WO2022238505A1 - Anticorps à domaine unique spécifique de h2ax phosphorylé et ses utilisations - Google Patents

Anticorps à domaine unique spécifique de h2ax phosphorylé et ses utilisations Download PDF

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WO2022238505A1
WO2022238505A1 PCT/EP2022/062831 EP2022062831W WO2022238505A1 WO 2022238505 A1 WO2022238505 A1 WO 2022238505A1 EP 2022062831 W EP2022062831 W EP 2022062831W WO 2022238505 A1 WO2022238505 A1 WO 2022238505A1
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seq
amino acid
single domain
domain antibody
h2ax
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PCT/EP2022/062831
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Etienne Weiss
Eric MOEGLIN
Pierre Lafaye
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Universite De Strasbourg
Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique
Institut Pasteur
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Priority to EP22728599.6A priority Critical patent/EP4337691A1/fr
Publication of WO2022238505A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022238505A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/34—Identification of a linear epitope shorter than 20 amino acid residues or of a conformational epitope defined by amino acid residues
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/40—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by post-translational modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/569—Single domain, e.g. dAb, sdAb, VHH, VNAR or nanobody®
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2440/00—Post-translational modifications [PTMs] in chemical analysis of biological material
    • G01N2440/14—Post-translational modifications [PTMs] in chemical analysis of biological material phosphorylation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an antibody specific for ⁇ -H2AX and its uses as a laboratory tool.
  • Histones constitute the core proteins of chromatin and their post-translational modifications (PTMs) contribute to the molecular basis of epigenetic gene regulation and cellular memory. In humans, several variant forms of histones have been described and this is particularly relevant for the H2A histone.
  • the H2A variants represent the largest and most diverse family of histones; there is overwhelming evidence that their unstructured N- and C-termini, which protrude out of the core structure of the nucleosome, harbor several sites for PTMs in response to varying stimuli.
  • the H2AX variant shares high amino acid similarity with H2A and is characterized by an extended C-terminus, which is phosphorylated when the cells become injured by agents that provoke DNA replication stress (RS) and genome instability.
  • RS DNA replication stress
  • S139 serine at position 139
  • PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase
  • ATM ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
  • ATR ATM and Rad3-related
  • DNA-PK DNA-dependent protein kinase
  • H2AX can be phosphorylated at the threonine residue at position 136 (T136) and at the C-terminal tyrosine residue at position 142 (Y142) to facilitate DNA repair, whereas the persistency of the latter PTM may also trigger apoptosis.
  • S139 phosphorylation is regarded as the main PTM of H2AX since it is specifically recognized by the adaptor protein MDC1, which further recruits several E3 ubiquitin ligases to favor DNA repair and/or restart of the halted forks during RS. Because ⁇ -H2AX is involved in the DDR, it is generally considered a biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and its relevance as read-out of sustained RS is well accepted.
  • H2AX is also phosphorylated in the absence of DNA breakage, likely during replication fork arrest and subsequent single-stranded DNA accumulation, and this early event upon insult induces the formation of discrete nuclear foci of ⁇ -H2AX, which can be visualized with specific antibodies under the microscope.
  • ⁇ -H2AX which can spread progressively over the whole nucleus (pan-nuclear ⁇ -H2AX) following chromatin modification by loop extrusion, gives in fact an estimate of the severity of the RS.
  • ⁇ - H2AX is considered nowadays a universal bio-indicator of the severity of genotoxic compounds that interfere with DNA replication in vitro and in vivo.
  • ⁇ -H2AX is also an early biomarker in clinics to check for tissue health status after radiotherapy, chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Indeed, almost all studies aiming at selecting small molecules triggering irreversible genome instability refer to ⁇ -H2AX formation and retention to assess their potency. In particular, tracking ⁇ -H2AX is of high interest for validating chemotherapeutics and for controlling the carcinogenic properties of chemicals present in biological samples. From a drug discovery point of view, this biomarker is of great interest to screen for efficacy and toxicity of therapeutic treatments.
  • Nanobodies correspond to the variable domain (VHH) of the heavy chain-only antibodies (HcAb) expressed in these animals.
  • VHH repertoires can be cloned as VHH repertoires with minimal modification from total RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained after immunization, thus presenting an authentic picture of the in vivo-maturated heavy chain repertoire diversity.
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • their small size ( ⁇ 15 kDa) compared to conventional antibodies ( ⁇ 150 kDa) and, especially, their capacity to fold stably in a reducing environment make them excellent binding molecules in cells.
  • alpaca-derived nanobodies against ⁇ -H2AX have already been generated (Rajan et al, 2015, FEBS Open Bio. 5:779–788.
  • Histone H2AX phosphorylated at serine 139 is a hallmark of DNA damage, signaling the presence of DNA double-strand breaks and global replication stress in mammalian cells. While ⁇ -H2AX can be visualized with antibodies in fixed cells, its detection in living cells was so far not possible. Therefore, there is still a need for tools specific for ⁇ -H2AX suitable for in vivo use in living cells for detecting DNA Damage and replication stress.
  • ⁇ -H2AX levels vary from one cell to another, a reagent that would consent monitoring in individual cells both ⁇ -H2AX levels and their fate after treatment with varying doses of genotoxic agents would be useful.
  • classical antibodies i.e., IgG
  • IgG monovalent Fab format of IgG, that can be obtained following digestion with papain, diffuses freely into the nucleus upon delivery.
  • detection of ⁇ -H2AX with complete antibodies can only be carried out in fixed cells (end-point experiments) and thus does not allow to study transient dynamic states of the chromatin following damage.
  • nanobodies single domain antibodies that are easily expressed as functional recombinant proteins and report the extensive characterization of a novel nanobody that specifically recognizes ⁇ -H2AX.
  • the interaction of this nanobody with the C-terminal end of ⁇ -H2AX was solved by X-ray crystallography.
  • the inventors engineered a bivalent version of this nanobody and showed that bivalency is essential to quantitatively visualize ⁇ -H2AX in fixed drug-treated cells.
  • the inventors After labelling with a chemical fluorophore, the inventors were able to detect ⁇ -H2AX in a single-step assay with the same sensitivity as with validated antibodies that are used with an assay having several steps. Then, the use of the nanobodies identified by the inventors allows an improved assay which is more cost-effective. Moreover, the inventors produced fluorescent nanobody fusion proteins and applied a transduction strategy to visualize with precision ⁇ -H2AX foci present in intact living cells following drug treatment. Together, this novel tool allows performing fast screenings of genotoxic drugs and enables to study the dynamics of this particular chromatin modification in individual cells under a variety of conditions.
  • the present invention relates to a single domain antibody directed against H2AX with a phosphorylation of serine at position 139 ( ⁇ -H2AX) comprising a variable domain comprising three CDRs (complementarity determining regions), namely CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, consisting in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 : GLT(L/F)SRYA for CDR1, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 : ITASGRTT for CDR2, and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 : AADYGX 1 X 2 X 3 YTRRQSEYX 4 Y for CDR3, wherein X 1 and X 2 are any amino acid, X 3 is K or R, and X 4 is D or E.
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 is GLTLSRYA.
  • CDR1 is GLTFSRYA.
  • X 1 and X 2 are independently selected in the group consisting of A, V, S, N, K, R, T and G, especially of S, N, K, R, T and G.
  • X 1 is selected in the group consisting of S, N, T and G.
  • X2 is selected in the group consisting of G, K and S.
  • X 1 is selected in the group consisting of S, N, T and G;
  • X 2 is selected in the group consisting of G, K and S;
  • X 3 is K or R; and
  • X 4 is D or E.
  • X 3 is R.
  • X 4 is E.
  • X 3 is R and X 4 is E.
  • X 3 is K and X 4 is D.
  • the amino acid sequence of CDR3 can be selected in the following group: AADYGSGKYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 4); AADYGNKRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 5); AADYGTSRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 6); AADYGGGRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 7); AADYGSGRYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 8); AADYGSGKYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 9); AADYGSGRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 10); AADYGNKKYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 11); AADYGNKRYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 12); AADYGNKKYTRR
  • the amino acid sequence of CDR3 is selected from the group consisting of AADYGNKRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 5); AADYGTSRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 6); AADYGNKKYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 11); AADYGNKRYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 12); AADYGNKKYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 13); AADYGTSKYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 14); AADYGTSRYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 15); and AADYGTSKYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 16).
  • the amino acid sequence of CDR3 is selected from the group consisting of AADYGSGKYTRRQSEYDY (SEQ ID NO: 4); AADYGNKRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 5); AADYGTSRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 6); and AADYGGGRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 7). and more particularly of AADYGNKRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 5); and AADYGTSRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 6).
  • the amino acid sequence of CDR3 is AADYGTSRYTRRQSEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 6).
  • the single domain antibody is a VHH, preferably from Camelidae, more preferably from Llama species, or camelized framework regions of a human VH.
  • the single domain antibody is an antibody that comprises, consists in, or consists essentially in, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 or a variant amino acid sequence having no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid additions, deletions, substitutions, or combinations thereof within the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, said addition, deletion, or substitution being outside of CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 (underlined in the sequence for convenience), wherein the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 is MA(E/D)VQLXXSGGGXVQXG(G/D)SLRLSC(S/A)(A/T)SGLT(F/L)SRYAMGWFRQAPGNEREFVAVITASGRTTLYA DS(V/L)KGRFTISRDNAKNTVALQMQSLK
  • the single domain antibody is an antibody that comprises, consists in, or consists essentially in, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 or a variant amino acid sequence having no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid additions, deletions, substitutions, or combinations thereof within the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, said addition, deletion, or substitution being outside of CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 (underlined in the sequence for convenience), wherein the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 is MA(E/D)VQLVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCA(A/T)SGLTFSRYAMGWFRQAPGNEREFVAVITASGRTTLYADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTVALQMQSLKPEDTAVYYCAADYGX 1 X 2 RYTRRQSEYX 4 YWGQGTQVTVSSAAA (
  • X 1 and X 2 can be as defined in any particular aspect as described above.
  • the present invention relates to a bivalent molecule comprising two single domain antibodies directed against ⁇ -H2AX as described herein.
  • the two single domain antibodies can be the same or different.
  • the bivalent molecule is a bivalent protein in which the two single domain antibodies are connected as a protein fusion.
  • the two single domain antibodies are connected via a peptide linker.
  • the linker is usually 3-44 amino acid residues in length.
  • the linker has 3-30 amino acid residues in length.
  • linker sequences are Gly/Ser linkers of different length including (Gly 4 Ser) 4 , (Gly 4 Ser) 3 , (Gly 4 Ser) 2 , Gly 4 Ser, Gly 3 Ser, Gly3, Gly 2 Ser and (Gly 3 Ser 2 ) 3 .
  • the linker is (Gly 4 Ser) 3 .
  • the bivalent protein can comprise, essentially consist in or consist in an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of - MA(E/D)VQLXXSGGGXVQXG(G/D)SLRLSC(S/A)(A/T)SGLT(F/L)SRYAMGWFRQAPGNEREFVAVITASG RTTLYADS(V/L)KGRFTISRDNAKNTVALQMQSLKPEDTAVYYCAADYGX 1 X 2 X 3 YTRRQSEYX 4 YWGQGTQV TVSS(X) n AA (A/-) – linker - MA(E/D)VQLXXSGGGXVQXG(G/D)SLRLSC(S/A)(A/T)SGLT(F/L)SRYAMGWFRQAPGNEREFVAVITASG RTTLYADS(V/L)KGRFTISRDNAKNTVALQMQSLKPEDTAVYYCAADYGX 1 X 2 X
  • the (A/-) is no amino acid.
  • a protein with higher valance than a bivalent protein may relate to a protein (monomeric or polymeric) comprising 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 single domain antibody as described herein.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent molecule is labelled with a detectable entity (“label”).
  • label refers to any atom or molecule that can be used to provide a quantifiable signal and that can be attached to a single domain antibody or bivalent molecule as disclosed herein via a covalent bond or a noncovalent interaction (e.g., through ionic or hydrogen bonding, or via immobilization, adsorption, or the like).
  • a label may be selected from the group consisting in a radiolabel, an enzyme label, afluorescent label, a bioluminescent molecule, a biotin-avidin label, a chemiluminescent label, and a detectable entity.
  • the detectable entity can be a tag that can be detected by an antibody specific for the tag.
  • the detectable label is selected from the group consisting of: a hapten, a fluorescent dye, a fluorescent protein, a chromophore, a metal ion, a gold particle, a silver particle, a magnetic particle, a polypeptide, an enzyme, a luminescent compound, or an oligonucleotide.
  • the detectable label is a fluorescent protein.
  • the fluorescent protein can be selected in the non-exhaustive list comprising Green Fluorescent Protein, Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP), Venus, mVenus, Citrine, mCitrine, Cerulean, mCerulean, Orange Fluorescent Protein (OFP), mNeonGreen, moxNeonGreen, mCherry, mTagBFP, mTurquoise, mScarlet, mWasabi, mOrange, mStrawberry and dTomato.
  • Green Fluorescent Protein Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP), Venus, mVenus, Citrine, mCitrine, Cerulean, mCerulean, Orange Fluorescent Protein (OFP), mNeonGreen, moxNeonGreen, mCherry, mTagBFP, mTurquoise, mS
  • the fluorescent protein is dTomato and has the following sequence: MVSKGEEVIKEFMRFKVRMEGSMNGHEFEIEGEGEGRPYEGTQTAKLKVTKGGPLPFAWDILSPQFMYGSKAYVKHP ADIPDYKKLSFPEGFKWERVMNFEDGGLVTVTQDSSLQDGTLIYKVKMRGTNFPPDGPVMQKKTMGWEASTERLYP RDGVLKGEIHQALKLKDGGHYLVEFKTIYMAKKPVQLPGYYYVDTKLDITSHNEDYTIVEQYERSEGRHHLFL (SEQ ID NO: 38).
  • the detectable label can be a fluorescent dye, for instance selected in the non-exhaustive list including Oregon Green(R), Pacific BlueTM, Pacific OrangeTM, Pacific GreenTM, Cascade BlueTM, Cascade YellowTM, Lucifer YellowTM, Marina BlueTM, and Texas Red(R) (TxRed); an AlexaFluor(R)(AF) dye such as AF350, AF405, AF488,AF500, AF514, AF532, AF546, AF555, AF568, AF594, AF610, AF633, AF635, AF647, AF680, AF700, AF710, AF750, AF790, and AF800; a Cy dye such as Cy2, Cy3, Cy3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, and Cy 7.5; Atto 390, Atto 425, Atto 465, Atto 488, Atto 495, Atto 5l4Atto 520, Atto 532, Atto 550, Atto 565, Atto 590
  • the detectable label can be a hapten such as a fluorescein or a derivative thereof, fluorescein isothiocyanate, carboxyfluorescein, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, digoxigenin, dinitrophenol (DNP), trinitrophenol (TNP), and biotin.
  • the detectable molecule can be a detectable tag, preferably a peptide detectable tag.
  • tag includes E6 tag (for instance of sequence TSMFQDPQERPRASA).
  • the detectable label can be a bioluminescent molecule or an enzyme such as luciferase, ⁇ - galactosidase, ⁇ -lactamase, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ - glucuronidase, and ⁇ -glucosidase.
  • an enzyme such as luciferase, ⁇ - galactosidase, ⁇ -lactamase, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ - glucuronidase, and ⁇ -glucosidase.
  • the detectable label can be a radiolabel, such as a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of: carbon (14C), chromium (5lCr), cobalt (57Co), fluorine (18F), gadolinium (l53Gd, l59Gd), germanium (68Ge), holmium (I66H0), indium (1151h, 1131h, 1121h, min), iodine (1251, 1231, 1211), lanthanium (l40La), lutetium (l77Lu), manganese (54Mn), molybdenum (99 Mo), palladium (103 Pd), phosphorous (32 P), praseodymium (142 Pr), promethium (l49Pm), rhenium (l86Re, l88Re), rhodium (l05Rh), rutheroium (97Ru), samarium (l53Sm), scandium (47Sc), selenium (75Se), (85Sr
  • the present disclosure relates to a single domain antibody or bivalent protein as disclosed herein conjugated to a detectable label.
  • the methods for preparing such a conjugate are well-known in the art.
  • the sequence of the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein can be modified by a substitution or addition of a residue suitable for the conjugation of the detectable label.
  • the amino acid sequence of the single domain antibody or bivalent protein includes a substitution or addition of a residue, preferably a cysteine, preferably near to the C-terminal end, for instance within the 2-10 most C-terminal amino acids of the single domain antibody or bivalent protein as described herein, more preferably within the 3-5 most C-terminal amino acids.
  • the additional residue preferably a cysteine residue
  • the additional residue is added before the stretch of three A (i.e., AAA replaced by CAAA).
  • This additional residue preferably a cysteine residue
  • the label is a protein and is fused or linked to the single domain antibody or the bivalent molecule, thereby forming a protein fusion.
  • the label can be fused or linked at the N-terminal end of the single domain antibody or the bivalent molecule, or at the C-terminal end of the single domain antibody or the bivalent molecule or, in the context of the bivalent molecule, between the two single domain antibodies.
  • the label is fused or linked at the C-terminal end of the single domain antibody or the bivalent molecule.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein can further comprise tag sequence, such as a histidine tag, useful for the purification of the recombinant protein.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein can further comprise a NLS sequence (nuclear localization signal).
  • the present invention further relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as disclosed above, an expression cassette comprising such a nucleic acid sequence, a vector comprising such a nucleic acid sequence or expression cassette, and a host cell comprising such a nucleic acid sequence, expression cassette or vector.
  • the promoter used to control the expression of the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein is a weak promoter.
  • the expression vector is a low copy number vector.
  • the expression vector may comprise a restriction site allowing the insertion of a detectable label so as to obtain a protein fusion comprising the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein and the detectable protein.
  • the present disclosure also relates to a method for producing the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as described herein comprising expressing the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein in a host cell and recovering the produced single domain antibody or bivalent protein.
  • the present disclosure relates to the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein or a nucleic acid, expression cassette or vector encoding it as a research tool.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as described herein or an expression vector encoding the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein and a leaflet for the use of this reagent.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein comprises a detectable label as detailed above.
  • the present disclosure relates to the use of the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as described herein or a nucleic acid, expression cassette or vector encoding it for detecting and/or quantifying and/or monitoring ⁇ -H2AX in a cell or a cellular extract thereof, especially ⁇ -H2AX foci.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as described herein or a nucleic acid, expression cassette or vector encoding it for detecting or monitoring DNA damage or Replication stress in a cell or a cellular extract thereof.
  • the use is a non-therapeutic use.
  • the use can be an in vitro use, an in cellulo use or an ex vivo use (on isolated cells). In particular, the in vivo use can be excluded.
  • the single domain antibody or bivalent protein is used in one of the following assays: ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, live cell imaging (non fixed), immunoprecipitation, in particular Chromatin immunoprecipitation, and Western blot.
  • the present disclosure further relates to a method for detecting and/or quantifying and/or monitoring ⁇ - H2AX in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a single domain antibody or a bivalent protein as described herein or with a nucleic acid, expression cassette or vector encoding said single domain antibody or bivalent protein, and detecting and/or quantifying and/or monitoring the single domain antibody or bivalent protein in the cell or a cellular extract thereof.
  • the method can be for detecting or quantifying or monitoring DNA damage or Replication stress in a cell.
  • the method is a non-therapeutic method.
  • the method can be an in vitro method, an in cellulo method or an ex vivo method (on isolated cells). In particular, the in vivo method can be excluded.
  • the cell is a cancer cell.
  • the cell is a living cell.
  • the cell is a fixed cell.
  • the cell is an eukaryotic cell, more preferably a mammalian cell.
  • the cell is contacted or has been contacted or will be contacted with a test compound or molecule simultaneously or before the contacting step with the single domain antibody or bivalent protein.
  • the test compound or molecule can be any compound or molecule, especially can be a compound or molecule known or suspected to be a genotoxic agent.
  • the use and method as disclosed above is preferable after induction of DNA damage or replication stress.
  • the present disclosure may relate to the use of the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as described herein or a nucleic acid, expression cassette or vector encoding it for screening or identifying a compound or a molecule having a genotoxic effect; or to a method for screening or identifying a compound or a molecule having a genotoxic effect, the method comprising contacting a eukaryotic cell with a compound or a molecule, the cell expressing the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as described herein or the cell being contacted with the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein as described herein, and detecting and/or quantifying and/or monitoring the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein in the cell, thereby determining the effect of the compound or molecule on DNA damage or replication stress or determining the genotoxic effect of the compound or molecule.
  • the compound or molecule is selected if no genotoxic effect is detected. In an alternative aspect, the compound or molecule is selected if a genotoxic effect is detected.
  • the effect observed for the compound or molecule can be compared with one or several compounds or molecules of reference for which the genotoxic effect or the absence of genotoxic effect is well-documented.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein is detected, quantified or monitored in the nucleus of the cell.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein is use for detecting, quantifying or monitoring the ⁇ -H2AX foci.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein is linked to a fluorescent label as detailed above and the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein is detected, quantified or monitored by the fluorescence of the fluorescent label.
  • the advantage is that the detection, quantification or monitoring can be carried in a one-step process.
  • the single domain antibody or the bivalent protein is monitored for a period of time, for instance by video recording, to follow the event occurring in the living cell after induction of DNA damage or replication stress.
  • other kind of detectable label can be used and the method may comprise the detection of the detectable label through the addition or the use of a mean specific for the detectable label. For instance, if the detectable label is a tag, an antibody specific for this tag can be used to detect the detectable label.
  • H2AX refers to H2A histone family member X (H2AX). It is described in UniProtKB under reference P16104 for human and P27661 for mouse. Human sequence of H2AX is the following MSGRGKTGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGHYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLTAEILELAGNAARDNKKTRI IPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGGVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKKTSATVGPKAPSGGKKATQASQEY.
  • H2AX Mouse sequence of H2AX is the following MSGRGKTGGKARAKAKSRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRKGHYAERVGAGAPVYLAAVLEYLTAEILELAGNAARDNKKTRI IPRHLQLAIRNDEELNKLLGGVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKKSSATVGPKAPAVGKKASQASQEY.
  • the protein is called gammaH2AX or ⁇ H2AX.
  • antibody refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen-binding site that specifically binds an antigen.
  • the term antibody encompasses not only whole antibody molecules, but also antigen-binding antibody fragments as well as variants (including derivatives) of antibodies and antibody fragments.
  • the term antibody refers to heavy-chain only antibodies, VHH, fragments and derivatives thereof such (VHH)2 fragments and single domain antibodies.
  • VHH variable-chain only antibody
  • HCAbs refer to immunoglobulins which are devoid of light chains and consist in two heavy chains. These antibodies do not rely upon the association of heavy and light chain variable domains for the formation of the antigen-binding site but instead the variable domain of the heavy polypeptide chains alone naturally forms the complete antigen binding site.
  • Each heavy chain comprises a constant region and a variable domain which enables the binding to a specific antigen, epitope or ligand.
  • HCAbs encompass heavy chain antibodies of the camelid-type in which each heavy chain comprises a variable domain called VHH and two constant domains. Such heavy-chain antibodies directed against a specific antigen can be obtained from immunized camelids. Camelids encompass dromedary, camel, lama and alpaca. Camelid HCAbs have been described by Hamers-Casterman et al., Nature, 1993, 363:446. Other examples of HCAb are immunoglobulin-like structures (Ig-NAR) from cartilaginous fishes.
  • Ig-NAR immunoglobulin-like structures
  • Heavy-chain antibodies can be humanized using well-known methods.
  • the terms “single domain antibody”, “sdAb” and “nanobody” are used interchangeably and have the same meaning.
  • the term single domain antibody refers to a single variable domain derived from a heavy chain antibody, which is able to bind an antigen, an epitope or a ligand alone, that is to say, without the requirement of another binding domain.
  • a single domain antibody may be or may derive from VHH and V-NAR.
  • V-NAR refers to the variable domain found in immunoglobulin-like structures (Ig-NAR) discovered in cartilaginous fishes such as sharks.
  • the single domain antibody according to the present disclosure is a synthetic single domain antibody.
  • synthetic means that such antibody has not been obtained from fragments of naturally occurring antibodies but produced from recombinant nucleic acids comprising artificial coding sequences (cf. WO 2015/063331).
  • VHH refers to an antibody fragment consisting of the VH domain of camelid heavy-chain antibody.
  • VHH fragments can be produced through recombinant DNA technology in a number of microbial hosts (bacterial, yeast, mould), as described in WO 94/29457.
  • binding domains can be obtained by modification of the VH fragments of classical antibodies by a procedure termed "camelization", described by Davies et al, 1995.
  • Dimers of VHH fragments, i.e. (VHH) 2 can be generated by fusing two sequences encoding VHH fragments, end to end, e.g., by PCR.
  • the (VHH) 2 fragment is monospecific.
  • the variable domain of an antibody of the present disclosure comprises at least three complementarity determining region (CDR) which determine its binding specificity.
  • the CDRs are distributed between framework regions (FRs).
  • the variable domain thus contains at least 4 framework regions interspaced by 3 CDR regions, resulting in the following typical antibody variable domain structure: FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4.
  • CDRs and/or FRs of the single domain antibody of the present disclosure may be fragments or derivatives from a naturally-occurring antibody variable domain or may be synthetic.
  • amino acid modification amino acid change
  • mutation are used interchangeably and refer to a change in an amino acid sequence such as a substitution, an insertion, and/or a deletion.
  • amino acid substitution or “substitution” herein is meant the replacement of an amino acid at a particular position in a parent amino acid sequence with another amino acid.
  • amino acid insertion or “insertion” is meant the addition of an amino acid at a particular position in a parent amino acid sequence.
  • amino acid deletion or “deletion” is meant the removal of an amino acid at a particular position in a parent amino acid sequence.
  • the amino acid substitutions may be conservative. A conservative substitution is the replacement of a given amino acid residue by another residue having a side chain (“R-group”) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge, bulk and/or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein.
  • fusion protein or “protein fusion” are equivalent and refers to protein created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single polypeptide with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins.
  • the fusion protein of the invention is a recombinant fusion protein created artificially by recombinant DNA technology. Table A – Amino Acid Residue
  • (AA1/AA2) refers to the choice between the residue AA1 or the residue AA2.
  • E/D means E or D
  • A/T means A or T
  • G/D means G or D
  • S/A means S or A
  • F/L means F or L
  • V/L means V or L
  • A/- means A or no amino acid.
  • a variant is a variant of a variable domain, a CDR or a FR.
  • a variant comprises from 1 to 40 amino acid modifications, preferably from 1 to 30 amino acid modifications, more preferably 1 to 20 amino acid modifications.
  • the variant may have from 1 to 15 amino acid changes, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 amino acid changes as compared to its parent amino acid sequence.
  • the variant may have from 1 to 3 amino acid changes, e.g., 1, 2, or 3 amino acid changes as compared to its parent amino acid sequence.
  • the variants may comprise one or several amino acid substitutions, and/or, one or several amino acid insertions, and/or one or several amino acid deletions.
  • the variant may comprise one or several conservative substitutions, e.g., as shown here above.
  • the variant comprises one or several amino acid modifications in the framework domains.
  • expression cassette refers to a nucleic acid construction comprising a coding region and regulatory regions necessary for expression, operably linked to the coding region.
  • the expression “operably linked” indicates that the elements are combined in such a way that the expression of the coding region is under the control of the regulatory regions.
  • a regulatory region is located upstream of the coding region at a distance compatible with the control of its expression.
  • the regulatory region can include promoters, enhancers, silencers, attenuators, and internal ribosome entry sites (IRES). Spacer sequences may also be present between regulatory elements and the coding region, as long as they don’t prevent its expression.
  • An expression cassette may also include a start codon in front of a protein-encoding gene, splicing signals for introns, and stop codons, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sequences.
  • promoter and “transcriptional promoter” are equivalent and refer to a region of DNA that is part of the regulatory region of an expression cassette. The promoter is the regulatory element that initiates the transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start site of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).
  • expression vector refers to a vector designed for gene expression in cells.
  • An expression vector allows to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene.
  • An expression vector comprises expression elements including, for example, a promoter, the correct translation initiation sequence such as a ribosomal binding site and a start codon, a termination codon, and a transcription termination sequence.
  • An expression vector may also comprise other regulatory regions such as enhancers, silencers and boundary elements/insulators to direct the level of transcription of a given gene.
  • the expression vector can be a vector for stable or transient expression of a gene. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1: Development and selection of specific anti- ⁇ -H2AX nanobodies.
  • FIG 1A is a schematic representation of a phage display selection round (left). The histogram on the right shows the number of phages retained on plate after 2 rounds of selection with 3 different libraries issued from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of individual animals.
  • Figure 1B shows the specific binding capacity of the phages selected from the library 2 were assayed by phage-ELISA with either peptides as indicated (left) or histones extracted from H-treated (treatment with hydroxyurea) or untreated (NT) cells (right), both immobilized on plate.
  • Figure 1C shows four individual VHH-phages (VHH: variable domain) identified by sequencing (A4, A9, C6 and G2) subjected to phage-ELISA.
  • Figure 2 Biochemical and structural analysis of the selected nanobodies.
  • Figure 2A is an SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified nanobodies A9 and C6.
  • Figure 2B shows the binding capacity of the purified samples shown in Fig.2A which was tested by ELISA with either phosphorylated (phospho-peptide; 1 ⁇ g/mL) or non-phosphorylated (peptide; 1 ⁇ g/mL) C- terminal H2AX peptide coated on plate.
  • Figure 2C is an immunofluorescence assay with the C6 nanobody. H1299 cells were treated for 24 hours with the indicated drugs (hydroxyurea, (H); or a combination of gemcitabine and a Chk-1 inhibitor (G+A)) and incubated after fixation with nanobody C6.
  • Figure 2D is a quantification of the ⁇ -H2AX fluorescence signal recorded following incubation of the cells treated as in Fig.2C with either A9 or C6 nanobody.
  • Figure 2E is a crystallographic 3D-structure of the C6 nanobody in complex with the phosphorylated peptide corresponding to ⁇ -H2AX C-terminal tail (ApSQEY). The CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 loops are respectively shown with arrows.
  • FIG. 2F and 2G are close-up view of the ⁇ -H2AX tail peptide in the nanobody binding site. Residues are labelled as in Fig. 2E. Water molecules in the interface between the ⁇ -H2AX tail and the nanobody are represented as spheres and hydrogen bonds are represented as dotted lines.
  • Figure 3 C6 nanobody localization to the nucleus in drug-treated H1299 cells.
  • Figure 3A is an immunofluorescence analysis of H1299 cells after transfection with the plasmid encoding the C6-mCherry chromobody. 24 hours post-transfection, the indicated drugs were added.
  • Bound nanobody or Fab were revealed with anti-E6T antibodies and secondary Alexa 568-labelled anti-mouse globulins. Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m. The quantification of the ⁇ -H2AX mean fluorescence intensity (FI) of the monitored cells is shown on the right. The numbers indicated in brackets correspond to the number of cells analyzed in each condition.
  • Figure 4 Binding performance of the bivalent C6 nanobody.
  • Figure 4A is a schematic representation of the constructs used to produce bivalent nanobodies in E. coli cells. The four R residues of bivalent C6 nanobody (C6B) that have been altered to generate the mutant bivalent C6 nanobody (C6BM) are indicated.
  • Figure 4B is an analysis by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the interaction of monovalent (C6; 180 nM) or bivalent (C6B; 80 nM) C6 nanobody with the phospho-peptide immobilized on chip.
  • SPR surface plasmon resonance
  • the curves show typical normalized profiles of the fractional occupancy calculated with the signals recorded for each nanobody (Materials and Methods). Injection of nanobody was stopped at the 120 seconds time-point and dissociation was analyzed during 700 seconds.
  • Figure 4C is a representative immunofluorescence images of H- or G+A-treated H1299 cells following fixation and incubation with bivalent C6 nanobody (left). Bound material was revealed as described in the legend of Figure 3. The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI.
  • FIG. 4D shows the detection of ⁇ -H2AX in drug-treated H1299 cells with the fluorescently-labelled C6B. A depiction of the bivalent nanobody chemically conjugated to Alexa 568 is shown on the left. An immunofluorescence analysis of drug-treated H1299 cells after incubation with the labelled conjugate is shown on the right. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 4E is a box plot representation as in figure 4C of the normalized ⁇ -H2AX fluorescence intensity detected with the C6B-Alexa 568 conjugate of H1299 cells after treatment with the indicated drugs or drug combinations.
  • the data shown correspond to those recorded after log transformation.
  • the full name and the concentration of the drugs used is indicated in the Materials and Methods section.
  • the numbers indicated in the x axis correspond to the number of cells analyzed in each condition. NT, non-treated cells.
  • Figure 4F shows a comparison of the C6B-Alexa 568 conjugate with the mAb 3F4 for detecting ⁇ -H2AX in drug-treated H1299 cells.
  • FIG. 5A Typical immunofluorescence images of C6B-transduced cells taken with a confocal microscope after DAPI counterstaining are shown (lower images). Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 5B the quantification of the mean FI of cells transduced as in Figure 5A with either C6B or C6BM are represented. The number of analyzed cells in each condition is indicated (bottom).
  • Figure 5C schematic representation of the C6B-mCherry (C6B-mCh) and the C6B-dTomato (C6B-dTo) fusion proteins used in the study.
  • Figure 5D analysis by SDS-PAGE of the purified C6B-mCherry (1) and the C6B-dTomato (2) fusion proteins.
  • FIG. 5E analysis by immunofluorescence microscopy of the C6B-dTomato (C6B-dTo) and C6BM- dTomato (C6BM-dTo) fusion proteins following transduction in H1299 cells.24 hours post-transduction, the cells were treated with H or left untreated (NT). The images show typical fields observed in each case under the microscope after fixation and DAPI counterstaining (lower images). Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m. An enlargement of one cell present in the field of the C6B-dTo samples following overlay of the red and blue channels with Fiji is shown below the original images.
  • Figure 5F the quantification of the nuclear mean FI of C6B-dTo-transduced H1299 cells after treatment with the indicated drugs is shown. The numbers at the bottom correspond to the number of cells analyzed in each case.
  • Figure 6 Visualization of the binding of the bivalent nanobody in live H1299 cells and analysis of its effect after pulse treatment with hydroxyurea.
  • Figure 6A representative wide-field fluorescence microscopy images of H1299 cells transduced with the C6B-dTomato fusion protein and subsequently treated with the indicated drugs or left untreated (NT). Images with an identical exposure time were taken 24 hours after treatment. The amount of protein used for the transduction in each case is also indicated. Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 6B analysis of the movement of the foci formed in C6B-dTo-transduced H1299 cells treated with H.24 hours post-treatment, the cells were analyzed as in Figure 6A and pictures were taken every minute (total time: 10 minutes). The recorded images were processed as indicated in Materials and Methods section and show the trajectories of the foci present in two typical cells after 0, 1, 5 and 10 minutes of incubation. Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 6C growth rate of the transduced H1299 following pulse-treatment with H. After transduction with the indicated proteins, the cells were seeded on plate and pulse-treated during 24 hours with H.
  • the curves correspond the number of cells after counting at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after seeding.
  • the data correspond to the calculated ratios (number of cells in each case/number of cells at seeding time (0 h)).
  • Figure 6D variation of ⁇ -H2AX levels in H1299 cells transduced with either PBS or the C6B or C6B-dTo proteins and treated for 24 hours (pulse treatment) with H as probed by Western blotting with mAb 3F4. Following treatment, the transduced cells (5 ⁇ 10 5 ) were incubated in fresh medium and extracts (50 ⁇ g) were prepared at the indicated time points. ⁇ -actin was used as a loading control.
  • Figure 7 Characterization of the A9 nanobody.
  • Figure 7A analysis by SDS-PAGE of the bacterially-expressed nanobodies.
  • the gel shows the protein content of similar amounts of total (E), soluble (S) and insoluble (I) fractions of extracts obtained after lysis of the induced bacteria.
  • the bands corresponding to the nanobody polypeptides are indicated with arrows.
  • Figures 7B and 7C representative immunofluorescence images of drug-treated H1299 cells recorded after incubation with either A9 nanobody (Fig.7B) or mAb 3F4 (Fig.7C). Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 7D quantification of the signal obtained with the cells shown in Figure 7C. The number of analyzed cells is indicated in brackets.
  • Figure 8 Microscopic analysis of C6 and A9 nanobodies upon transfection.
  • Figure 8A representative confocal microscopy images of H1299 cells after transfection of the C6 nanobody-mCherry construct. The cells were treated as indicated in the legend of Fig.2C. Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figures 8B and 8C immunofluorescence analysis of H1299 cells after transfection with chromobody A9- GFP. The cells were treated as indicated in the legend of Fig.3A. Representative images recorded under the microscope (Fig.8B) and the corresponding percentage of fluorescent cells observed in each condition (Fig.8C) are shown. Cut-off for negative cells was set on non-transfected cells using the maximal recorded value. Scale bar: 50 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 9 Biochemical and fluorescence microscopic analyses of C6B an C6BM nanobodies.
  • Figure 9A purification and analysis on SDS gel of the C6B and C6BM nanobodies. Aliquots of affinity- purified protein samples (1 to 5 ⁇ g) were subjected to SDS-PAGE and subsequent Coomassie blue staining.
  • Figure 9B varying concentrations of C6B and C6BM nanobodies were probed by ELISA with fixed phospho- peptide on plate (0.1 ⁇ g/mL).
  • Figure 9C typical binding profiles of the C6 nanobody to the phospho-peptide as probed by SPR (Materials and Methods). The experimental values of each experiment are indicated.
  • Figure 9D immunofluorescence assay with the C6B nanobody in U2OS cells. Bound nanobodies were revealed with anti-E6 tag antibodies and Alexa Fluor 488 anti-mouse immunoglobulins. The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (lower images). Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 9E representative immunofluorescence images of H- or G+A-treated H1299 cells following fixation and incubation with 2ng/ml or 5 ng/ml of bivalent C6B nanobody bound material was revealed with anti- E6T antibody and Alexa 568-labelled anti-mouse globulins. The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (lower images). Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 10 Expression of the bivalent chromobodies in transfected cells.
  • Figure 10A representative immunofluorescence images of H1299 cells transfected with the p ⁇ A-C6B-E6T- mCherry construct. The transfected cells were treated with the indicated drugs during 24 hours and after cell fixation, expressed nanobody-mCherry fusions were monitored under a confocal microscope. Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 10B evaluation of the binding stability of the C6B-mCherry or the C6BM-mCherry fusions expressed in H1299 cells treated with the indicated drugs after transfection.
  • FIG. 10C representative immunofluorescence images of the transfected H1299 cells used in Fig.10B. Scale bar: 50 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 11 Transduction of the C6B or C6BM nanobodies in cancer cells.
  • Figure 11A transduction of C6B and C6BM in H1299 cells. Representative images recorded by fluorescence microscopy after treatment of the cells with H or left untreated (NT). The nanobodies were revealed as indicated in the legend of Figure 4. Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 11B transduction of C6B nanobodies in U2OS cells treated as in Fig.11A. Representative images taken with a confocal microscope after DAPI counterstaining (lower images) are shown. The C6B molecules were revealed as indicated in Fig.9D. Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 12 Specific detection of foci with the C6B-dTo chromobody upon transduction
  • Figure 12A comparison of the binding performance of C6-dTo and the C6B-dTo chromobodies. Equivalent amounts of monovalent or divalent chromobodies were delivered in H1299 cells and images were taken after treatment of the transduced cells for 24 hours with H.
  • FIG. 12B H1299 cells were transduced with the C6B-dTo chromobody and treated as indicated in Fig.12A. Prior to analysis by immunofluorescence microscopy, they were incubated with mAb 3F4 and Alexa 468-labelled secondary anti-mouse globulins. The pictures show the foci pattern of a typical cell following analysis with red (left) or the green (middle) filters. Stronger lightness shows the colocalization of the chromobody and the mAb at foci (right). Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 12C transduction of C6B-dTo chromobodies in U2OS cells treated as in Fi.12A. Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 12D detection of foci in H1299 cells transduced with C6B-dTo chromobody and subsequent treatment with either clofarabine (C) or triapine (T). Typical nuclei after analysis as in Fig.12A are shown. Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 13 Visualization of the movement of the C6B-dTomato molecules in live H1299 cells and schematic representation of their binding in drug-injured cells.
  • Figure 13A two representative wide-field fluorescence microscopy images of H1299 cells transduced with the C6B-dTomato fusion protein and subsequently treated with G+A during 4 hours (left) were analyzed as indicated in the legend of Figure 6. The trajectories of the ⁇ -H2AX foci over a period of 10 minutes are shown. Scale bar: 10 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 13B the left panel represents the internalization and nuclear transport of the C6B-dTo molecules. Upon delivery in the cytoplasm by electroporation they bind to newly-synthesized nuclear proteins (square) and are piggybacked in the nucleus (right lower corner compartment).
  • Example 1 Development and selection of specific anti- ⁇ -H2AX nanobodies by phage display
  • RS DNA replication stress
  • the inventors immunized alpacas with the phosphorylated peptide CKATQA(p)SQEY corresponding to the C-terminal end of ⁇ -H2AX (residues 134-142).
  • This peptide has been used in a previous study to generate monoclonal antibodies that are suitable for detecting ⁇ -H2AX in various immunoassays (Moeglin, E. et al.; Cancers 2019, 11, 355, doi:10.3390/cancers11030355).
  • the PBMCs were collected and VHH libraries of approximately 10 7 independent clones were constructed.
  • the phage display technology which consist in displaying the VHH molecules on the tip of M13-based phages, allows selecting those that bind to the phospho-peptide immobilized on plate. This method of antigen display was preferred to other methods such as immobilization on magnetic beads since it previously allowed successful screening of cell culture supernatants containing monoclonal antibodies. Colony counting following the first round of panning (R1) showed that phages expressing a VHH against the phospho-peptide were only present in the repertoire of one animal (alpaca 2) ( Figure 1A).
  • Example 2 The selected nanobodies are soluble in the bacterial cytoplasm To test whether the four identified VHH variants could be used as nanobodies in immunoassays and cells, the inventors first sub-cloned their coding regions into a bacterial vector equipped with the relevant tags for detection and purification, then expressed them as single polypeptides in the cytoplasm of E. coli cells.
  • Example 3 3D-structure determination of the C6 nanobody
  • the inventors solved the crystal structure of the complex at 1.8 ⁇ resolution.
  • the inventors selected the C6 nanobody due to its higher stability upon storage and overall better performance compared to A9.
  • the crystals belonged to space group P3 1 , with 6 equivalent copies of the complex in the asymmetric unit where significant electron density is observed for the last five residues of the peptide ( Figure 2E).
  • the other residues are highly flexible or disordered, implying that they are not involved in specific interactions.
  • the nanobody adopts a canonical IgG fold with a scaffold of nine antiparallel ⁇ -strands forming two sandwiching ⁇ –sheets.
  • the paratope accepting the phospho-peptide is mainly built from CDR2 and CDR3 resulting in a solvent accessible surface area buried in the interface of approximately 385 ⁇ 2 .
  • Detailed analysis of the complex showed that the phosphate group of phospho-S139 makes direct water-mediated interactions with side chains from CDR2 and CDR3 (Figure 2F).
  • Key residues (single letter code) that belong to CDR2 are the hydrogen bond donors T52, S53 and T56 as well as R55, which also provides an electrostatic contribution.
  • the nanobody interacts also with the two last residues of the peptide (Figure 2G).
  • This second binding pocket involves side chains from CDR3 with key roles of R100, R100C and R100D: the ammonium group of R100 is stacked against the aromatic ring of the Y142 tail, while those of R100C and R100D recognize the side chain of E141 and the carboxy-terminal group of the phospho-peptide, respectively.
  • the phosphate group of the phospho-peptide is a crucial determinant of the recognition of the antigen by the C6 nanobody, explaining its extraordinar specificity for the modified peptide.
  • Example 4 The C6 and A9 nanobodies are solubly expressed in mammalian cells The inventors examined the behavior of the C6 nanobody when expressed in mammalian cells.
  • the inventors cloned the coding region of C6 fused in frame to mCherry to generate a chromobody (Panza, P. et al.; Development 2015, 142, 1879–1884, doi:10.1242/dev.118943) expressed under the control of the ⁇ -actin promoter and transiently transfected it into H1299 cells.
  • the C6 chromobody was located in the nucleus of the treated cells as well as the untreated cells after analysis with either a widefield ( Figure 3A) or a confocal microscope ( Figure 8A). The inventors speculated that unspecific binding to a nuclear antigen was caused by the overexpression of the chromobody.
  • Example 5 Behavior of the C6 nanobody following transduction
  • the inventors have shown that antibodies and fragments thereof can be efficiently transduced into cultured cells by electroporation (Muyldermans, S.; Annu. Rev. Biochem.2013, 82, 775– 797, doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-063011-092449; Conic, S. et al.; J. Cell Biol. 2018, 217, 1537–1552, doi:10.1083/jcb.201709153).
  • nanobodies can theoretically easily diffuse into the nucleus after delivery in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the inventors transduced the purified C6 nanobody in H1299 cells subsequently treated with H and imaged them after 24 or 48 hours of incubation. As shown in Figure 3B, the fluorescent signal resembled that typically observed for ⁇ -H2AX, albeit background staining (without treatment) was also significant. Since a similar staining was observed with the transduced Fab prepared by papain digestion of mAb 3F4 (Moeglin, E.
  • Example 6 The bivalent C6 nanobody allows highly accurate detection of ⁇ -H2AX in fixed drug-treated cells
  • C6B bivalent C6 nanobody
  • C6BM a mutated version of it
  • Figure 4A Both constructs were expressed in E. coli cells and, after purification and validation on gel ( Figure 9A), their capacity to bind to the phospho-peptide immobilized on plate was tested by ELISA ( Figure 9B).
  • the responses were normalized to the peptide density and to the nanobody molecular weight, which allows calculating the fractional occupancy (FO) of the peptide sites (Zeder-Lutz, G. et al.; Anal. Biochem.2012, 421, 417–427, doi:10.1016/j.ab.2011.09.015).
  • FO fractional occupancy
  • an FO of one is expected for a 1:1 antibody-antigen molar ratio
  • an FO of 0.5 is expected for a homogenous bivalent binding (i.e., 1:2 antibody-antigen molar ratio).
  • Example 7 Single-step detection of ⁇ -H2AX in fixed drug-treated H1299 cells
  • the inventors added a cysteine residue in the coding region of C6B between the C-terminus of the second VHH and the E6 tag.
  • the purified protein (C6BC) was labelled with Alexa-Fluor 568-maleimide and used in IF ( Figure 4D).
  • ⁇ -H2AX foci could be distinctly detected and quantified with the fluorescently-labelled C6BC molecules when using different combinations of RS-inducing drugs used in the clinic ( Figure 4E).
  • Figure 4F Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.966
  • Example 8 The transduced bivalent C6 nanobody allows monitoring ⁇ -H2AX in drug-treated live cells
  • C6B could be used in cells
  • the inventors modified the previously constructed chromobody C6-mCherry to add a second VHH copy thus creating C6B-mCherry.
  • a strong nuclear mCherry signal was observed ( Figure 10A).
  • nuclear staining was also observed in the absence of drug treatment, indicating a certain degree of unspecific binding. Nonetheless, CSK treatment showed that a large fraction of the fluorescent signal remained in the nucleus ( Figure 10B).
  • the inventors stained the C6B-dTo-transduced cells with mAb 3F4 before microscopic analysis. Notably, the foci detected with C6B-dTo strictly co-localized with those visualized with the antibody and secondary Alexa fluor 488-labelled globulins ( Figure 12B).
  • Example 9 Real-time analysis of ⁇ -H2AX in drug-treated H1299 cells
  • the inventors took advantage of the strong fluorescence signal emitted by the dTomato protein and the fact that precise low amounts of C6B-dTo molecules can be delivered in cells via our electroporation method.
  • Preliminary experiments showed that almost all of the internalized molecules accumulated in the nucleus when 0.5 to 2 ⁇ g of purified fusion protein were used.
  • Figure 6A shows typical nuclei of C6B-dTo-transduced H1299 cells monitored by wide-field microscopy following treatment of the cells with H or G+A for 24 hours.
  • the foci do not move into the nucleoli and, in some cells, the inventors found that their speed was not homogenous over the whole nucleus (see Figure 6B, lower panel).
  • the inventors have also checked whether ⁇ -H2AX foci can be observed when lowering the time of incubation of the cells following treatment with G+A ( Figure 13A). Whereas most ⁇ -H2AX-positive nuclei displayed individual foci as observed with H, some of them showed the typical pattern of mid-S phase nuclei (figure 13A, lower panel) that has been observed after transfection of cells with a PCNA-GFP construct (Leonhardt, H. et al.; J. Cell Biol.
  • Example 10 Impact of the delivered C6B nanobody on cell survival To assess if the delivered C6B nanobody interferes with the cell response to genotoxic drugs, the inventors performed cell survival assays with transduced H1299 cells and monitored the ⁇ -H2AX levels following pulse-treatment with H for 24 hours. Cells transduced with either PBS, C6B or C6B-dTo grew similarly at day 1, 2 and 3 post-treatment with H ( Figure 6C).
  • RNA samples 200 ml of the immunized animals were collected under strict veterinary control and the PBMCs were isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation (GE Healthcare, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France).
  • TRIzol reagent ThermoFisher Scientific, Grand Island, NY, USA.
  • Complementary DNA cDNA was amplified using either SuperScript IV reverse transcriptase (ThermoFischer Scientific) or the BD Smart RACE kit (BD Biosciences).
  • VHH repertoires were amplified from the cDNA by two successive PCR reactions using 3 different primer pairs (PCR1, PCR2; Table D) and the VHH fragments were cloned into the SfiI/NotI restriction sites of the pHEN1 phagemid vector.
  • the bacterial colonies (approximately 4 x 10 7 independent transformants per library) were infected with M13KO7 helper phage to produce the phage libraries.
  • the recombinant phages of each library were purified by PEG 8,000/NaCl precipitation and aliquots were stored at -80°C after addition of 15% glycerol.
  • Biopanning was performed with the phospho-peptide (0.5-5 ⁇ g/ml) coated on microtiter wells (ThermoFisher Scientific). Briefly, approximately 10 11 phages in PBS containing 5% nonfat-dried milk were added to uncoated wells for 1 h and subsequently transferred to the peptide-coated wells. After incubation at 20°C for 1 hour, the wells were extensively washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20. Bound phages were eluted with trypsin and amplified in growing TG1 cells for the next round of selection. The amount of phospho-peptide coated on plate was lowered to 0.5 ⁇ g/ml in the second round of selection.
  • Phage titers and enrichment after each panning round were determined by infecting TG1 cells with 10-fold serial dilutions of the collected phages and plating on LB agar plates containing 100 ⁇ g/mL ampicillin and 1% glucose. Where indicated, binding of the phages to antigen on plate was revealed with an anti-M13 monoclonal antibody conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (HRP; Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The VHH nucleotide sequences were determined using the M13-RP primer (GATC-Eurofins, Ebersberg, Germany).
  • the coding region of the VHH was amplified by SOE-PCR with the primer pairs pETOM-For/G4S-Rev and G4S-For/ E6T-Rev.
  • the G4S-Rev and G4S-For are the annealing primers to add the (G4S) 3 linker region.
  • the recombinant fragment was cloned into the NcoI-digested pET- C6-E6T-6H plasmid after digestion with NcoI restriction enzyme, thus generating pET-C6B-E6T-6H.
  • the inventors amplified by SOE-PCR the coding region of the C6 with primers pETOM-For and pETOM-Rev, in combination with C6-Mut-Rev and C6-Mut- For as annealing primers.
  • the resulting PCR fragment was sub-cloned into the NcoI/NotI-digested pET-C6- E6T-6H to obtain pET-C6M-E6T-6H.
  • the plasmid pET-C6BM-E6T-6H, which encodes the bivalent form of the mutated C6 coding region was constructed as described above.
  • the additional Cys residue in the coding region of the bivalent C6 was obtained by amplification of the C6 coding region with primers VHH- BspHI-For and C6-Cys-Rev and sub-cloned into the pET-C6B-E6T-6H.
  • the pET-C6B-mCherry and pET-C6B-dTomato plasmids were constructed by inserting in frame the coding regions of mCherry protein or dTomato protein in the unique BamHI located in the E6 tag region.
  • the dTomato coding region was subcloned from the ptdTomato-N1 vector (Clontech, Mountain View, USA). All primers used to generate the above-described plasmids are listed in Table D.
  • the VHH variants were expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) plysS cells by addition of IPTG (1 mM) and incubation overnight at 20°C. The expressed polypeptides were purified as previously described (Desplancq, D.
  • the eluted samples were further purified by size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex 7510/300 GL column equilibrated in 20 mM Hepes buffer pH 7.2 containing 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM PMSF and 2 mM TCEP (optional).
  • the C6B-mCherry and C6B-dTomato fusion proteins were purified by IMAC chromatography on HITRAP TM columns as above and subsequently polished by size exclusion chromatography on a HILOAD 16/600 Superdex 200 PG column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated in PBS. All purified proteins were stored at -80°C after addition of 10% glycerol.
  • microtiter wells (ThermoFisher Scientific) were coated with 1 ⁇ g/mL of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated peptide CKATQASQEY in PBS overnight at 4°C.
  • the purified VHH preparations were diluted in PBS containing 0.2 % non-fat died milk and following incubation at RT for 1 hour they were revealed with mAb 4C6 and subsequent addition of HRP- conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG (GE Healthcare).
  • the phospho-peptide CKATQA(p)SQEY was immobilized on the biosensor surface (BR-1005-30; GE healthcare) through the SH group of the N-terminal cysteine using thiol coupling chemistry.
  • the reference surface was treated similarly except that peptide injection was omitted.
  • the purified VHH samples were serially injected in duplicate for 120 seconds over reference and peptide surfaces. Each sample injection was followed by a wash with HBS-P buffer during 600 sec. Sensorgrams were corrected for signals from the reference flow cell as well as after running buffer injections.
  • the Kd was determined by fitting the equilibrium response (Req) versus the concentration curve to a 1:1 interaction model with the Biacore 2.0.2 evaluation software (GE Healthcare).
  • the peak fractions were concentrated to 5.1 mg/ml with a Amicon Ultra 3K filter (Merck-Millipore).
  • the crystallization experiments were carried out by the sitting-drop vapor diffusion method at 20°C using a Mosquito Crystal dispensing robot (TTP Labtech) for mixing equal volumes (200 nL) of the C6-peptide sample and reservoir solutions in 96-well 2-drop MRC crystallization plates (Molecular Dimensions). Crystallization conditions were tested using commercially available screens (Qiagen, Molecular Dimensions). Several wells were found positive after about 1 week of incubation and crystals obtained with 25% PEG 3350, 0.2M sodium acetate.
  • the crystals were transferred to 35% PEG 3350, 0.2M sodium acetate before being flash cooled in liquid nitrogen.
  • the data were collected at the Proxima 2A beamline of the synchrotron Soleil at a wavelength 0.98 ⁇ (12.65 keV) on an EIGER X 9M detector (Dectris) with 20% transmission. 360° of data were collected using 0.1° oscillation and 0.025 s exposure per image, with a crystal to detector distance of 134.25 mm.
  • the data were indexed, integrated, and scaled using XDS (Kabsch, W.; Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2010, 66, 125–132, doi:10.1107/S0907444909047337).
  • the 3D structure of the C6/phosphopeptide complex was solved by molecular replacement using the PHASER module of PHENIX (Liebschner, D. et al.; Acta Crystallogr. D Struct. Biol. 2019, 75, 861–877, doi:10.1107/S2059798319011471) with the structure of VHH PorM_01 (PDB ID: 5LZ0) edited to remove water molecules and the CDR loops, being used as a search model.
  • refinement was performed using the refine module of PHENIX followed by iterative model building in COOT (Emsley, P. et al.; Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr.
  • the cells were treated with either hydroxyurea (H; 2 mM), gemcitabine (G; 0.1 ⁇ M), AZD-7762 (A; 0.1 ⁇ M), clofarabine (C; 0.3 ⁇ M), triapine (T; 2 ⁇ M), camptothecin (CPT, 1 ⁇ M), epirubicin (EPI, 0.5 ⁇ M), etoposide (ETO, 10 ⁇ M), cisplatin (CIS, 10 ⁇ M), oxaliplatin (OXA, 10 ⁇ M) or combinations of two drugs at the same concentration as indicated. All drugs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
  • the harvested cells (approximately 10 7 /ml) were lysed for 10 minutes at 4°C in PBS supplemented with 0.5 % Triton X100, 2 mM PMSF, 0.02 % NaN 3 and 1 mM Na 3 VO 4 . After centrifugation for 10 minutes at 6500 g at 4°C, the recovered nuclei were acid extracted overnight at 4°C in 0.2 M HCl. The histone proteins present in the clarified lysate were stored at -20°C. For the analysis of the H1299 proteins by Western blotting, soluble extracts (60 ⁇ g/lane) in RIPA buffer were used.
  • ⁇ -H2AX and ⁇ -actin were revealed with monoclonal antibody 3F4 (0.1 ⁇ g/mL) and rabbit polyclonal serum A2066 (Sigma-Aldrich), respectively. Bound secondary HRP-labeled antibodies were revealed with ECL reagent (GE Healthcare) and analyzed with the Image QuantLAS 4000 imager (GE Healthcare). Construction of the p ⁇ -actin plasmids and transient transfection The p ⁇ A-scFv-eGFP, a derivative of pDRIVE-h ⁇ -actin (Rinaldi, A.-S. et al.; Exp. Cell Res.
  • This vector which carries unique NcoI and SpeI restriction sites was used to sub-clone the VHH variants as described above, thereby generating p ⁇ A-C6-E6T-mCherry, p ⁇ A-C6M-E6T-mCherry, p ⁇ A- C6B-E6T-mCherry and p ⁇ A-C6BM-E6T-mCherry. All oligonucleotides used to construct these expression vectors are listed in Table D. The day before transfection, 8 x 10 4 cells were plated in 12-well culture plates containing glass coverslips. Transient DNA transfection was performed using jetPRIME (Polyplus Transfection, Illkirch, France) according to manufacturer’s instructions.
  • the culture medium was replaced with fresh medium after 4- 24 hours of incubation with the polymer/plasmid mixtures.
  • Cells were incubated (37°C, 5% CO2) for 40 hours (H-treated cells) or 24 hours (G+A-treated cells), followed by microscopic analysis.
  • Immunofluorescence microscopies For the analysis by classical immunofluorescence microscopy, the transfected or transduced cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes and, after permeabilization with 0.2% Triton X100 for 5 min, they were incubated with mAb 3F4 or VHH preparations diluted in PBS containing either 10% fetal calf serum or 2% BSA.
  • the cells were treated with CSK-100 modified buffer (100 mM NaCl, 300 mM sucrose, 3 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM HEPES pH 6.8, 1 mM EGTA, and 0.2% Triton X-100) for 5 minutes prior to fixation.
  • CSK-100 modified buffer 100 mM NaCl, 300 mM sucrose, 3 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM HEPES pH 6.8, 1 mM EGTA, and 0.2% Triton X-100
  • the VHH molecules were revealed by addition of mAb 4C6 which binds to the E6 tag and bound antibodies were detected with Alexa Fluor 488 or 568 labelled-anti-mouse immunoglobulins (Life Technologies). Where indicated, Alexa 568 labelled-C6B molecules were used.
  • Alexa 568 labelled-C6B molecules were used.
  • the amount of fluorophore per bivalent C6 in the flow-through was calculated by spectrophotometry with a Nanodrop 2000 device (ThermoFisher Scientific). After incubation of the cells with the different reagents and several washes with PBS, the coverslips were mounted with 4’,6’-diamino- 2phenyl-indole (DAPI) Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, USA) and imaged with a Leica DM5500 microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with 20X and 63X objectives. The signal was recorded with a Leica DFC350FX camera. Confocal microscopy was performed as previously described (Conic, S. et al.; J.
  • Live-sample were illuminated with a laser diode at 561 nm (10 W/cm 2 , Oxxius) at 37°C.
  • Real- time imaging was performed by introducing a single edge dichroic mirror and a bandpass filter in the emission path of the microscope (Semrock, 560 nm edge BrightLine single-edge imaging-flat dichroic beamsplitter, 593/40 nm BrightLine single-band bandpass filter) and by using an EM-CCD camera (ImagEM, Hamamatsu, 0.106 ⁇ m pixel size) with a typical integration time of 100 ms.
  • the videos were recorded using the perfect focus system of the microscope to avoid z-drift during the acquisition (1 image recorded every minute during 10 minutes). Images were processed using Fiji.
  • the improved stack was obtained by computing the difference between A and B.
  • the Mosaic plugin was then used on the final stack to reconstruct the single foci trajectories over the whole acquisition.
  • Statistical analysis was performed using R software version 3.6.1. Averages are represented as means +/- SD and the number of replicates is indicated in the figure legends. In the boxplots ( Figures 2-5), the bars indicate the median and interquartile range of the recorded fluorescence after processing with R software.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un anticorps à domaine unique dirigé contre H2AX présentant une phosphorylation de sérine en position 139 (γ-H2AX), une molécule bivalente comprenant ledit anticorps à domaine unique et leur utilisation pour détecter une lésion de l'ADN et/ou un stress réplicatif de l'ADN.
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US20160145352A1 (en) * 2013-06-21 2016-05-26 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique Camelid single heavy-chain antibody directed against chromatin and uses of same
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WO2015063331A1 (fr) 2013-11-04 2015-05-07 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Anticorps synthétique à domaine unique
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