WO2022234161A1 - Dispositivo para el corte seguro de tejidos biológicos - Google Patents
Dispositivo para el corte seguro de tejidos biológicos Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022234161A1 WO2022234161A1 PCT/ES2021/070319 ES2021070319W WO2022234161A1 WO 2022234161 A1 WO2022234161 A1 WO 2022234161A1 ES 2021070319 W ES2021070319 W ES 2021070319W WO 2022234161 A1 WO2022234161 A1 WO 2022234161A1
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- tissue
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Classifications
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Definitions
- the present invention is a device for cutting biological tissues during a surgical intervention and the use of said device.
- the cut is carried out safely by means of a laser without penalizing the speed of its action.
- the device combines laser information, tissue information, and user information to apply security measures.
- laser-based devices have important advantages over traditional mechanical tools, such as scalpels, saws, burs or piezoelectric devices. These advantages include precision, making cuts with arbitrary geometries, the absence of vibrations, the best tissue recovery, and the absence of contact. However, the latter carries the disadvantage that haptic feedback is lost and with it control over the extent of the depth cut.
- Some solutions to this problem proposed in the state of the art seek to estimate how far the laser can penetrate based on measurements of the surface of the tissue to be cut.
- the process is carried out by inserting the measurements of the tissue surface with the cuts of said tissue in an iterative verification process. This entails a significant drawback in terms of the total duration of the cutting procedure, making these solutions not very viable in real surgeries.
- the present invention proposes a solution to the above problems by means of a biological tissue cutting device according to claim 1 and the use of the device according to claim 31.
- Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in dependent claims.
- a first inventive aspect provides a biological tissue cutting device, comprising: a laser emitter adapted to cut biological tissue in a region; a controller in communication with the laser emitter adapted to activate and deactivate the laser emitter; an optical module adapted to determine the surface of a tissue in the region in operating mode; a central processing unit, in communication with the controller and with the optical module, adapted to: define a preset cutting depth of the laser emitter; define at least one reference surface; generate a numerical model of the region that comprises, at least: the shape of the tissue surface of the region, the shape of the at least one reference surface, under which cutting is prohibited, the direction of the laser beam in the that the laser emitter is oriented; activate the laser emitter if, in the numerical model, the position that corresponds to a point on the line that represents the laser beam, and that is distanced from the intersection of the same line with the surface of the tissue a distance equal to the depth of cut, is located outside a prohibited region, said prohibited region being any part of the tissue in the region where cutting is
- a device for cutting biological tissues capable of guaranteeing the safety of the cut without compromising the speed of the procedure.
- the device according to the invention cuts a volume of bone biological tissue of 10x10x10 cubic millimeters in a range between 50 and 400 seconds.
- This cutting device comprises a laser emitter - laser beam or simply laser - in communication with a controller that activates or deactivates it.
- this laser emitter is of the Er:YAG type with a typical emission wavelength of 2940 nanometers.
- the cutting device additionally comprises an optical module.
- Said optical module is based on optical topological techniques comprising, for example, an optical coherence tomography system, or structured light or stereo pair; or in hybrid technologies, including for example an optoacoustic tomography system.
- the optical module comprises computational means capable of identifying the shape of the tissue surface based on the measurements taken by the optical or optoacoustic systems.
- the cutting device comprises a central processing unit in communication with the controller and with the optical module.
- the central processing unit is a unit capable of receiving and transmitting data as well as processing said data.
- the central processing unit is a processor or a microprocessor.
- This central processing unit defines, on the one hand, a pre-established cutting depth of the laser emitter, understanding as such the depth to which the laser can cut measured from the position of the intersection of the line that defines it with the tissue. biological.
- the depth of cut of the laser emitter is between 50 microns and 200 microns.
- the central processing unit defines at least one reference surface below which cutting is not allowed.
- This or these reference surfaces are defined according to different criteria, such as the delimitation of the end of a fabric, the delimitation of the beginning of a fabric, a preset maximum depth or a preset maximum flat height.
- said reference surfaces are dynamic, that is, throughout the surgical intervention, new reference surfaces can be added, existing ones modified and/or deleted.
- the shape of these reference surfaces as well as the shape of the tissue surface determined by the optical module are imported into the numerical model generated by the central processing unit.
- said numerical model it is possible to represent surfaces corresponding to physical entities acquired by means of measurement devices, such as the surface of the tissue; or also virtual, such as reference surfaces definable, for example, by a user.
- said numerical model comprises the direction of the laser beam in which the laser is oriented.
- the numerical model allows to determine intersections and/or conditions from which it is possible to make decisions.
- the numerical model in a preferred example, is computationally represented by means of a data structure, which allows at least one domain to be defined, and the geometric entities related to surfaces and lines of action of the laser.
- This numerical model makes it possible to determine whether the laser has to be activated or not depending on whether certain safety criteria based on the reference surface(s) are met. defined. Thanks to the numerical model, the position of a point on the line that represents the laser beam, distanced from the intersection of the same line with the surface of the tissue, is determined by a distance equal to the depth of cut. Subsequently, the central processing unit evaluates whether said position is located in a prohibited region, understanding as such any of the parts of the tissue in the region in which the cut is prohibited. In particular, a forbidden region is the region of tissue below one of the reference surfaces.
- the laser is prevented from cutting the tissues or parts of tissues in the region that are not the object of surgery.
- These safety measures are essential, especially when non-target tissues are particularly critical, such as nerves, dura mater, or blood vessels.
- the central processing unit controls the activation of the laser, omitting the prohibited regions and allowing the process to continue without delay in the rest of the regions. This allows the laser to always be ready but only act on the regions in which the treatment must be applied.
- the cutting and measurements of the optical module are carried out continuously and in a coordinated and independent manner by means of the central processing unit.
- Said unit updates the information received from the optical module to re-determine the surface of the tissue dynamically during the cutting procedure.
- the invention proposes that the laser and the optical module act simultaneously; this feature being contrary to the teachings of the state of the art.
- the laser produces effects on the tissues that worsen the measurements taken by the optical module, so the trend until now was to avoid their simultaneous use.
- the cut with lasers it entails the appearance of smoke, bone dust, vibrations or sparks that alter the measurements of the optical module.
- the continuous or cyclical application of nebulization, irrigation, blowing, aspiration, or any combination of these operations with the aim of ensuring the cooling and cleaning of the surgical area can also cause disturbances in the measurements taken by the optical module.
- the device of the invention requires determining only the surface of the tissue and said determination is robust even in the presence of the cutting laser in action and cleaning and cooling fluids; therefore, the impact of the alterations caused by the action of the laser on the measurements of the optical module does not prevent the shape of the surface of the tissue from being robustly identified and, advantageously, the times of the procedure are radically reduced.
- the central processing unit is additionally configured to deactivate the laser emitter if, in the numerical model, at least one of the positions of the points of the line that represents the laser beam located between the intersection of said line with the tissue surface and said intersection plus a distance equal to the depth of cut, coincides with the position of at least one point of a forbidden region.
- the central processing unit estimates, according to the numerical model, the position of a segment of points on the line that represents the laser beam and checks if at least one of the points of said segment is within a forbidden region , in which case it disables the laser. Otherwise, the central processing unit activates the laser.
- This segment comprises the points located between the intersection of the line that represents the laser beam with the surface of the tissue and said intersection plus a distance equal to the depth of cut.
- the central processing unit is additionally configured to deactivate the laser emitter if, in the numerical model, none of the positions of the points of the line that represents the laser beam coincides with the position of any point on the surface of the laser. knitting.
- the central processing unit deactivates the laser in a position determined if it will not intersect the target tissue surface at that position. For example, if the laser is erroneously positioned outside the surgical region, when activated it will not affect a target tissue, potentially damaging other tissues of the patient that should not be treated or even being able to cause damage to the medical staff themselves. .
- the option that the optical module has not detected any tissue is also contemplated, for example, because the device has been turned on prematurely and the patient is not yet positioned on the operating table or simply because a optical module failure. Under these circumstances, it is imperative to stop laser cutting to prevent an accident from occurring.
- the at least one reference surface is:
- a limit surface that delimits the beginning of a different tissue or the tissue of the region whose surface has been determined by the optical module, said different tissue being located at a greater depth than the tissue of the region;
- the reference surface or surfaces are defined according to different criteria.
- the reference surfaces are limit surfaces that delimit the end or the beginning of a tissue, either the tissue whose surface has been determined by the optical module, which we will call the predominant tissue, or a tissue adjacent to the previous one.
- the region in which the laser is going to make the cut will comprise a hybrid of tissues formed by at least one vertebra, soft tissue, vessels, and other adjoining or underlying structures, such as the dura mater that protects the sac dural around the spinal cord and nerves.
- the predominant tissue may be the vertebra, whose surface has been determined by the optical module.
- a possible reference surface is the end of said vertebra.
- the reference surface or other Reference surfaces can be surfaces that delimit the beginning or the end of any soft tissue or nerves adjacent to the vertebra.
- the predominant tissue may be the ligamentum flavum, and a possible reference surface is the end of the ligamentum flavum or the beginning of the dural sac.
- the central processing unit defines these boundary surfaces based on the information they receive about the anatomy present in the surgical field. Said information can come from preoperative images and/or intraoperative images and/or from the measurements taken by the optical module.
- the at least one reference surface is determined by preoperative imaging, preferably by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography imaging, or fluoroscopy imaging.
- the anatomy of the patient requiring surgery is known thanks to one or several medical imaging techniques, typically magnetic resonance imaging, computerized axial tomography or fluoroscopy performed pre- and/or intraoperatively.
- This planning may indicate that certain elements of the volume do not have to be treated, for example, because they may belong to a critical structure such as the dural sac, a nerve or a blood vessel.
- This image is processed and segmented to define only the predominant tissue volume of interest. Thanks to this, the limits of the predominant tissue and of the adjoining tissues are duly differentiated and this information is transformed by the central processing unit into at least one reference surface.
- the optical module can also determine the surface or surfaces that delimit one and other tissues so that the central processing unit can define the reference surface.
- the tissue or tissues that can be cut with the laser are delimited from those that cannot, thus guaranteeing the safety of the cut.
- At least one reference surface determined by preoperative imaging is a boundary surface that delimits the end of the bone tissue from the region.
- the target tissue is bone.
- osteotomy or bone removal to perform laminectomies and laminotomies is a common phase in decompression and stabilization procedures.
- neighboring tissues such as soft tissues such as ligamentum flavum, dural sac, and nerves.
- Another common phase of the aforementioned spinal surgery is the removal of soft tissues located between the bone and the dural sac, typically the ligamentum flavum or ligamentum flavum, with the aim of decompressing the nerves and eliminate channel stenosis, freeing them from the source of pressure that produces pain.
- the end of the ligamentum flavum, the surface of the dural sac, or any other combination of initial or final surfaces of the tissues present in the anatomical area of interest can be used as the reference surface.
- the at least one reference surface is a flat surface essentially parallel to a focal plane of the laser emitter and/or to a focal plane of the optical module.
- the reference surface or at least one of the reference surfaces is a planar surface that defines a maximum allowable cut dimension.
- This surface is substantially flat and parallel to a focal plane, either the focal plane of the laser or the focal plane of the optical module.
- focal plane is the plane perpendicular to the optical axis in which the laser emitter and/or the optical module reach their optimal focus or spatial resolution.
- this maximum level is chosen by the surgeon and received by the unit processing center, which converts the information into the reference surface.
- this maximum level can be dynamic, that is, it can update its depth as the surgical intervention progresses. Throughout the document, when the term surgeon is mentioned, any user authorized to intervene in the operation or healthcare personnel can be understood.
- the cutting laser goes through the biological tissue until it flattens the surface, taking into account a margin of tolerances from which it is considered that the flattening of the surface has been achieved.
- This advancement and flattening in the cut of the tissue is carried out at all times without violating the flat surface defined for safety reasons. According to this mode of action, the laser beam acts more frequently on points on the surface that are higher.
- this type of reference surface provides several relevant technical advantages derived from the fact that both the cutting laser and the optical module have a focal plane where the measurement is optimal.
- the measurements of the optical module are obtained under favorable conditions since said optical module can be optimally placed in focus without suffering height irregularities that could degrade the measurements or produce areas of shade, thus making a measurement of the sample surface under the most favorable conditions.
- the flattening of the tissue also allows the laser to focus more optimally on it and find a surface free of obstacles, which translates into a more efficient cut.
- having a flattened cutting area facilitates other tasks that, although not part of the surgery as such, are strictly necessary for its success, such as the task of irrigation during the operation to keep the field clean surgical and to avoid thermal damage.
- the at least one reference surface is a surface of maximum depth determined from the tissue surface.
- the reference surface or one of the reference surfaces is a depth surface indicating the maximum depth of cut allowed, point by point, relative to the tissue surface determined by the optical module.
- This depth surface may be defined relative to the tissue surface of the region initially determined by the optical module or at any other time during surgery where an update of said tissue surface has occurred.
- this type of reference surface represents a security means for the device that allows the tissue not to be cut at a depth greater than that defined by the central processing unit, thus preventing tissues other than the target from being cut.
- the at least one reference surface is
- the reference surface can be individual, according to any of those defined in the previous embodiments, or a set of reference surfaces that have to be taken into account simultaneously.
- the device according to the invention contemplates a wide variety of safety options adaptable to each particular surgery.
- the central processing unit defines at least one reference surface with a safety margin.
- the device of the invention contemplates that all the reference surfaces have a safety margin to increase the safety of the procedure even more, avoiding at all times that non-target tissues can be cut.
- Safety margins can be dynamic; that is, they can vary throughout the surgical intervention.
- a safety margin is understood as a pre-established distance such that if a reference surface must not be exceeded by a laser beam, the point that determines whether or not the reference surface is exceeded is a point distanced by the pre-established distance to prevent it from being exceeded. this reference surface is reached.
- the safety margin is equivalent to considering that the reference surface has moved closer to the emission source by the pre-established distance.
- the central processing unit comprises input means for defining safety margins of the at least one reference surface.
- the margins can be selected by the surgeon or medical personnel in charge of the operation, who transmits the values of these margins to the central processing unit through input means.
- the central processing unit for its part, defines or updates the reference surface or surfaces taking into account said margins in the numerical model.
- the optical module comprises an OCT optical coherence tomography system.
- the OCT system is an optical system capable of determining a volume of the biological tissue region to be cut by illuminating said region with a partially coherent source, typically a superluminescent diode or a scanning source. From this information obtained by the OCT system, the optical module identifies the surface of the target tissue - or predominant tissue.
- a partially coherent source typically a superluminescent diode or a scanning source.
- the optical coherence tomography system is polarization sensitive, PS-OCT. More particularly, in this embodiment it is contemplated that the OCT system of the optical module is polarization sensitive, PS-OCT. This type of system is characterized in that its measurements take into account that the tissues can modify the polarization state of the light they reflect.
- this type of system offers very robust measurements since they post-process the light reflected by the tissues in such a way that they make the intensity or reflectance signal insensitive to the polarization variations produced by said tissues, providing an optimal contrast regardless of the polarimetric effects that occur in the tissue. This allows to determine the surface of the tissue in a robust way. Additionally, with PS-OCT it is possible to accurately distinguish tissues that are not distinguishable by OCT, based on their different response to polarization, thus identifying prohibited areas that would not otherwise have been identified.
- the cutting laser goes through the biological tissue until it flattens the surface.
- the optical module system for example of the PS-OCT type, performs the measurements in optimal conditions since the surface leveling allows the tissue to be located in the focal plane of said system.
- the laser emitter acts in optimal conditions when the flattened surface of the tissue is located in its focal plane.
- the optical module comprises a system of the type:
- the optical module may comprise other types of optical systems (structured light or stereo pair) or optoacoustic systems (optoacoustic tomography) such as those mentioned above.
- a structured light system typically illuminates tissues using infrared light with a projector that draws a spatial pattern, for example, in grids.
- the pattern of light is deformed according to the shape of the surface so, knowing the pattern on a flat surface, it is possible to infer the shape of the surface to from capturing the deformed pattern.
- a stereo pair system typically illuminates tissue with an infrared light source and reconstructs a volume of tissue using stereoscopic techniques.
- the optoacoustic tomography system illuminates the tissues with a laser and performs the measurements with an ultrasonic transducer.
- the laser emitter comprises a scanner that allows the direction of the beam to be changed to direct it to different points in the region.
- This scanner allows the laser to traverse a previously defined scanning area or pattern.
- said pattern is uniform.
- the pattern is from the surgeon's left to his right and from top to bottom.
- the laser can interact with areas that do not have to be treated; that is, those that we have previously called prohibited areas.
- the scanner allows the laser to be redirected towards the target tissue regions while omitting the forbidden zones.
- the laser does not cool down and continues the cutting procedure in optimal conditions without delay, thus minimizing the time required to make the cut.
- the scanner allows the laser to continue the predefined pattern through the forbidden zones but the central processing unit prevents the laser from activating, thus preventing it from cutting non-target tissue.
- the central processing unit is adapted to carry out a continuous sweep of the laser beam emitted by the laser emitter over the region until it reaches the at least one reference surface.
- the central processing unit allows the laser to scan until reaching the reference surface or one of the reference surfaces.
- the central processing unit allows the laser to scan until said maximum level is reached. If, at this point, it is decided to increase the depth of the dimension, the central processing unit will proceed to resume the laser scanning.
- the central processing unit allows the laser to scan until the end surface of the bone is reached.
- the central processing unit allows the laser to scan until there is a remaining thickness equal to said safety margin in all the bone.
- the optical module comprises an optical source and a scanner that allows the direction of the optical source to be changed to direct it to different points in the region.
- the optical module comprises an OCT, PS-OCT or optoacoustic tomography system which, in turn, comprises an optical source.
- the optical module additionally comprises a scanner that enables said source to be focused on different points in the region.
- the module source The optical sensor is focused towards the points of the tissue where the new surface is located so that the central processing unit can accurately redefine said surface in the numerical model.
- the central processing unit is adapted to perform continuous scanning of the optical module's optical source over the region.
- the central processing unit controls the aforementioned scanning of the optical source.
- control of the scan set by the laser emitter and the scan set by the optical module are independent.
- the scans of the laser emitter and the optical module are governed by the central processing unit, said scans are independent of each other.
- the parameters that define each of these sweeps, such as speed are totally independent of each other, so they can be stopped or modified without affecting the other sweep.
- the optical module may, for example, require a lower scanning frequency so that the information on the tissue is properly updated.
- the scanning of the optical source of the optical module over the region is executed when one of the following obsolescence criteria is met: after a pre-established period of time has elapsed, prior to the activation or deactivation of the laser emitter by of the central processing unit.
- the measurements of the optical module are carried out continuously, it is possible that an error occurs in the scanning of the module over the region of interest or that the measurements are being taken in excessively long instants of time.
- the information on which the numerical model is based at a certain moment of time may be out of date, which could lead to miscutting of tissues that jeopardizes the surgery.
- the device foresees an update of the measures taken by the optical module in critical situations.
- the central processing unit activates or deactivates the laser emitter, so as to ensure that the cut or the absence of a cut is being carried out on a fabric whose information is updated in the numerical model.
- the numerical model generated by the central processing unit, the at least one flat surface is progressively established in a plurality of depth dimensions with respect to the focal plane of the laser emitter and/or the focal plane of the optical module, of such that the at least one flat surface changes to a greater depth when the surface of the tissue has descended by the action of the laser of the laser emitter to the depth of said flat surface.
- At least one of the reference surfaces is a flat and parallel surface with respect to a focal plane, that of the laser emitter and/or that of the optical module, said surface is defined at a certain depth. This depth can be advanced as the laser reaches the flat surface defined at a given moment, so that the flat surface is updated to a depth greater than the previous one.
- a plurality of dimensions are defined at different depths that allow the cut to be carried out in sections where safety is guaranteed.
- the plurality of dimensions can be static, that is, predefined before the surgery begins, or dynamic, that is, the flat surface is updated as the surgery progresses.
- the depth difference between the consecutive heights is constant.
- the difference in depths between consecutive heights is variable.
- the surgeon decides the new depth of the flat surface during surgery and enters its value through input means in the central processing unit, which converts said information into the new updated flat surface and assigns it to the model. numeric.
- the central processing unit comprises input means for defining the at least one reference surface that are assigned to the numerical model.
- the input means are configured with an interface that allows interaction between the central processing unit and the surgeon, medical staff or user.
- the central processing unit comprises input means for defining a region to be avoided, the shape of which is assigned to the numerical model; and the central processing unit is additionally configured to deactivate the laser emitter if, in the numerical model, at least one of the positions of the points of the line that represents the laser beam located between the intersection of said line with the surface of the tissue and said intersection plus a distance equal to the depth of cut, coincides with the position of at least one point of the region to be avoided.
- the central processing unit comprises additional input means from which the user can define a region to avoid, understanding as such a particular region that cannot be cut with a laser.
- these input means are an interface.
- the region to be avoided is defined in a plan view of the surgical field, cutting to any depth being prohibited at all points whose coordinates "x" and "y” belong to the defined region.
- the "x" and “y” coordinates are to be interpreted generically as the coordinates by which specific points on a surface are identified, regardless of how the surface has been parameterized. In a particular example in which a Cartesian coordinate system is used, the "x" and "y" coordinates correspond to the abscissa and ordinate axes.
- the central processing unit which is responsible for processing it to assign the shape of the region to be avoided to the numerical model. Additionally, the central processing unit is configured to deactivate the laser emitter if its beam, according to the established cutting depth, penetrates into the region to be avoided.
- the device comprises visualization means of the surgical field, preferably a screen that shows an RGB video image.
- the device comprises these display means.
- the display means is a screen or monitor that shows the surgeon a video image of the surgical field in plan, and in particular the image is RGB.
- RGB image is to be understood as an image whose colors can be defined by the standard RGB color model.
- the visualization means advantageously help the user or surgeon in choosing the region to avoid, should he consider it necessary. That region to be avoided is drawn by the user in the context of the image displayed on the display means, preferably an RGB video showing the surgical field in plan view. In these cases, cutting is prohibited, to any depth, at all points whose Y and 'y' coordinates belong to the region defined from the image displayed on the display means.
- the surgical field display means additionally displays information about the distance of each point on the tissue surface to the at least one reference surface.
- the surgeon is informed of the distance of each point on the tissue surface from the reference surface. In case there is more than one reference surface, the distance will be calculated to the closest reference surface to each point. This additional information is superimposed on the image displayed on the display means of the surgical field.
- the central processing unit performs the distance calculations according to the numerical model and displays them through the visualization means of the surgical field.
- the central processing unit is additionally configured so that, during a cutting process scanning a set of points in the region by means of the laser emitter, each time the sequence of points reaches a point where the laser emitter is impeded. the emission, it is positioned at the next point that is allowed to emit without stopping the emission of the laser beam.
- the central processing unit redirects the laser towards another region that does include target tissues, that is, towards another region on which it is necessary to make a cut.
- the redirection of the laser is carried out by means of a scanner included in the optical module.
- the laser does not cool down and is kept in optimal operating conditions.
- the central processing unit orders the laser emitter to sweep all the points in the region but only allows its activation in those in which the cut is allowed.
- the central processing unit is additionally configured to define a function that represents a representative scalar of the temperature level in a set of points in the region of a certain pattern where: the function initially takes a pre-established reference value; each time the laser emitter hits a point in the pattern, the function is incremented at that point a first value increments! preset; every preset time period the values of all points are reduced by a second preset incremental value; For each point of the pattern, if it exceeds a pre-established threshold value, in the numerical model that point is assigned as a point where the cut is not allowed while it remains above said threshold value.
- the process may start with a wide target region, no-go zones and, optionally, increasingly large avoid zones may arise during cutting. In this way, the regions where the cut is going to be made are getting smaller and smaller and the laser passes through them more and more frequently, increasing the power per unit area in the process. When this power exceeds a certain threshold, the tissue begins to burn.
- the device contemplates regulating the power per surface unit of the laser so that it does not exceed a predefined threshold.
- This threshold can be dynamic and vary throughout the surgical intervention.
- the user, surgeon or medical staff selects the threshold at a certain moment of the operation and enters it through input means of the central processing unit, which are preferably an interface.
- This thermal protection is based on a simplified model of tissue temperature, taking into account its point-by-point heating and cooling, which counts the number of allowable laser pulses per time unit.
- a scalar is defined that is a reflection of the temperature of a point in the fabric. Each laser shot increases this scalar by a fixed amount of increment so that, if the predetermined threshold value is exceeded, the numerical model considers that point to be a point where the cut is not allowed while the associated temperature scalar remains above of the threshold.
- the model also contemplates the cooling of the tissue, so that the scalar, at each point of the tissue, decreases a fixed amount of decrement (equal to or different from the fixed amount of increase) when a period of time has elapsed. predetermined.
- This period of time can be fixed or dynamic during surgery. In addition, it can be selected at a specific moment of the surgery by the surgeon or medical staff, who will enter the value in the central processing unit through input means, preferably an interface.
- the central processing unit is additionally configured so that during a cutting process by scanning a set of points in the region by means of the laser emitter, the points where the cut has gone less deep than others acquire priority in the scanning sequence for compensate for the depth of cut.
- a laser cutting shape of a target region can be done by a control mode that regulates the activation of the laser so that the bottom of the cut is always a plane.
- a control mode that regulates the activation of the laser so that the bottom of the cut is always a plane.
- the central processing unit is configured to give priority to the shallowest points, in such a way that it deactivates the laser in the deepest points or areas and activates it in the most superficial points or zones.
- the jump from one point to another is made without deactivating the laser but striking more times on those points of greater height. In this way, the superficial areas become deeper and deeper while the deep ones remain unchanged until all the points end up having the same elevation.
- the central processing unit comprises means for stopping the emission of the laser emitter adapted to stop the emission of the laser emitter when it is operative.
- the device of the invention also contemplates an option to stop the action of the laser in any circumstance, even if no other previously defined safety criterion is being fulfilled.
- the central processing unit receives the stop order from the outside, which will preferably have been issued by the user or surgeon.
- safety in the cut is guaranteed when, for any reason, the medical staff considers that the cut has to be stopped.
- the device further comprises a fluid management unit adapted to provide, in operating mode, a flow of either gas or liquid, or a nebulization with liquid particles in gas, in a region It contains the region of biological tissue on which the laser emitter acts.
- the tissues cut by the device tend to bleed continuously and the cutting operation itself also continually generates particles and solid debris that must be removed from the area of laser action.
- the device in addition to laser cutting, has cleaning capabilities.
- it comprises a fluid management unit that provides a flow of gas, liquid or nebulization capable of dragging unwanted elements present in a region in which the region of tissue to be cut by the laser emitter is contained.
- the gas or liquid flow or nebulization is provided through a conduit that connects the fluid management unit with the surgical region.
- the laser can act on an area of tissue that is free of blood and/or unwanted particles that can affect the precision of the cut and, on the other hand, the accuracy of the measurements of the optical module is not seen. affected, being able to determine the real surface of the target tissue free of these unwanted elements.
- a second inventive aspect provides the use of the device of the first aspect inventive in a robotic minimally invasive surgery procedure.
- Figure 1 This figure shows a general scheme of the device according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2 This figure shows a schematic of a section of the tissue surface determined by the optical module together with three different reference surfaces.
- Figure 3 This figure shows an example of how the central processing unit prioritizes some points for cutting over others to flatten the surface of the fabric.
- Figure 4 This figure shows a situation in which the central processing unit deactivates the laser by interacting with an area to be avoided.
- Figure 5 This figure shows an example of tissue temperature control carried out by the device of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a general scheme of the biological tissue cutting device, represented in this figure by parallel lines.
- the device comprises a laser emitter (1) configured to cut said tissues in a region (R), whose activation and deactivation is ordered by a controller (2).
- the laser emitter (1) comprises a scanner that allows changing the direction of the beam to direct it to different points in the region (R).
- the device further comprises an optical module (3) capable of detecting the surface (S) of the tissue in the region (R).
- the optical module (3) comprises an optical or optoacoustic system that performs a series of measurements subsequently processed by computational means to determine the surface (S) of the tissue.
- the optical module (3) comprises an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system, which may be polarization sensitive (PS-OCT).
- OCT optical coherence tomography
- PS-OCT polarization sensitive
- Other examples of optical systems of the optical module (3) are of the structured light or stereo pair type.
- Another example of an optoacoustic system of the optical module (3) is an optoacoustic tomography system.
- the optical module (3) additionally comprises an optical source and a scanner that allows changing the direction of the optical source to direct it to different points in the region (R).
- the device additionally comprises a central processing unit (5) in communication with the controller (2) and the optical module (3). On the one hand, it sends the laser activation and deactivation orders to the controller (2) and, on the other hand, it receives information from the optical module (3) and processes it.
- the central processing unit (5) generates a numerical model (MN) of the region (R) that comprises, at least, the shape of the surface (S) of the region (R) determined by the optical module (3); the direction of the laser beam in which the laser emitter (1) is oriented; and the shape of one or more reference surfaces (SR).
- MN numerical model
- the reference surface(s) (SR) are defined by the process unit (5) itself. These surfaces (SR) delimit the surface of a forbidden region of the tissues in which cutting is prohibited for various reasons; for example, because critical tissue such as a nerve or blood vessel is contained in that region.
- the central processing unit (5) defines a cutting depth (d) of the laser emitter (1) that can be fixed or variable throughout the surgical intervention.
- the depth of cut (d) is selectable.
- the central processing unit (5) estimates the position of the point on the line that represents the laser beam, distanced from the intersection of said line with the surface (S) of the tissue, a distance equal to the depth of cut (d). If the estimated position indicates that the point is located outside a region prohibited, the central processing unit (5) activates the laser emitter (1) through the controller (2) and, conversely, deactivates it if said point is within the prohibited region.
- the central processing unit (5) estimates the position of the points of the line that represents the laser beam positioned from the intersection of said line with the surface (S) of the tissue to said intersection plus a distance equal to the depth of cut (d). If the estimated positions of said points do not coincide with the points of a forbidden region, the central processing unit (5) activates the laser emitter (1) through the controller (2) and, on the contrary, deactivates it if the position of at least one of the points coincides with at least one point of the forbidden region.
- the central processing unit (5) defines the reference surface(s) (SR) based on various criteria.
- Criterion 1 limit surface that delimits the beginning or end of a fabric.
- This tissue can be the one whose surface (S) has been determined by the optical module (3) - predominant tissue - or a tissue adjacent to the previous one.
- Criterion 2 flat surface essentially parallel to a focal plane of the laser emitter (1) and/or to a focal plane of the optical module (3) that establishes a maximum cut-off level.
- Criterion 3 surface of maximum depth estimated, point by point, from the surface (S) of the tissue determined by the optical module (3).
- SR reference surfaces
- SR can be dynamic, that is, they can vary throughout the surgical intervention.
- a planar surface that sets a maximum cut dimension at the beginning of the operation can be updated to a greater depth as the cut progresses.
- S surface of the tissue varies throughout the operation, different maximum depth surfaces can be defined.
- the central processing unit (5) defines these reference surfaces (SR) based on preoperative information, the measurements of the optical module itself (3) and/or decisions taken by medical staff. Once it has defined them, it assigns them to the generated numerical model (MN).
- SR reference surfaces
- MN generated numerical model
- the device contemplates including safety margins for said reference surfaces (SR) that can be fixed or vary throughout the surgical intervention.
- the central processing unit (5) comprises input means for defining safety margins, the medical staff being in charge of entering said margins through an interface.
- Figure 2 shows an example of the surface (S) of the tissue in the region (R) determined by the optical module (3) and three reference surfaces (SR1-SR3) defined according to three different criteria.
- the reference surface SR1 is a surface that delimits the end of the predominant tissue, for example the end of a vertebra in spinal surgery.
- the central processing unit (5) defines this surface SR1 and assigns it to the numerical model (MN) from preoperative images; such as images acquired by magnetic resonance imaging, computerized axial tomography or fluoroscopy.
- the central processing unit (5) defines this surface SR1 and assigns it to the numerical model (MN) based on the measurements made by the optical or optoacoustic system of the optical module (3).
- the reference surface SR2 is a flat surface with maximum elevation.
- the depth of this reference surface SR2 has been defined by the surgeon at the beginning of the surgery.
- the depth value decided by the surgeon is received by the central processing unit (5) through an interface and, subsequently, said unit (5) processes the information to define the reference surface SR2 and assigns it to the numerical model (MN).
- the reference surface SR3 is a surface of maximum depth defined, point by point, with respect to the surface (S) of the tissue determined at the beginning of the surgical intervention by the optical module (3).
- the central processing unit (5) receives the surface (S) of the tissue from the optical module (3), processes the information, defines the maximum depth surface SR3, and assigns it to the numerical model (MN).
- the reference surfaces SR2 and SR3, additionally, will vary throughout the surgical intervention. On the one hand, the surgeon will be able to enter new depth values for the new flat surfaces SR2 through the interface, which will later be processed by the central processing unit (5) to define and assign said surfaces to the numerical model (MN).
- the central processing unit (5) will be able to define new surfaces of maximum depth SR3 as it receives updates of the surface (S ) of the tissue by the optical module (3), subsequently assigning said new maximum depth surfaces SR3 to the numerical model (MN).
- Figure 2 also shows a series of tissue points (P1-P4) where the laser beam hits, with the central processing unit (5) in charge of determining whether or not the laser should be active at each point. case.
- the central processing unit (5) estimates the position of the point on the line that represents the laser beam, distanced from the intersection of said line with the surface (S) of the tissue, a distance equal to the depth cutting (d).
- This point is represented in the figure by a cross. It is understood that the point is distanced from the intersection in the opposite direction of the source of the laser beam, that is, located within the tissue.
- the central processing unit (5) activates the laser emitter (1) through the controller (2) and, on the contrary, deactivates it if said point is within a prohibited region.
- the central processing unit (5) estimates the position of the points on the line that represents the laser beam between the intersection of said line with the surface (S) of the tissue and said intersection plus a distance equal to the depth of cut (d). If the estimated positions indicate that the entire segment is located outside a forbidden region - the one below one of the reference surfaces (SR1-SR3) - the central processing unit (5) activates the laser emitter (1) through of the controller (2) and, conversely, deactivates it if the segment is, at least partially, inside a forbidden region. Next, the status of the laser (1) in each of the points is described. mentioned above in Figure 2.
- Point P2 laser deactivated since the point is within the forbidden region defined by the SR2 surface.
- P3 dot Laser activated as the dot is outside all forbidden regions.
- Point P4 laser deactivated since the point is inside the forbidden region defined by the SR1 surface.
- the central processing unit (5) of the device described in any of Figures 1 or 2 is additionally adapted to carry out a continuous scanning of the optical source of the optical module (3) over the region (R ).
- the central processing unit (5) controls the scanner that allows the source of the optical module (3) to traverse the region (R) making a continuous sweep. Thanks to this, the measurements are updated and, with them, the surface (S) of the fabric in the numerical model (MN).
- this scan of the optical source is executed when one of the following criteria for obsolescence of the measurements is met: after a pre-established period of time has elapsed, prior to the activation or deactivation of the laser emitter (1) by the central processing unit (5).
- the device ensures that the measurements of the optical module (3) will be updated at least every pre-established period of time and/or every time the laser changes its state from inactive to active ( or vice versa).
- the central processing unit (5) is also adapted to carry out a continuous sweep of the laser beam emitted by the laser emitter (1) over the region (R) until reaching the at least one reference surface (SR ).
- the sweep control established by the laser emitter (1) and the sweep established by the optical module (3) are independent. This sweep is performed following a previously defined scanning pattern. Preferably, said pattern is uniform. In one example, from the perspective of a surgeon performing an operation, the pattern is from the surgeon's left to his right and from top to bottom.
- the laser (1) can interact with areas that do not have to be treated; that is, those that we have previously called prohibited areas.
- the central processing unit (5) is additionally configured so that, during a cutting process, scanning a set of points in the region (R) by means of the laser emitter (1), each time the sequence of points reaches a point where the laser emitter (1) is prevented from emitting, it positions itself at the next point that is allowed to emit without stopping the emission of the laser beam.
- the central processing unit (5) controls that the laser omits the forbidden regions, ensuring that the process is completed without delay.
- the re-direction of the laser towards non-prohibited regions can be carried out by means of the scanner of the optical module (3).
- the central processing unit (5) can order the laser to continue sweeping the predefined pattern, going through the prohibited areas but preventing the laser (1) from being active on them.
- the cutting laser sweeps the biological tissue until it flattens the surface (S), taking into account a tolerance margin from which it is considered that the flattening of the surface has been achieved.
- the central processing unit (5) is additionally configured so that the points where the cut has gone less deep than others acquire priority in the sequence of sweep to compensate for depth of cut.
- the central processing unit (5) gives priority to the shallowest points, so that it deactivates the laser at the deepest points or areas, and activates it at the most superficial points or areas. In this way, the superficial areas become deeper and deeper while the deep ones remain unchanged until all the points end up having the same elevation.
- the laser in accordance with another embodiment, to maintain the operating conditions of the laser and that it does not cool down when it is deactivated, the laser remains active but jumps between points of greater height, avoiding passing through points of lower height.
- FIG. 3 This exemplary embodiment is illustrated in Figure 3, where the positions of a set of points on the surface (S) of the tissue on which the laser (1) strikes are shown.
- a flat reference surface (SR) has been defined that defines the maximum cutting height to be reached.
- the central processing unit (5) in this example will give priority to the cut at point P4 followed by points P3 and P2. For safety reasons, this advancement and flattening in the cut of the tissue is done at all times without violating the defined planar reference surface (SR).
- This flat reference surface (SR) can be progressively established in a plurality of depth levels with respect to the focal plane of the laser emitter (1) and/or the focal plane of the optical module (3), in such a way that the at least a flat surface changes to a greater depth when the entire surface (S) of the tissue has descended by the action of the laser of the laser emitter (1) to the depth of said flat surface.
- any of the reference surfaces (SR) can be defined by input means for defining the at least one reference surface (SR) included in the central processing unit (5), the surfaces of reference (SR) defined to the numerical model (MN).
- the central processing unit (5) comprises input means for defining a region to be avoided (RE), whose shape is assigned to the numerical model (MN).
- the central processing unit (5) is additionally configured to deactivate the laser emitter (1) if, in the numerical model (MN), at least one of the positions of the points of the line that represents the laser beam located between the intersection of said straight line with the surface (S) of the tissue and said intersection plus a distance equal to the depth of cut (d), coincides with the position of at least one point of the region to be avoided (RE).
- the surgeon selects a region to be avoided (RE) from an image displayed through visualization means of the surgical field in plan, which, preferably, is an RGB video image.
- the central processing unit (5) calculates the distance between each point of the surface (S) of the tissue and the reference surface (SR) closest to each point and shows said distances to the user through of the visualization means of the surgical field, superimposing the information on the RGB image.
- a specific way to display depth information is to use a color palette or elevation representation that distinguishes regions at different depths.
- Both types of input media can come together in an interface that serves as an intermediary between the user and the central processing unit (5).
- Figure 4 shows an example of a reference surface (SR) and a region to be avoided (RE) defined by the surgeon through input means, in particular an interface, of the central processing unit (5).
- the central processing unit (5) subsequently assigns the surface and the shape of the region to be avoided (RE) to the numerical model (MN).
- a point P of the surface (S) is shown where the laser beam (1) strikes, for which the central processing unit (5) has ordered its deactivation.
- MN numerical model
- a set of points of the segment defined between the intersection of the line that represents the laser beam with the surface (S) of the tissue and said intersection plus a distance equal to the depth cutting (d) are within the region to avoid (RE). Therefore, given that cutting is prohibited in the region to be avoided (RE), the laser must deactivate at that point P.
- the central processing unit (5) includes other safety mechanisms to prevent the laser from being active in dangerous situations.
- the central processing unit (5) comprises means for stopping the emission of the laser emitter (1) adapted to stop the emission of the laser emitter (1) when it is operational. These means of arrest can be used at any time during surgery when the medical staff deems it necessary.
- the central processing unit (5) is additionally configured to deactivate the laser emitter (1) if, in the numerical model (MN), none of the positions of the points of the line that represents the laser beam coincides with the position of some point on the surface (S) of the tissue.
- This measure is intended to prevent the laser from being active when it is not well positioned on the surgical region (R) or when there is no information on the surface (S) of the tissue itself; for example due to a failure in the optical module (3), to avoid cutting critical and non-target tissues. It is also a safety measure in case the patient has not yet positioned himself on the operating table.
- Figure 5 shows another safety measure of the device of the invention: control of the power per unit area of the laser to prevent tissues from being thermally damaged.
- the central processing unit (5) is additionally configured to define a function that represents a scalar (X) representative of the temperature level in a set of points of the region (R) of a certain pattern where: the function initially takes a pre-established reference value, for example zero; - each time the laser emitter (1) hits a point of the pattern, the function is increased at that point by a first preset incremental value (deltaX); every preset time period the values of all points are reduced by a second preset incremental value; for each point of the pattern, if it exceeds a preset threshold value (Xth), in the numerical model (MN) that point is assigned as a point where it is not allowed the cut while it remains above said threshold value (Xth).
- X scalar
- the device regulates the power per surface unit of the laser so that it does not exceed the predefined threshold (Xth).
- This threshold (Xth) can be dynamic and vary throughout the surgical intervention.
- the user, surgeon or medical staff selects the threshold (Xth) at a certain moment of the operation and enters it through input means of the central processing unit (5) which, preferably, are an interface.
- the preset time period can be fixed or dynamic during surgery. In addition, it can be selected at a specific moment of the surgery by the user or medical personnel, who will enter the value in the central processing unit (5) through input means. In this example, the surgeon selects a fixed period of time at the beginning of the operation.
- the device described in any of the Figures additionally comprises a fluid management unit, not shown in any of said Figures, to provide the device with the ability to clean the surgical region (R).
- This unit is adapted to provide, in operating mode, a flow of either gas or liquid, or a nebulization with liquid-in-gas particles, in a region containing the region (R) of biological tissue on which acts the laser emitter (1).
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP21736351.4A EP4335398A1 (en) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | Device for safely cutting biological tissues |
PCT/ES2021/070319 WO2022234161A1 (es) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | Dispositivo para el corte seguro de tejidos biológicos |
AU2021444045A AU2021444045A1 (en) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | Device for safely cutting biological tissues |
KR1020237042358A KR20240016979A (ko) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | 생물학적 조직을 안전하게 절편화하기 위한 장치 |
US18/288,150 US20240206970A1 (en) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | Device for Safely Cutting Biological Tissues |
CN202180097954.7A CN117295463A (zh) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | 安全切割生物组织的装置 |
CA3217449A CA3217449A1 (en) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | Device for safely sectioning biological tissues |
JP2023568583A JP2024516741A (ja) | 2021-05-07 | 2021-05-07 | 生体組織を安全にセクショニングするための装置 |
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AU2016203088B2 (en) * | 2005-01-10 | 2017-02-16 | Amo Development, Llc | Method and apparatus for patterned plasma-mediated laser trephination of the lens capsule and three dimensional phaco-segmentation |
WO2018136622A1 (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2018-07-26 | Ipg Photonics Corporation | Methods and systems for coherent imaging and feedback control for modification of materials |
US20190076195A1 (en) * | 2015-11-11 | 2019-03-14 | Think Surgical, Inc. | Articulating laser incision indication system |
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US4672963A (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1987-06-16 | Israel Barken | Apparatus and method for computer controlled laser surgery |
ES2248075T3 (es) * | 1999-04-14 | 2006-03-16 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Dispositivo de eliminacion de pelo con una fuente laser controlable. |
JP2002000745A (ja) * | 2000-06-16 | 2002-01-08 | Nidek Co Ltd | レーザ治療装置 |
IL154101A0 (en) * | 2003-01-23 | 2003-07-31 | Univ Ramot | Minimally invasive controlled surgical system with feedback |
WO2015014868A1 (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2015-02-05 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | A device for fractional laser-based treatment |
US10912611B2 (en) * | 2016-02-01 | 2021-02-09 | S & Y Enterprises Llc | Automatic aesthetic treatment device and method |
EP3439559A4 (en) * | 2016-04-08 | 2019-12-25 | Sciton, Inc. | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CREATING COMPLEX TREATMENT PROFILES IN THE SKIN |
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AU2016203088B2 (en) * | 2005-01-10 | 2017-02-16 | Amo Development, Llc | Method and apparatus for patterned plasma-mediated laser trephination of the lens capsule and three dimensional phaco-segmentation |
US20170011501A1 (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2017-01-12 | Optimedica Corporation | Methods and systems for laser scan location verification and laser surgical systems with laser scan location verification |
US20190076195A1 (en) * | 2015-11-11 | 2019-03-14 | Think Surgical, Inc. | Articulating laser incision indication system |
WO2018136622A1 (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2018-07-26 | Ipg Photonics Corporation | Methods and systems for coherent imaging and feedback control for modification of materials |
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JP2024516741A (ja) | 2024-04-16 |
CN117295463A (zh) | 2023-12-26 |
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AU2021444045A1 (en) | 2023-11-23 |
KR20240016979A (ko) | 2024-02-06 |
US20240206970A1 (en) | 2024-06-27 |
EP4335398A1 (en) | 2024-03-13 |
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