WO2022222357A1 - 一种土壤改良剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种土壤改良剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022222357A1 WO2022222357A1 PCT/CN2021/119231 CN2021119231W WO2022222357A1 WO 2022222357 A1 WO2022222357 A1 WO 2022222357A1 CN 2021119231 W CN2021119231 W CN 2021119231W WO 2022222357 A1 WO2022222357 A1 WO 2022222357A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- straw
- soil conditioner
- granulation
- phosphate fertilizer
- drying
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003516 soil conditioner Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K calcium;magnesium;phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 20
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 8
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 6
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004113 Sepiolite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052624 sepiolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019355 sepiolite Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 xylan aldehyde Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- LPUQAYUQRXPFSQ-DFWYDOINSA-M monosodium L-glutamate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O LPUQAYUQRXPFSQ-DFWYDOINSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000013923 monosodium glutamate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004223 monosodium glutamate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000805 Polyaspartic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000062793 Sorghum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007071 enzymatic hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical group O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019713 millet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010064470 polyaspartate Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021419 vinegar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000052 vinegar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001221 xylan Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B13/00—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials
- C05B13/02—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials from rock phosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/10—Addition or removal of substances other than water or air to or from the material during the treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders
- C05G5/12—Granules or flakes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Definitions
- the invention belongs to the field of agricultural science, and relates to a soil conditioner and a preparation method thereof.
- Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is a kind of phosphate fertilizer rich in medium elements calcium and magnesium. It is an alkaline fertilizer and has the effect of improving acidic soil. Most of the soil in our country is acidic soil. Therefore, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer has a broad application scenario as a soil conditioner.
- Crop straws are by-products such as stems and leaves produced by crops such as wheat, millet, corn and rice in the agricultural process.
- my country is a big agricultural country with a vast territory and a large population.
- corn stalks are by-products such as stems and leaves produced during or after the production of agricultural corn, and are natural fiber raw materials produced through photosynthesis. It is mainly composed of water and dry matter, wherein the dry matter includes inorganic matter (coarse ash) and organic matter.
- the organic matter is mainly crude protein and nitrogen-free compounds.
- the carbohydrate content is the highest (80% of the dry weight), including cellulose (30% to 40%), hemicellulose (20%) and xylan aldehyde acid (15%-20%), followed by lignin (15%-18%)-based nitrogen-free extract.
- Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin account for a large proportion in corn stalk, which is the main supporting tissue of the stalk and the main research object of microbial degradation.
- the treatment of crop straw at home and abroad mainly focuses on the three major directions of physical, chemical and biological treatment (the biological treatment is mainly based on microorganisms).
- physical treatment mainly destroys the adhesive force of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin through external mechanical force (mechanical pulverization, high temperature pyrolysis and high-intensity radiation, etc.), so that the material is broken, the surface area is enhanced and the crystallinity is reduced.
- mechanical pulverization, high temperature pyrolysis and high-intensity radiation, etc. so that the material is broken, the surface area is enhanced and the crystallinity is reduced.
- the contact area and contact probability between microorganisms and cellulose are further increased, thereby increasing the enzymatic hydrolysis rate.
- CN103011986A discloses a compound calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, which is based on the existing calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer by adding porphyritic monzonite or medical stone, sodium humate or humic acid, urea, sodium polyacrylate, polyaspartic acid, The balance of rare earth nitrate is made.
- CN101891530B discloses an activated calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. The activated calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer is processed by the calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer and an organic activator.
- the organic activator is one or more of lignin, acid lignin, sodium lignin, alcohol waste liquid, monosodium glutamate waste liquid, monosodium glutamate waste residue, vinegar residue, furfural residue, beer filter mud, sugar mill filter mud, and weathered coal.
- the mixture of seeds is added to calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer in a specific proportion, and it is prepared by grinding, placing and drying.
- CN107629798A discloses an acidic soil conditioner and its application.
- the conditioner includes rice husk ash, quicklime, calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, sepiolite and dicyandiamide.
- Rice husk ash, quicklime and calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer are alkaline substances, which can improve soil performance. pH value.
- the combined action of rice husk ash and calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizers can supplement the nutrients lost by soil acidification.
- Sepiolite and dicyandiamide work together to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer.
- the combined action of rice husk ash and sepiolite can improve and remediate acid heavy metal polluted soil.
- the straw is fermented to obtain a solid component with biological activity and a liquid component with a binding effect, the solid component is mixed with calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the liquid component is added to bond and granulate, so as to obtain a round granular shape with biological activity.
- Soil conditioner beneficial to mechanized fertilization and large-scale application of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer products.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a soil conditioner and a preparation method thereof.
- the present invention produces various enzymes under the action of microorganisms by cutting and fermenting the straw, and the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin structures of the straw are degraded. , form various sugar substances, separate the fermented product from solid and liquid, the solid part of the fermented product is dried and then mixed with calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the liquid part of the fermented product is used as a granulation aid, and the ground powder is made into
- the soil conditioner with biological activity can be obtained by granulating, drying and sieving.
- a soil conditioner is characterized in that: the soil conditioner is obtained by granulating, air-drying/drying and sieving from straw fermentation product and calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, wherein the weight percentage of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer in the soil conditioner is 10%. -90%.
- the straw is one or more mixed straws selected from corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw, sugarcane straw and rape straw.
- the effective phosphorus content of the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is greater than or equal to 1%;
- a method for preparing a soil conditioner is characterized in that the following steps are performed: cutting straw into small pieces, adding a straw starter to ferment, fermenting at normal temperature and pressure for 3-10 days, and producing various enzymes under the action of microorganisms, The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin structures of the straw are degraded to form various sugars, and the fermented product is separated into solid and liquid.
- the liquid part of the material is used as a granulation aid, and the ground powder is transferred to a granulator for granulation, and a granulation liquid that accounts for 1-5% of the weight of the ground powder is added for granulation, air-drying/drying, Screening to obtain a soil conditioner with biological activity.
- the straw starter is a commercially available straw starter, and the dosage of the straw starter is 1%-5% of the weight of the straw.
- the substances produced by the fermentation of straw can activate the soil and improve the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer by crops; 2.
- the liquid obtained from straw fermentation has good cohesiveness, which can improve the granulation effect of calcium and magnesium phosphate fertilizer; 3.
- the utilization of straw waste has Good economic and social benefits.
- the pH value is increased to 6.5-7.0, the soil fertility is improved, and the crop yield is increased by 6%.
- the solid part of the fermented product was naturally air-dried to a water content of ⁇ 5%; 10 parts of the dried fermented solid part was added to 90 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the two were ground together for 30 minutes to a fineness of ⁇ 50 mesh, and then the ground powder was The body is transferred into a drum granulator for granulation, and a granulation liquid accounting for 5% of the weight of the ground powder is added, granulated into a ball, and then dried and sieved to obtain a round particle soil conditioner.
- the pH value is increased to 7-7.25, the soil fertility is improved, and the crop yield is increased by 6.5%.
- the pH value is increased to 7-7.4, the soil fertility is improved, and the crop yield is increased by 7%.
- the pH value is increased to 7-7.8, the soil fertility is improved, and the corn yield is increased by 7.5%.
- the pH value is increased to 7-8.0, the soil fertility is improved, and the corn yield is increased by 8%.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种土壤改良剂及其制备方法，土壤改良剂由秸秆发酵物与钙镁磷肥经造粒、风干/烘干、筛分而得，制备方法为将秸秆切细、加入秸秆发酵剂发酵，在常温常压下发酵3-10天，将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的固体部分经烘干后与钙镁磷肥混合研磨10-30min，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒助剂，将研磨后的粉体转入造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量1-5％的造粒液进行造粒、风干/烘干、筛分，得到具有生物活性的土壤改良剂。本发明的秸秆经过发酵产生的物质能活化土壤，提高作物对钙镁磷肥的吸收；秸秆发酵所得液体具有良好的粘结性，能提升钙镁磷肥的造粒效果；秸秆废物利用具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。
Description
本发明属于农业科学领域，涉及一种土壤改良剂及其制备方法。
钙镁磷肥是一种富含中量元素钙、镁的磷肥，为碱性肥料，具有改良酸性土壤的作用，我国土壤大多为酸性土壤，因此钙镁磷肥作为土壤改良剂具有广阔的应用情景。
我国肥料的发展经过了有粉状肥料向颗粒肥料进化的过程，钙镁磷肥作为一种磷肥和土壤改良剂，粉状形态限制了其应用范围，尤其是在配方施肥、机械化施肥的大趋势下，制得圆颗粒状的钙镁磷肥将进一步拓展钙镁磷肥的应用范围和市场前景。
农作物秸秆是在农业过程中以小麦、谷子、玉米和水稻为主的作物产生的茎和叶等副产品。我国是农业大国，地域广阔、人口众多，农作物秸秆种类繁多、数量巨大、分布广泛、利用低下及污染严重。玉米秸秆是农作玉米生产中或成熟后产生的茎和叶等副产品，是通过光合作用产生的天然纤维原料。主要由水分及干物质组成，其中干物质包括无机物(粗灰分)和有机物。有机物主要为粗蛋白和无氮化合物，无氮化合物中以碳水化合物含量最高(占干重比80％)，包括纤维素(30％～40％)、半纤维素(20％)和木聚糖醛酸(15％～20％)，其次是以木质素(15％～18％)为主的无氮浸出物。玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素所占比重较大，是秸秆的主要支持组织，也是微生物降解的主要研究对象。
现阶段国内外针对农作物秸秆处理主要集中于物理、化学和生物处理(其中生物处理主要以微生物为主)三大方向。其中，物理处理主要通过外在机械力(机械粉碎、高温热解和高强度辐射等)破坏纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的粘合力，使得物料破碎化、增强表面积及降低结晶度。作为生物处理的预处理阶段，进一步增大微生物与纤维素的接触面积、接触几率，进而提高了酶解速率。近年来科研人也进行了详细的研究，以求提高秸秆处理的效率，实现资源化利用；生物处理主要以微生物为主，利用微生物的产酶降解特性和生物降解过程，在最优条件下对作物秸秆进行发酵降解，进而实现资源化利用。国内外众多学者开展了一系列研究工作，分别在单菌株降解、复合菌降解和产酶优化等方面取得一系列成果，相关研究已用于秸秆的资源化利用。
CN103011986A公开了一种复方钙镁磷肥，是在现有钙镁磷肥的基础上添加似斑状二长花岗岩或麦饭石，腐植酸钠或腐植酸，尿素，聚丙烯酸钠，聚天门冬氨酸，硝酸稀土余量制成。CN101891530B公开了一种活化钙镁磷肥及其制备方法，该活化钙镁磷肥由钙镁磷肥和有机活化剂加工制成。其有机活化剂为木质素、酸木素、木素钠、酒精废液、味精废液、味精废渣、醋渣、糠醛渣、啤酒滤泥、糖厂滤泥、风化煤中的一种或几种的混合物，并且按照特定的比例加入到钙镁磷肥中，经过研磨、放置和干燥而制得。CN107629798A公开了一种酸性土壤调理剂及应用，该调理剂包括稻壳灰、生石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石和双氰胺，稻壳灰、生石灰、钙镁磷肥为碱性物质，可提高土壤的pH值。同时稻壳灰、钙镁磷肥共同作用可补充土壤因酸化流失的养分。海泡石和双氰胺共同作用提高氮肥的利用率。稻壳灰和海泡石共同作用可改善和修复酸性重金属污染土壤。
以上专利通过对不同廉价物料进行再次加工利用，制得了土壤调理剂，但均为粉状土壤调理剂，在机械化施肥逐渐普及和肥料基本实现颗粒化的今天，制得颗粒状尤其是圆颗粒状土壤改良剂显得尤为重要。
本发明通过对秸秆进行发酵处理，得到具有生物活性的固体成分和具有粘结效果的液体成分，将固体成分与钙镁磷肥混合，加入液体成分粘结造粒，得到具有生物活性的圆颗粒状土壤改良剂，有利于钙镁磷肥产品的机械化施肥和大规模施用。
发明内容
本发明的目的提供一种土壤改良剂及其制备方法,本发明通过将秸秆切细、发酵，在微生物的活动下产生各种酶类，秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素结构被降解，形成各种糖类物质，将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的固体部分经烘干后与钙镁磷肥混合研磨，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒助剂，将研磨后的粉体造粒、烘干、筛分，即可得到具有生物活性的土壤改良剂。
本发明的技术方案为：
一种土壤改良剂，其特征在于：土壤改良剂由秸秆发酵物与钙镁磷肥经造粒、风干/烘干、筛分而得，其中土壤改良剂中钙镁磷肥的重量百分含量为10-90％。
所述秸秆为玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、甘蔗秸秆、油菜秸秆中的一种或二种以上混合秸秆。
所述钙镁磷肥有效磷含量≥1％；
一种土壤改良剂的制备方法，其特征在于按以下步骤进行：将秸秆切细、加入秸秆发酵剂发酵，在常温常压下发酵3-10天，在微生物的活动下产生各种酶类，秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素结构被降解，形成各种糖类物质，将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的固体部分经烘干后与钙镁磷肥混合研磨10-30min，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒助剂，将研磨后的粉体转入造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量1-5％的造粒液进行造粒、风干/烘干、筛分，得到具有生物活性的土壤改良剂。
所述的秸秆发酵剂为市售的秸秆发酵剂，秸秆发酵剂的用量为秸秆重量的1％-5％。
本发明具有以下突出的优点：
1.秸秆经过发酵产生的物质能活化土壤，提高作物对钙镁磷肥的吸收；2.秸秆发酵所得液体具有良好的粘结性，能提升钙镁磷肥的造粒效果；3.秸秆废物利用具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。
结合实施例对本发明作进一步描述，本发明的原料直接购买。
实施例一
将玉米秸秆切细至1-10mm，加入占玉米秸秆重量的1％秸秆发酵剂混合均匀，堆放发酵10天，然后将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒液备用，发酵物的固体部分烘干至含水量≤5％。将10份烘干发酵物固体部分加入90份钙镁磷肥中，两者一同研磨20min，至细度≥50目，随后将研磨后的粉体转入圆盘造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量1％的造粒液，进行造粒成球，然后经过风干、筛分，即可得到圆颗粒土壤改良剂。
在pH值为5-6的土壤中，按照300kg/hm
2的用量施用该土壤调理剂后，pH值提升至6.5-7.0，土壤肥力得到提升，作物产量提升了6％。
实施例二
将小麦秸秆切细至1-10mm，加入占小麦秸秆重量的5％秸秆发酵剂混合均匀，堆放发酵3天，然后将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒液备用，发酵物的固体部分自然风干至含水量≤5％；将10份烘干的发酵物固体部分加入90份钙镁磷肥中， 两者一同研磨30min，至细度≥50目，随后将研磨后的粉体转入滚筒造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量5％的造粒液，进行造粒成球，然后经过烘干、筛分，即可得到圆颗粒土壤改良剂。
在pH值为5-6的土壤中，按照350kg/hm
2的用量施用该土壤调理剂后，pH值提升至7-7.25，土壤肥力得到提升，作物产量提升了6.5％。
实施例三
将甘蔗秸秆切细至1-10mm，加入占甘蔗秸秆重量的3％秸秆发酵剂混合均匀，堆放发酵5天，然后将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒液备用，发酵物的固体部分烘干至含水量≤5％。将10份烘干发酵物固体部分加入90份钙镁磷肥中，两者一同研磨10min，至细度≥50目，随后将研磨后的粉体转入圆盘造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量3％的造粒液，进行造粒成球，然后经过烘干、筛分，即可得到圆颗粒土壤改良剂。
在pH值为5-6的土壤中，按照400kg/hm
2的用量施用该土壤调理剂后，pH值提升至7-7.4，土壤肥力得到提升，作物产量提升了7％。
实施例四
将水稻秸秆切细至1-10mm，加入占水稻秸秆重量的2％秸秆发酵剂混合均匀，堆放发酵8天，然后将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒液备用，发酵物的固体部分自然风干至含水量≤5％；将90份烘干的发酵物固体部分加入10份钙镁磷肥中，两者一同研磨30min，至细度≥50目，随后将研磨后的粉体转入滚筒造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量1％的造粒液，进行造粒成球，然后经过烘干、筛分，即可得到圆颗粒土壤改良剂。
在pH值为5-6的土壤中，按照450kg/hm
2的用量施用该土壤调理剂后，pH值提升至7-7.8，土壤肥力得到提升，玉米产量提升7.5％。
实施例五
将油菜秸秆切细至1-10mm，加入占油菜秸秆重量的4％秸秆发酵剂混合均匀，堆放发酵6天，然后将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒液备用，发酵物的固体部分烘干至含水量≤5％。将50份烘干发酵物固体部分加入50份钙镁磷肥中，两者 一同研磨20min，至细度≥50目，随后将研磨后的粉体转入圆盘造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量2％的造粒液，进行造粒成球，然后经过烘干、筛分，即可得到圆颗粒土壤改良剂。
在pH值为5-6的土壤中，按照500kg/hm
2的用量施用该土壤调理剂后，pH值提升至7-8.0，土壤肥力得到提升，玉米产量提升8％。
Claims (5)
- 一种土壤改良剂，其特征在于：土壤改良剂由秸秆发酵物与钙镁磷肥经造粒、风干/烘干、筛分而得，其中土壤改良剂中钙镁磷肥的重量百分含量为10-90％。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种土壤改良剂，其特征在于：所述秸秆为玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、甘蔗秸秆、油菜秸秆中的一种或二种以上混合秸秆。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种土壤改良剂，其特征在于：所述钙镁磷肥有效磷含量≥1％。
- 根据权利要求1-3之一所述的一种土壤改良剂的制备方法，其特征在于按以下步骤进行：将秸秆切细、加入秸秆发酵剂发酵，在常温常压下发酵3-10天，将发酵物进行固液分离，发酵物的固体部分经烘干后与钙镁磷肥混合研磨10-30min，发酵物的液体部分作为造粒助剂，将研磨后的粉体转入造粒机中造粒，加入占研磨后的粉体重量1-5％的造粒液进行造粒、风干/烘干、筛分，得到具有生物活性的土壤改良剂。
- 根据权利要求4所述的一种土壤改良剂的制备方法，其特征在于：所述的秸秆发酵剂为市售的秸秆发酵剂，秸秆发酵剂的用量为秸秆重量的1％-5％。
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