Figure 40 shows a wall panel for the structural connector.

Figure 41 shows an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 42 shows an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 43 shows two of the wall panels of figure 40 connected together with a minor web of figure 36 and connected to a flat panel of figure 38.

Figure 44 shows two of the wall panels of figure 40 connected together with two of the minor webs of figure 36.

Figure 45 shows an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 46 shows an example of a minor web that can be used to replace major webs of the connector of figure 45.

Figure 47 shows an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 48 shows an embodiment of a structural connector, in accordance with the invention. Figure 49 shows an example of a structure that can be assembled using the wall panels of figure 40.

Figure 50 shows an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 51 shows an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 52 shows an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

Figure 53 shows an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In figure 1 , reference numeral 10 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, viewed in plan and showing end profiles of components of the structural assembly 10.

The structural assembly 10 includes a number of elongate structural connectors 12, also in accordance with the invention, of any length to suit an application (a length of the connectors 12 not shown here but see figures 27 to 35 that illustrate various possible lengths of the connectors 12), arranged in three rows, in the form of outer rows 14.1 , 14.2 and an internal row 14.3, between the outer rows 14.1 , 14.2. The structural connectors 12 of each row 14 alternate with the structural connectors 12 of an adjacent row 14. Elongate structural panels 16 of the same length as the connectors 12 (a length of the panels 16 not shown here but see figures 27 to 35 that illustrate various possible lengths of the panels 16) interconnect respective structural connectors 12 in each of the outer rows 14.1 , 14.2. Thus, the structural panels 16 and the structural connectors 12 in each of the outer rows 14.1 , 14.2 define opposed faces 18 of the structural assembly 10.

The connectors 12 and the panels 16 can be of any suitable length, depending on depth or height requirements for the structural assembly 10 (see figures 27 to 35).

In figure 2, reference numeral 20 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, viewed from above. The structural assembly 20 includes a number of the structural connectors 12 arranged in two rows 22.1 , 22.2, with the structural connectors 12 of one row 22 alternating with the structural connectors 12 of an adjacent row 22. A number of the structural panels 16 interconnect the structural connectors 12 in the row 22.2, while the structural connectors 12 in the row 22.1 are spaced from each other. Thus, the structural assembly 20 includes one closed face 24.

In figure 3, reference numeral 30 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, viewed from above.

The structural assembly 30 includes a number of the structural connectors 12 arranged in a single row. A number of the structural panels 16 interconnect the structural connectors 12 such that the structural assembly 30 includes two opposed faces 32.

In figure 4, there is shown an upper or a lower end view of the structural connector 12. The structural connector 12 includes two opposed faces 34.1 , 34.2, having an upper end and a lower end. The face 34.1 has opposed sides 38.1 , 38.2 extending between the upper and lower ends. The face 34.2 has opposed sides 42.1 , 42.2 extending between the upper and lower ends.

The structural connector 12 includes two major walls 44.1 , 44.2, each of which define respective faces 34.1 , 34.2. The structural connector 12 includes two minor walls

46.1. 46.2 that are interposed between and interconnect the two major walls 44.1 , 44.2, intermediate opposed sides 38, 42 of the respective major walls 44.1 , 44.2. The two minor walls 46.1 , 46.2 are spaced and generally parallel to each other. Thus, an elongate volume 47 is defined by the walls 44, 46.

Each of the two major walls 44.1 , 44.2 has an inwardly curved end profile so that the faces 34.1 , 34.2 are curved inwardly towards each other. For example, each of the two major walls 44.1 , 44.2 has an inwardly arcuate end profile so that the faces 34.1 ,

34.2 arc or curve inwardly towards each other. Thus, the faces 34.1 , 34.2 are concave. The faces 34 have an arc measurement of approximately 90 degrees. Alternatively, it will be appreciated that the walls 44 can have an inwardly elliptical end profile.

A first coupling member in the form of an elongate lug or cylinder 48 extends along a length of the sides 38.1 , 42.1 of the faces 34.1 , 34.2, respectively. A second coupling member in the form of an elongate cylindrical socket 50 extends along a length of the sides 38.2, 42.2 of the faces 34.1 , 34.2, respectively. Thus, the first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector 12.

The cylinder 48 and the cylindrical socket 50 have dimensions that permit the cylinder 48 of a further connector 12 to be fitted slidingly into the socket 50 from one end of the socket 50. The cylinder 48 and the cylindrical socket 50 are oriented relative to the respective faces 34.1 , 34.2 so that, in order for the cylinder 48 of one structural connector 12 to be fitted in the cylindrical socket 50 of an adjacent structural connector 12, the two structural connectors 12 need to be in stepped positional relationship with respect to each other such that, when the structural connectors 12 are arranged in two or more rows, the two adjacent structural connectors 12 are arranged in respective rows, as can be seen, for example, in figures 1 and 2. Furthermore, the cylindrical socket 50 is defined by a wall 52 that has a part circular profile, viewed in plan, that extends through an angle greater than 180° to at least partially enclose the cylinder 48.

Centrelines 54, 56 of the cylinders 48 and sockets 50, respectively, are positioned inwardly from the respective walls 44.1 , 44.2. This serves to facilitate proper positioning of the structural connectors 12 relative to each other because rotational movement of the cylinders 48 within the sockets 50 is limited as a result of the position of the centrelines 54, 56 and the angle enclosed by the cylindrical sockets 50. In particular, the cylinders 48 project from the walls 44 generally orthogonally or inwardly relative to tangential planes at the associated sides of the walls 44.

Similarly, the sockets 50 open generally orthogonally or outwardly relative to tangential planes at the associated sides of the walls 44, in a direction opposite to that of the cylinders 48. As a result, when one connector 12 is connected or coupled to another, as described above, the connectors 12 must be inverted with respect to each other. Furthermore, the faces 34 of the respective connectors 12 are flush with each other, as can be seen in figures 1 and 2. As a result, the faces 34 together defining a continuous, smoothly corrugated face.

The structural connector 12 can have varied dimensions. An overall width of the structural connector 12 can be approximately 530 mm and an overall depth of the structural connector 12 can be approximately 480 mm. The walls 44, 46 have a uniform thickness. For example, the thickness can be approximately 8 mm. The walls 44 can have an arc diameter of approximately 650 mm. The walls 44 can be spaced approximately 265 mm from each other by the two minor walls 46. Each cylinder 48 can have a diameter of approximately 25 mm. Each socket 50 can have an internal diameter of approximately 26 mm. The dimensions provided above are variable by up to 100 percent, for example, 50 percent.

Figure 4 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the structural connector 12. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. However, these dimensions can vary depending upon requirements. For example, the dimensions can vary by up to 100 percent where practical. A length of the structural connectors 12 is selected to suit a required height or depth of the associated structural assembly.

The connector 12 can be fabricated in a number of ways to form a unitary one-piece structure. For example, the connector 12 can be extruded or moulded from a suitable material such as vinyl, PVC, fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP).

Figure 5 shows a detailed end view of the elongate structural panel 16. The structural panel 16 includes a panel body in the form of a wall 58 having upper and lower ends. The wall 58 has opposed sides 62.1 , 62.2 extending between the upper and lower ends.

The wall 58 has a curved end profile and defines two opposed faces 64.1 , 64.2. For example, the wall 58 has an arcuate end profile. The face 64.1 is convex and the face 64.2 is concave. The faces 64 have an arc measurement of approximately 90 degrees.

The first coupling member in the form of an elongate lug or cylinder 66 extends along a length of the side 62.1 and the second coupling member in the form of an elongate cylindrical socket 68 extends along a length of the side 62.2. The cylinder 66 is substantially the same as the cylinder 48. Likewise, the cylindrical socket 68 is substantially the same as the cylindrical socket 50. It follows that the cylinder 48 can fit in the socket 68 and the cylinder 66 can fit in the socket 50. The cylinder 66 projects from the wall 58 generally orthogonally with respect to a tangential plane at the associated side 62.1 . Likewise, the socket 50 opens, generally orthogonally with respect to a tangential plane at the associated side 62.2, in an opposite direction.

Centrelines 70, 72 of the cylinder 66 and the socket 68 are positioned inwardly of the wall 58. Thus, the cylinder 66 can fit into one of the sockets 50 so that the associated wall 44.1 , 44.2 can be brought into register with the wall 58. The orientation of the cylinder 66 and the socket 68 relative to the wall 58 is the same as the orientation of the cylinder 48 and the socket 50 relative to the wall 34. Also, the wall 58 has an arc diameter that is substantially the same as that of the walls 44. Thus, when the cylinder 66 is fitted into the socket 50, or the cylinder 48 into the socket 68, the face 64.1 is flush with the face 34.1 or 34.2, to define a smoothly corrugated face 33, as shown in figures 1 to 3. The smoothly corrugated face 33 provides significant mechanical advantage over a flat face.

An overall width of the panel 16 is approximately 470 mm and an overall depth of the panel is approximately 135 mm. A thickness of the wall is approximately 8 mm.

These dimensions can vary by 100%, for example, 50%. However, other dimensions may be appropriate, depending on requirements.

The panel 16 can be fabricated in a number of ways to form a unitary one-piece structure. For example, the panel 16 can be extruded from a suitable material such as vinyl, PVC, fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP).

Figure 5 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the structural panel 16.

These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. These dimensions can vary, depending upon requirements. These dimensions can vary by 100 percent, for example 50 percent. The length of the structural panel is selected to suit a required height or depth of the associated structural assembly. Examples are illustrated in figure 27 to 35.

As can be seen in figures 1 to 3, the structural connectors 12 and the structural panels 16 can be connected together in various ways. For example, in figure 1 , the three rows 14 are connected together to provide the internal row 14.3 and the external rows 14.1 , 14.2. The structural panels 16 are connected to outer sides of the structural connectors 12, via the cylinders 48, 66 and the cylindrical sockets 50, 68 to form the faces 18. As can be seen in figure 1 , each structural connector 12 of the internal row 14.3 is connected to structural connectors 12 of respective external rows 14.1 , 14.2 such that the structural connectors 12 of the three rows form an internal row of closed cells 37, without the use of the structural panels 16. Just two outer rows of the structural panels 16 are required for forming two external rows of closed cells 37. This removes the need for further components that might be necessary for creating internal row(s) of closed cells 37. As a result, where a large number of components are required, there can be a significant saving in costs and time.

The structural connectors 12 and the structural panels 16 can have any required length. The length would depend on the required application. For example, the curved or arcuate profiles of the faces 34.1 , 34.2 and 64.1 , 64.2 provide cells 37 that have a generally part-circular profile. These can accommodate piles, for example. Alternatively, or after the piles have been driven partially through the cells, the cells can be filled with earth or any other material suitable for providing the structural assembly with a suitable weight and further structural integrity. It will be appreciated that the closed cells 37 inhibit erosion of any material received in the cells. Thus, the fact that the structural assembly can achieve internal rows of closed cells, without the need for components that specifically define closed cells, is a useful feature of the structural assembly.

In figure 6, reference numeral 80 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural assembly 80 includes two rows of the structural connectors 12 connected together, as described above. In addition, the structural assembly 80 includes facing panels 82, details of one of the facing panels 82 being shown in figure 7.

The facing panel 82 includes a generally flat outer wall 84. The outer wall 84 has opposed sides 86.1 , 86.2 and defines a generally flat outer face 88.

The first coupling member in the form of an elongate lug or cylinder 90 extends along the side 86.1. The second coupling member in the form of an elongate socket 92 extends along the side 86.2. Centrelines of the cylinder 90 and the socket member 92 are positioned inwardly of the outer face 88. Furthermore, the cylinder 90 projects at about 45° inwardly relative to the outer wall 84 and the socket 92 opens in an opposite direction. Thus, two or more of the facing panels 82 can be connected together, as shown in figure 6, with the outer faces 88 of the respective panels 82 in register with each other so that the structural assembly 80 can define a generally uniform flat outer surface 83.

The facing panel 82 includes first and second webs 94.1 , 94.2 that extend, respectively, from the side 86.1 of the outer wall 84 and from a position intermediate the side 86.1 and a centre of the outer wall 84. The webs 94.1 , 94.2 converge to support the second coupling member in the form of an elongate socket 96. The socket 96 is mounted on the webs 94 and is oriented so that it can receive one of the elongate cylinders 48 of one of the structural connectors 12. The facing panel 82 also includes third and fourth webs 94.3, 94.4 that extend, respectively, from the side 86.2 of the outer wall 84 and from a position intermediate the side 86.2 and a bisecting plane of the outer wall 84. The webs 94.3, 94.4 converge to support the first coupling member in the form of an elongate lug or cylinder 98. The elongate cylinder 98 is mounted on the webs 94 and is oriented so that it can be received in one of the elongate socket members 50 of one of the structural connectors 12.

Thus, the facing panel 82 can be coupled or connected to a row of the structural connectors 12, as shown in figure 6, to form a generally flat outer surface of the structural assembly 80.

The facing panel 82 can have varied dimensions. For example, the facing panel 82 can have a width of approximately 960 mm. However, this is variable depending on requirements. Figure 7 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the facing panel 82. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. However, these dimensions can vary, depending upon requirements. For example, these dimensions can vary by 100 percent. The length of the facing panel 82 is selected to suit a required height or depth of the associated structural assembly. The facing panel 82 is of a unitary, one-piece structure and can be fabricated in the same way as the structural connector 12. The outer wall 84 and the webs 94 can have a thickness of 8 mm, variable depending on requirements.

In figure 8, reference numeral 100 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural assembly 100 includes any number of rows of structural connectors 102, in accordance with the invention, for example, the internal rows 104.1 , 104.2, starting from an external row 104.3, the rows 104 being connected together in the same manner as the structural connectors 12 of the assembly 10. A number of the structural panels 16 is connected to the external row 104.3 to provide the corrugated face 33 of the structural assembly 100 in the manner described above with reference to the structural assembly 10.

The structural connectors 102 are substantially the same as the structural connectors 12 with the difference being that the walls 44.1 , 44.2 are connected together at a central region. The minor walls 46 are thus significantly shorter in this embodiment. It follows that the closed cells of the assembly 100 have a generally elliptical profile when viewed in plan.

The structural connectors 102 can have varied dimensions. An overall width of the connector can be 530 mm. An overall depth of the connector 102 can be 210 mm. These dimensions are variable by 100 percent, for example, 50 percent. Figure 9 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the structural connector 102. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. However, these dimensions can vary depending upon requirements. For example, these dimensions can vary by 100 percent.

The structural connectors 102 can be connected to each other in various ways. For example, figure 10 shows the structural connectors 102 connected to each other in a cross format.

It will be appreciated that the time and cost optimisation referred to with reference to the connector 12 can be achieved with the connectors 102.

In figure 11 , reference numeral 110 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural assembly 110 includes a number of structural connectors 112, a number of structural panels 114, and a number of facing panels 116. The connectors 112, structural panels 114 and facing panels 116 are connected together to form the structural assembly shown in figure 11.

It is to be appreciated that figure 11 illustrates that any number of configurations can be achieved with the connectors 112 and the panels 114, 116. In particular, a number of closed cells 113 are defined with just the connectors 112 in a similar fashion as the closed cells 37 being achieved with the connectors 12 described above. Furthermore, the closed cells 113 can be of various shapes. As can be seen from the arrangement in figure 11 , the structural assembly 110 can be varied to suit environments in which pressure is exerted from any direction.

In figure 12, reference numeral 120 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural assembly 120 includes two rows 122.1 , 122.2 of the structural connectors 112. The structural assembly 120 also includes the structural panels 114 that are interposed between and interconnect the structural connectors 112 to form opposed faces 124 of the structural assembly 120. As can be seen in figure 12, the connectors 112 and panels 114 are connected together to form two rows of closed cells 113 with a substantially circular end profile. These are achieved without the need for components that themselves define such closed cells, thus achieving the saving in costs and time as mentioned above. Detail of the structural connector 112 is shown in figure 13. The structural connector 112 has a hollow elongate body 126. The body 126 includes four walls in the form of a front wall 128.1 , a rear wall 128.2 and opposed side walls 128.3, 128.4. Each of the walls 128 defines a front and rear faces 130.1 , 130.2, and opposed side faces 130.3, 130.4, having upper and lower ends, with an inwardly curved profile. For example, each face 130 has an arcuate profile. The face 130.1 has opposed sides 132.1 ,

132.2. The face 130.2 has opposed sides 134.1 , 134.2. The face 130.3 has opposed sides 136.1 , 136.2. The face 130.4 has opposed sides 138.1 , 138.2. Each of the faces 130 has an end profile with an arc measurement of 90 degrees. This means that the faces 130 can be brought into register with each other to define closed, circular cells 113, which are, effectively, cylindrical volumes within the assemblies 110, 120.

The structural connector 112 includes a coupling member positioned at respective junctions of the walls 128. The coupling members include a slot 140.1 , 140.2, 140.3, 140.4 in each wall 128.4, 128.1 , 128.3, 128.2, respectively, at each respective side 138.1 , 132.2, 136.2 and 134.2, so that respective keys 142.1 , 142.2, 142.3 and 142.4 are defined adjacent the slots 140.1 to 140.4, respectively. Thus, oppositely facing slot and key arrangements are defined by diagonally opposed junctions of the front wall 128.1 and side wall 128.3, in the form of first coupling members and oppositely facing slot and key arrangements are defined by diagonally opposed junctions of the rear wall 128.2 and side wall 128.2, in the form of second coupling members. As can be seen, the first and second coupling members alternate about the connector 112. Furthermore, the slots 140 extend generally orthogonally with respect to tangential planes at the associated sides. Similarly, the keys 142 extend generally orthogonally with respect to tangential planes at the associated sides.

Transverse profiles of each of the slots 140.1 , 140.2 are generally the same as the transverse profiles of each of the keys 142.1 , 142.2, with an overall dimension of the slots 140.1 , 142.2 being slightly greater than that of each of the keys 142.1 , 142.2 so that the keys 142 can be received within the slots 140. Each slot 140 has a waisted or narrowed entrance 144, with the keys 142 having a correspondingly wider outer end portion 145 so that the keys 142 can be slid into the respective slots 140 and retained in position. A floor 146 of each of the slots 140 is outwardly curved further to enhance fitment of the keys 142, which define a complementary profile, into the respective slots 140. It will be appreciated that, once the keys 142 are slid into respective slots 140, the connectors 112 are inhibited from rotational movement with respect to each other. Thus, positioning of subsequent connectors 112 is facilitated, resulting in efficient erection of the structural assembly 110, 120.

As can be seen in figure 12, the two rows 122.1 , 122.2 of the structural connectors 112 can be interconnected with respective structural connectors 112 in alternate rows and with adjacent faces 130 in register with each other to define a substantially continuous curved end profile. It will be appreciated that, should the structural assembly 120 include two or more internal rows, then the structural connectors 112 in those alternate rows can be connected together, in the alternate manner described above, to define a series of closed cells. Furthermore, where the transverse profiles of the faces are arcuate, the closed cells can have a circular transverse profile. Thus, a row or series of closed circular cells can be defined without the need for specific components that themselves define closed circular cells. This can result in a significant saving in material. It will be appreciated that, in figures 11 and 12, the respective closed cells represent cylindrical volumes that can receive piles or be filled with a suitable material.

The dimensions of the structural connector 112 can vary depending upon the required application. An overall width of the connector 112 can be 1070 mm. An overall depth of the connector 112 can also be 1070 mm. The faces 130 can have an arc diameter of 930 mm. These dimensions are variable by up to 100 percent, for example, 50 percent. However, they can vary further depending on requirements.

Figure 13 shows an example of suitable dimensions for the structural connector 112. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. These dimensions can vary depending on requirements. For example, the dimensions can vary by 100 percent.

Figure 14 shows a detailed plan view of one of the structural panels 114 of the assemblies 110, 112.

The structural panel 114 includes a body 148. The body 148 defines opposed faces 150, 152 in the form of an inwardly curved face and an outwardly curved face, respectively. For example, the faces 150, 152 are arcuate. Furthermore, the faces 150, 152 can have an arc diameter that is substantially the same as that of the faces 130. The inwardly curved face 150 has opposed sides 154.1 , 154.2. The outwardly curved face 152 has opposed sides 156.1 , 156.2. The faces 150, 152 can have an arc measurement of 90 degrees. The body 148 includes opposed first and second coupling members. The coupling members include an inwardly opening slot 158.1 at the side 154.2 so that a key 160.1 is defined adjacent the slot 158.1. The coupling members also include an outwardly opening slot 158.2 so that a key 160.2 is defined adjacent the slot 158.2. The slot 158 has substantially the same profile as the slot 140 while the key 160 has substantially the same profile as the key 142. Thus, the structural panel 114 can interconnect consecutive structural connectors 112 to form closed opposed faces 162.1 , 162.2 of the structural assembly 120. Each slot and key 158, 160 is oriented with respect to its adjacent face 150, 162 in substantially the same way as the slots and keys 140, 142 are oriented with respect to their adjacent faces 130. Thus, the slots and keys 140, 142 can interlock the slots and keys 158, 160 with said adjacent faces 130, 150 substantially flush with each other. End profiles of the faces 130, 150 have substantially the same arc length and radius, with an arc measurement of 90 degrees. Thus, when the faces 130, 150 are flush with each other, they can define a circular end profile of a cylindrical volume.

In the case of just the connectors 112, consecutive connectors 112 in one row and opposed connectors 112 in respective adjacent rows can define the closed cell 113 with the circular end profile. Furthermore, as illustrated in figure 12, structural panels 114 can interconnect the connectors 112 of outer rows to provide a row of closed cells and faces 162.1 , 162.2 that are smoothly corrugated, providing the mechanical advantages mentioned above.

The dimensions of the structural panel 114 can vary depending upon the required application. The structural panel 114 can have an overall width of 1010 mm and an overall depth of 400 mm. These dimensions are variable depending on requirements and can vary by up to 100 percent, for example, 50 percent. Figure 14 shows an example of suitable dimensions for the structural panel 114. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. The dimensions can vary depending upon requirements. For example, these dimensions can vary by 100 percent.

Figures 15 to 17 show details of different forms of the concrete facing panels 116 referenced with 116.1 , 116.2 and 116.3, respectively. Each of the facing panels 116 has an outer face 164.1 that is configured for a particular aesthetic appearance and an opposed inner face 164.2.

The panel 116 has opposed sides 166.1 , 166.2. The panel 116 includes an outwardly opening slot 168.1 and adjacent key 170.1 terminating the side 166.1. The panel 116 includes an inwardly opening slot 168.2 and an adjacent key 170.2 terminating the side 166.2. The keys 170 have a profile that is substantially the same as the profile of the keys 160. The slots 168 have a profile that is substantially the same as the profile of the slots 158.

The keys 170.1 , 170.2 together with their respective associated slots 168.1 , 168.2 are positioned and oriented with respect to the face 164.1 so that the key 170.1 of one of the facing panels 116 can be received in the slot 168.2 of another facing panel 116 with the faces 164.1 of the facing panels 116 being in general alignment, as shown in figure 11 . Likewise, the key 170.2 of the one of the facing panels 116 can be received in the slot 168.1 of the other facing panel 116 with the faces 164.1 of the facing panels 116 being in general alignment. Thus, a series of the facing panels 116 can be brought into register and alignment with each other to provide a continuous outer surface 172 of the structural assembly 110, or any other structural assembly that includes the facing panels 116.

The panel 116 includes two further slots 168.3, 168.4 that open outwardly at the inner face 164.2 and two further keys 170.3, 170.4 that project outwardly and are positioned adjacent respective slots 168.3, 168.4.

The inner face 164.2 includes an intermediate portion 165.1 that curves inwardly towards the outer face 164.1 between the slot 168.4 and the key 170.3, a side portion 165.2 that curves inwardly towards the outer face 164.1 between the side 166.1 and the slot 168.3, a side portion 165.3 that curves inwardly towards the outer face 164.1 between the slot 168.2 and the key 170.4. Each of the portions 165 has an arcuate end profile. Furthermore, each of the portions 165 has a radius of curvature that is the same as that of the faces 130, 150. The side portions 165.2, 165.3 have an arc measurement of 45 degrees. The intermediate portion 165.1 has an arc measurement of 90 degrees.

As can be seen in figure 11 , the slots 168.3, 168.4 and the keys 170.3, 170.4 are positioned and oriented with respect to the portions 165 so that the slots 168.3. 168.4 and keys 170.3, 170.4 of adjacent, consecutive panels 116 can be brought into interlocking engagement with keys 142 and slots 140 of the connectors 112 such that the side portions 165.2, 165.3 are flush with adjacent faces 130 of consecutive connectors 112. The consecutive connectors 112 can be engaged, in the manner described above, with a structural panel 114 such that respective faces 130 of the connectors 112, respective side portions 165.2, 165.3 of the panels 116 and the face 150 of the panel 114 define the closed cell 113 with the circular end profile. This arrangement can be repeated to provide a series of the closed cells with the circular end profile. Furthermore, instead of the structural panel 114, there may be a further connector 112 in an adjacent row such that the face 150 of the panel 114 is replaced by a face 130 of the connector 112.

It will be appreciated that the connectors 112 and the panels 114, 116 can be connected together in various ways to define a structural assembly with a required plan configuration. In figure 11 , the panels 114 are used, together with the panels 116 to provide a structural assembly with alternately facing consecutive vertices. Furthermore, the array of closed cells 113 can be filled with a stabilising material, such as backfill. Alternatively, piles can be driven into the ground through the cells. In this way, a structural assembly with significant structural integrity can be provided for various applications such as a breakwater or a retaining wall structure. As is apparent from figure 11 , such a structure can have a suitable grid of the closed cells 113 without the need for separate components that themselves define the closed cells 113. As a result, there can be a significant saving in material and time of direction or construction.

The connectors 112 and the panels 114, 116 are configured so that structural assemblies comprising such connectors and panels can be used as significant retaining structures, bridge approaches, motorway walls, seawalls, buttress walls and the like. The material of the connectors 112 and the panels 114, 116 can be appropriate materials for such applications, including high-grade, fibre reinforced, ready mixed concrete or low grade steel reinforced or unreinforced ready mixed concrete. Alternatively, they can be fabricated from stabilised soil, sand or clay.

These components can have a height of between 300 mm and 1200 mm and can be designed to overlap 50% at consecutive vertical joints, providing continuous and robust locking integrity with an optional decorative appearance provided by the panels 116. The connectors 112 and the panels 114, 116 can be cast with variable wall thicknesses, with a minimum wall thickness being used when these components are incorporated into a grid or when cantilever piles are incorporated into the closed cells, described above. Instead, when formed into a grid, the closed cells can be filled with the resulting structural assemblies being suitable for gravity walls. In addition, the structural assemblies can have closed cells that are filled and other closed cells in which cantilever piles are received, depending on engineering requirements.

In figure 18, reference numeral 180 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. The structural assembly 180 includes two rows 184.1 , 184.2 of structural connectors 182. The structural assembly 180 also includes a number of structural panels 186. The structural connectors 182 are connected to each other (as illustrated in figure 20) to form the two rows 184.1 , 184.2 in an alternating arrangement as is the case with the structural assembly 10 and the structural assembly 120. Thus, each structural connector 182 in the row 184.1 is connected to a consecutive structural connector 182 in the row 184.2. Structural panels 186 interconnect consecutive structural connectors 182 in each of the rows 184.1 , 184.2.

In figure 19, reference numeral 190 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly in accordance with the invention.

The structural assembly 190 includes the two rows 184.1 , 184.2 of the structural connectors 182. Instead of the structural panels 186, the assembly 190 includes a series of facing panels 192.2, 192.4 that are connected to respective structural connectors 192. The facing panels 192 are connected together to provide a generally uniform flat surface 194 of the structural assembly 190.

Figure 20 shows a detailed view of the manner in which the structural connectors 182 are connected together.

Figure 21 shows a detailed plan view of one of the structural connectors 182. The structural connector 182 includes a hollow elongate body 196 of a settable material, such as a cementitious material, for example, concrete. It will be appreciated that other suitable materials may also form the body 196. The body 196 includes four walls in the form of a front wall 198.1 , a rear wall 198.2, and opposed side walls 198.3, 198.4. The walls 198.1 , 198.2, 198.3 and 198.4 define front and rear faces 200.1 , 200.2, and side faces 200.3 and 200.4, respectively. Each of the faces 200 has an inwardly curved profile. For example, each face has an arcuate profile. Furthermore, each face has an end profile with an arc measurement of 90 degrees such that four of the connectors 182 can be connected together to define a closed cell 183 with a circular end profile defined by a respective face 200 of each connector 182, the closed cell 183 representing a cylindrical volume.

A junction between the front wall 198.1 and the side wall 198.3 defines a bearing surface 202.1. A junction between the side wall 198.3 and the rear wall 198.2 defines a bearing surface 202.2. A junction between the rear wall 198.2 and the side wall 198.4 defines a bearing surface 202.3. A junction between the side wall 198.4 and the front wall 198.1 defines a bearing surface 202.4. The bearing surfaces 202 are generally orthogonal to tangential planes of the faces 200 at the bearing surfaces 202.

The structural connector 182 includes a first coupling member arranged at each bearing surface 202.2, 202.4. The first coupling member includes a male connector 204. The male connector 204 includes a leg 206 that is embedded in the associated junction. The leg 206 has a plan profile that diverges outwardly towards a centre of the connector 182 to terminate at an internal flange 208 such that the leg 206 is inhibited from being extracted from the body 196.

A channel 210 extends along each of the bearing surfaces 202.2, 202.4. The male connector 204 includes an external flange 207 that abuts a floor of the channel 210. A lug or cylinder 212 is arranged on and extends outwardly from the external flange 206. The cylinder 212 is thus partially located in the channel 210. It will be appreciated that the cylinders 212 project diagonally outwardly away from each other at approximately 45 degrees to planes that bisect the walls 198.

The structural connector 182 includes a second coupling member arranged at each bearing surface 202.1 , 202.3. Thus, the first and second coupling members alternate about the connector 182.

The second coupling member includes a female connector 214. The female connector 214 includes a leg 216 that is embedded in the associated junction. The leg 216 has a plan profile that diverges outwardly towards a centre of the connector 182 to terminate at an internal flange 218 such that the leg 216 is inhibited from being extracted from the body 196.

The female connector 214 includes a socket 220 that extends along an outer edge of the leg 216. The socket 220 is partially embedded in the associated junction. Furthermore, the sockets 220 open diagonally outwardly from each other at approximately 45 degrees to the planes that bisect the walls 198.

The cylinder 212 and the socket 220 are configured and dimensioned so that the cylinder 212 can be received in the socket 220 with the respective associated bearing surfaces 202 in abutment with each other. It will be appreciated that this serves to inhibit rotation of structural connectors 182, that are connected together, with respect to each other. This can facilitate efficient assembly of a structural assembly, such as the structural assembly 180, since the structural connectors 182 are automatically correctly positioned before being engaged with subsequent connectors 182.

As can be seen in figure 18, consecutive structural connectors 182 can be connected to each other via the cylinders 212 and the sockets 220 such that the consecutive structural connectors 182 are alternately positioned in respective rows 184.1 , 184.2.

It will be appreciated that in those applications in which three or more rows are formed, at least one of the rows of the structural connectors will define a series of the closed cells 183 representing cylindrical volumes. The closed cells 183 have a circular end profile as a result of the arc measurements of the faces 200, as described above.

The structural connector 182 can have varied dimensions. The structural connector 182 can have a width of 830 mm and a depth of 830 mm. These dimensions are variable by up to 100 percent, for example, 50 percent. However, the variance can extend beyond that, depending on requirements. Figure 21 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the structural connector 182. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. However, these dimensions can vary depending upon requirements. For example, these dimensions can vary by 100 percent.

Figure 22 shows a detailed plan view of one of the structural panels 186 of the assembly 180.

The structural panel 186 includes a body 222. The body 222 defines opposed faces 224.1 , 224.2 in the form of an inwardly curved face and an outwardly curved face, respectively. For example, the faces 224.1 , 224.2 are arcuate. Furthermore, the faces 224.1 , 224.2 can have a radius of curvature that is substantially the same as that of the faces 200. Thus, the faces 224.1 , 224.2 have an arc measurement of 90 degrees. The inwardly curved face 224.1 has opposed sides 226.1 , 226.2 and the outwardly curved face 224.2 has opposed sides 228.1 , 228.2. The body 222 defines a first bearing surface 230.1 between the sides 226.1 , 228.1 and a second bearing surface 230.2 between the sides 226.2, 228.2. The bearing surfaces 230 are oriented at approximately 90 degrees to tangential planes of the faces 224 at the sides 226.

The structural panel 186 includes the first coupling member arranged at the bearing surface 230.1. The first coupling member includes a male connector 232 that is substantially the same as the male connector 204. The male connector 232 includes a leg 234 that is embedded in the body 222 to extend inwardly from the bearing surface 230.1. The leg 234 has a plan profile that diverges outwardly, away from the bearing surface 230.1 , to terminate at an internal flange 236 such that the leg 234 is inhibited from being extracted from the body 222.

A channel 238 extends along the bearing surface 230.1. The male connector 232 includes an external flange 240 that abuts a floor of the channel 238. A lug or cylinder 242 is arranged on and extends outwardly from the external flange 240. The cylinder 242 is thus partially located in the channel 238. Furthermore, the cylinder 242 projects at approximately 45 degrees relative to a plane that bisects the body 222.

The structural panel 186 includes a second coupling member arranged at the bearing surface 230.2. The second coupling member includes a female connector 244. The female connector 244 is substantially the same as the female connector 214. The female connector 244 includes a leg 246 that is embedded in the body 222 to extend inwardly from the bearing surface 230.2. The leg 246 has a plan profile that diverges outwardly away from the bearing surface 230.2 to terminate at an internal flange 248 such that the leg 246 is inhibited from being extracted from the body 222.

The female connector 244 includes a socket 250 that extends along an outer edge of the leg 246. The socket 250 is partially embedded in the associated junction. Furthermore, the socket 250 projects at approximately 45 degrees relative to the plane that bisects the body 222.

The cylinder 242 and the socket 250 are configured and dimensioned so that the cylinder 242 can be received in the socket 220 of an adjacent structural connector 182 with the respective associated bearing surfaces 202 in abutment with each other. Thus, relative rotation of the connector 182 and panel 186 is inhibited by the bearing surfaces 202 once the cylinder 242 is received in the socket 220. This can facilitate efficient erection of an assembly, such as the assembly 180.

For example, in the rows 184.1 , 184.2 a series of the structural panels 186 can be received between respective consecutive structural connectors 182. In that arrangement, the cylinder 242 of each structural panel 184 can be received in the socket 220 of a structural connector 182 on one side of the structural panel 184 and the cylinder 212 of a structural connector 182 on an opposite side of the structural panel 184 can be received in the socket 250. Thus, the structural assembly 180 can have opposed, smoothly corrugated surfaces 252.1 , 252.2. Furthermore, the fact that the faces 200, 224 have an arc measurement of 90 degrees permits the structural panels 184 to be connected to the structural connectors 182 to define the grid of closed cells 183.

The structural panel 186 can have varied dimensions. The structural panel 186 has an overall width of 830 mm and an overall depth of 260 mm. These dimensions are variable by up to 100 percent, for example, 50 percent. Figure 22 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the structural panel 186. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. However, these dimensions can vary depending upon requirements. For example, these dimensions can vary by 100 percent.

Figure 24 is a detailed plan view of a facing panel 192.3, which is used in the structural assembly of figure 26, described below. The facing panel 192.3 includes a body 254. The body 254 defines opposed outer and inner faces 256.1 , 256.2, respectively. The outer face 256.1 is planar. The inner face 256.2 defines opposed end portions 258.1 , 258.2 and an intermediate portion 258.3 interposed between the end portions 258.1 , 258.2.

Respective sides of the body 254 define bearing surfaces 260.1 , 260.2 that are generally orthogonal to the outer face 256.1 . The intermediate portion 258.3 has a plan profile that curves inwardly towards the outer face 256.1 , each of the end portions 258.1 , 258.2 also have a plan profile that curves inwardly towards the outer face 256.1 . The intermediate portion 258.3 has a plan profile that is arcuate and has an arc measurement of 90 degrees. Each of the end portions 258.1 , 258.2 has a plan profile that is arcuate and has an arc measurement of 45 degrees.

The facing panel 192.3 includes coupling members in the form of male connectors 262.1 , 262.2. The male connectors 262.1 , 262.2 each have a leg 264.1 , 264.2 that is embedded in the body 254. The leg 264.1 is embedded in the body 254 at an intersection of the end portion 258.1 and the bearing surface 260.1. A lug or cylinder

266.1 is arranged on the leg 264.1 to project from the intersection of the end portion

258.1 and the bearing surface 260.1. The cylinder 266.1 projects at approximately 45 degrees to the bearing surface 260.1 . The leg 264.2 is embedded in the body 254 at an intersection of the end portion 258.2 and the intermediate portion 258.3. A lug or cylinder 266.2 is arranged on the leg 264.2 to project from the intersection of the end portion 258.2 and the intermediate portion 258.3. The cylinder 266.2 projects generally orthogonally with respect to the outer face 256.1 . The facing panel 192.3 includes coupling members in the form of female connectors

268.1 . 268.2. The female connectors 268.1 , 268.2 each have a leg 270.1 , 270.2 that is embedded in the body 254. The leg 270.1 is embedded in the body 254 at an intersection of the bearing surface 260.2 and the end portion 258.2. The leg 270.2 is embedded in the body 254 at an intersection of the end portion 258.1 and the intermediate portion 258.3. The female connector 268.2 includes a socket 272.2 that opens towards a plane that bisects the body 254. The female connector 268.1 includes a socket 272.1 that opens in a direction that is generally opposite to the direction of projection of the cylinder 266.1. As a result, the cylinder 266.1 of one of the facing panels 192.1 can be received in the socket 272.1 of an adjacent facing panel 192.1 to bring the respective bearing surfaces 260.1 , 260.2 of the facing panels 192.1 into abutment with each other such that the outer faces 256.1 are in alignment to define a generally planar surface. Furthermore, the abutment of the bearing surfaces 260 inhibits subsequent rotation of the facing panels 192.1 relative to each other once the cylinder 266.1 is received in the socket 272.2. As above, this facilitates efficient erection of a structural assembly.

The facing panel 192.3 can have varied dimensions. The facing panel 192.3 can have an overall width of 950 mm and an overall depth of 270 mm. These dimensions are variable by up to 100 percent, for example, 50 percent. Figure 24 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the facing panel 192.3. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. Flowever, these dimensions can vary depending upon requirements. For example, these dimensions can vary by 100 percent.

Figure 25 is a detailed plan view of the facing panel 192.2. The facing panel 192.2 includes a hollow body 274. The body 274 includes an outer wall 276.1 , an inner wall

276.2 and opposed side walls 276.3, 276.4. The outer wall 276.1 defines a planar outer face 278.1.The inner wall 276.2 defines an inwardly curved inner face 278.2. The inner face 278.2 has an arcuate end profile Each of the side walls 276.3, 276.4 defines an inwardly curved side face 278.3, 278.4, respectively. Each of the side faces 278.3, 278.4 have an arcuate end profile.

The facing panel 192.2 includes coupling members in the form of male connectors

280.1 . 280.2. The male connectors 280.1 , 280.2 are substantially the same as the male connectors 204. The male connectors 280.1 , 280.2 each have a leg 282.1 ,

282.2 that is embedded in the body 274. The leg 282.1 is embedded in the body 274 at a junction of the outer wall 276.1 and the side wall 276.3. The leg 282.2 is embedded in the body 274 at a junction of the side wall 276.4 and the inner wall

276.2. The legs 282.1 , 282.2 have a plan profile that diverges outwardly into the body 274 to terminate at an internal flange 283.1 , 283.2 such that the legs 282.1 , 282.2 are inhibited from being extracted from the body 274.

A lug or cylinder 284.1 , 284.2 is arranged on an outer end of the leg 282.1 , 282.2.

The cylinder 284.1 faces orthogonally with respect to the face 278.1. The cylinder

284.2 projects angularly, outwardly with respect to a plane that bisects the facing panel 192.2 through the outer and inner faces 278.1 , 278.2. The cylinder 284.2 projects at 45 degrees to the bisecting plane.

The facing panel 192.2 includes coupling members in the form of female connectors

286.1 . 286.2. The female connectors 286.1 , 286.2 are substantially the same as the female connector 214. The female connectors 286.1 , 286.2 each have a leg 288.1 ,

288.2 that is embedded in the body 274. The leg 288.1 is embedded in the body 274 at a junction of the outer wall 276.1 and the side wall 276.4. The leg 288.2 is embedded in the body 274 at a junction of the side wall 276.3 and the inner wall

276.2. The legs 288.1 , 288.2 have a plan profile that diverges outwardly into the body 274 to terminate at an internal flange 290.1 , 290.2 such that the legs 288.1 , 288.2 are inhibited from being extracted from the body 274.

A socket 292.1 , 292.2 is arranged on an outer end of the leg 288.1 , 288.2. The socket 292.1 opens orthogonally with respect to the face 278.1. The socket 292.2 opens angularly and outwardly with respect to the plane that bisects the facing panel

192.2 through the outer and inner faces 278.1 , 278.2. The socket 292.2 opens at 45 degrees with respect to the bisecting plane.

The facing panel 192.2 can have varied dimensions. The facing panel 192.2 can have an overall width of 1540 mm and an overall depth of 1010 mm. These dimensions are variable by up to 100 percent, for example, 50 percent. However, other variances may be appropriate depending on the application. Figure 25 sets out dimensions of a particular example of the facing panel 192.2. These dimensions are to be considered as incorporated into this written description. However, these dimensions can vary depending upon requirements. For example, these dimensions can vary by 100 percent. .

Figure 23 is a detailed plan view of a corner panel 294, the use of which is illustrated in figure 26. The corner panel 294 includes a body 296. The body 296 is curved so that it can form a corner of a structural assembly, such as that shown in figure 26, described below. For example, the body 296 has an arcuate profile when viewed in plan. Thus, the body 296 defines an inner face 298.1 and an outer face 298.2, which are outwardly and inwardly curved, respectively. The body 296 also has bearing surfaces 300.1 , 300.2 at respective ends of the body 296. The bearing surfaces 300 are generally orthogonal to planes that are tangential to the body 296 at the respective ends.

The corner panel 294 includes a coupling member arranged at the bearing surface

300.1 . The coupling member includes a male connector 302 that is substantially the same as the male connector 262.1. The male connector 302 includes a leg 304 that is embedded in the body 296 to extend inwardly from the bearing surface 300.1. The leg 304 has a plan profile that diverges outwardly, away from the bearing surface

300.1 . to terminate at an internal flange 306 such that the leg 304 is inhibited from being extracted from the body 296. A lug or cylinder 308 is arranged on an outer end of the leg 304 to project in a direction away from the outer face 298.1 . The cylinder 308 projects at generally 45 degrees with respect to the bearing surface 300.1.

The corner panel 294 includes a coupling member arranged at the bearing surface

300.2. The coupling member includes a female connector 310 that is substantially the same as the female connector 260.2. The female connector 310 includes a leg 312 that is embedded in the body 296 to extend inwardly from the bearing surface

300.2. The leg 312 has a plan profile that diverges outwardly, away from the bearing surface 300.2, to terminate at an internal flange 314 such that the leg 312 is inhibited from being extracted from the body 296. A socket 316 is arranged on an outer end of the leg 312 to open in a direction away from the inner face 298.1. The socket 316 opens in a direction opposite to the direction in which the cylinder 308 projects.

In the structural assembly 190, a further facing panel 192.4 is shown with the male and female connectors 204, 214. The facing panel 192.4 is configured to interconnect consecutive panels 192.2 to define a generally planar outer surface 318 of the assembly 190. Furthermore, a number of the structural connectors 182 is connected to facing panels 192.4, 192.3 to define rows of closed cells 183. Thus, the structural assembly 190 can include a plurality of the closed cells 183 that are defined by a combination of the facing panels 192.4, 192.3 and structural connectors 182, neither of which, themselves, define closed cells. As before, this can result in a significant saving of material. In figure 26, reference numeral 320 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. The structural assembly 320 comprises a number of the structural connectors 12 in combination with the facing panels 192.3 and the corner panel 294.

The cylinder 48 of the structural connector 12 is substantially identical to the cylinders of the male connectors 204, 232, 262, 280, 302. Likewise, the socket 50 of the structural connector 12 is substantially identical to the sockets of the female connectors 214, 244, 268, 286, 310. Thus, the facing panels 192.2 and the corner panel 294 can be connected to a number of the structural connectors 12 to provide a structural assembly that includes a number of closed cells 321 , without requiring the use of structural units that themselves define closed cells, resulting in a significant saving of material.

In the various embodiments of the connectors and panels described with reference to the structural assemblies 180, 190 and 320, the male and female connectors can cast into the various bodies. Furthermore, the male and female connectors can be of a suitable corrosion resistant metal of appropriate structural integrity, such as stainless steel.

The various connectors and panels described above, particularly with reference to the structural assemblies 110, 180, 190, can be appropriately configured for use as DIY solutions that can be supplied as individual components, depending upon end- user requirements. In such cases, the connectors and panels can be fabricated from lightweight aerated concrete, low strength concrete and stabilised earth. For example, such connectors and panels can be used for various domestic structural projects, such as swimming pool design and construction. In this case, the heights of the components can be between about 100 mm and 400 mm and can have a cross- sectional area of as little as 0.09 m². Furthermore, when the cells 113, 183, 321 are filled with material, such as the soil that is removed prior to installation of the assemblies 110, 180, 190, the assemblies 110, 180, 190 can have sufficient weight to provide a gravity retaining structure.

In figures 27 and 28, reference numerals 330, 332 generally indicate schematic side views of embodiments of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural assemblies 330, 332 can make use of the structural connectors 12 and structural panels 16 to achieve the configuration shown. Alternatively, the structural assemblies 330, 332 can make use of the structural connectors 112 and, if necessary, the panels 114, 116. In another embodiment, the structural assemblies 330, 332 can make use of the structural connectors 182 and, if necessary, the panels 186, 192, 294. In this case, the structural assembly is a levee bank extension.

In this example, lower and upper ends 333, 335 of both the structural connectors 112 and structural panels 16 can be seen. As is apparent, the lengths of the structural connectors 112 and structural panels 16 are selected so as to achieve an appropriate profile of the structural assembly 330, 332.

In figure 29, reference numeral 334 generally indicates a schematic side view of an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. In this example, the structural assembly 334 is a retaining wall structure that separates a sea shore 336 from a raised road 338, or similar. In this example, the connectors 12 and panels 16 have a length that varies from 4000 mm to 6800 mm , to suit this particular application. Various dimensions are shown in figure 29. These dimensions are incorporated into this written description. However, it is to be appreciated that these dimensions can be varied to suit particular requirements.

The structural assembly 334 can make use of the structural connectors 12 and structural panels 16 to achieve the configuration shown. Alternatively, the structural assembly 334 can make use of the structural connectors 112 and, if necessary, the panels 114, 116. In another embodiment, the structural assembly 334 can make use of the structural connectors 182 and, if necessary, the panels 186, 192, 294.

As is apparent from the various embodiments described above, the connectors are in an interlocking relationship with each other. It follows that the structural assembly 334 includes interlocking layers of the structural connectors.

The lengths of the connectors and panels can be selected so that the assembly 334 defines a series of levels or steps 340 from the sea shore 336 to the raised road 338. A width of the steps 340 is determined by the number of layers. In this case, the steps 340 have widths that can accommodate various uses, such as seating and planting.

As can be seen, the structural assembly 334 is partially embedded in the ground adjacent the seashore. During construction, the various cells described above can be filled with the material removed to accommodate the assembly 334 and also, optionally, with other material, such as backfill. This material can provide the structural assembly 334 with significant weight, allowing it to act as a gravity structure. Thus, the structural assembly 334 does not require piling to be driven through the various connectors in order to achieve the requisite stability.

Furthermore, considering the dimensions and material used for the connectors and panels, as described above, the structural assembly 334 is relatively light, when compared with pilings, for example. As a result, it is not necessary for heavy and cumbersome pilings to be transported to site and it is also not necessary to make use of piling machinery which can be expensive and time-consuming to use.

In figure 30, reference numeral 342 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. In this example, the structural assembly makes use of the structural connectors 112 and the panels 116. The drawing is partially cut away to show the structural connectors 112. In this example, the structural assembly is in the form of a vertical retaining wall used on the side of a road 344.

In figures 31 to 33, reference numeral 346 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. In this example, the structural assembly 346 is in the form of a retaining wall structure used at the side of a road or other structure 348. The structural assembly 346 makes use of the structural connectors 12 and the structural panels 16 to define a grid of the closed cells 37. The lengths of the connectors 12 and structural panels 16 can be adjusted so that the structural assembly 346 can be used to support a capping walkway 350 or seating 352. Furthermore, the number of the structural connectors that define the closed cells can be used as planting cells 354.

As can be seen, the assembly 346 has a layout similar to that of the structural assembly 10, as shown in figure 1.

Furthermore, once erected, the cells 37 can be filled with material, such as backfill, as discussed with reference to the assembly 334. Thus, the assembly 346 provides the advantages over a cantilever structure, which uses piling, as set out with reference to the assembly 334.

In figure 34, reference numeral 356 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. In this example, the structural assembly 356 is also in the form of a retaining wall structure used at the side of a road or other structure 358. In this example, the structural assembly 356 incorporates the structural assembly 30, shown in figure 3. Flere, steel piles 360 are driven through the closed cells defined by the respective structural connectors 12 and structural panels 16, and into the ground. A concrete slab 362 can then be laid or positioned over the structural assembly 356 to support a barrier 364 or some other structure.

In figure 35, reference numeral 366 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. In this example, the structural assembly 366 is in the form of a sound barrier or wall. In this example, the structural assembly 366 also incorporates the structural assembly 30, shown in figure 3. Again, steel piles 360 are driven through the cells defined by the respective structural connectors 12 and structural panels 16 and into the ground to provide the necessary structural integrity to the sound barrier.

Calculations were carried out to assess the difference in the extent of material used for the erection of the structural assembly 10 and a structural assembly of similar size using interconnected or interlocked steel or vinyl tubes, which themselves define closed cells (hereinafter the “Tube Assembly”). Each such tube would require interconnection with adjacent four tubes with four connectors (hereinafter the “Tube Connectors”). The calculations assumed that the structural connectors 12, the structural panels 16 and the interlocked steel or vinyl tubes had the same material thickness. The steel or vinyl tubes each had an internal cross sectional area that was the same as that defined by the closed cells formed by the connectors 12 and the panels 16 of the assembly 10. The values obtained are rounded to two decimal places.

The sample area chosen was 455 m², with a width of 4.85m and a length of 93.81 m. The following results were calculated:

The assembly 10 made use of 10 connectors, 12 along its width and 100 connectors 12 along its length, making a total of 1000 connectors. Further, the assembly made use of 2 panels 16 across its width and 5 panels 16 across its length, making a total of 10 panels. With a wall thickness of 8 mm, this results in 15.73 m² of material in cross-section.

The Tube Assembly made use of 7 tubes along its width and 148 tubes along its length, making a total of 148 tubes. Further, the Tube Assembly made use of 28 (7x4) connectors across its width and 592 (148x4) connectors across its length, making a total of 4144 connectors. With a wall thickness of 8 mm, this results in 21 .67 m² of material in cross-section. Thus, use of the connectors 12 and the panels 16 of the assembly 10 instead of the tubes and connectors of the Tube Assembly can result in a 27% saving in material.

It is envisaged that the various components can be provided in a kit form that facilitates both transport and packaging of the various components. For example, each connector can be provided as a kit of components that can be stacked for transport, storage and packaging.

For example, figures 36-40 show, respectively, plan views of a minor web 402, a major web 404, a flat panel 406, a curved panel 408 and a wall panel 410 of a kit for the assembly of a structural connector 400 (figure 41 ) for an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. As can be seen, these components have shapes that lend themselves to flat-packing. Thus, these components form a kit for the connector 400.

The components of figures 36-40 are shown in end view and each have a length that depends on the required application of the connectors and other structural assemblies that comprise these components. Examples of suitable lengths are shown in figures 27-35, given that the components can be assembled into the structural assemblies shown in those drawings.

The minor web 402 (figure 36) has upper and lower ends 412 and opposed coupling formations in the form of transverse lugs 414 that extend a length of the minor web 402.

The major web 404 (figure 37) has upper and lower ends 416 and opposed coupling formations in the form of transverse lugs 418 that extend a length of the major web 404.

The flat panel 406 (figure 38) includes a panel body in the form of a panel wall 420 having upper and lower ends 422. The flat panel 406 includes a transverse lug 424 that extends a length of the panel wall 420, from one side of the panel wall 420. The transverse lug 424 is inwardly offset from an outer face 426 of the panel wall 420.

The flat panel 406 also includes a socket 428 that extends a length of the panel wall 420, from an opposite side of the panel wall 420. The lug 424 and the socket 428 are complementary so that the lug 424 of a further panel 406 can be slid longitudinally into the socket 428 to secure the panels 406 together. The offset nature of the lug 424 and the socket 428 facilitates the provision of a continuous flat face comprised of adjacent outer faces 426 (see, for example, figure 52). The flat panel 406 includes a socket 430 that extends from, and along, an inner face 432 of the panel body 420. The socket 430 is positioned intermediate the lug 424 and a longitudinal plane that bisects the panel body 420. The socket 430 opens along a plane that intersects the bisecting plane inwardly of the inner face 432.

The flat panel 406 includes a lug 434 that extends from, and along, the inner face 432 of the panel wall 420. The lug 434 is positioned intermediate the socket 428 and the plane that bisects the panel wall 420. The lug 434 is mounted on a shank 436 that extends along a plane that intersects the bisecting plane inwardly of the inner face. Both the lug 434 and the socket 430 are cylindrical and complementary such that the lug 434 could be slidably received in the socket 430 to retain the lug 434 in the socket 430.

The included angle of the shank 436 relative to the inner face 432 is substantially the same as the included angle of the opening plane of the socket 430 relative to the inner face 432 such that a vertex defined by the respective included angles lies substantially on the bisecting plane.

The curved panel 408 (figure 39) includes a panel body in the form of a panel wall 438. The panel wall 438 has upper and lower ends 440. The panel wall 432 has an end profile with an arc measurement of approximately 90 degrees.

A lug 442 extends from one side of the panel wall 438. A socket 444 extends from an opposite side of the panel wall 438. The socket 444 opens in tangential alignment with the panel wall 432. The lug 442 and the socket 444 are complementary so that the lug 442 can be sliding ly received in the socket 444. The relative orientation of the socket 444 and the lug 442 is such that, when two or more of the curved panels 408 are secured together by sliding respective lugs 442 into respective sockets 444, the panel bodies 438 are in tangential alignment.

The wall panel 410 (figure 40) includes a panel body in the form of a panel wall 446. The panel wall 446 has upper and lower ends 448. The panel wall 446 has an end profile with an arc measurement of approximately 90 degrees.

A lug 450 extends from one side of the panel wall 446. A socket 452 extends from an opposite side of the panel wall 446. The socket 452 opens in alignment with the panel wall 446. The lug 450 and the socket 452 are complementary so that the lug 450 can be slidingly received in the socket 452. The relative orientation of the socket 452 and the lug 450 is such that, when two or more of the wall panels 410 are secured together by sliding respective lugs 450 into respective sockets 444, the panel bodies 446 are in tangential alignment.

The wall panel 410 includes coupling formations in the form of two sockets 454 that extend along and from an internal face 456 of the panel wall 446. Each socket 454 is positioned on a respective side of a plane that bisects the panel wall 446 longitudinally. Each socket 454 is positioned approximately halfway between a respective side of the panel wall 446 and the bisecting plane.

Each socket 454 opens in a plane that is parallel to the bisecting plane.

The lugs 414, 418, 424 have the same dimensions. The sockets 428, 454 have the same dimensions. The lugs 434, 442 and 450 have the same dimensions. The sockets 430, 444, and 452 have the same dimensions. Thus, the minor web 402, the major web 404, the flat panel 406, the curved panel 408, and the wall panel 410 can be connected together in various ways to form structural components, such as the structural connector 400 in figure 41. As can be seen, two spaced major webs 404 interconnect two spaced wall panels 410 to form the structural connector 400. In this case, the lugs 418 of the major webs 404 are received in respective sockets 454.

The curved panels 408 are oriented so that the lugs 450 and the sockets 452 alternate about the structural connector 400, as do the cylinders 48 and sockets 50 of the connector 12.

In this example, the socket 430, 444, 452 has a part circular profile that extends through an angle sufficient to enclose the lug 434, 442, 450, while slidingly accommodating the associated wall 420, 438,446. Thus, with the lug 434, 442, 450 positioned in the socket 430, 444, 452, pivotal movement of the associated components is inhibited.

The structural connector 400 has two first coupling members in the form of the lugs 450 and two second coupling members in the form of the sockets 452. As a result of the lugs 450 and the sockets 452 alternating about the connector 400, the various structural assemblies described above, with reference to the structural connector 12, can be achieved with the structural connector 400. It will readily be appreciated that the structural connector 400 can be disassembled into the various components described above to provide significant transport and storage space saving improvements. Thus, the connector 400 is provided as a kit. When assembled, the connector 400 has two major walls provided by the wall panels 410, and each having the first and second coupling members. The connector 400 also has two minor walls provided by the major webs 404 that are coupled between the wall panels 410 to interconnect the wall panels 410.

Furthermore, with the pivotal movement being restricted as set out above, assembly or erection of the structural assembly is facilitated in the same manner as assembly of erection of the structural assemblies incorporating the connector 12 and panel 16.

The minor web 402, the major web 404, the flat panel 406, the curved panel 408 and the wall panel 410 can all be of the same material, and fabricated in the same way, as the connector 12 and the panel 16. The webs 402, 404 and the walls, 420, 438, 446 can have a thickness of 8 mm. However, this can vary depending on the application.

The major web 404, the flat panel 406, the curved panel 408 and the wall panel 410 are all dimensioned so that the connector 400 has an overall width of 740 mm, and an overall depth of 780 mm. These dimensions can vary by 50 percent, or more, depending on requirements. Alternatively, these components can be dimensioned so that the connector 400 has dimensions that are the same as the connector 12.

In figure 42, reference numeral 460 generally indicates a structural connector for an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural connector 460 includes two spaced flat panels 406. Two of the wall panels 410 interconnect the flat panels 406 by the lugs 434 of the flat panel 406 being received in the sockets 452 of the wall panel 410, and the lugs 450 of the wall panel being received in the sockets 430 of the flat panel 406. Thus, the flat panels 406 are oriented so that the lugs 424 of respective flat panels 406 extend in opposite directions. Likewise, the sockets 428 open in opposite directions.

It follows that the structural connector 460 also has two first coupling members in the form of the lugs 424 and two second coupling members in the form of the sockets 428, in the same alternating arrangement as those of the structural connector 12. In this case, a series of the structural connectors 460 can be connected together to form a wall assembly with flat faces defined by the outer faces 426.

In figure 43, reference numeral 462 generally indicates a further configuration of the minor web 402, the flat panel 406 and two of the wall panels 410 connected together by sliding the lugs into the sockets to form a structural component. In figure 44, reference numeral 464 generally indicates a structural connector for an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural connector 464 includes two of the wall panels 410 connected together with two minor webs 402. As can be seen, the minor webs 402 are significantly narrower than the major webs 404 such that the internal faces 456 of the wall panels 410 bear against each other when connected. In this case, the lugs 414 of the minor webs 402 are slidably received in corresponding sockets 454 of the wall panels 410.

The wall panels 410 are oriented so that the lugs 450 and the sockets 452 of the wall panels 410 alternate about the structural connector 464. Thus, the structural connector 464 has a similar configuration to the structural connector 102 and can be used in the same way as the structural connector 102 with respect to the various structural assemblies described above.

The connector 464 is assembled from the kit, as described above with reference to figure 41 . In the case of the connector 464, the minor walls are provided by the minor webs 402, instead of the major webs 404.

In figure 45, reference numeral 470 generally indicates a structural connector for an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural connector 470 is similar to the structural connector 400. Where appropriate, common reference numerals have been used for convenience.

The structural connector 470 includes two wall panels 472. The wall panels 472 differ from the wall panels 410 only in that sockets 474 extending along and from the internal face 456 open generally radially with respect to the panel body 446.

The structural connector 470 includes two major webs 476. Each major web 476 includes a web body 477 and opposed, transverse lugs 478 on respective sides of the web body 477. The lugs 478 are oriented with respect to each other so that they can be received in respective sockets 474 to interconnect the wall panels 472 while being parallel to each other.

The wall panels 472 are oriented so that the lugs 450 and the sockets 454 of the wall panels 472 alternate about the structural connector 470. Thus, the structural connector 470 can be used in the same way as the structural connector 12 in the structural assemblies described above. In figure 46, there is shown a minor web 480, two of which can replace the major webs 476. The minor web 480 has dimensions that are similar to the minor webs 402 with a web body 483 and opposed transverse lugs 481 on respective sides of the web body 483. The lugs 481 are oriented with respect to each other so that they can be received in respective sockets 474 to interconnect the wall panels 472 while being parallel to each other. Thus, a structural connector can be provided with a configuration that is similar to that of the structural connector 102 and can be used in the same way as the structural connector 102 with respect to the various structural assemblies described above.

In figure 47, reference numeral 482 generally indicates a structural connector for use with an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural connector 482 includes two wall panels 484. The wall panels 484 are the same as the wall panels 472 with the addition of two further sockets 486 on an external surface 487 of each wall panel 484, in alignment with, and opening oppositely to the sockets 474. The structural connector 482 can be used in the same way as the structural connector 12.

The structural connector 482 has the same dimensions as the structural connector 400. Also, the dimensions shown in figure 47 are to be considered incorporated into the description. These dimensions can vary by 50 percent.

In figure 48, reference number 488 generally indicates a structural connector for use with an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention.

The structural connector 488 includes the minor webs 480 instead of the major webs 476. Thus, the structural connector 488 can be used in the same way as the structural connector 102.

In figure 49, reference numeral 490 generally indicates a structural component that is assembled from a number of the wall panels 410. In this example, the wall panels 410 are connected, end-to-end, to define a cylindrical structure which can be used in various ways. As can be seen in figure 51 , the structural component 490 can be connected to other structural components 490 using the minor webs 402. The cylindrical structures 490 can be filled with earth or concrete. Alternatively, or in addition, piles can be driven through the cylindrical structures 490.

In figure 50, reference numeral 492 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, which comprises a number of the structural connectors 400 connected together in a manner similar to the interconnection of the structural connectors 12, as shown in figure 1 . The structural assembly 492 includes a number of the major webs 404 and a number of the wall panels 410. Thus, there are two sets of components, capable of being flat-packed, necessary for the structural assembly 492.

In figure 51 , reference numeral 494 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, which comprises a number of the cylindrical structures 490, described above with reference to figure 49, connected together with the minor webs 402. The structural assembly 494 includes a number of the wall panels 410, a number of the minor webs 402, and a number of the curved panels 408. Thus, there are three sets of components, capable of being flat-packed, necessary for the structural assembly 494. As can also be seen in figure 51 , the cylindrical structures 490 are provided by coupling the connectors 464 together.

In figure 52, reference numeral 496 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. The assembly 496 includes the minor webs 402, the flat panels 406, the curved panels 408 and the wall panels 410 that are connected together in a particular manner. Thus, there are four sets of components, capable of being flat-packed, necessary for the structural assembly 496.

In figure 53, reference numeral 498 generally indicates an embodiment of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention. The structural assembly 498 includes the minor webs 402, the curved panels 408 and the wall panels 410 that are connected together in a particular manner. Thus, there are three sets of components, capable of being flat-packed, necessary for the structural assembly 498.

It will readily be apparent that any number of embodiments of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, can be erected or assembled using a kit of the minor webs 402, major webs 404, flat panels 406, curved panels 408 and wall panels 410. Furthermore, such embodiments will require kits of no more than five sets of components, capable of being flat-packed, necessary for a structural assembly.

Of particular relevance is that the various structural assemblies can be reduced into components that do not enclose volumes. As a result, the various components can be flat-packed for the purposes of transport or storage. The various embodiments of the structural assembly have large-scale applications, such as those described above with reference to figures 27 to 35. Thus, a large number of components are required to be supplied to each location in which the applications are to be implemented. The fact that the components can be provided in a flat-packed arrangement or configuration can be a significant time and cost saving when compared to providing, for example, the various structural connectors in a fully prefabricated form.

The various embodiments of a structural assembly, in accordance with the invention, as described above, are an engineered solution for ground support and stabilisation. The various structural connectors and panels interconnect to form a modular structure with design efficiencies that result from the structural assemblies defining interlocked grids of cellular confinement. As will be clear from the above description, the structural connectors and panels can be fabricated from a wide variety of materials. Preferably, the structural connectors and panels are substantially rigid so as to provide the grids of cellular confinement with structural integrity. Suitable materials include vinyl, PVC, steel, concrete, FRP, GRP, and stabilised earth.

The various embodiments interconnect in three dimensions to form interconnected rows resulting in the material savings, described above. The structural assemblies, when used with piles or when the various closed cells are filled with a suitable material are configured to limit or withstand overturning, differential settlement, gravity forces and liquefaction settlement. Given that the structural assemblies define interconnected closed cells, they can be used as impermeable or permeable deep cellular gravity block structures. As is clear from the above description, the structural assemblies are configurable for multiple uses. This can include decorative seawalls, retaining walls, terraced gardens, landscaping, urban walls, sound barrier walls. Each of the structures makes use of the interlocking arrangement of various components that do not, in and of themselves, define closed cells and yet, when interconnected, provide one or more rows of closed cells. Not only does this provide significant structural integrity, but also a significant saving of material when compared with structural assemblies in which the various components themselves define closed cells. Furthermore, the manner of interconnection between the various components provides a structural assembly that is resistant to pressure exerted through 360°. The current structural assemblies performing similar functions have a limited resistance to pressure other than that generally orthogonal to the face of the structural assembly.

The various embodiments of the structural assemblies, in accordance with the invention, described above, are relatively easy to install since they simply require sliding of various components relative to each other. Furthermore, the embodiments describe bearing surfaces that engage each other and other arrangements when the components are slid into engagement with each other. Such engagement or interaction of the bearing surfaces and the various cylinders and sockets is such that, once the cylinders are received in the respective sockets, rotation of the components with respect to each other is inhibited. As a result, the various components, once engaged with a preceding component, are already in a suitable position to engage a subsequent component. It will be appreciated that this can result in a significant time saving. For example, the socket and cylinder/lug arrangement described above allows the connectors and panels to be installed vertically, in a similar way as with steel sheet piles, while being interconnected in a three-dimensional grid formation. Furthermore, closed cells, representing cylindrical volumes, are created, allowing a circular pile structural section to be introduced within the cells at various locations within the ground to provide specific structural support.

The structural assemblies described above can be used for beach reclamation and mitigation of erosion or loss of coastline. The grid nature of the assemblies provides a robust area and skeletal structure which acts to contain in situ material. In longer sections, which can be driven into the soil or sand, the assemblies can form a keyed solid barrier wall beneath a scour zone that is subjected to major scour fluctuations in storm surges. Furthermore, low-lying areas can also be built up using the structural assemblies described above, for example, by backfilling behind a cantilevered wall section.

In a number of applications, as is apparent from the above description, it is not necessary to use piling. The reason for this is that the structural assemblies, in accordance with the invention, relies of a weight of the material introduced into the cells. The cells can be filled with earth or soil that is excavated to accommodate the structural assembly. Backfill can also be added. This provides sufficient weight to the assembly to remain in place, without the need for piling.

The structural assemblies that incorporate the structural connectors and panels as shown in figure 1 to 10 and 36 to 48 are capable of being driven partially into relatively coarse or poor ground to provide the necessary stability before they are filled with material such as soil. Once filed, they have sufficient weight to perform the necessary retaining and stabilisation functions required. This is a faster and cheaper process than using piling and associated machinery to achieve the same functionality, which would require accessing hard ground beneath the coarse ground and driving the piling into that ground. Thus, the structural assemblies serve to obviate the need for piling and so can avoid the disadvantages of piling as set out in the Background.

The appended claims are to be considered as incorporated into the above description.

Throughout this specification, reference to any advantages, promises, objects or the like should not be regarded as cumulative, composite, and/or collective and should be regarded as preferable or desirable rather than stated as a warranty.

Throughout this specification, unless otherwise indicated, "comprise," "comprises," and "comprising," (and variants thereof) or related terms such as "includes" (and variants thereof)," are used inclusively rather than exclusively, so that a stated integer or group of integers may include one or more other non-stated integers or groups of integers.

When any number or range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that number or range is approximate. Recitation of ranges of values herein are intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value and each separate subrange defined by such separate values is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.

Words indicating direction or orientation, such as “front”, “rear”, “back”, etc, are used for convenience. The inventor(s) envisages that various embodiments can be used in a non-operative configuration, such as when presented for sale. Thus, such words are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

The term “and/or”, e.g., “A and/or B” shall be understood to mean either “A and B” or “A or B” and shall be taken to provide explicit support for both meanings or for either meaning.

Features which are described in the context of separate aspects and embodiments of the invention may be used together and/or be interchangeable. Similarly, features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. The use of common reference numerals is for the purposes of convenience and is not to be interpreted as requiring that the common reference numerals refer to identical components. It is to be understood that the terminology employed above is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The described embodiments are intended to be illustrative of the invention, without limiting the scope thereof. The invention is capable of being practised with various modifications and additions as will readily occur to those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A structural assembly, which comprises: a number of structural connectors arranged in at least one row, each structural connector including: two opposed faces, each face having an upper end, a lower end, and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned at one of the opposed sides of each face; and a second coupling member positioned at the other of the opposed sides of the face, such that the first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector, the first and second coupling members being complementary such that two or more of the structural connectors can be connected together via the first and second coupling members; and a number of structural panels, each structural panel including: a panel body having an upper end, a lower end and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned on one of the opposed sides of the panel body; and a second coupling member positioned on the other of the opposed sides of the panel body, the first coupling member and the second coupling member being substantially identical to the respective first and second coupling members of the structural connector, such that at least one of the structural panels is interposed between, and coupled to, consecutive structural connectors, via respective first and second coupling members of the structural connectors and structural panels, respectively.

2. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 1 , in which the structural connectors are arranged in at least two rows, with the structural connectors of one row alternating with the structural connectors of an adjacent row, one of the first coupling members of each structural connector in the one row being connected to one of the second coupling members of each respective structural connector in the adjacent row, the structural connectors and the panel bodies being shaped so that the structural connectors and the structural panels define one or more rows of closed cells.

3. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 1 , in which the structural connectors are arranged in at least three rows, including at least one internal row interposed between two external rows, with the structural connectors of each row alternating with the structural connectors of an adjacent row, the first and second coupling members of each structural connector of each internal row being connected, respectively, to second and first coupling members of structural connectors in adjacent rows, the connector body being shaped such that the structural connectors of the, or each, internal row and adjacent rows define at least one row of closed cells.

4. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 1 , in which each of the two opposed faces of the structural connector has an inwardly curved end profile.

5. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 4, in which each of the two opposed faces of the structural connector has an arcuate end profile.

6. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 5, in which the arcuate end profile has an arc measurement of approximately 90 degrees.

7. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 1 , in which the panel body has a curved end profile when viewed in plan.

8. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 1 , in which each structural connector includes four faces including the two opposed faces, in the form of front and rear faces, and opposed side faces.

9. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 8, in which each of the faces has an inwardly curved end profile.

10. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 9, in which each of the faces has an arcuate end profile.

11 . The structural assembly as claimed in claim 10, in which the arcuate end profile of each face has an arc measurement of 90 degrees.

12. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 1 , in which the first and second coupling members are configured so that the first and second coupling members can engage each other such that, once engaged, subsequent rotation of the first and second coupling members relative to each other is inhibited.

13. The structural assembly as claimed in claim 12, in which the first and second coupling members are in the form of complementary lugs and sockets, respectively, that project from respective sides of each face.

14. A structural connector for a structural assembly, the structural connector comprising: opposed faces, each face having an upper end, a lower end and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned at one of the opposed sides of each face; and a second coupling member positioned at the other of the opposed sides of each face, such that the first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector, the first and second coupling members being complementary such that two or more of the structural connectors can be connected together via the first and second coupling members.

15. The structural connector as claimed in claim 14, which includes opposed walls that define the respective opposed faces.

16. The structural connector as claimed in claim 15, wherein each wall has an inwardly curved profile so that the opposed faces are curved inwardly towards each other.

17. The structural connector as claimed in claim 15, wherein the opposed walls are major walls and at least one minor wall interconnects the major walls.

18. The structural connector as claimed in claim 17, wherein two minor walls interconnect the major walls.

19. The structural connector as claimed in claim 18, wherein the minor walls are spaced and generally parallel to each other.

20. A kit for a structural connector, the kit comprising: two major walls, each major wall defining an outer face and having an upper end, a lower end, and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned at one of the opposed sides of each face; a second coupling member positioned at the other of the opposed sides of each face; and at least one minor wall; wherein the major wall and the, or each, minor wall include complementary coupling formations so that the, or each minor wall can be coupled between the major walls to interconnect the major walls such that the first and second coupling members alternate about the structural connector, the first and second coupling members being complementary such that two or more of the structural connectors can be connected together via the first and second coupling members.

21 . A structural assembly that comprises a number of the structural connectors of claim 14 coupled together with the first and second coupling members.

22. A structural assembly that comprises a number of structural connectors assembled from the kit as claimed in claim 20.

23. A structural panel for use with the structural connector as claimed in claim 14, the structural panel comprising: a panel body having an upper end, a lower end and opposed sides extending between the upper and lower ends; a first coupling member positioned on one of the opposed sides of the panel body; and a second coupling member positioned on the other of the opposed sides of the panel body such that at least one of the structural panels can be interposed between, and coupled to, consecutive structural connectors, via respective first and second coupling members of the structural connectors and structural panels, respectively.

24. A structural assembly that comprises a plurality of the structural connectors of claim 14 spaced from each other in a single row, and a plurality of the structural panels, as claimed in claim 23, with at least one structural panel interconnecting consecutive structural connectors via the first and second coupling members of the structural connectors and structural panels.

25. A method of erecting a structural assembly with a plurality of the structural connectors as claimed in claim 14, the method comprising the step of coupling the structural connectors together such that at least one of the first coupling members of each structural connector is connected to a second coupling member of an adjacent coupling member.

26. A method of erecting a structural assembly with a plurality of the structural connectors as claimed in claim 14 and a plurality of structural panels as claimed in claim 23, the method comprising the step of coupling the structural panels to the structural connectors via the first and second coupling members such that the structural assembly includes a plurality of the structural connectors spaced from each other in a single row with at least one structural panel interconnecting consecutive structural connectors.