WO2022195121A1

WO2022195121A1 - Spectacle lens with antibacterial and/or antiviral properties and method for manufacturing the same

Info

Publication number: WO2022195121A1
Application number: PCT/EP2022/057254
Authority: WO
Inventors: Artur Laukart; Michael Krieger; Bernhard Von Blanckenhagen; Alberto Ferrari; Marco Macchi; Matthew LUO
Original assignee: Carl Zeiss Vision International Gmbh; Carl Zeiss Vision Technical Service (Guangzhou) Ltd.
Priority date: 2021-03-19
Filing date: 2022-03-18
Publication date: 2022-09-22
Also published as: BR112023019072A2; WO2022193292A1; CN117440755A

Abstract

The present invention relates to a spectacle lens comprising at least one antibacterial and/or antiviral coating and a method for manufacturing the same.

Description

Spectacle lens with antibacterial and/or antiviral properties and method for manufacturing the same

The present invention relates to a spectacle lens, the spectacle lens comprising at least one biocidal component acting as an antibacterial and/or antiviral agent as well as to a method for manufacturing such a spectacle lens.

As mentioned in S. Galdiero et al., Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents, Molecules 2011 ,16, 8894-8918, virus infections pose significant global health challenges, especially because of the emergence of resistant viral strains and the adverse side effects associated with prolonged use continue to slow down the application of effective antiviral therapies. Emerging and re-emerging viruses are to be considered a continuing threat to human health because of their ability to adapt to their current host, to switch to a new host and to evolve strategies to escape antiviral measures. Viruses can emerge because of the changes in the host, the environment, or the vector, and new pathogenic viruses can arise in humans from existing human viruses or from animal viruses. Viral diseases, such as the SARS coronavirus, the West Nile virus, the monkey pox virus, the Hantavirus, the Nipah virus, the Hendravirus, the Chikungunya virus, the influenza viruses, recently of avian or swine origin, have entered human populations worldwide.

Organic antibacterial agents, photocatalytic materials and metallic compounds have been widely studied and their antibacterial and/or antiviral effect has been demonstrated.

US 5,454,886 A assigned to Nucryst Pharmaceuticals Corp. discloses an anti-microbial coating, deposited as thin metallic film on at least one surface of a medical device by physical vapor deposition techniques under conditions which create atomic disorder in the anti-microbial coatings. The atomic disorder, including point defects in a crystal lattice, vacancies, line defects, interstitial atoms, amorphous regions, grain or sub grain boundaries when compared to normal ordered crystalline state found in bulk metal materials or alloys, is according to US 5,454,886 A responsible for the sustained release of metal species, when in contact with an alcohol or a water-based electrolyte including a body fluid or body tissue. To create atomic disorder during the deposition process, for example the temperature of the surface to be coated may be maintained such that the ratio of the substrate temperature to the melting point of the metal in degrees Kelvin is less than about 0,5. Atomic disorder may also be achieved by preparing composite metal materials, i.e. materials which contain at least one anti-microbial metal in a metal matrix which includes atoms or molecules different from the antimicrobial metals. As an anti-microbial metal silver may be used. For preparing the composite metal materials at least one anti-microbial metal is co-deposited or sequentially deposited with at least one other inert, biocompatible metal or with an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a boride, a sulphide, a hydride or a halide of the at least one anti-microbial metal and/or the inert metal. The metals usable in the antimicrobial coatings should have an anti-microbial effect and should be biocompatible. Typically, the anti-microbial coatings have a film thickness of less than 1 pm and not greater than 10 pm. WO 2019/082001 A1 assigned to Politecnico di Torino discloses an air filter comprising an air permeable substrate and an antiviral coating. The antiviral coating, having a thickness from 15 nm to 500 nm, comprises a first glass, ceramic, glass-ceramic material or matrix, preferably silica, and a plurality of nanoclusters of a second metallic material, preferably copper, zinc or silver. Further,

WO 2019/082001 A1 discloses a method for the application of an antiviral coating to a substrate. This method comprises the co-deposition or co-sputtering process of at least a first glass, ceramic, glass- ceramic material or matrix, preferably silica, and at least a plurality of nanoclusters of a second metallic material, preferably silver, copper or zinc, on the substrate.

Miola et al. disclose in “Silver nanocluster-silica composite antibacterial coatings for materials to be used in mobile telephones”, Applied Surface Science 313 (2014) 107-115, the deposition of antibacterial coatings containing different amounts of metallic silver nanoclusters embedded in a silica matrix by co-sputtering technique on several different polymers used in mobile telephones components such as: screens, covers, and microphone felts. Sputtering parameters have been varied to obtain different coating thickness and silver content, in order to meet antibacterial, aesthetic and functional requirements for each component.

Gladskikh et al. studied the optical properties of silver clusters in silica matrices. The conference paper “Optical Properties of Silver and Gold Clusters in Silica Matrices” of the 2017 Nanocon held Oct 18th - 20th 2017, in Brno, Czech Republic, EU describes on pages 821 to 825 the experimental studies of absorption and luminescence properties of silver nanoclusters embedded in silica matrices. For this purpose, the authors produced thin S1O2 films with different amounts of silver by co-deposition of metal and S1O2 onto the silica substrates in vacuum. Films with silver content possess three peaks in absorption spectra in near the UV range and two peaks in luminescence spectra in the visible range. Gladskikh et al. ascribed these spectral features to silver nanoclusters of different sizes being present in the film. The luminescence was observed only in the samples with the silver content of less than 2.2%. Quenching of the luminescence in the films with larger silver content was associated with the nonradiative energy transfer between close-packed particles. Thermal annealing leads to the formation of lager particles and transforms both absorption and emission spectra of the films.

GB 2372044 B assigned to Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. discloses a functional film arrangement comprising a substrate and a transition layer deposited on the substrate, the transition layer comprising: a first constituent being at least one dielectric material such as SiO_x where x>1 ; and a second constituent being for example silver. The first and second constituents have gradual content gradients varying in a thickness direction of the film, a content of the first constituent being greatest at a face of the transition layer closest to the substrate.

JP 2020142494 A assigned to Ito Optical Ind. describes an antimicrobial transparent laminate comprising a single layer or multi-layer optical inorganic vapor-deposited film on at least one side of a transparent base material, in which the optical inorganic vapor-deposited film has a conforming film design including silica (Si0₂) as a final layer. The final layer of the vapor-deposited film is formed with a composite layer comprising an antimicrobial vapor-deposited layer containing a metal-loaded inorganic antimicrobial agent in which S1O2 is serving as a matrix and a protective S1O2 layer that adjoins to the outer side thereof. The metal-loaded inorganic antimicrobial agent may for example comprise Ag⁺-ions. A spectacle lens may be formed from the antimicrobial transparent laminate.

CN 106772713 A assigned to Shanghai Conant Optics Co. Ltd. discloses a spectacle lens comprising an antimicrobial coating layer. The coating of the lens substrate comprises the following layer sequence, beginning from the surface of the lens substrate: a hard coat layer, an antireflective layer comprising two to seven layers, an antibacterial layer, an adhesive layer, and a top layer. According to CN 106772713 A the binding layer should increase the adhesion between the antibacterial layer and the top layer. The antimicrobial layer may be silver, copper, zinc, titanium, one or more metal oxide coated on the antireflection film. The adhesive layer may be made of silicon dioxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide of one or more oxides on the surface of the antibacterial layer.

US 10,221 ,093 B2 assigned to Saint Gobain S.A. describes a preferably transparent glazing substrate such as a window glass comprising a thin-film multilayer coated on one of its faces. The thin-film multilayer comprises at least one metal functional film based on silver or made of silver having a thickness of between 7 nm and 20 nm and two antireflection coatings. Said antireflection coatings each comprises at least one antireflection film. Said metal functional film is placed between the two antireflection coatings. Said multilayer comprises two discontinuous metal films each having a thickness of between 0.5 nm and 5 nm. A lower discontinuous metal film is located between said face and the only or first metal functional film as counted starting from said face and an upper discontinuous metal film is located above the only or last metal functional film as counted starting from said face. The lower discontinuous metal film and the upper discontinuous metal film are each based on silver or made of silver. The lower discontinuous metal film and the upper discontinuous metal film are each a discontinuous layer having a surface area occupation factor in the range of 50 percent to 98 percent and in the form of interconnected islands with uncovered regions between the islands.

From US 2020/209436 A1 assigned to Fuji Holdings Corp. is known an antireflection film that is provided on a transparent substrate such as a lens. The antireflection film comprises an interlayer, a silver-containing metal layer containing silver, and a dielectric layer. The interlayer, the silver- containing metal layer, and the dielectric layer are laminated in this order on a side of the substrate. The interlayer is a multilayer film having at least two layers in which a layer of high refractive index having a relatively high refractive index and a layer of low refractive index having a relatively low refractive index are alternately laminated. The dielectric layer has a surface exposed to air, and the dielectric layer is a multilayer film including a silicon-containing oxide layer, a magnesium fluoride layer, and an adhesion layer provided between the silicon-containing oxide layer and the magnesium fluoride layer and configures to increase adhesiveness between the silicon-containing oxide layer and the magnesium fluoride layer. The adhesion layer being provided separately from the silicon- containing oxide layer and the magnesium fluoride layer and being made of a metal oxide. US 10,527,760 B2 assigned to Essilor describes an ophthalmic lens comprising a transparent substrate being for example part of a liquid crystal display device of a portable telephone device with a front main face and with a rear main face, at least one of the main faces being coated with a multilayered antireflective coating comprising a stack composed of at least:

(i) a wetting layer;

(ii) a metal layer, wherein the metal is selected from silver, gold or copper or mixtures thereof;

(iii) a protective layer, which is able to avoid oxidation of said metal layer.

The wetting layer (i) is in direct contact with the metal layer (ii). The metal layer (ii) has a physical thickness ranging from 6 nm to 20 nm, and the multilayered antireflective coating has a total thickness ranging from 50 nm to 150 nm.

US 2015/0044482 A1 assigned to Don Co. Ltd. describes an optical coating structure, comprising:

(i) a substrate;

(ii) an anti-reflective coating layer disposed on the substrate, the anti-reflective coating layer covering the substrate;

(iii) a base coating layer covering the anti-reflective coating layer;

(iv) an antibacterial coating layer disposed on the base coating layer, the antibacterial coating layer being an interlayer; a protective coating layer covering the antibacterial coating layer.

Optionally, a super-hydrophobic coating layer and/or an anti-fingerprint coating layer may be disposed on the protective coating layer. Exemplarily, the substrate is described to include a transparent polymer resin, a tempered or a semi-tempered glass. The substrate may include a chemically tempered glass. Also, the substrate may be disposed on a display apparatus having a touch screen panel. The antibacterial coating layer may be formed by means of a vacuum vapor deposition process. The antibacterial coating layer may include silver (Ag) based materials, or the like. The antibacterial coating layer may include silver ion. The silver ion may be formed on the base coating layer including silicon dioxide. The silver ion may be combined with a small opening of the silicon dioxide surface.

The protective coating layer may be disposed on the antibacterial coating layer and may entirely or partially cover the antibacterial coating layer. The protective coating layer may be formed on the antibacterial coating layer by a vacuum vapor deposition. The protective coating layer may include silicon dioxide-based materials.

CN 210534467 U assigned to Xiamen Duocail Optical Tech. Co. Ltd. discloses a seawater corrosion- proof antibacterial spectacle lens comprising a substrate, the substrate being coated on the front surface thereof with a hard coating, an antireflection coating, an anti-seawater coating and a waterproof coating. On the back surface, the substrate is coated with a hard coating, an adhesion coating, an antibacterial coating and a waterproof coating. The antibacterial coating is a silver film.

The adhesion coating between the hard coating and the antibacterial coating can enhance the adhesion of the antibacterial coating.

WO 2020/138469 A1 assigned to Hoya Corporation discloses a spectacle lens in which high antimicrobial performance and antistatic performance are achieved simultaneously by the same outermost coating of the spectacle lens. The outermost coating contains tungsten oxide particles, tin oxide particles, and silver particles and a binder component such as silicon oxide. The binder component should improve the adhesion of the outermost coating. Preferably, the thickness of the outermost coating is in the range of 3 nm to 30 nm. Further preferably, the particle size of the tungsten oxide particles, the tin oxide particles and the silver particles is smaller than the thickness of the outermost coating to avoid the formation of protrusions on the outermost surface thereof. The particle size of the tungsten oxide particles, the tin oxide particles and the silver particles is preferably from 2 nm to 5 nm. For obtaining a good antibacterial performance, the outermost coating comprises the tungsten oxide particles preferably in a range of 0.25 to 0.80 wt.-%. For obtaining a good antistatic performance, the outermost coating comprises the tin oxide particles preferably in a range of 0.10 to 0.35 wt.-%. For improving the antibacterial performance, the outermost coating comprises the silver particles preferably in a range of 0.025 to 0.10 wt.-%. The outermost coating can be formed by dip coating. Due to the low thickness of the outermost coating, the optical characteristics of an existing coating design should not be deteriorated.

KR 200375582 Y1 of Yang Won Dong discloses glasses or sunglasses, wherein the material of sunglasses made of metal, glass or plastic resin contains nanosilver.

International patent application PCT/CN2020/090962 discloses a spectacle lens comprising a substrate and a sequence of layers deposited on both surfaces, namely front surface and back surface, of said substrate. At least the sequence of layers deposited on the front surface comprises at least one antibacterial and/or antiviral coating.

International patent application PCT/CN2020/104011 discloses a spectacle lens comprising a substrate and a sequence of layers deposited on both surfaces, namely front surface and back surface, of said substrate. The back surface of said substrate is covered with a hard coating layer, an adhesion layer, an anti-reflection (AR)-coating stack and optionally an outermost topcoat-layer functionally constituting a clean coating layer. Preferably, the front surface of said substrate is covered with the same sequence of layers except of at least the outermost topcoat-layer comprises at least one biocidal component in addition.

International patent application PCT/CN2020/128598 discloses a spectacle lens comprising at least an anti-reflective coating or a mirror, each comprising a plurality of stack layers of which the outermost stack layer constitutes a S1O2 matrix for silver (Ag).

W02007/101055A1 discloses an antimicrobial lens comprising a lens member and at least a first coating. The antimicrobial agent may be either non-releasably disposed withing the first coating, or antimicrobial agent may be incorporated into the lens material itself. JP2005034685A discloses a method for coating a spectacle lens with silver-based titanium oxide in a thickness of about 0.1 pm to 1 .0 pm. The silver-based titanium oxide coating shall be formed on a pretreatment coating to fill the unevenness of the surface.

CN105068270A discloses an antibacterial spectacle lens, the spectacle lens including a spectacle lens body, the upper and lower surface thereof being provided with antibacterial layers, [0010] The antibacterial layer may be a transparent nano-silver silica gel coating having a thickness of 30 to 40 microns, or a transparent nano-silane thin film layer. The antibacterial film may be provided by vacuum coating.

CN211928330U discloses a spectacle lens with good antibacterial effect. The spectacle lens comprises an outer antibacterial layer and an inner antibacterial layer, both made of transparent nano silver silicon and both having a thickness of 30 microns.

The difficulty in designing spectacle lenses consists in fulfilling spectacles wearer’s needs with respect to optical properties as well as health related properties.

It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a spectacle lens being effective against the remaining and spreading of bacteria and/or viruses on at least one of the spectacle lens surfaces, especially on the front surface and/or on the back surface of the spectacle lens, thereby avoiding the addition of a further coating into an existing coating stack or an existing coating design. A further objective is to provide an efficient and highly reproducible method of manufacturing a spectacle lens being effective against the remaining and spreading of bacteria and/or viruses on at least one of the spectacle lens surfaces, especially on the front surface and/or on the back surface of the spectacle lens.

This objective is solved by a spectacle lens having the features of the independent claims 1 , 7 and 11 , 44, 50 and 54, and a method for manufacturing a spectacle lens according to independent claims 14, 15, 18, 30 and 37, 66, 67, 70 and 82.

Preferred embodiments, which might be realized in an isolated fashion or in any arbitrary combination, are listed in the dependent claims.

The following definitions are used within the scope of the present description:

Spectacle lens substrate

The term “spectacle lens substrate” means in the context of the present invention any uncoated or precoated spectacle lens blank. Further the term “spectacle lens substrate” means in the context of the present invention any uncoated or precoated spectacle lens, whose uncoated or precoated front surface and/or whose uncoated or precoated back surface preferably is to be coated with at least one coating, preferably to obtain a coated lens with the desired properties. The front surface is according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.2.13, the surface of the lens intended to be fitted away from the eye. The back surface is according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.2.14, the surface of the lens intended to be fitted nearer to the eye. In particular, as spectacle lens substrate an uncoated or precoated blank, the blank being defined in section 3.8.1 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as piece of optical material with one optically finished surface for the making of a lens; an uncoated or precoated single-vision blank, the single-vision blank being defined in section 3.8.2 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as blank with the finished surface having a single nominal surface power; an uncoated or precoated multifocal blank, the multifocal blank being defined in section 3.8.3 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as blank with the finished surface having two or more visibly divided portions of different dioptric powers or focal powers; an uncoated or precoated power-variation blank, the power-variation blank being defined in section 3.8.4 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as blank with the finished surface having a smooth variation of spherical power over part or all of its area, without discontinuity, thus giving more than one intended focal power; an uncoated or precoated progressive- power blank, the progressive-power blank being defined in section 3.8.5 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as power-variation blank where the finished surface is a progressive-power surface; an uncoated or precoated degressive-power blank, the degressive-power blank being defined in section 3.8.6 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as power-variation blank where the finished surface is a degressive-power surface; an uncoated or precoated finished lens, the finished lens being defined in section 3.8.7 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as lens of which both sides have their final optical surface; an uncoated or precoated uncut lens, the uncut lens being defined in section 3.8.8 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as finished lens prior to edging; or an uncoated or precoated edged lens, the edged lens being defined in section

3.8.9 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as finished lens edged to final size and shape may be used. If one of the before mentioned blanks is precoated, the respective finished surface comprises at least one coating. If one of the before mentioned lenses is precoated, at least one side thereof comprises at least one coating.

Preferably, the spectacle lens substrate is an uncoated or precoated finished lens or an uncoated or precoated uncut lens.

The uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate may be classified as afocal lens with nominally zero dioptric power according to section 3.6.3 of ISO 13666:2019(E) or as corrective lens, i.e. as a lens with dioptric power according to section 3.5.3 of ISO 13666:2019(E). Further, the uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate may be classified as single-vision lens according to section 3.7.1 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as position-specific single-vision lens according to section 3.7.2 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as multifocal lens according to section 3.7.3 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as bifocal lens according to section 3.7.4 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as trifocal lens according to section 3.7.5 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as fused multifocal lens according to section 3.7.6 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as power-variation lens according to section 3.7.7 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as progressive-power lens according to section 3.7.8 of ISO 13666:2019(E); or as degressive- power lens according to section

3.7.9 of ISO 13666:2019(E).

Further, the uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate may be classified as protective lens according to section 3.5.4 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as absorptive lens according to section 3.5.5 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as tinted lens according to section 3.5.6 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as clear lens according to section 3.5.7 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as uniformly tinted lens according to section 3.5.8 of ISO 13666:2019(E); a gradient-tinted lens according to section 3.5.9 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as double gradient-tinted lens according to section 3.5.10 of ISO 13666:2019(E); as photochromic lens according to section 3.5.11 of ISO 13666:2019(E); or as polarizing lens according to section 3.5.12 of ISO 13666:2019(E).

The uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate is preferably based on an optical material, the optical material being defined according to section 3.3.1 of ISO 13666:2019(E) as transparent material capable of being manufactured into optical components. The uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate may be made of glass according to section 3.3.2 of ISO 13666:2019(E) a material formed by the fusion of inorganic substances, cooled down and solidified without crystallizing; and/or of an organic hard resin such as a thermosetting hard resin according to section 3.3.3 of ISO 13666:2019(E) a plastic material, consisting principally of organic polymers, that has been cured into an essentially infusible and insoluble state, and cannot be usefully reshaped on heating; a thermoplastic hard resin according to section 3.3.4 of ISO 13666:2019(E) a plastic material, consisting principally of organic polymers, that can be repeatedly softened by heating and hardening by cooling, and in the softened state can be shaped by flow into lenses or blanks by moulding, extrusion or forming; and/or a photochromic material according to section 3.3.5 of ISO 13666:2019(E) a material that reversibly changes its luminous transmittance depending upon the irradiance and wavelength of the optical radiation falling upon it.

Preferably, the uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate is based on at least one of the optical materials mentioned in table 1 , particularly preferred on at least one of the plastic materials.

Table 1 : Examples of optical materials for blanks or lenses

* Based on sodium D line

In case, the uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate comprises at least two different optical materials selected from a) at least one glass and at least one thermosetting hard resin or selected from b) at least one glass and at least one thermoplastic hard resin, the at least one glass preferably comprises at least one thin glass. The spectacle lens substrate comprising at least two different optical materials comprises the at least one glass, preferably at least one thin glass, as front surface and/or as back surface thereof. The at least one thermosetting hard resin or the at least one thermoplastic hard resin may be classified as one of the blanks or as one of the lenses described before. Preferably, the at least one thermosetting hard resin or the at least one thermoplastic hard resin each may be classified as an uncoated or precoated finished lens or an uncoated or precoated uncut lens. If one of the before mentioned blanks is precoated, the respective final optical surface comprises at least one coating. If one of the before mentioned lenses is precoated, at least one side thereof comprises at least one coating. Needless to say, prior to the assembling of the at least two different optical materials, the surfaces which are facing each other or are adjacent in the resulting spectacle lens substrate must have their final optical surface and optionally their at least one coating.

The at least one thin glass may be based on various glass compositions. Preferably, the glass composition of each thin glass is based on a borosilicate glass, an aluminum borosilicate glass, or an alkali-free borosilicate glass, more preferably the glass composition is based on a borosilicate glass. The thickness of the at least one thin glass preferably lies in a range from 30 pm to 300 pm, further preferably in a range from 40 pm to 280 pm, further preferably in a range from 50 pm to 260 pm, more preferably in a range from 60 pm to 240 pm and most preferably in a range from 90 pm to 220 pm.

The thickness of the at least one thin glass preferably is determined of the respective planar thin glass before the forming into its final form and shape. Preferably, the thickness of the at least one thin glass is determined with the Filmetrics F10-HC instrument, company Filmetrics Inc. Preferably, the thickness of the at least one thin glass is the average thickness. The average surface roughness of the at least one thin glass surface, preferably each thin glass front and back surface, preferably is Ra < 1 nm. Further preferably, the average surface roughness Ra of the at least one thin glass surface is within a range from 0.1 nm to 0.8 nm, more preferably within a range from 0.3 nm to 0.7 nm and most preferably within a range from 0.4 nm to 0.6 nm. The values given for the average surface roughness Ra preferably apply with respect to the at least one thin glass surface before forming into the final form and shape. Depending on the shaped body used for forming, the values given for the average surface roughness Ra may apply with respect to the thin glass surface in its final form and shape as well. The average surface roughness Ra of the at least one thin glass surface preferably is determined with the NewView 7100 instrument, company Zygo Corporation.

The at least one thin glass preferably comprises a surface topography selected from at least one of a spherical surface, according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.4.1 , defined as part of the inside or outside surface of a sphere; an aspherical surface, according ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.4.3, defined as surface of revolution having continuously variable curvature over all or part of its areas; a toroidal surface, according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.4.6, defined as surface having mutually perpendicular and circular principal meridians of unequal curvature; an atoroidal surface, according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.4.7, defined as surface having mutually perpendicular principal meridians of unequal curvature, at least one of which has asphericity; and a power-variation surface, according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.4.10, defined as surface with a smooth variation of surface power over part or all of its area, without discontinuity. Preferably, the surface topographies of the front surface and the back surface of the at least one thin glass are identical. Further preferably, the surface topography of the at least one thin glass is spherical.

Thin glasses are commercially available, for example, under the names: D 263 T eco, D 263 LA eco,

D 263 M, AF 32 eco, AS 87 eco, B 270 I, each from Schott AG, or Corning Willow Glass or Corning Gorilla Glass, each from Corning Inc.

In a spectacle lens substrate comprising a) at least one thin glass and at least one thermosetting hard resin or b) at least one thin glass and at least one thermoplastic hard resin, the at least one thin glass may be clear according to the definition given in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.5.7, for a clear lens, absorptive according to the definition given in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.5.5, for an absorptive lens, tinted according to the definition given in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.5.6, for a tinted lens, or photochromic according to the definition given in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.5.11 , for a photochromic lens. Preferably, the at least one thin glass is clear within the definition of a clear lens according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.5.7, i.e. with no intended color/ tint in transmission.

In the spectacle lens substrate comprising a) at least one thin glass and at least one thermosetting hard resin or b) at least one thin glass and at least one thermoplastic hard resin, the at least one thermosetting hard resin or the at least one thermoplastic hard resin each may be clear, absorptive, tinted, photochromic, each according to the definitions given in ISO 13666:2019(E) mentioned before, and/or the at least one thermosetting hard resin or the at least one thermoplastic hard resin may be polarizing according to the definition given in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.5.12. Preferably, the at least one thermosetting hard resin or the at least one thermoplastic hard resin is clear.

Coating

In the context of the present invention the term “coating” means any coating applied to the front surface and/or the back surface of the spectacle lens substrate thus resulting in a coated lens, according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.1 , defined as lens to which one or more layers have been added to alter one or more properties of the lens.

The coating preferably is selected from at least one coating of the group consisting of at least one hard coating, the hard coating being defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.2, as coating on the surface of an organic lens intended to enhance the abrasion resistance of the surface during normal use; at least one anti-reflective coating, the anti-reflective coating being defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.3, as coating on the surface of a lens intended to reduce light reflected from its surface; at least one clean coating, the clean coating being defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.4, as coating on the surface of a lens intended to make the surface repel dust and grease and/or to make it easier to clean; at least one hydrophobic coating, the hydrophobic coating being defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.5, as coating on the surface of a lens intended to repel water droplets; at least one hydrophilic coating, the hydrophilic coating being defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.6, as coating on the surface of a lens intended to wet very easily, so that any water droplets on it spread and coalesce to a uniform film on the surface; at least one anti-fog coating, the anti-fog coating being defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.7, as hydrophobic or hydrophilic coating on the surface of a lens intended to reduce blur caused by droplets of condensed water vapour on the lens’ surface when a relatively cold lens is put into a warmer, humid environment; at least one anti-static coating, the anti-static coating being defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.18.8, as coating on the surface of a lens intended to reduce static electricity on the surface, in order to reduce the attraction of dust; at least one mirror coating; at least one primer coating; at least one photochromic coating; at least one photochromic primer coating; at least one antibacterial coating, the antibacterial coating preferably being defined as coating killing > 95 %, preferably > 99.9 % of at least one type of bacteria measured in accordance to ISO 22196:2011 (E); and at least one antiviral coating, the antiviral coating preferably being defined as coating killing > 95 %, preferably > 99.9 % of at least one type of viruses, such as e.g. enveloped viruses, measured in accordance to ISO 21702:2019(E).

In particular, the at least one photochromic coating comprises any coating providing the properties of a photochromic material as defined in ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.3.5, to a spectacle lens. Preferably, the at least one photochromic coating shall not include coatings for which the photochromic effect is negligible, namely because the variation of luminous transmittance between the faded state and the darkened state is for example below 1.1. Further preferably, the at least one photochromic coating may comprise one of the photochromic coatings disclosed in EP 1 433 814 A1 , EP 1 602479 A1 , or EP 1 561 571 A1.

In particular, the at least one photochromic primer coating, may for example comprise the one disclosed in WO 03/058300 A1 , page 22, line 3 to page 23, line 13. In a spectacle lens comprising at least one photochromic primer coating and at least one photochromic coating, preferably the at least one photochromic coating is the outermost coating thereof, i.e. the coating being farthest away from the surface of the spectacle lens substrate coated therewith. In a spectacle lens comprising at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating and at least one hard coating, preferably the at least one photochromic primer coating is the coating next to, not necessarily adjacent to the surface of the spectacle lens coated therewith and the at least one hard coating is the outermost coating thereof. Preferably, only the front surface of a spectacle lens substrate comprises at least one photochromic coating, preferably one photochromic coating, and optionally at least one photochromic primer, preferably one photochromic primer.

In particular, the at least one primer coating preferably is based on at least one primer coating composition comprising i) at least one aqueous aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic polyurethane dispersion, at least one aqueous aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic polyurea dispersion, at least one aqueous aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic polyurethane-polyurea dispersion and/or at least one aqueous aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic polyester dispersion, preferably at least one aqueous aliphatic polyurethane dispersion or at least one aqueous aliphatic polyester dispersion and more preferably at least one aqueous aliphatic polyurethane dispersion, and ii) at least one solvent, and iii) optionally at least one additive. In particular, the at least one hard coating may be selected from at least one of the hard coatings disclosed in US 2005/0171231 A1 , US 2009/0189303 A1 , US 2002/0111390 A1 and EP 2 578 649 A1 . The at least one hard coating preferably is based on i) at least one hard coating composition comprising

A) a) at least one silane derivative of the formula (I) Si(OR¹)(OR²)(OR³)(OR⁴), wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴, which may be the same or different, are selected from an alkyl, an acyl, a cycloalkyl or an aryl group, each of which may optionally be substituted, and/or b) at least one hydrolysis product of the at least one silane derivative of the formula (I), and/or c) at least one condensation product of the at least one silane derivative of the formula (I), and/or d) any mixture of the components a) to c);

B) a) at least one silane derivative of the formula (II) R⁶R⁷3-nSi(OR⁵)_n, in which R⁵ is selected from an alkyl, an acyl, a cycloalkyl or an aryl group, each of which may optionally be substituted, R⁶ is an organic radical containing at least one epoxide group, R⁷ is selected from an alkyl, a cycloalkyl or an aryl group, each of which may optionally be substituted, n is 2 or 3; and/or b) at least one hydrolysis product of the at least one silane derivative of the formula (II), and/or c) at least one condensation product of the at least one silane derivative of the formula (II), and/or d) any mixture of the components a) to c);

C) at least one colloidal inorganic oxide, hydroxide, oxide hydrate, fluoride and/or oxyfluoride;

D) at least one epoxide compound having at least two epoxide groups; and

E) at least one catalyst system comprising at least one Lewis acid and at least one thermolatent Lewis acid-base adduct; or ii) at least one hard coating composition comprising

A) a) at least one silane derivative of the formula (III) R¹R²3-_nSi(OR³)_n, wherein R¹ comprises an alkyl group, a cyclo alkyl group, an acyl group, an aryl group or a hetero aryl group, each of which may be substituted, R² is an organic rest comprising an epoxide group, R³ comprises an alkyl group, a cyclo alkyl group, an aryl group or a hetero aryl group, each of which may be substituted, n = 2 or 3, and/or b) at least one hydrolysis product of the silane derivative of the formula (III), and/or c) at least one condensation product of the silane derivative of the formula (III), and/or d) any mixture of components a) to c);

B) at least one colloidal inorganic oxide, hydroxide, oxide hydrate, fluoride and/or oxyfluoride;

C) at least one epoxy component comprising at least two epoxy groups; and

D) at least one catalyst system comprising at least one Lewis acid and at least one thermolatent Lewis base-adduct.

In particular, the at least one anti-reflective coating may comprise, for example, one of the anti- reflective coatings disclosed in EP 2 437 084 A1 or in EP 2 850 484 A1 or in EP21158001 .4. The anti- reflective coating according to EP 2 437 084 A1 comprises exactly one high-refractive-index layer having a thickness of less than 40 nm, preferably less than 20 nm, or at least two high-refractive-index layers having together an overall thickness of less than 40 nm, preferably one of the at least two high- refractive-index layers having a thickness of less than or equal to about 10 nm. The at least one high- refractive index layer is preferably formed of ZrC>2, T1O2 or Ta₂0s. According to EP 2 437 084 A1 , figure 3 or figure 5, one surface of the spectacle lens substrate each discloses a layer sequence and respective layer thicknesses for an anti-reflective coating on top and adjacent to a hard coating and underneath a superhydrophobic layer as given in following table 2.

Table 2: Layer sequences and layer thicknesses of the anti-reflective coatings according to figures 3 and 5 of EP 2437 084 A1

EP 2 850484 A1 discloses an anti-reflective coating having the following properties: an average blue reflectance factor (Rm,B) within a wavelength range of from 420 nanometers to 450 nanometers, which is higher than or equal to 5%, for an angle of incidence ranging from 0° to 15°, a spectral reflectivity curve for an angle of incidence ranging from 0° to 15°, this reflectivity curve having: a maximum reflectivity at a wavelength of less than 435 nanometers, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) higher than or equal to 80 nanometers, and for an angle of incidence Q ranging from 0° to 15° and for an angle of incidence O' ranging from 30° to 45°, a parameter D(q,q') defined by the relation D(q,q') = 1 - [R O' (435 nm) / R 0 (435 nm)], in such a way that this parameter D(q,q') is higher than or equal to 0.6, where R 0 (435 nm) represents the reflectivity value of the main face comprising said filter at a 435 nanometer-wavelength for the angle of incidence 0, and R O' (435 nm) represents the reflectivity value of the main face comprising said filter at a 435 nanometer-wavelength for the angle of incidence O'. The anti-reflective coating described may comprise one of the following layer sequences and layer thicknesses shown in table 3. Table 3: Layer sequences and layer thicknesses of the anti-reflective coatings according to examples 1 to 3 of EP 2 850484 A1

EP21158001 .4 discloses at least one anti-reflective coating, beginning from the surface to be coated therewith, at least one of the following layer sequences given in table 4 below, wherein lo preferably is selected from any wavelength in the range of from 500 nm to 600 nm, including 500 nm and 600 nm, the refractive indices of M, L, H preferably are wavelength dependent, M preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1 .599 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .614 at 500 nm to 1 .606 at 600 nm, L preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .473 at 380 nm to 1 .456 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .462 at 500 nm and 1 .459 at 600 nm, H preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 2.440 at 500 nm and 2.336 at 600 nm. Preferably, M is Al_xO_y, wherein x is 1 .5 to 2.5, preferably 2, and y is 2.5 to 3.5, preferably 3; L is SiOz, wherein z is 1 .5 to 2.5, preferably 2; H is TiaOb, wherein a is 0.5 to 1 .5, preferably 1 , and b is 1 .5 to 2.5, preferably 2; or NbcOd wherein c is 1 .5 to 2.5, preferably 2, and d is 4.5 to 5.5, preferably 5. Alternatively, the layer M preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .750 at 380 nm to 1 .701 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .724 at 500 nm to 1 .712 at 600 nm. In this alternative, M comprises or consists of Pr_eO_f , wherein e is 1 .0 to 6 and f is 2.0 to 11 , preferably e is 6 and f is 11 , or the layer M comprises or consists of a mixture of AlxOy and Pr_eO_f or a mixed oxide of Al and Pr. Commercially available products comprising an oxide of Al and Pr are for example Paso I, Paso II and Paso III, all company Umicore. An anti-reflective coating comprising at least two layers of M and/or at least two layers of H the respective layer M or H may comprise or consist of the identical composition or of a different composition.

Table 4: Preferred layer sequences and layer thicknesses of the anti-reflective coatings of EP21158001 .4

In particular, the at least one mirror coating preferably comprises alternating dielectric layers in the manner of a Bragg mirror and/or at least one semitransparent metal layer. The at least one semitransparent metal layer may comprise, for example, an aluminum layer, chromium layer, gold layer and/or silver layer, preferably a silver layer. The layer thickness of the semitransparent metal layer is typically within a range of from 4 nm to 48 nm, more typically within a range of from 8 nm to 41 nm and most typically within a range of from 17 nm to 33 nm. The at least one semitransparent metal layer is typically applied by means of a physical vapor deposition method. The at least one mirror coating work the opposite way to the at least one antireflection coating. The term “mirror coating” preferably designates in the context of the present invention any coating that enhances the reflectivity above the values of the reflectivity of an uncoated spectacle lens substrate, preferably in a wavelength range > 50 nm.

The at least one anti-reflective coating or the at least one mirror coating may be designed with respect to the desired optical properties thereof preferably by using the software OptiLayer, version 12.83g, of company OptiLayer GmbH, 85748 Garching b. Mtinchen, or the software Essential MacLeod, version 11.00.541 , of company Thin Film Center Inc., 2745 E Via Rotunda, Tucson, AZ USA. For designing the at least one anti-reflective coating and the at least one mirror coating, the respective refractive indices of the composition of each single layer of the anti-reflective coating or the at least one mirror coating preferably are assumed to be wavelength dependent.

In particular, the at least one antibacterial coating is effective against viruses as well or the at least one antiviral coating is effective against bacteria as well. Such an antibacterial/antiviral coating is disclosed in PCT/CN2020/090962 for example.

Matrix

At least the at least one antibacterial coating or at least the at least one antiviral coating each comprises at least one medium, at least one agent, at least one active ingredient or at least one biocidal component which provides the antibacterial and/or antiviral properties to the respective coating or which is the cause for the antibacterial and/or antiviral properties of the respective coating. The at least one medium, at least one agent, at least one active ingredient or at least one biocidal component is preferably incorporated into a base structure, base material, base compound or base layer, preferably in a minor content. The base structure, base material, base compound or base layer in the context of the present invention is called matrix.

Alternatively or in addition to the at least one antibacterial coating or to the at least one antiviral coating mentioned before, each coating of the spectacle lens comprising at least one medium, at least one agent, at least one active ingredient or at least one biocidal component providing antibacterial and/or antiviral properties to the respective coating or causing antibacterial and/or antiviral properties of the respective coating, constitutes a matrix for the at least one medium, the at least one agent, the at least one active ingredient or the at least one biocidal component.

Preferably the at least one medium, the at least one agent, the at least one active ingredient or the at least one biocidal component is not applied or deposited simultaneously with the matrix.

The at least one medium, the at least one agent, the at least one active ingredient or the at least one biocidal component is summarized as at least one biocidal component hereinafter.

Cluster

In the context of the present invention “cluster” shall mean a collection of atoms or molecules comprising preferably between 10² and 10⁷ atoms or molecules, further preferably between 10² and 2-10⁶ atoms or molecules. The atoms or molecules within a cluster may be of the identical type or of a different type.

Data carrier

Data carrier is any medium that is capable of holding computer-readable data. Examples are the hard drives and thumb drives used with computers.

Data carrier signal

Data carrier signal is a structure of how information is transferred or transmitted, e.g., in a network; the data carrier signal may be transferred or transmitted as a modulation such as in binary code or in pulses and may be contained in a packet.

In a first embodiment of the invention the spectacle lens comprises a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component, the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual molecules and/or the at least two individual clusters each being located at least partially on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and

(iii) optionally at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, the optional at least one coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

In case, the spectacle lens comprises the at least one coating (iii), preferably the at least one coating (iii) is the outermost coating thereof and preferably is selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, preferably one clean coating, and at least one anti-fog coating, preferably one antifog coating. In case, the spectacle lens comprises the at least one coating (i) and the at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component (ii), preferably the at least one coating (i) is next to but not necessarily directly adjacent to an uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the at least one coating (i). The at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component (ii) are preferably forming a discontinuous layer or an island shaped film on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i). The nominal layer thickness said discontinuous layer or island shaped film preferably is less than 12 nm, further preferably less than 10 nm, more preferably less than 8 nm and most preferably less than 6 nm. The nominal layer thickness is the layer thickness in case a closed or continuous layer would have been formed instead of the discontinuous layer or island shaped film. The nominal layer thickness preferably is measured via quartz crystal microbalance during deposition of the at least one biocidal component.

The at least one coating (i) preferably comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one primer coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating, at least one mirror coating, at least one antibacterial coating, at least one antiviral coating, at least one photochromic primer coating and at least one photochromic coating. Further preferably, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one photochromic coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating. Further preferably, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one hard coating, at least one mirror coating and at least one anti- reflective coating. More preferably, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one hard coating and at least one anti-reflective coating; or consisting of at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating.

Additionally or alternatively, the at least one coating (i) preferably comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon. The before mentioned at least one layer preferably has a layer thickness in the range of from 10 nm to 300 nm, further preferably from 20 nm to 270 nm, further preferably from 30 nm to 250 nm, more preferably from 40 nm to 230 nm and most preferably from 50 nm to 210 nm. The layer thickness preferably is measured via quartz crystal microbalance during deposition of the at least one layer or via cross sectioning and analyzing scaled scanning transmission electron microscope (S- TEM) or transmission electron microscope (TEM) pictures. The higher the layer thickness of said at least one layer is, the higher the contribution of the said at least one layer to the scratch resistance of the spectacle lens is.

The at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i), may be directly applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface and/or to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate. The at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i), and the at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component (ii) are at least applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate, thus preferably preventing the spectacle lens wearer from coming into contact with viruses and/or bacteria being for example exhaled by a third person. In case the at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i), is applied to the precoated front surface and/or to the precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, the respective precoated surface of the spectacle lens preferably comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating, at least one primer coating and at least one hard coating. In case all the before mentioned coatings are applied to the uncoated front surface and/or to the uncoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, the at least one photochromic primer coating, preferably one photochromic primer coating, is next and preferably adjacent to the respective uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate, and the at least one hard coating, preferably one hard coating, is the coating farthest away from the respective uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate to be coated herewith. Further preferably, the respective precoated surface of the spectacle lens comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one primer coating and at least one hard coating. In this case, the at least one primer coating, preferably one primer coating, is applied next and preferably adjacent to the uncoated front surface and/or to the uncoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, whereas the at least one hard coating, preferably one hard coating, is the coating farthest away from the respective uncoated spectacle lens substrate to be coated herewith. Further, in case the at least one coating (i) preferably comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon, preferably one layer thereof being applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or preferably one layer thereof being applied to uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, the respective precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one primer coating, preferably one primer coating, at least one hard coating, preferably one hard coating, at least one anti- reflective coating, preferably one anti-reflective coating, and at least one mirror coating, preferably one mirror coating. Preferably, in case the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon, said at least one layer, preferably one layer, is applied to the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate to be coated therewith.

In case, both the front surface and the back surface of the spectacle lens comprises at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i) selected from one of the above mentioned coatings, the coating (i) applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate and the coating (i) applied to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may be of identical type or of different type.

The at least one biocidal component preferably comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of at least one metal, at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and at least one metal oxynitride, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and iron. Further preferably, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper and zinc. More preferably, the at least one biocidal component is applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) as at least one metal. The at least one metal preferably comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and iron, further preferably of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, zinc and iron and more preferably of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver and zinc. Most preferably, the at least one metal comprises or consists of silver. The outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) is the surface which is farthest away from the surface of the spectacle lens substrate which in turn comprises the at least one coating (i).

The at least one biocidal component is intended to provide antibacterial and/or antiviral properties to the surface of the spectacle lens comprising the at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component (ii).

Preferably, the at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component (ii), each are located at least partially on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i). At least partially on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) means that preferably the at least one biocidal component is applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), thus preferably forming the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual molecules and/or the at least two individual clusters on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), but that the least one biocidal component may at least partially diffuse at least into this at least one coating (i). Preferably, at least within the at least one coating (i) the at least one biocidal component forms at least two individual atoms and/or at least two individual molecules and/or at least two individual clusters, each further preferably at least distributed within said at least one coating (i).

After the at least partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) at least into said at least one coating (i), at least said at least one coating (i) constitutes a matrix for the at least one biocidal component. Preferably at the latest with the at least partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component at least into the at least one coating (i), the at least one biocidal component distributes at least within the at least one coating (i) as individual atoms and/or individual molecules and/or individual clusters.

With diffusing into the at least one coating (i), the at least one biocidal component applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) may result in a concentration gradient of the at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component (ii) within the at least one coating (i). The concentration thereof within the at least one coating (i) may be the higher the nearer the at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component (ii) are to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i). In case, the front surface and/or the back surface of the spectacle lens comprises a hard coating as coating (i) for example and the at least one biocidal component is applied to at least one of the outermost surfaces of the hard coating or deposited on at least one of the outermost surfaces of the hard coating, i.e. the outermost surface of the front surface and/or the outermost surface of the back surface of the spectacle lens, then the at least one biocidal component at least partially diffuses into the respective hard coating underneath. Thus, the resulting spectacle lens comprises at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component (ii) at least on top of the outermost surface of the respective hard coating and within the respective hard coating.

In the case, the front surface and/or the back surface of the spectacle lens comprises the before mentioned at least one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon, as coating (i) for example, said at least one layer preferably exhibiting no or low anti-reflective properties, and the at least one biocidal component is applied to at least one of the outermost surfaces of the layer or deposited on at least one of the outermost surfaces of the layer, i.e. the outermost surface of the front surface and/or the outermost surface of the back surface of the spectacle lens, then the at least one biocidal component at least partially diffuses into the respective layer underneath. Thus, the resulting spectacle lens comprises at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component (ii) at least on top of the outermost surface of the respective layer and within the respective layer.

In case, the front surface and/or the back surface of the spectacle lens comprises an anti-reflective coating and/or a mirror coating for example, each coating comprising at least two stack layers, and the at least one biocidal component is applied to at least one of the outermost surfaces of the outermost stack layer of the respective coating, i.e. the stack layer of the at least two stack layers which is farthest away from the spectacle lens surface which comprises the respective coating, then the at least one biocidal component at least partially diffuses into at least the respective outermost stack layer underneath and optionally into at least one further stack layer of the anti-reflective coating and/or the mirror coating. Thus, the resulting spectacle lens comprises at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component (ii) at least on top of the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer and at least within the outermost stack layer of the anti-reflective coating and/or the mirror coating.

Preferably, the at least one biocidal component applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) results in a plurality of individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or a plurality of individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component and/or a plurality of individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component. Preferably, the maximum expansion of each individual cluster of the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one of the following maximum expansions:

(a) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

(b) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

(c) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

(d) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 20 nm,

(e) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 15 nm,

(f) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 10 nm,

(g) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm,

(h) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 15 nm,

(i) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm.

The before mentioned values or the before mentioned ranges for the maximum expansion of an individual cluster apply for an individual cluster on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) as well as for an individual cluster within the at least one coating (i), preferably the at least one coating (i) to which the at least one biocidal component has been applied or on which the at least one biocidal component has been deposited. Within at least one coating (i) means within one single coating, e.g. within a hard coating or within a photochromic coating, as well as within at least one stack layer of a coating comprising at least two stack layers, e.g. within at least the outermost stack layer of an anti-reflective coating or within at least the outermost stack layer of a mirror coating. Preferably, the outermost stack layer is the stack layer of the respective coating to which the at least one biocidal component has been applied or on which the at least one biocidal component has been deposited. The maximum expansion of at least two individual clusters, preferably of each individual cluster of the plurality of individual clusters, may be identical or different, the maximum expansion preferably selected from at least one of the before mentioned values or the before mentioned ranges. Preferably, the maximum expansion of at least two individual clusters, preferably of each individual cluster of the plurality of individual clusters, is different from each other.

Maximum expansion preferably means the dimension with the largest expansion. For example, the maximum expansion of a sphere is its diameter. The maximum expansion of an ellipsoid is the longest of its symmetry or principle axes. Since increasing maximum expansions of the at least two individual clusters reduce the transmission of the spectacle lens the maximum expansion of the individual clusters preferably may not exceed the before mentioned values or the before mentioned ranges. On the other hand, since inter alia the maximum expansion of the at least two individual clusters influences the antibacterial and/or antiviral properties of the spectacle lens, their maximum expansion preferably shall not be below 0.4 nm, preferably not below 0.3 nm.

The maximum expansion of individual clusters within or on top a coating or stack layer can be measured by advanced analysis techniques, preferably by (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), for example with the Hitachi HF 5000, a high resolution TEM/STEM by imaging and directly measuring the cluster expansion. Before analysis, a cross-section of the respective spectacle lens has to be prepared either by ultra-microtomy (e.g. Leica EM UC7), focused ion beam technique (e.g. Zeiss Auriga), ion milling (e.g. IM4000Plus) or by cooling the respective spectacle lens with liquid nitrogen and breaking it manually. It shall be mentioned here, that the at least one coating (i), the at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component (ii) and optionally at least one coating (iii) may be applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface and/or to the uncoated or precoated back surface of a spectacle lens substrate. Preferably, the at least one coating (i), the at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component (ii) and optionally the at least one coating (iii) are at least applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of a spectacle lens substrate. This measure shall prevent from being infected by injurious viruses and/or bacteria being exhaled by third persons. In case, the at least one coating (i), the at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or the least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component (ii) and optionally the at least one coating (iii) are applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of a spectacle lens substrate only, the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise at least one coating (i) and optionally at least one coating (iii). In case the at least one coating (i), the at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component (ii) and optionally the at least one coating (iii) may be applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface and to the uncoated or precoated back surface of a spectacle lens substrate, the type of the at least one biocidal component applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) on the front surface and the type of the at least one biocidal component applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) on the back surface may be identical or different. Preferably, the type of the at least one biocidal component applied to or deposited on the outermost surface at least one coating (i) on the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate is identical to the type of the at least one biocidal component applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) on the back surface of the spectacle lens substrate. Further, the nominal layer thickness in which the at least one biocidal component is applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) on the front surface and the nominal layer thickness in which the at least one biocidal component is applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) on the back surface may be identical or different. Preferably, in case the at least one biocidal component, further preferably the identical type of the at least one biocidal component, is applied to or deposited on the respective outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), the at least one coating (i) being identical at least with respect to the composition and/or the sequence of the stack layers and their respective composition on the uncoated or precoated front surface and the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, the respective nominal layer thickness of the at least one biocidal component is identical. Further, the at least one coating (i) to whose outermost surface the at least one biocidal component is applied to or on whose outermost surface the at least one biocidal component is deposited on may comprise the identical type of coating or the identical coating or a different type of coating or a different coating on the front surface and on the back surface of the spectacle lens substrate. Preferably, the partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) results in a substance proportion of said at least one biocidal component in said at least one coating (i) being less than 3.5 at%, further preferably less than 3.0 at% and more preferably less than 2.5 at%, each with respect to the at least one coating (i).

It has been found that in case the substance proportion of said at least one biocidal component in said at least one coating preferably being in the range between 0.001 at% and 3.5 at%, or being in the range between 0.01 at% and 3.0 at%, or being in the range between 0.1 at% and 2.5 at%, each with respect to the at least one coating (i), transmission properties as well as antibacterial and/or antiviral properties are most suitable in order to fulfill a spectacle lens wearers’ needs.

Preferably, the partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component applied to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i) consisting of a hard coating, results in a substance proportion of said at least one biocidal component in said hard coating being less than 3.5 at%, further preferably less than 3.0 at% and more preferably less than 2.5 at%, each with respect to said hard coating.

The substance proportion preferably is defined as the number of atoms of the at least one biocidal component divided by the total number of atoms in the at least one coating (i). The substance proportion preferably is determined by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The substance proportion is preferably determined within a period of 72 h, preferably 48 h, after the at least one biocidal component has been applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of said at least one coating (i). After that period the substance proportion of said at least one biocidal component may slightly deviate from the above-mentioned ranges, preferably slightly deviates within a range of ±20%, further preferably of ±15%, each relative to the substance proportion determined within a period of 24 h after the at least one biocidal component has been applied or deposited on the outermost surface of said at least one coating (i). This slight deviation is assumed to be due to a further diffusion of said at least one biocidal component into at least one coating underneath said at least one coating (i) and/or into the spectacle lens substrate.

In case, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one anti-reflective coating and/or at least one mirror coating, said anti-reflective coating and said mirror coating each comprising at least two stack layers, the outermost stack layer thereof preferably has a thickness within at least one of the following ranges: a) said outermost stack layer having a thickness in a range of 1 nm to 250 nm, b) said outermost stack layer having a thickness in a range of 1 nm to 140 nm, c) said outermost stack layer having a thickness in a range of 2 nm to 130 nm, d) said outermost stack layer having a thickness in a range of 3 nm to 120 nm, e) said outermost stack layer having a thickness in a range of 4 nm to 115 nm.

The outermost stack layer mentioned before may be part of an anti-reflective coating stack or of a mirror coating stack or said outermost stack layer may be an additional stack layer to an anti-reflective coating stack or to a mirror coating. In both alternatives the outermost stack layer is the stack layer being farthest away from the surface of the spectacle lens substrate coated therewith. The before mentioned thickness ranges for said outermost stack layer are suitable as well for the additionally to typical anti-reflective coating stacks or mirror coating stacks applied stack layer. The lower limit is a result of providing sufficient antiviral and/or antibacterial activity. The upper limit is a result of a relationship between providing sufficient antiviral and/or antibacterial activity, providing sufficient transparency to the spectacle lens, providing the interference effect required and limiting the overall content of biocidal compound to the required amount.

In case, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one anti-reflective coating and/or at least one mirror coating, said anti-reflective coating and said mirror coating each comprising at least two stack layers, the outermost stack layer thereof, preferably being an outermost stack layer as described before, comprises or consists of at least one component selected from the group consisting of at least one metal, at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride, and at least one metal sulfide, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silicon, titanium, aluminum, chromium, indium, tin and zirconium. Preferably, the at least one metal is selected from the group consisting of silicon, titanium and aluminum, more preferably from the group consisting of silicon and titanium. Most preferably, in case the at least one coating (i) comprising at least two stack layers is an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating, the outermost stack layer thereof, i.e. the stack layer which is the stack layer farthest away from the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate which comprises this anti-reflective coating or this mirror coating, preferably comprises or consists of at least one silicon oxide, preferably S1O2, at least one silicon hydroxide, at least one silicon oxide hydrate, at least one silicon nitride, at least one silicon oxynitride and/or at least one silicon sulfide. Said outermost stack layer thus constitutes a silicon based matrix, preferably a S1O2 matrix, for the at least one biocidal component, the at least one biocidal component preferably being present as at least two individual atoms, preferably as a plurality of individual atoms, and/or as at least two individual molecules, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or as at least two individual clusters, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, within said silicon based matrix. Preferably, the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, the at least one biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is within at least one of the following ranges: a. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is less than 3.5 at%, b. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is less than 3.0 at%, c. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is less than 2.5 at%, d. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.8 at% and 3.5 at%, e. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.9 at% and 3.0 at%, f. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 1 .0 at% and 2.5 at%. Preferably said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating comprises, additionally to the outermost stack layer, at least one additional stack layer comprising or consisting of at least one silicon oxide, preferably S1O2, at least one silicon hydroxide, at least one silicon oxide hydroxide, at least one silicon nitride, at least one silicon oxynitride and/or at least one silicon sulfide. Preferably, said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating comprises in between the outermost stack layer and the additional layer at least one stack layer comprising or consisting of another material, preferably at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride, at least one metal oxide hydrate and at least one metal sulfide, each metal comprises or consists of titanium, aluminum, indium, tin and/or zirconium. The at least one biocidal component applied to or deposited on the outermost stack layer then may diffuse into said outermost stack layer as well as into said at least one additional stack layer, both the outermost stack layer as well as the additional stack layer are constituting a silicon based matrix, preferably a S1O2 matrix, for the at least one biocidal component. Preferably, the at least one biocidal component is present in said outermost stack layer constituting said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, as well as in the additional stack layer constituting said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably said additional S1O2 matrix, as at least two individual atoms, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or as at least two individual molecules, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or as at least two individual clusters, preferably a plurality of individual clusters. Further preferably, the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, the at least one biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is less than 0.25 at%, b) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is less than 0.2 at%, c) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is less than 0.15 at%, d) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.01 at% and 0.25 at%, e) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.01 at% and 0.2 at%, f) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.01 at% and 0.15 at%.

The before mentioned values and ranges for the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component in the additional silicon-based matrix, shall apply to the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component in each additional silicon-based matrix of the at least one anti-reflective coating or of the at least one mirror coating as well.

In case the outermost stack layer of the at least one anti-reflective coating or of the at least one mirror coating each comprises or consists of at least one titanium oxide, preferably T1O2, at least one titanium hydroxide, at least one titanium oxide hydroxide, at least one titanium nitride, at least one titanium oxynitride and/or at least one titanium sulfide, said outermost stack layer constitutes a titanium-based matrix, preferably a T1O2 matrix, for the at least one biocidal component applied to or deposited on the surface of the outermost stack layer. The at least one biocidal component is present as at least two individual atoms, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or as at least two individual molecules, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or as at least two individual clusters, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, within said titanium-based matrix. The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, said biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is less than 2.0 at%, b. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .8 at%, c. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .7 at%, d. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.2 at% and 2.0 at%, e. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.25 at% and 1 .8 at%, f. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.3 at% and 1 .7 at%.

In case said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating comprises at least one additional stack layer comprising or consisting of at least one titanium oxide, preferably T1O2, at least one titanium hydroxide, at least one titanium oxide hydrate, at least one titanium nitride, at least one titanium oxynitride and/or at least one titanium sulfide, said additional stack layer constituting an additional titanium-based matrix for the at least one biocidal component deposited on the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer of the respective coating and at least partially diffusing into said outermost stack layer as well as in at least one stack layer underneath. Preferably, the at least one anti-reflective coating or the at least one mirror coating comprises in between the outermost stack layer and the additional stack layer at least one stack layer comprising or consisting of another material, preferably at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride, at least one metal oxide hydrate and at least one metal sulfide, each metal comprises or consists of silicon, aluminum, indium and/or tin. The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, said biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .5 at%, b. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .3 at%, c. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .1 at%, d. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.2 at% and 1 .5 at%, e. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.25 at% and 1.3 at%, f. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.3 at% and 1.1 at%.

The before mentioned values and ranges for the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component in the additional titanium-based matrix, shall apply to the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component in each additional titanium-based matrix of the at least one anti-reflective coating or of the at least one mirror coating as well.

In a preferred embodiment, the spectacle lens comprises at least one coating (i) and at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver, and/or at least two clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver (ii). The individual atoms and/or the clusters are located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and, as described before, are diffused at least partially in the at least one coating (i), optionally in at least one coating underneath said at least one coating (i) and/or in the spectacle lens substrate. The total content of metallic silver of the spectacle lens preferably is within a range of K = 5-10⁴ to 1 -10⁴, more preferably of K = 8-10⁴ to 8-10² and most preferably of 1 -10³ to 5-10², with K = and / Ag_s = integral of metallic silver

measured in the spectacle lens and / Ag_ 0 = integral of metallic silver measured in a sheet of pure silver as reference. The total content of metallic silver preferably is determined by means of energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), preferably in the geometrical center (± 20 mm) from top of the front surface and/or the back surface of the spectacle lens, preferably by using the EDX-Device Oxford Instruments INCA x-ACT and the scanning electron microscope Zeiss Auriga. The Ag La line is evaluated at a characteristic energy of 2.984 keV. Preferably the EDX parameters are set as follows: i. electron beam gun energy 10 kV, ii. detector energy range: 0 - 10 kV, iii. measurement duration fixed by a Lifetime of 300 s, iv. working distance WD = 5 mm and v. measured area between 0.5 mm² and 2 mm² on the front surface and/or the back surface of the spectacle lens.

Preferably the value of the integral / Ag_s and the value of the integral / Ag_ 0 each are obtained as follows: i. measurement of a sheet of pure silver, preferably with at least 99.9 at % purity, using the before mentioned EDX parameters, ii. measurement from top the front surface and/or from top of the back surface of the spectacle lens, using the before mentioned EDX parameters, iii. use if the EDX spectrum (counts versus energy) for further evaluation, which includes the subtraction of a linear baseline from the EDX spectrum between 2.85 keV and 3.1 keV and, after the baseline subtraction, the integration of the counts of the EDX spectrum between 2.85 keV and 3.1 keV, resulting in a value for the integral / Ag_ 0 of metallic silver measured in a sheet of pure silver as reference and resulting in a value for the integral / Ag_s of metallic silver measured in the spectacle lens.

The before mentioned ranges for K shall apply in case the spectacle lens comprises the at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver, and/or at least two clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver (ii) on the front surface of the spectacle lens or on the back surface of the spectacle lens. The before mentioned ranges for K shall apply but well in case the spectacle lens comprises the at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver, and/or at least two clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver (ii) on the front surface and on the back surface of the spectacle lens. K is evaluated individually for front surface and back surface.

In a more preferred embodiment, the spectacle lens comprises at least one coating (i) and at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver, and/or at least two clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver (ii). The individual atoms and/or the clusters are located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and, as described before, are diffused at least partially in the at least one coating (i), optionally in at least one coating underneath said at least one coating (i) and/or in the spectacle lens substrate. The total content of metallic silver of the spectacle lens preferably is in a range of from 0.05 at% to 0.50 at%, more preferably from 0.08 at% to 0.45 at% and most preferably from 0.10 at% to 0.40 at%. The total content of metallic silver preferably is determined by means of EDX mapping of an approximately 50 nm thick lamella of a cross-section of one surface of the spectacle lens, the cross-section preferably obtained via focused ion beam (FIB). “Approximately” 50 nm thick means preferably a lamella thickness of the cross-section of 50 nm ±

20 nm. The lamella preferably comprises at least the coating (i) and at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver, and/or at least two clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver (ii), being deposited on top of the said coating (i). For the EDX mapping of all elements of said lamella of the cross-section preferably a S-TEM/EDX device is used (EDX-Device Oxford Instruments INCA x-ACT, S-TEM Hitachi HF5000). For the determination of the total content of metallic silver the L-alpha series with the main peak at 2.984 keV is used. The EDX mapping of all elements of said lamella of the cross-section is preferably done in a specified area of interest, the total area of interest is integrated, and the total content of metallic silver is calculated. Said specified area of interest comprises the at least one coating (i) and the individual atoms of metallic silver and/or the individual clusters of metallic silver (ii) located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i). In case the at least one coating (i) is a hard coating or a photochromic coating, said area of interest preferably comprises 400 nm of the respective coating perpendicular to the surface of the spectacle lens. In case the at least one coating (i) is an anti-reflection coating or a mirror coating, said area of interest preferably comprises all stack layers of the respective coating. The before mentioned ranges for the total content of metallic silver apply to all the before mentioned areas of interest of the front surface or of the back surface of the spectacle lens. In case, the spectacle lens comprises at least one coating (i) and at least two individual atoms of metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic copper, and/or at least two clusters comprising or consisting of metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic copper (ii), the total content of the metallic copper preferably is determined analogously by evaluating the Ka series with the main line at 8.046 keV.

An additional or alternative second embodiment to the first embodiment described above is a spectacle lens which comprises a spectacle lens substrate, preferably comprising i. a glass or ii. at least one glass, preferably at least one thin glass, and at least one thermoplastic hard resin and/or at least one thermosetting hard resin and

(i) at least one coating comprising or consisting of at least one anti-reflective coating and/or at least one mirror coating, each coating comprising or consisting of at least two stack layers,

(ii) at least two individual atoms comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or at least two individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver, the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual clusters each being located at least partially on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and

In this second embodiment the at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i), applied to or deposited on the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate and the at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i), applied to or deposited on the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may be of the identical type or of a different type. Of identical type means that both the uncoated or precoated front surface and the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprise an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating. Of different type means that the one of the uncoated or precoated surfaces comprises an anti-reflective coating and the other one a mirror coating. Preferably, in this second embodiment the at least one coating (i), preferably one coating (i), comprises or consists of an anti-reflective coating comprising at least, beginning from the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate to be coated therewith, a) 0.74131 ·lo/4·M to 0.89369·lo/4·M; 0.34275·lo/4·I_ to 0.41206·lo/4·I_; 0.54089·lo/4·M to 0.65207·lo/4·M; 0.70021 -lo/4-L to 0.84181 -lo/4-L; 0.65779·lo/4·M to 0.79301 ·lo/4·M; 0.12950·lo/4·H to 0.16235·lo/4·H; 0.49624·lo/4·M to 0.59825·lo/4·M; 0.28033·lo/4·H to 0.35143·lo/4·H, 1 03563·lo/4·I_ to 1 24528·lo/4·I_; or b) 0.64253·lo/4·M to 0.77461 ·lo/4·M; 0.29675·lo/4·I_ to 0.35676·lo/4·I_; 0.27260·lo/4·M to 0.32864·lo/4·M; 0.75891 -lo/4-L to 0.91237·lo/4·I_; 0.90476·lo/4·M to 1 09075·lo/4·M;

0.10051 ·lo/4·H to 0.12600·lo/4·H; 0.37747·lo/4·M to 0.45506·lo/4·M; 0.80453·lo/4·I_ to 0.96739·lo/4·I_; or c) 0.19459·lo/4·I_ to 0.23394·lo/4·I_; 0.60931 ·lo/4·M to 0.73457·lo/4·M; 0.51278·lo/4·I_ to 0.61648·lo/4·I_; 0.45267·lo/4·M to 0.54573·lo/4·M; 0.48976·lo/4·I_ to 0.58880·lo/4·I_; 0.64177·lo/4·M to 0.77369·lo/4·M; 0.18388·lo/4·H to 0.23052·lo/4·H; 0.50401 ·lo/4·M to 0.60762·lo/4·M;

0.31035·lo/4·H to 0.38910·lo/4·H; 1 03965·lo/4·I_ to 1 .25011 -lo/4-L; wherein in each layer sequence mentioned before lo preferably is selected from any wavelength in the range of from 500 nm to 600 nm, the refractive indices of M, L, H preferably are wavelength dependent, M preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1 .599 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .614 at 500 nm to 1 .606 at 600 nm, L preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .473 at 380 nm to 1.456 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .462 at 500 nm and 1 .459 at 600 nm, H preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 2.440 at 500 nm and 2.336 at 600 nm. Preferably, M is Al_xO_y, wherein x is 1 .5 to 2.5, preferably 2, and y is 2.5 to 3.5, preferably 3; L is SiO_z, wherein z is 1 .5 to 2.5, preferably 2; H is TiaOb, wherein a is 0.5 to 1 .5, preferably 1 , and b is 1 .5 to 2.5, preferably 2; or NbcOd wherein c is 1.5 to 2.5, preferably 2, and d is 4.5 to 5.5, preferably 5. Alternatively, the layer M preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .750 at 380 nm to 1 .701 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .724 at 500 nm to 1 .712 at 600 nm. In this alternative, M comprises or consists of Pr_eO_f , wherein e is 1 .0 to 6 and f is 2.0 to 11 , preferably e is 6 and f is 11 , or the layer M comprises or consists of a mixture of Al_xO_y and Pr_eO_f or a mixed oxide of Al and Pr. Commercially available products comprising an oxide of Al and Pr are for example Paso I, Paso II and Paso III, all company Umicore. In each anti-reflective coating comprising at least two layers of M and/or at least two layers of H the respective layer M or H may comprise or consist of the identical composition or of a different composition.

As described before, the at least partial diffusion of the metallic silver applied to the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer or deposited on the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer, i.e. the stack layer being farthest away from the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the anti-reflective coating or the mirror coating, at least in the respective outermost stack layer as well as in any stack layer underneath said respective outermost stack layer, results in a distribution of at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms and/or of at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, throughout the anti-reflective coating or throughout the mirror coating. The total content of metallic silver in the anti-reflective coating or in the mirror is, preferably determined via EDX mapping as described before, preferably is within a range of from 0.05 at% to 0.50 at%, more preferably from 0.08 at% to 0.45 at% and most preferably from 0.10 at% to 0.40 at%.

With respect to the maximum dimension of the individual clusters reference is made to the foregoing remarks.

Preferably, the at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or the at least two individual clusters of metallic silver (ii), preferably a plurality of individual clusters, are preferably forming a discontinuous layer or an island shaped film on top of the outermost surface of the anti-reflective coating or of the mirror coating. The nominal layer thickness said discontinuous layer or island shaped film preferably is less than 12 nm, further preferably less than 10 nm, more preferably less than 8 nm and most preferably less than 6 nm. Transmission properties as well as antibacterial and/or antiviral properties are thus adjusted to fulfill a spectacle lens wearer’s needs with respect to transparency and health related antiviral and/or antibacterial effect.

Another additional or alternative third embodiment is directed to a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

In this third embodiment, the at least one coating (i) preferably is at least one coating selected from at least one layer, preferably one layer, comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydroxide, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon; at least one primer coating, preferably one primer coating, and at least one hard coating, preferably one hard coating. Each of said one layer or said primer coating or said hard coating constitutes a matrix for the metallic silver at least partially diffusing into the respective layer or coating, as described before.

According to the invention, said metallic silver in at least said one layer or at least said one primer coating or in said one hard coating and, as the case may be in at least one other coating underneath or on top thereof, and/or in the spectacle lens substrate, have all together a content of metallic silver causing a photochromic effect to the spectacle lens. Said content of the metallic silver is set such that a variation of a luminous transmittance (wo) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (wi) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) caused by said photochromic effect is within a range of the following group: 0.95,

0.98,

(C) 0.95 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(D) 0.98 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(E) 0.985 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995.

The inventors have found out that such adjustment encompasses transmission properties as well as antibacterial and/or antiviral properties being thus adjusted to fulfill the needs of a spectacle lens wearer with respect to increased/sufficient transparency and increased/sufficient health related antiviral and/or antibacterial effect.

In a preferred but optional further embodiment the luminance transmittance wo in the faded state as defined in section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) exceeds a value of 95 %, preferably 96 %, most preferably 97 %. Still another fourth additional or alternative embodiment is directed to a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate, the spectacle lens substrate preferably comprising at least one thermosetting resin and/or at least one thermoplastic resin, and

(i) at least one coating, preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one anti-reflective coating, preferably one anti- reflective coating, and at least one mirror coating, preferably one mirror coating,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component, the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual molecules and/or the at least two individual clusters each being located at least partially on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably the at least one biocidal component comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of at least one metal, at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride and at least one metal sulfide, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and iron, and

Preferably, the at least one biocidal component comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of at least one metal, at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride and at least one metal sulfide, each metal comprises or consists of silver and/or copper.

Said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating each preferably comprises a stack of at least two stack layers. Said stack comprises an outermost stack layer. At least said outermost stack layer comprises at least partially the at least one biocidal component applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer, due to the diffusion of the at least one biocidal component as described before. Said outermost surface is facing away from said spectacle lens surface. Due to the diffusion, as described before, the at least one biocidal component preferably is distributed at least throughout the whole stack of said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating, preferably in the form of at least two individual atoms, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual clusters, preferably a plurality of individual clusters.

According to the invention said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating each is designed to have a diffusivity (DF) configured to ensure an absorption of water molecules passing through said anti- reflective coating or said mirror coating into said spectacle lens substrate and a release of water molecules from said spectacle lens substrate through said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating from an air atmosphere being present on said outermost surface of said outermost stack layer. Said air atmosphere provides a moisture flow density (jo)· Said diffusivity (DF) is further configured to, starting from a first equilibrium state of the amount of water molecules absorbed in said spectacle lens substrate at an air atmosphere at 23 degrees centigrade and 50 percent relative humidity, effect a setting of a second equilibrium state of the amount of water molecules absorbed in said spectacle lens substrate at an air atmosphere at 40 degrees centigrade and 95 percent relative humidity within a first time interval. Said first time interval being at most ten hours longer than a second time interval required for a setting of said second equilibrium state starting from said first equilibrium state in an uncoated spectacle lens substrate identical to said spectacle lens substrate. Guidelines for manufacturing coatings having such diffusivity properties for water molecules are disclosed for example in EP 2 801 846 A1 or in EP 3 740 815 A1 .

Providing such diffusivity properties at least to the anti-reflective coating or at least to the mirror coating of a spectacle lens preferably being designated to provide antiviral and/or antibacterial effect enables water to enter into the respective coating and to leave the respective coating together with dissolved ions of the at least one biocidal component which in turn are prerequisite for the antiviral and/or antibacterial efficacy of the spectacle lens.

Still another fifth additional or alternative embodiment is directed to a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

In this fifth embodiment, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one layer, preferably one layer, comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydroxide, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon; at least one photochromic primer coating, preferably one photochromic primer coating; at least one photochromic coating, preferably one photochromic coating; at least one primer coating, preferably one primer coating; at least one hard coating, preferably one hard coating; at least one anti-reflective coating, preferably one anti-reflective coating; and at least one mirror coating, preferably one mirror coating. Preferably, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of said at least one layer, preferably said one layer and said at least one hard coating, preferably one hard coating. The layer thickness of said at least one layer preferably lies within a range of from 10 nm to 300 nm, further preferably from 20 nm to 270 nm, further preferably from 30 nm to 250 nm, more preferably from 40 nm to 230 nm and most preferably from 50 nm to 210 nm. Further, in this fifth embodiment, the at least one biocidal component preferably comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of at least one metal, at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride and at least one metal sulfide, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and iron. Preferably, the at least one metal is selected from the group consisting of silver, titanium and zinc, more preferably of silver and titanium and most preferably of silver. The at least one biocidal component is, as described before, applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably on the outermost surface of said one layer or said one hard coating.

The at least one coating (i) preferably is applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably at least to the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate. The at least one coating (i) applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate and the at least one coating (i) applied to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may be of the identical type or of a different type. For example, said one layer may be applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate and said hard coating may be applied to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate. In case the identical type of the at least one coating (i) may be applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface and to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably said one layer or said hard coating, at least the layer thickness and/or the composition of the at least one coating may be identical or different. Further, the type of the at least one biocidal component applied to or deposited on the at outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) may be identical or different when applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) being present on the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate or on the uncoated or precoated back surface thereof.

With the at least partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component at least into the said one layer or the said one coating on whose outermost surface the at least one biocidal component has been applied to or deposited on, at least the said one layer or the said one coating each constitutes a matrix comprising the at least one biocidal component.

According to the invention said at least one biocidal component in at least said outermost one layer or in at least said outermost one coating each has a content such that upon releasing metal ions of the respective at least one biocidal component from said spectacle lens by exposing said spectacle lens to 10 ml of deionized water at 23°C for six hours a metal ion concentration of at least 0.05 mg/I, preferably at least 0.07 mg/I, most preferably at least 0.09 mg/I being dissolved in said deionized water is measured.

In case the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydroxide, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon, constituting the matrix for the at least one biocidal component, preferably the at least one metal of the at least one biocidal component may be interstitially arranged in that matrix. In contrast to a chemical bond or an incorporation in a lattice structure, such an interstitial arrangement provides capability of dissolution in water constituting a prerequisite of antiviral and/or antibacterial activity.

Providing e.g. such dissolving properties preferably in combination with said above described substance proportion of the at least one biodical component and/or said above described individual cluster formation at least in the at least one coating (i) on top of which the at least one biocidal component has been applied to or deposited on, and/or in said above described entire coating of said spectacle lens, said spectacle lens is suitable to provide said antiviral and/or antibacterial effect. In particular, the spectacle lens properties described in the foregoing enable water to enter into the said layer or the said coating and to leave the said layer or the said coating together with dissolved metal ions which are prerequisite for the antiviral and/or antibacterial efficacy.

An alternative or additional sixth embodiment of the invention is directed to a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating (i) comprises or consists of at least one layer, preferably one layer, comprising or consisting of at least one silicon oxide, at least one silicon hydroxide, at least one silicon oxide hydroxide, at least one silicon sulfide, at least one silicon nitride and/or at least one silicon oxynitride, further preferably one layer comprising or consisting of silicon oxide, preferably S1O2, further preferably said one layer having a layer thickness in the range of from 10 nm to 300 nm, further preferably from 20 nm to 270 nm, further preferably from 30 nm to 250 nm, more preferably from 40 nm to 230 nm and most preferably from 50 nm to 210 nm,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of metallic silver and/or of metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual atoms or metallic silver or metallic copper, and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver or metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual clusters of metallic silver or metallic copper, preferably the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual clusters at least partially being located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating

(i),

(iii) optionally at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating and at least one anti-fog coating, preferably the at least one coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

The at least one coating (i) may be applied to at least one uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate. Preferably at least the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprises the at least one coating (i) and the at least two individual atoms of metallic silver and/or of metallic copper and/or the at least two individual clusters of metallic silver or metallic copper (ii), thus preventing the spectacle lens wearer’s eyes from bacteria and/or viruses exhaled by a person opposite to the spectacle lens wearer. The back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise the identical coating or a coating according to one of the before described embodiments or a different coating as explained before.

The partial diffusion of the metallic silver applied to the outermost surface of the at least one layer, preferably one layer, or deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one layer, preferably one layer, i.e. the layer being farthest away from the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the at least one layer, preferably results in a substance proportion of said metallic silver and/or said metallic in at least said one layer within at least one of the following ranges, namely: The substance proportion of said metallic silver and/or said metallic copper in said one layer is less than 3.5 at%, or less than 3.0 at%, or even less than 2.5 at%. Preferably, there is also a lower limitation with respect to the metallic silver and/or the metallic copper content: Therefore, the substance proportion of said metallic silver (Ag) in said one layer is preferably in the range between 0.8 at% and 3.5 at%, more preferably between 0.9 at% and 2.5 at%, and most preferably between 1 .0 at% and 2.5 at%.

The substance proportion preferably is defined as the number of silver atoms and/or copper atoms divided by the total number of atoms in said one layer. The determination of the substance proportion preferably is based on Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy. The substance proportion is preferably determined within a period of 72 h, preferably 48 h after the metallic silver and/or the metallic copper has been applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of said one layer. After that period the substance proportion of said metallic silver and/or said metallic copper may slightly deviate from the above-mentioned ranges. This slight deviation of preferably being within ±20%, further preferably of being within ±10%, each relative to the substance proportion determined within 24 h after the metallic silver and/or the metallic copper has been applied to or deposited on the outermost surface of said one layer, is assumed to be due to a further diffusion of the metallic silver and/or the metallic copper into at least one coating underneath said one layer and/or into the spectacle lens substrate.

An additional or alternative seventh embodiment comprises a spectacle lens comprises an uncoated spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual cluster of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual clusters,

(ii) optionally at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating , at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, preferably at least one clean coating and at least one anti-fog coating, the optional at least one coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

Preferably the at least one biocidal component comprises or consists of at least one of the biocidal components mentioned in any embodiment before. Further preferably the at least one biocidal component comprises or consists of metallic silver and/or metallic copper.

At least one of the uncoated front surface and the uncoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprises the at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component and/or the at least two individual cluster of the at least one biocidal component preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further prefer preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm. The nominal layer thickness comprises the layer thickness as described above and is determined as described above.

The at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component preferably forms an island shaped film or a discontinuous layer on the surface of the spectacle lens substrate to which the at least one biocidal component has been applied to or has been deposited on. In case the at least one biocidal component diffuses at least partially into the spectacle lens substrate, the at least one biocidal component is present within the spectacle lens substrate in form of at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component, and/or at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component, and/or at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component. Said individual clusters on top and within the spectacle lens substrate preferably are having a maximum expansion within at least one of the following ranges:

(i) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

(ii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

(iii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

(iv) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm,

(v) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 15 nm,

(vi) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm,

(vii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 20 nm,

(viii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 15 nm,

(ix) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 10 nm.

The maximum expansion of each of the at least two individual clusters may be identical or different, preferably having one of the before mentioned values or being in any one of the before mentioned ranges.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention and applying as well to all of the before mentioned embodiments is characterized in that a content of said at least one biocidal component in said spectacle lens is optionally set to killing >95% , preferably >99.9 %, of enveloped viruses as measured according to ISO 21702:2019(E).

Another preferred embodiment of the invention and applying as well to all of the before mentioned embodiments is characterized in that a content of said at least one biocidal component in said spectacle lens is optionally set to killing >95% , preferably >99.9 %, of bacteria as measured according to ISO 22196:2011 (E).

A first embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of a least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, preferably the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual molecules and/or the at least two individual clusters being located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and

(iii) optionally at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, the optional at least one coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, said method comprising at least the following steps:

- applying or depositing the at least one coating (i) to or on at least one uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably at least to or on the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate,

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, more preferably of less than 8 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of the at least one biocidal component, and optionally

- applying the at least one coating (iii) to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) and/or to the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’).

The individual steps according to the before mentioned method are consecutive steps. Preferably, the at least one coating (i) is applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface and/or to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, subsequently the at least one biocidal component (ii) is deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i). Optionally, subsequently, the at least one coating (iii) is applied. In case the at least one biocidal component forms the at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’), the adhesion between the at least one coating (iii) and the at least one coating (i) is at least comparable to the adhesion between the identical at least one coating (iii) and the identical at least one coating (i) without the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’). Particularly noteworthy is that the at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’), preferably additionally to its contribution to the antibacterial and/or antiviral efficacy of the spectacle lens, allows using established coatings as at least one coating (i) and as at least one coating (iii), preferably while maintaining or only slightly deviating from the optical properties, such as the luminous reflectance and/or the spectral reflectance, and/or the mechanical properties, such as the scratch resistance, of a spectacle lens comprising the identical at least one coating (i) and the identical at least one coating (iii) only, i.e. without the at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’).

Preferably, the deposition of the at least one biocidal component forming the at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’) needs no change of an established coating sequence applicable to at least one of the uncoated or precoated surfaces of a spectacle lens substrate.

The at least one coating (i) preferably comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon; at least one photochromic primer coating; at least one photochromic coating; at least one primer coating; at least one hard coating; at least one anti-reflective coating; and at least one mirror coating. Preferably, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon; one photochromic primer coating; one photochromic coating; one primer coating; one hard coating; one anti-reflective coating; and one mirror coating. Further preferably, the at least one coating (i) comprises at least one coating selected from the group consisting of one hard coating, one anti-reflective coating and one mirror coating, more preferably one hard coating and one anti-reflective coating; or one hard coating and one mirror coating. The before mentioned at least one layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal sulfide, at least one metal nitride and/or at least one metal oxynitride, each of silicon, preferably has a layer thickness in the range of from 10 nm to 300 nm, further preferably from 20 nm to 270 nm, further preferably from 30 nm to 250 nm, more preferably from 40 nm to 230 nm and most preferably from 50 nm to 210 nm.

The at least one coating (i) applied to an uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate may be identical to or different from the at least one coating (i) applied to an uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate. For example, the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise an anti-reflective coating as coating (i), said anti- reflective coating preferably being the coating farthest away from the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate before the deposition of the at least one biocidal component, and the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise a hard coating as coating (i), said hard coating preferably being the coating farthest away from the back surface of the spectacle lens substrate before the deposition of the at least one biocidal component. Further, the uncoated or precoated front surface and the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise the identical type of coating (i), preferably a hard coating or an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating, but the chemical composition and/or the layer thickness and/or, where applicable, the sequence of the stack layers is different.

Preferably, the at least one coating (i) is the outermost coating of the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the at least one coating (i) before the at least one biocidal component is deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i).

The at least one biocidal component is deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) and forms, preferably during the deposition of said biocidal component, a discontinuous layer (ii). The at least one biocidal component preferably comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of at least one metal, at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride and at least one metal sulfide, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and iron. Preferably, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, zinc and iron, further preferably of silver, copper and zinc, and more preferably of silver and zinc. Most preferably, the at least one metal of each component comprises or consists of silver. The at least one biocidal component is deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably in a nominal layer thickness ranging from 0.3 nm to 12 nm, further preferably from 0.5 nm to 10 nm, more preferably from 0.7 nm to 8 nm and most preferably from 0.9 nm to 6 nm. The term nominal layer thickness refers to the layer thickness of the at least one biocidal component which should have been deposited as closed or continuous layer on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), but spontaneously reorganizes itself into an island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’). The spontaneous reorganization of a deposited at least one continuous layer of the at least one biocidal component into the resulting at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) occurs during the deposition of the at least one biocidal component. Alternatively, the at least island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) is formed during the deposition the at least one biocidal component without forming a closed or continuous layer on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i). In case the deposited at least one biocidal component forms and remains at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), the nominal layer thickness thereof preferably refers to the layer thickness that would have been measured if a corresponding closed or continuous layer would have been formed and remained. An indirect possibility to measure the nominal thickness of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii) preferably is the quartz crystal microbalance during deposition. An alternative, direct possibility to measure the nominal layer thickness of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’) preferably is to deposit the at least one biocidal component on a surface of a substrate on which the at least one biocidal component forms and remains a closed or continuous layer and does not spontaneously reorganize itself into an island shaped film or discontinuous layer. Preferably, the at least one biocidal component is not diffusing into said surface of said substrate. The respective layer thickness then preferably is measured by preparing a cross-section of preferably at least said substrate comprising said closed or continuous layer and recording scaled pictures with a scanning electron microscope, preferably a scanning electron microscope of the Zeiss Auriga series, company Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH. Preferably, the at least one biocidal component comprises or consists of metallic silver, which, when deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) preferably in a nominal layer thickness of preferably ranging from 0.2 nm to 12 nm, further preferably from 0.4 nm to 10 nm, more preferably from 0.6 nm to 9 nm, more preferably from 0.7 nm to 7 nm and most preferably from 0.8 nm to 6 nm, results an island shaped film or discontinuous layer.

Preferably, the at least one biocidal component is deposited by evaporation on the outermost surface of the at least one coating. The evaporation may be an electron beam evaporation or a thermal evaporation, preferably an electron beam evaporation, further preferably an electron beam evaporation with ion beam assistance. Preferably, at least one ion source for ion beam assistance or for the below mentioned aftertreatment with at least one ion beam is having the following characteristics: The type of ion source is an End-Hall type, e.g. Mark II+ from Veeco, Planeview, New York 11803, U.S.A. The ions preferably are oxygen ions and/or argon ions, each with an energy between 80 eVto 100 eV under vacuum conditions of typically between 2 to 6x10-4 mbar. Under these conditions the ion current density at the spectacle lens substrate location is between 30 to 50 pA/cm². In said type of ion source the ion beam is neutralized by an emission of electrons. In addition to the oxygen and/or argon ions leaving the ion source molecular oxygen is optionally added to the vacuum chamber.

Preferably, the at least one biocidal component at least partially diffuses at least into the at least one coating (i) underneath, i.e. at least into the at least one coating (i) on whose outermost surface the at least one biocidal component has been deposited on. The partial diffusion at least into the at least one coating (i) may occur over time. Additionally or alternatively, the partial diffusion at least into the at least one coating (i) may be accelerated by an ion beam assisted deposition of the at least one biocidal component, optionally at a higher temperature as usually used for the respective deposition, or may be accelerated by an aftertreatment of the spectacle lens comprising the at least one coating (i) and the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’). The aftertreatment of the spectacle lens may comprise for example an exposure to moisture and/or at least one treatment with at least one ion beam. In case, only one of the uncoated or precoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), it is self-evident that the before mentioned acceleration or aftertreatments are preferably applied to the respective surface the at least one biocidal component has been deposited on. Further, the at least one biocidal component may not only partially diffuse into said at least one coating (i), but also into at least one coating underneath said at least one coating (i). At least one coating underneath said at least one coating (i) hereby means a coating nearer to the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate that comprises said at least one coating underneath and said at least one coating (i). The at least one coating underneath may be any coating in between the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and the at least one coating (i). In case of a coating comprising at least two stack layers, as for example an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating, the at least partial diffusion into the at least one coating (i) preferably comprises the at least partial diffusion into the outermost stack layer of the respective coating. The at least one coating underneath then comprises at least one of the stack layers of said anti-reflective coating or of said mirror coating nearer to the uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate as well. At least depending on the composition of each of those coatings or of each of those stack layers respectively, the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal in each of those coatings and/or in each of those stack layer may vary, thus not necessarily resulting in a constantly decreasing substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component in a coating and/or stack layer being nearer to the spectacle lens substrate. Further, the at least one biocidal component may at least partially diffuse into the spectacle lens substrate, and optionally through the spectacle lens substrate into the coating applied to the respective opposite surface of the spectacle lens. So, even in case the at least one biocidal component has been deposited only on the at least one coating (i) of the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate, the at least one biocidal component may be found in the spectacle lens substrate as well as in the coating of the back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, and vice versa. In case the spectacle lens comprises at least one coating (iii), the at least one biocidal component may preferably additionally at least partially diffuse into said coating (iii).

Summarizing, the method optionally comprises after the deposition of the at least one biocidal component the following additional step:

- after treating the deposited at least one biocidal component with at least one ion beam.

Preferably, the at least partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) results in a substance proportion of said biocidal component in said coating (i) of being less than 3.5 at%, further preferably less than 3.0 at% and more preferably less than 2.5 at%, each based on the total number of atoms in said coating (i). It has been found that in case the substance proportion of said at least in said at least one coating (i) being in the range between 0.8 at% and 3.5 at%, or being in the range between 0.9 at% and 3.0 at%, or being in the range between 1.0 at% and 2.5 at%, transmission properties as well as antibacterial and/or antiviral properties of the spectacle lens are most suitable in order to fulfill a spectacle lens wearers’ needs. The before mentioned ranges preferably apply for a determination within a period of 72 h, preferably 48 h after the said biocidal component has been deposited on the outermost surface of said (i). After that period the substance proportion of said biocidal component may slightly deviate from the above-mentioned ranges. In a preferred embodiment, the before mentioned ranges apply to at least one biocidal component comprising or consisting of metallic silver.

The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component preferably is determined by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS).

It has been found in addition that the overall optical and antiviral and/or antibacterial properties of the spectacle lens may be improved if not only said coating (i) comprises a certain amount of said biocidal component but also the at least one coating underneath. Therefore, according to a further preferred embodiment at least one coating in addition to said coating (i) may comprise said biocidal component, said biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver.

In case the at least one coating (i) comprises or consists of an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating, said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating each comprises of at least two stack layers. Preferably, the anti-reflective coating or the mirror coating each comprises at least two stack layers and <20 stack layers, further preferably <17 stack layers, more preferably <15 stack layers and most preferably <13 stack layers. The outermost stack layer thereof preferably has a layer thickness within at least one of the following ranges: a. a range of 1 nm to 250 nm, b. a range of 2 nm to 140 nm, c. a range of 3 nm to 130 nm, d. a range of 4 nm to 120 nm, e. a range of 5 nm to 115 nm.

The outermost stack layer mentioned before may be part of an anti-reflective coating stack or of a mirror coating stack or said outermost stack layer may be an additional stack layer to an anti-reflective coating stack or to a mirror coating. In both alternatives the outermost stack layer is the stack layer being farthest away from the surface of the spectacle lens substrate coated therewith. In case the at least one coating (i) comprising or consisting of an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating is deposited on both the uncoated or precoated front surface and the uncoated or precoated back surface of a spectacle lens substrate, the layer thicknesses of each outermost stack layer of the respective coating may be identical to or different from each other.

The outermost stack layer of said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating further preferably comprises at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride and/or at least one metal sulfide, each metal preferably comprising or consisting of silicon, aluminum, zirconium and/or titanium, further preferably each metal comprising or consisting of silicon. The outermost stack layer of said anti-reflective coating or the outermost stack layer of said mirror coating each constitutes the respective matrix, preferably silicon-based matrix, for the at least one biocidal component deposited on the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer and at least partially diffusing at least into said outermost stack layer.

The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, said biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said outermost stack layer of the anti-reflective coating or of the mirror coating, each outermost stack layer constituting a matrix, preferably silicon-based matrix, for the at least one biocidal component being diffused into said outermost stack layer, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is less than 3.5 at%, b. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is less than 3.0 at%, c. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is less than 2.5 at%, d. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.8 at% and 3.5 at%, e. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.9 at% and 3.0 at%, f. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said silicon-based matrix, preferably S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 1 .0 at% and 2.5 at%.

In case said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating comprises at least one further stack layer based on at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride and/or at least one metal sulfide, each metal preferably comprising or consisting of silicon, said further stack layer being able to constitute an additional silicon-based matrix for the at least one biocidal component deposited on the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer of the respective coating and at least partially diffusing into said outermost stack layer as well as in at least one stack layer underneath. Preferably, the anti-reflective coating or the mirror coating comprises at least one stack layer of a different composition in between the outermost stack layer and the additional stack layer, each comprising or consisting of at least one silicon oxide, at least one silicon hydroxide, at least one silicon oxide hydrate, at least one silicon nitride, at least one silicon oxynitride and/or at least one silicon sulfide. The different composition of the at least one stack layer in between preferably comprises or consists of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride and/or at least one metal sulfide, each metal preferably comprising or consisting of titanium. The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, said biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said additional silicon- based matrix, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is less than 0.25 at%, b) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is less than 0.2 at%, c) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is less than 0.15 at%, d) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.01 at% and 0.25 at%, e) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.01 at% and 0.2 at%, f) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix, preferably additional S1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.01 at% and 0.15 at%.

The before mentioned ranged given before for the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional silicon-based matrix apply as well for the substance proportion of said biocidal component in any silicon-based matrix of the anti-reflective coating or of the mirror coating, except of the outermost silicon-based matrix.

Further, the before mentioned ranges given before for the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component shall apply for the respective matrix, irrespective if a single biocidal component or at least two different types of biocidal components have been deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i).

In case, the anti-reflective coating or the mirror coating comprises an outermost stack layer comprising or consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride and/or at least one metal sulfide, each metal preferably comprising or consisting of titanium, said outermost stack layer constitutes a titanium- based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, for the at least one biocidal component deposited on top of said outermost stack layer and diffusing into it. The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, said biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said titanium-based matrix, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is less than 2.0 at%, b. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .8 at%, c. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .7 at%, d. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.2 at% and 2.0 at%, e. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.25 at% and 1.8 at%, f. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.3 at% and 1.7 at%.

In case said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating comprises at least one further stack layer based on at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride and/or at least one metal sulfide, each metal preferably comprising or consisting of titanium, said further stack layer is also able to constitute an additional titanium-based matrix, preferably T1O2 matrix for the at least one biocidal component deposited on the outermost surface of the outermost stack layer of the respective coating and at least partially diffusing into said outermost stack layer as well as in at least one stack layer underneath. Preferably, in between the outermost stack layer and the further stack layer, each stack layer comprising or consisting of at least one titanium oxide, at least one titanium hydroxide, at least one titanium oxide hydrate, at least one titanium nitride, at least one titanium oxynitride and/or at least one titanium sulfide, at least one stack layer of different composition is arranged. The different composition preferably comprises at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride and/or at least one metal sulfide, each metal preferably comprising or consisting of silicon and/or aluminum, preferably silicon. The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, said biocidal component preferably comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .5 at%, b) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .3 at%, c) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is less than 1 .1 at%, d) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.2 at% and 1 .5 at%, e) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.25 at% and 1 .3 at%, f) the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix, preferably additional T1O2 matrix, is in the range between 0.3 at% and 1.1 at%.

As above mentioned, each substance proportion is based on the total number of atoms within the respective matrix, i.e. the number of atoms of the at least one biocidal component divided by the total number of atoms in the respective matrix. Preferably the substance proportion is determined by RBS. The ranges given before with respect to the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said additional titanium-based matrix preferably shall apply for the substance proportion of said biocidal component in each additional titanium-based matrix. Further preferably, the substance proportions given before shall apply irrespective of a single biocidal component or at least two different types of biocidal components has/have been deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), in case of an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating deposited on the outermost stack layer of the respective coating.

With the at least partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component at least into the at least one coating (i), the at least one biocidal component preferably forms at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component within at least said coating (i), preferably a plurality of individual clusters. Preferably each of said individual clusters is having a maximum expansion within at least one of the following ranges:

(i) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

(ii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

(iii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

(iv) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 20 nm,

(v) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 15 nm,

(vi) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 10 nm, (vii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm,

(viii) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 15 nm,

(ix) said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm.

The maximum expansion of at least two of said individual cluster may be identical or different from each other, but preferably the maximum expansion being within any one of the before mentioned ranges. Apart from said individual clusters the at least one biocidal component may be present at least in said coating (i) at least as at least two individual atoms, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules, preferably a plurality of individual molecules in said at least one coating.

In addition to the at least partial diffusion of the at least one biocidal component into the at least one coating (i), the at least one biocidal component may also at least partially diffuse into at least one coating underneath said coating (i) and/or into the spectacle lens substrate. Further, as described before, the at least one biocidal component may be found in any coating and/or in the spectacle lens substrate of the spectacle lens. Irrespective of where the at least one biocidal component is found, the at least one biocidal preferably is present in form of at least as at least two individual atoms, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual clusters, preferably a plurality of individual clusters. Preferably, each of said individual clusters is having a maximum dimension within one of the before mentioned ranges. The maximum dimension of at least two of said individual clusters may be identical or different from each other, the maximum dimension preferably being within any one of the before mentioned valued or ranges.

Preferably, depositing the at least one biocidal component results at least one discontinuous layer (ii’) on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i). Thus, the at least one biocidal component preferably is forming an island shaped film. The island shaped film comprises at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual clusters. Said individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component preferably are forming the islands of the island shaped film. In between said individual clusters, said individual atoms and/or said individual molecules the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) is not covered with the at least one biocidal component. The maximum dimension of each of said islands or said individual clusters respectively preferably is within at least one of the following ranges,

(i) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

(ii) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

(iii) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

(iv) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to

20 nm,

(v) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 15 nm, (vi) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 10 nm,

(vii) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm,

(viii) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 15 nm,

(ix) said islands or said individual clusters having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm.

The maximum dimension of at least two of said islands or at least two of said individual clusters may be identical or different from each other, preferably the maximum dimension thereof being in at least one of the before mentioned ranges. Maximum expansion means the dimension with the biggest expansion. The maximum expansion is determined as described above.

Preferably, the at least one biocidal component comprises or consists of metallic silver, which when deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) and at least partially diffused into at least said coating (i), causes a photochromic effect to the spectacle lens, the spectacle lens preferably being a clear lens. Caused by said photochromic effect preferably is a variation of a luminous transmittance (tno) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (tni) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) within at least one of the following ranges:

(A) tni/tno 0.95, 0.995, 0.995,

0.995.

A photochromic effect within at least one of the before mentioned ranges encompasses transmission properties as well as antibacterial and/or antiviral properties being thus adjusted to fulfill the needs of a spectacle lens wearer with respect to increased and/or sufficient transparency and increased and/or sufficient health related antiviral and/or antibacterial effect.

In a preferred but optional further embodiment the luminance transmittance tno in the faded state as defined in section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) exceeds a value of 95 %, preferably 96 %, most preferably 97 %.

In a preferred embodiment, spectacle lens comprises the at least one coating (i) and at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver, and/or at least two clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters of metallic silver (ii), As described before, the metallic silver is due to diffusion not only present of top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), but also throughout the whole spectacle lens, i.e. the coating and the spectacle lens substrate. Preferably, the total content of metallic silver of the spectacle lens is within a range of K = 5-1 CH to 1 -10⁴, more preferably of K = 8-10⁴ to 8-10² and most preferably of 1 -10³ to

5-10², with K = and / Ag_s = integral of metallic silver measured in the spectacle lens and

/ Ag_ 0 = integral of metallic silver measured in a sheet of pure silver as reference, determined as described before with respect to the first embodiment drawn to a spectacle lens by means of energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) from top of the front surface and/or the back surface of the spectacle lens.

In a more preferred embodiment, the spectacle lens comprises at least one coating (i) and at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver, and/or at least two clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver (ii). The individual atoms and/or the clusters are located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and, as described before, are diffused at least partially in the at least one coating (i), optionally in at least one coating underneath said at least one coating (i) and/or in the spectacle lens substrate. The total content of metallic silver of the spectacle lens preferably is in a range of from 0.05 at% to 0.50 at%, more preferably from 0.08 at% to 0.45 at% and most preferably from 0.10 at% to 0.40 at%. The total content of metallic silver preferably is determined by means of EDX mapping as described before with respect to the first embodiment drawn to a spectacle lens.

A second additional or alternative embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least one composite layer comprising at least one biocidal component, preferably at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component, further preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two molecules of the at least one biocidal component, further preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual cluster the at least one biocidal component, further preferably a plurality of individual clusters, the at least one composite layer preferably being located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and

- applying or depositing the at least one coating (i) to or on at least one uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably to or on the uncoated or precoated front surface of the spectacle lens substrate,

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than

6 nm, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of the at least one biocidal component,

- depositing at least one compound on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), preferably by evaporation, further preferably by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, and optionally - applying the at least one coating (iii) to the outermost surface obtained in the previous step.

The individual steps according to the before mentioned method are consecutive steps. Preferably, the at least one coating (i) is applied to the uncoated or precoated front surface and/or to the uncoated or precoated back surface of the spectacle lens substrate, subsequently the at least one biocidal component (ii) is deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and subsequently the at least one compound is deposited on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’). Optionally, subsequently, the at least one coating (iii) is applied.

The deposited at least one compound preferably results in at least one component selected from the group consisting of at least one metal oxide, at least one metal hydroxide, at least one metal oxide hydrate, at least one metal nitride, at least one metal oxynitride, and at least one metal sulfide, each component comprises or consists of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of silicon, titanium, aluminum and zirconium. Depositing the at least one compound in an, compared to the first embodiment directed to a method, additional subsequent step results in a composite layer comprising the at least one biocidal component and at least one component. The composite layer preferably comprises at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component and/or at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component within a matrix formed by the subsequently deposited at least one compound resulting in the at least one component.

With respect to the at least one coating (i) and the at least one biocidal component the above, at least with respect to the first embodiment directed to a method and with respect to the first embodiment directed to a spectacle lens, given descriptions and explanations shall apply as well.

As further already explained in detail at least with respect to the first embodiment directed to a method the at least one biocidal component at least partially diffuses in at least the at least one coating (i). In this second embodiment directed to a method, the at least one biocidal component additionally diffuses at least partially within the at least one composite layer. This at least partial diffusion of said biocidal component within said composite layer results in the formation of at least two individual atoms of said biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules of said biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual clusters of said biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, each within said composite layer. The maximum expansion given before with respect to said individual clusters apply for the second embodiment directed to a method as well. Said at least partial diffusion within said composite layer comprises a diffusion of said biocidal component in random directions. Said at least partial diffusion of said biocidal component within said composite layer may be accelerated as described before with respect to the first embodiment directed to a method.

The nominal layer thickness of the composite layer preferably is ranging from 0.2 nm to 12 nm, further preferably from 0.4 nm to 10 nm, more preferably from 0.6 nm to 9 nm, more preferably from 0.7 nm to 7 nm and most preferably from 0.8 nm to 6 nm. The definition of the nominal layer thickness is given with respect to the first embodiment directed to a method. A composite layer having a nominal layer thickness within the before mentioned ranges ensures that desired optical properties of the spectacle lens are not deteriorated while ensuring a sufficient antibacterial and/or antiviral efficacy of the spectacle lens.

The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component in the composite layer preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is less than 7.0 at%, b. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is less than 6.3 at%, c. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is less than 5.2 at%, d. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is in the range between 0.7 at% and 7.0 at%, e. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is in the range between 0.8 at% and 6.3 at%, f. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is in the range between 0.9 at% and 5.2 at%.

The substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component, the at least one biocidal component preferably being metallic silver and/or metallic copper, in the composite layer, the composite layer comprising preferably silicon oxide, preferably S1O2, preferably is within at least one of the following ranges: a. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is less than 3.0 at%, b. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is less than 2.8 at%, c. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is less than 2.6 at%, d. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is less than 2.5 at%, e. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is in the range between 0.7 at% and 3.0 at%, f. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is in the range between 0.8 at% and 2.8 at%, g. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is in the range between 0.9 at% and 2.6 at%, h. the substance proportion of said biocidal component in said composite layer is in the range between 1 .0 at% and 2.6 at%.

The before mentioned ranges for the substance proportion preferably shall apply for a single biocidal component or at least two different types of biocidal components being present in said composite layer. The substance proportion is defined and determined as described before.

With respect to the substance proportion of said biocidal component in any other coating or stack layer of the spectacle lens or with respect to the substance proportion of said biocidal component in the spectacle lens the before, with respect to the first embodiment directed to a method, mentioned ranges shall apply as well.

With respect to a photochromic effect caused by at least one biocidal component comprising or consisting of metallic silver, the before, with respect to the first embodiment directed to a method, given ranges shall apply as well. An advantage of the before mentioned subsequent deposition of the at least one biocidal component and the at least one compound is that only one single evaporation source is needed. As mentioned with respect to the first embodiment directed to a method, the evaporation preferably is an electron beam gun evaporation, further preferably an electron beam gun evaporation with ion beam assistance, the ion source also already mentioned above. A further advantage of said subsequent deposition is that the deposition rate of the deposited at least one biocidal component and the deposition rate of the subsequently deposited at least one compound constituting a matrix for the at least one biocidal component each is measurable and controllable. Preferably, the respective deposition rate is measured during deposition via a quartz crystal microbalance. A further advantage is that the nominal layer thickness of the deposited at least one biocidal component and the nominal layer thickness of the subsequently deposited at least one compound constituting the matrix for the at least one biocidal component each is measurable and controllable. Thus, the substance proportions and the total amounts of the at least one biocidal component and the substance proportion of the subsequently deposited at least one compound is indirectly measurable and controllable as well, thus in turn provides good control over the antibacterial and/or antiviral properties of the resulting spectacle lens. Further, in contrast to for example such a composite layer resulting from a co-evaporation of the at least one biocidal component and the at least one component constituting the matrix for the at least one biocidal component as described for example in PCT/CN2020/128598, no subsequent extensive analysis, such as for example EDX (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), XRF (x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy), GD-OES (glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy), is necessary for analyzing for example the substance proportion and the total amount of the at least one biocidal component, for example to maintain process stability for at least one of the before with respect to first embodiment directed to a method mentioned substance proportions of the at least one biocidal component.

Any definitions given with respect to the before mentioned first embodiment directed to a method shall apply in the second embodiment directed to a method as well.

A third additional or alternative embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least two individual atoms of a least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, preferably the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual molecules and/or the at least two individual clusters being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate,

(ii) optionally at least one coating (i), and

- depositing at least one biocidal component on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of the at least one biocidal component,

- optionally applying the at least one coating (i) to the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or to the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), and

- optionally applying the at least one coating (iii) to the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or to the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’); or optionally applying the at least one coating (iii) to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i).

The individual steps according to the before mentioned method are consecutive steps. The before given definitions and explanations, given at least with respect to the first and second embodiment directed to a method, shall apply as well with respect to the third embodiment directed to a method. Due to the above described diffusion of the at least one biocidal component, inter alia into the spectacle lens substrate, the substance proportion of the at least one biocidal component in the spectacle lens substrate preferably is within a range of 0.005 at% to 0.01 at%.

A fourth additional or alternative embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one composite layer comprising at least one biocidal component, the at least one composite layer preferably being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate,

(ii) optionally at least one coating (i), preferably being located on the outermost surface of the at least one composite layer,

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of the at least one biocidal component,

- depositing at least one compound on the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), preferably by evaporation, further preferably by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further prefer preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm more preferably of less than 7 nm, and most preferably of less than 6 nm, - optionally applying the at least one coating (i), preferably to the outermost surface of the composited layer obtained in the previous step, and

- optionally applying the at least one coating (iii), preferably to the outermost surface of at least one composite layer or to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i).

The individual steps according to the before mentioned method are consecutive steps. The before given definitions and explanations, given in particular with respect to the second embodiment directed to a method, shall apply as well with respect to the fourth embodiment directed to a method.

A fifth additional or alternative embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating (i) comprising at least one anti-reflective coating or at least one mirror coating, said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating each comprising at least two stack layers, one thereof being an outermost stack layer, whereby at least one of said stack layers comprises at least one biocidal component, preferably at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component, further preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two molecules of the at least one biocidal component, further preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual cluster the at least one biocidal component, further preferably a plurality of individual clusters, and

(ii) optionally at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, the optional at least one coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, said method comprising at least the following steps:

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of at least one of said stack layers, preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm, and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of the at least one biocidal component,

- depositing at least one compound on the outermost surface of said stack layer and/or on the outermost surface of said discontinuous layer (ii’), preferably by evaporation, further preferably by evaporation with ion beam assistance, and

- optionally applying the at least one coating (iii) to the outermost stack layer of said anti-reflective coating or of said mirror coating.

In this fifth embodiment directed to a method the at least one biocidal component, being described before, may be deposited on the outermost surface of any stack layer of the anti-reflective coating or of the mirror coating. Irrespective of the at least one biocidal component being deposited on the stack layer next to the uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate and/or on the stack layer underneath the outermost stack layer, the partial diffusion of said biocidal component resulting inter alia in individual clusters as described before, may take place at least throughout the whole respective layer stack.

Before given definitions shall apply with respect to the fifth embodiment directed to a method as well. Additionally or alternatively to the at least one coating (i) being an anti-reflective coating or a mirror coating, the at least one coating (i) may comprise another coating (i) of the before mentioned, for example a hard coating. A subsequently deposited at least one biocidal component may at partially diffuse into this hard coating and subsequently may be overcoated by further coating, for example an anti-reflective coating.

The spectacle lens according to the present invention may be in at least one form selected from the group consisting of:

- in the form of computer-readable instructions for the manufacturing thereof stored on a computer- readable data carrier,

- in the form of computer-readable data stored on a computer-readable data carrier,

- in the form of computer-readable instructions for the production thereof transformed into a data carrier signal,

- in the form of a data carrier signal,

- in the form of a numerical data set,

- in the form of a data signal transferring a numerical data set,

- in the form of a data carrier storing a numerical data set.

The spectacle lens according to the invention, in particular the spectacle lens according to all embodiments of the invention, may comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of

- at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component

- at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component,

- at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating.

Summarizing, the following embodiments are particularly preferred within the scope of the present invention:

Embodiment 1 : Spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and at least one coating, said spectacle lens substrate comprising a front surface and a back surface and said spectacle lens substrate comprising said at least one coating on at least one of said surfaces, wherein said at least one coating comprises

(i) at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms; and/or at least two individual molecules selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one silver oxide, at least one silver hydroxide, at least one silver oxide hydrate, at least one silver nitride, at least one silver oxynitride and at least one silver sulfide, preferably a plurality of individual molecules; and/or at least two clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, said at least two atoms and/or said at least two molecules and/or said at least two clusters preferably being at least partially located on the outermost surface of said at least one coating (i), (iii) optionally at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one clean coating and at least one anti-fog coating.

Embodiment 2: Spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and at least one coating, said spectacle lens substrate comprising a front surface and a back surface and said spectacle lens substrate comprising said at least one coating on at least one of said surfaces, wherein said at least one coating comprises

(ii) at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, said at least two atoms and/or said at least two clusters preferably being at least partially located on the outermost surface of said at least one coating (i),

(iii) optionally at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one clean coating and at least one anti-fog coating, and wherein a variation of a luminous transmittance (wo) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (wi) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) is within one range of the following group: 0.95,

0.98,

(C) 0.95 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(D) 0.98 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(E) 0.985 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995.

Embodiment 3: Spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and at least one coating, said spectacle lens substrate comprising a front surface and a back surface, at least one of the surfaces of said spectacle lens substrate comprising a glass, wherein at least said surface of said spectacle lens substrate comprising a glass comprises

(i) at least one anti-reflective coating, preferably one anti-reflective coating, comprising, beginning from said surface of said spectacle lens substrate to be coated therewith, at least a) 0.41622·lo/4·M to 0.89369·lo/4·M; 0.25968·lo/4·I_ to 0.41206·lo/4·I_; 0.41001 ·lo/4·M to 0.76121 ·lo/4·M; 0.57225·lo/4·I_ to 0.98335·lo/4·I_; 0.65779·lo/4·M to 0.88071 ·lo/4·M; 0.07069·lo/4·H to 0.16235·lo/4·H; 0.47009·lo/4·M to 0.74670·lo/4·M; 0.22075·lo/4·H to 0.44188·lo/4·H; 0.97592·lo/4·I_ to 1 37164·lo/4·I_; or b) 0.64253·lo/4·M to 0.89614·lo/4·M; 0.08183·lo/4·I_ to 0.35676·lo/4·I_; 0.80796·lo/4·M to 0.32864·lo/4·M; 0.75891 -lo/4-L to 1 02867·lo/4·I_; 0.90476·lo/4·M to 1 41535·lo/4·M;

0.10051 ·lo/4·H to 0.21603·lo/4·H; 0.00287·lo/4·M to 0.45506·lo/4·M; 0.80453·lo/4·I_ to 1.27591 -lo/4-L; or c) 0.19459·lo/4·I_ to 0.23394·lo/4·I_; 0.48912·lo/4·M to 0.77248·lo/4·M; 0.32489·lo/4·I_ to 0.61648·lo/4·I_; 0.36292 ·lo/4·M to 0.54573·lo/4·M; 0.48976·lo/4·I_ to 0.80061 -lo/4-L; 0.59960·lo/4·M to 0.83505·lo/4·M; 0.10179·lo/4·H to 0.23052·lo/4·H; 0.50401 ·lo/4·M to 0.70778·lo/4·M; 0.30008·lo/4·H to 0.48019·lo/4·H; 0.99344·lo/4·I_ to 1 .35331 -lo/4-L, in said anti-reflective coatings a), b), c) each M is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1 .599 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .614 at 500 nm to 1 .606 at 600 nm; or each M is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .750 at 380 nm to 1 .701 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .724 at 500 nm to 1 .712 at 600 nm; each L is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .473 at 380 nm to 1 .456 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .462 at 500 nm and 1 .459 at 600 nm; each H is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 2.440 at 500 nm and 2.336 at 600 nm and in in said anti-reflective coatings a), b), c) lo is ranging from 500 nm to 600 nm,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms; and/or at least two individual molecules selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one silver oxide, at least one silver hydroxide, at least one silver oxide hydrate, at least one silver nitride, at least one silver oxynitride and at least one silver sulfide, preferably a plurality of individual atoms; and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, said at least two atoms and/or said at least two molecules and/or said at least two clusters preferably being at least partially located on the outermost surface of said at least one anti-reflective coating (i),

(iii) optionally at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one clean coating and at least one anti-fog coating.

Embodiment 4: Spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and at least one coating, said spectacle lens substrate comprising a front surface and a back surface and said spectacle lens substrate comprising said at least one coating on at least one of said surfaces, wherein said at least one coating comprises

(ii) at least two individual atoms of metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual atoms; and/or at least two individual molecules selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one copper oxide, at least one copper hydroxide, at least one copper oxide hydrate, at least one copper nitride, at least one copper oxynitride and at least one copper sulfide, preferably a plurality of individual molecules; and/or at least two clusters of metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, said at least two atoms and/or said at least two molecules and/or said at least two clusters preferably being at least partially located on the outermost surface of said at least one coating (i),

(iii) optionally at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one clean coating and at least one anti-fog coating. Embodiment 5: Spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and at least one coating, said spectacle lens substrate comprising a front surface and a back surface, at least one of the surfaces of said spectacle lens substrate comprising a glass, wherein at least said surface of said spectacle lens substrate comprising a glass comprises

0.10051 ·lo/4·H to 0.21603·lo/4·H; 0.00287·lo/4·M to 0.45506·lo/4·M; 0.80453·lo/4·I_ to 1.27591 -lo/4-L; or c) 0.19459·lo/4·I_ to 0.23394·lo/4·I_; 0.48912·lo/4·M to 0.77248·lo/4·M; 0.32489·lo/4·I_ to 0.61648·lo/4·I_; 0.36292 ·lo/4·M to 0.54573·lo/4·M; 0.48976·lo/4·I_ to 0.80061 -lo/4-L; 0.59960·lo/4·M to 0.83505·lo/4·M; 0.10179·lo/4·H to 0.23052·lo/4·H; 0.50401 ·lo/4·M to 0.70778·lo/4·M; 0.30008·lo/4·H to 0.48019·lo/4·H; 0.99344·lo/4·I_ to 1 .35331 -lo/4-L, in said anti-reflective coatings a), b), c) each M is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1.599 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1 .614 at 500 nm to 1.606 at 600 nm; or each M is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .750 at 380 nm to 1.701 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1.724 at 500 nm to 1.712 at 600 nm; each L is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1.473 at 380 nm to 1.456 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 1.462 at 500 nm and 1.459 at 600 nm; each H is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm, preferably with wavelength dependent refractive indices of 2.440 at 500 nm and 2.336 at 600 nm and in in said anti-reflective coatings a), b), c) lo is ranging from 500 nm to 600 nm,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual atoms; and/or at least two individual molecules selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one copper oxide, at least one copper hydroxide, at least one copper oxide hydrate, at least one copper nitride, at least one copper oxynitride and at least one copper sulfide, preferably a plurality of individual atoms; and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic copper, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, said at least two atoms and/or said at least two molecules and/or said at least two clusters preferably being at least partially located on the outermost surface of said at least one anti-reflective coating (i),

(iii) optionally at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of at least one clean coating and at least one anti-fog coating. Embodiment 6: Product comprising: i) a spectacle lens or a representation of a spectacle lens, or ii) a spectacle lens and instructions for using the spectacle lens, or a representation of a spectacle lens and a representation of instructions for using the spectacle lens, or iii) at least one representation of the spectacle lens in form of computer-readable data stored on a computer-readable medium, or iv) at least one representation of the spectacle lens and instructions for using the spectacle lens, each in form of computer-readable data, and each stored on a computer-readable medium, or v) a computer-readable medium comprising at least one representation of the spectacle lens in form of computer-readable data, or vi) a computer-readable medium comprising at least one representation of the spectacle lens and at least one representation of instructions for using the spectacle lens, each in form of computer- readable data, or vii) at least one representation of the spectacle lens in form of a computer-readable data signal, or viii) at least one representation of the spectacle lens and at least one representation of instruction for using the spectacle lens, each in form of a computer-readable data signal, ix) a computer-readable data signal comprising at least one representation of the spectacle lens in form of computer-readable data, or x) a computer-readable data signal comprising at least one representation of the spectacle lens and at least one representation of instructions for using the spectacle lens, each in form of computer- readable data, wherein the spectacle lens or the representation of the spectacle lens each comprises an uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual molecules, and/or at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual molecules and/or the at least two individual clusters each being located at least partially on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and

Embodiment 7: Product according to the preceding embodiment 6, wherein the representation of the spectacle lens is selected from the group consisting of at least one of the following: at least one surface topography of the spectacle lens, at least one surface topography of the spectacle lens substrate, at least the optical material the spectacle lens substrate is comprised of, and at least the coating. Embodiment 8: Product according to any one of the preceding embodiments 6 or 7, wherein the instructions for using the spectacle lens are selected from the group consisting of the centration point position, defined according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.2.35; the face form angle, defined according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.2.29; the vertex distance, defined according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.2.40; the distance reference point, defined according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.2.20; and the optionally the near reference point, defined according to ISO 13666:2019(E), section 3.2.21.

Embodiment 9: Product according to any one of the preceding embodiments 6 to 8, wherein the representation of the spectacle lens and the representation of instructions for using the spectacle lens is analogous, preferably in paper form.

Embodiment 10: Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, preferably the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual clusters being located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and

- depositing metallic silver on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, more preferably of less than 8 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited metallic silver forming at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of metallic silver, and optionally

Embodiment 11 : Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least one composite layer comprising at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, the at least one composite layer preferably being located on top of the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and (iii) optionally at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, the optional at least one coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, said method comprising at least the following steps:

- depositing the metallic silver on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited metallic silver forming at least one island shaped or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of metallic silver,

- depositing at least one compound, preferably silicon oxide, on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), preferably by evaporation, further preferably by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, and optionally

- applying the at least one coating (iii) to the outermost surface obtained in the previous step.

Embodiment 12: Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, preferably the at least two individual atoms and/or the at least two individual clusters being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate,

(ii) optionally at least one coating (i), and

- depositing the metallic silver on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited metallic silver forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of metallic silver,

- optionally applying the at least one coating (i) to the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or to the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), and - optionally applying the at least one coating (iii) to the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or to the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’); or optionally applying the at least one coating (iii) to the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i).

Embodiment 13: Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one composite layer comprising at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, preferably a plurality of individual clusters, the at least one composite layer preferably being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate,

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited metallic silver forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of metallic silver,

- depositing at least one compound, preferably silicon oxide, titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, on the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’), preferably by evaporation, further preferably by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further prefer preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm more preferably of less than 7 nm, and most preferably of less than 6 nm,

- optionally applying the at least one coating (i), preferably to the outermost surface of the composited layer obtained in the previous step, and

Embodiment 14: Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating (i) comprising at least one anti-reflective coating or at least one mirror coating, said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating each comprising at least two stack layers, one thereof being an outermost stack layer, whereby at least one of said stack layers comprises metallic silver, preferably at least two individual atoms of metallic silver, further preferably a plurality of individual atoms, and/or at least two individual clusters of metallic silver, further preferably a plurality of individual clusters, and (ii) optionally at least one coating selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, the optional at least one coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, said method comprising at least the following steps:

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of at least one of said stack layers, preferably by evaporation, optionally by evaporation with ion beam assistance, further preferably in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm, further preferably of less than 10 nm, further preferably of less than 9 nm, more preferably of less than 7 nm, and most preferably of less than 6 nm, the deposited metallic silver forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of metallic silver,

- depositing at least one compound, preferably silicon oxide, titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, on the outermost surface of said stack layer and/or on the outermost surface of said discontinuous layer (ii’), preferably by evaporation, further preferably by evaporation with ion beam assistance, and

Embodiment 15: Method according to any one of the preceding embodiments 10 to 14, wherein additionally or alternatively the at least two individual atoms comprises or consists of metallic copper, and/or the at least two individual clusters comprises or consists of metallic copper.

I Manufacturing of the spectacle lenses

Example 1: Deposition of a scratch resistant, anti-viral, anti-static and anti-reflective coating (AR) with S1O2 and ZrC>2 on the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the hard coating of EP 2 578649 A1 , example 2 ( - back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise same or different AR):

Before starting the deposition, the spectacle lens substrate was put in a vacuum chamber that was evacuated to a pressure below 1E-4 mbar or2E-5 mbar and then treated with ions from a built-in ion- gun from the End-Hall type. The ion treatment took place at a pressure below 3E-3mbar and at energies between 80 eV up to 160 eV and takes at least 40 s up to 120 s.

An AR stack was deposited by electron beam gun (EBG) evaporation consisting of 3 ZrC>2 and 3 S1O2 layers in an alternating mode: The first ZrO_å layer with a thickness of 3 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s with an additional oxygen gas flow of 25 seem. The first S1O2 layer with a thickness of 80 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem. The second ZrO_å layer with a thickness of 33 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.45 nm/s with an additional oxygen gas flow of 30 seem. The second S1O2 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. The third layer of ZrO_å with a thickness of 87 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.45 nm/s with an additional oxygen gas flow of 30 seem. The third S1O2 layer with a thickness of 81 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem. Pure silver (99.9%) was deposited via EBG evaporation at a deposition rate of 0.02 nm/s with oxygen ion assistance at an anode current of 1 .2 A and an anode voltage of 165 V and an additional gas flow of 30 seem oxygen. The nominal thickness for ending the deposition step is 1 nm. Then, an additional layer of 10 nm S1O2 was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. Deposition of the clean coating (Duralon, company Cotec GmbH) was done subsequently by thermal evaporation.

Example 2: Deposition of an anti-viral coating without anti-reflective properties on the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the hard coating of EP 2 578 649 A1 , example 2 ( - back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise same or different anti-viral coating):

Before starting the deposition, the spectacle lens substrate was put in a vacuum chamber that was evacuated to a pressure below 1 E-4 mbar or 2E-5 mbar and then treated with ions from a built-in ion- gun from the End-Hall type (Veeco Mark II+). The ion treatment took place at a pressure below 3E- 3mbar and at energies between 80 eV up to 160 eV and takes at least 40 s up to 120 s.

A first S1O2 layer with a thickness of 80 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem. Pure silver (99.9%) was deposited via EBG evaporation at a deposition rate of 0.03 nm/s with oxygen ion assistance at an anode current of 1 .2 A and an anode voltage of 165 V and an additional gas flow of 50 seem oxygen. The nominal thickness for ending the deposition step was 1 .7 nm. Then, an additional layer of 5 nm S1O2 is deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. Deposition of the clean coating (Duralon, company Cotec GmbH) was done subsequently by thermal evaporation.

Example 3: Deposition of a scratch resistant, anti-viral, anti-static and anti-reflective coating with Zr0₂, S1O2 and T1O2 on the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the hard coating of EP 2 578 649 A1 , example 2 ( - back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise same or different AR):

An AR stack was deposited by electron beam gun (EBG) evaporation consisting of one Zr0₂ layer and then 4 S1O2 layers and 3 T1O2 layers in an alternating mode, partly using an ion gun of the end-hall type (Veeco Mark II+):

A Zr0₂ layer with a thickness of 8 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.5 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 35 seem.

The first S1O2 layer with a thickness of 219 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem. The first T1O2 layer with a thickness of 13 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s under oxygen ion assistance with an ion gun anode current of 2.35 A and an anode voltage of 135 V. The second S1O2 layer with a thickness of 28 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. The second T1O2 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s under oxygen ion assistance with an ion gun anode current of 2.35 A and an anode voltage of 135 V. The third S1O2 layer with a thickness of 17 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. The third T1O2 layer with a thickness of 11 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s under oxygen ion assistance with an ion gun anode current of 2.35 A and an anode voltage of 135 V. The fourth S1O2 layer with a thickness of 85 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem.

Pure silver (99.9%) was deposited via EBG evaporation at a deposition rate of 0.012 nm/s with oxygen ion assistance at an anode current of 1 .5 A and an anode voltage of 135 V and an additional gas flow of 25 seem oxygen. The nominal thickness for ending the deposition step is 2.0 nm. Then, an additional layer of 5 nm S1O2 is deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. Deposition of the clean coating (Duralon, company Cotec GmbH) was done subsequently by thermal evaporation.

Example 4: Deposition of a scratch resistant, anti-viral, anti-static and anti-reflective coating (AR) with S1O2 and Zr0₂ on the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the hard coating of EP 2 578 649 A1 , example 2 ( - back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise same or different AR):

Before starting the deposition, the spectacle lens substrate was put in a vacuum chamber that was evacuated to a pressure below 1 E-4 mbar or 2E-5 mbar and then treated with ions from a built-in ion- gun from the End-Hall type. The ion treatment took place at a pressure below 3E-3mbar and at energies between 80 eV up to 160 eV and takes at least 40 s up to 120 s.

An AR stack was deposited by electron beam gun (EBG) evaporation consisting of 3 Zr0₂ and 3 S1O2 layers in an alternating mode: The first ZrO_å layer with a thickness of 3 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s with an additional oxygen gas flow of 25 seem. The first S1O2 layer with a thickness of 80 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem. The second ZrO_å layer with a thickness of 33 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.45 nm/s with an additional oxygen gas flow of 30 seem. The second S1O2 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. An antistatic ITO layer with a layer thickness of 6 nm was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm/s with argon ion assistance from an ion gun. The anode voltage was 160 V and the anode current was 2.30 A. The third layer of ZrO_å with a thickness of 87 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.45 nm/s with an additional oxygen gas flow of 30 seem. The third S1O2 layer with a thickness of 81 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem.

Pure silver (99.9%) was deposited via EBG evaporation at a deposition rate of 0.02 nm/s with oxygen ion assistance at an anode current of 1 .2 A and an anode voltage of 165 V and an additional gas flow of 30 seem oxygen. The nominal thickness for ending the deposition step is 1 nm. Then, an additional layer of 10 nm S1O2 was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. Deposition of the clean coating (Duralon, company Cotec GmbH) was done subsequently by thermal evaporation. Example 5: Deposition of a scratch resistant, anti-viral, anti-static and anti-reflective coating with ZrC>2, S1O2 and T1O2 on the front surface of the spectacle lens substrate comprising the hard coating of EP 2 578 649 A1 , example 2 ( - back surface of the spectacle lens substrate may comprise same or different AR):

An AR stack was deposited by electron beam gun (EBG) evaporation consisting of one ZrC>2 layer and then 4 S1O2 layers and 3 T1O2 layers in an alternating mode, partly using an ion gun of the end-hall type (Veeco Mark II+):

A ZrC>2 layer with a thickness of 8 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.5 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 35 seem.

The first S1O2 layer with a thickness of 219 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem. The first T1O2 layer with a thickness of 13 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s under oxygen ion assistance with an ion gun anode current of 2.35 A and an anode voltage of 135 V. The second S1O2 layer with a thickness of 28 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. The second T1O2 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s under oxygen ion assistance with an ion gun anode current of 2.35 A and an anode voltage of 135 V. The third S1O2 layer with a thickness of 17 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.8 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 20 seem. An antistatic ITO layer with a layer thickness of 6 nm was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm/s with argon ion assistance. The third T1O2 layer with a thickness of 11 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s under oxygen ion assistance with an ion gun anode current of 2.35 A and an anode voltage of 135 V. The fourth S1O2 layer with a thickness of 85 nm was deposited with a deposition rate of 1 nm/s with an additional gas flow of 25 seem.

II Characterization of the spectacle lenses according to the examples

1. Transmittance & Reflectance measurement & calculation of Absorptance:

Some biocidal components (e.g. Ag, Cu,...) exhibit absorptive properties. Using transmittance and reflectance measurements (preferably using a Hunterlab UltraScan PRO), e.g. the luminous absorptance can be measured by using the following sequence: i. Uncoated lens: Measure luminous To ii. Uncoated lens: Measure luminous Ro iii. Calculate luminous A_ref = 1 - Ro - To iv. Deposit coating including biocidal component. Measure coated spectacle lens with Hunterlab. v. Coated lens: Measure luminous Ti vi. Coated lens: Measure luminous Ri vii. Calculate luminous Acoating = 1 - Ri - Ti - A_ref

Using the above procedure, during the first days after the deposition, the following typical absorptances was be measured for above examples:

2. Silver quantification by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX): A relative quantification of Ag content on one side of the spectacle lens was done by EDX using a “fingerprint” method: An acceleration voltage of 10 kV was used in combination with a fixed sample geometry, sample position during measurement and working distance (distance between sample and electron beam optic). A fixed set of elements was chosen for the evaluation of the biocide content - here an example for Ag: C, O, F, Si, Ti, Zr, Ag, In. These parameters were not changed to compare the biocide content of different samples with each other.

Using the above procedure, the following EDX Ag-content range has been measured for above examples:

3. Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy This technique was used to quantify the Ag content of a spectacle lens according to example 3:

4. Silver localization by GD-OES & TOF-SIMS

Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (device: Spektruma GDA 550 HR) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (lontof TOF-SIMS M6) have been used to investigate the relative Ag amount in the antireflective stacks of examples 1 , 3, 4 and 5. Both techniques analyze the sample from the top of the coating (clean coating) to the hard coating or spectacle lens substrate by either sequentially and alternately sputtering a very thin layer of only some nanometers and then analyzing the same sputtered material by optical emissions from the used glow discharge plasma (GD-OES) or by analyzing the sputtered material with a mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS). The result for both techniques is a depth profile that can give at least relative concentration changes of elements, e.g. Ag. A typical GD-OES-result for depth profiles according to Example 1 :

At the outermost S1O2 layer that was deposited subsequent to Ag, the Ag content is 2 to 10 times higher relative to the third S1O2 layer according to example 1 .

Around the interface between third Zr0₂ and third S1O2 layers, the Ag content is 1 to 5 times higher relative to the third S1O2 layer according to example 1 .

Around the interface between second Zr0₂ and second S1O2 layers, the Ag content is 1 to 5 times higher relative to the third S1O2 layer according to example 1 .

For the first S1O2 and first ZrO_å layers and deeper (hard coating or spectacle lens substrate), the Ag content is 2 times or lower relative to the third S1O2 layer according to example 1 .

A typical GD-OES-result for depth profiles according to Example 3:

At the outermost S1O2 layer that was deposited subsequent to Ag, the Ag content is 2 to 15 times higher relative to the fourth S1O2 layer according to example 3.

In all T1O2 layers the Ag content is 1 .5 to 5 times higher relative to the fourth S1O2 layer according to example 3.

In all other layers the Ag content is 2 times or lower relative to the third S1O2 layer according to example 3.

A typical TOF-SIMS-result for depth profiles according to Example 3:

At the outermost S1O2 layer that was deposited subsequent to Ag, the Ag content is plus/minus one order of magnitude relative to the Ag content in the T1O2 layers.

The difference of Ag content between all T1O2 layers is lower than 2 magnitudes.

As Zr and Ag cannot be separated in the mass spectrometer -> no interpretation of Ag content in Zr02 layers possible

In all other layers or deeper, the Ag content is at least 1 order of magnitude lower relative to the Ag content in the T1O2 layers

TOF-SIMS is sensitive to matrix-effects (the measurement result of a species (e.g. Ag) is dependent on the surrounding matrix (e.g. S1O2 vs T1O2).

5. Silver localization by TEM/S-TEM & EDX

A cross-section of the spectacle lens according to example 3 was prepared by cutting two stripes of the spectacle lens and gluing them together in a surface-to-surface orientation. This assembly was wedge-polished to a thickness of 20 pm. Then the sample is treated with a broad-band ion-mill until the desired thickness in the range of 20 to 150 nm is reached. The cross-section of the spectacle lens according to example 3 is then investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy (S-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping.

The characteristic features in a cross-sectional S-TEM/EDX analysis the spectacle lens according to example 3 are:

Ag clusters can be found in the whole stack

Bigger individual clusters with a size of up to 10 nm can be found in the T1O2 layers or in the surficial layer.

Smaller clusters up to 5 nm can be found in S1O2 layers

There are also S1O2 layers without visible clusters, but according to EDX with Ag solved in the S1O2 matrix

According to EDX, the Ag content is highest in the T1O2 layers and lowest in S1O2 layers There is no closed Ag layer

5. Antiviral efficacy

Anti-virus performance was tested closely to ISO 21702:2019(E). The lens has to be a flat sheet without any curvature. As a pre-test preparation, the lens surface needs to be sterilized with an antimicrobial solution and dryed. After drying, the lens was treated with a virus-containing solution and covered with a thin mineral glass cover plate on an area of 20 mm x 20 mm. The lens was stored for 24 h under > 90% relative humidity and at a temperature of 20°C to 25°C. During this time, for a biocidal treated lens, all or most of the virus population will die. Then, the solution was retaken from the lens and given into vero cells, where a growth of surviving virus population was promoted for another 24 h. Analysis of the anti-viral efficacy was done by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry and comparison of the results with non-biocidal control samples.

After 24 h the antiviral efficacy was determined by comparison of the coated test samples with reference (not-biocide-coated) samples.

Examples 2 and 3 exhibit > 99 % anti-viral efficacy tested with above procedure.

Claims

1 . Spectacle lens comprising at least one coating, characterized in that at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component are located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating,

- at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component are located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating, and

- at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component are located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating.

2. Spectacle lens according to claim 1 , characterized in that the spectacle lens additionally comprises at least one outermost coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least one clean coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens,

- at least one hydrophobic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens,

- at least one hydrophilic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens and

- at least one anti-fog coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

3. Spectacle lens according any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one coating is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating, at least one primer coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating.

4. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal hydroxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide hydrate, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal nitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxynitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, and at least one metal sulfide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron.

5. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the maximum dimension of the at least two individual cluster is within at least one of the following ranges:

A) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

B) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

C) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

D) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 20 nm,

E) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 15 nm,

F) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 10 nm,

G) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm,

H) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 15 nm,

I) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm.

6. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 4 and 5, characterized in that the total content of the at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver is within a range of from

0.05 at% to 0.50 at%, determined via EDX mapping of an approximately 50 nm thick lamella of a cross-section of one surface of the spectacle lens.

7. Spectacle lens comprising at least one coating, characterized in that the at least one coating is selected from at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least one anti-reflective coating comprising or consisting of a stack of at least two stack layers, said stack comprising an outermost stack layer, and

- at least one mirror coating comprising or consisting of a stack of at least two stack layers, said stack comprising an outermost stack layer, and at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component being located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of said outermost stack layer,

- at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component being located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of said outermost stack layer, and

- at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component being located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of said outermost stack layer.

8. Spectacle lens according to preceding claim 7, characterized in that the spectacle lens additionally comprises at least one outermost coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one clean coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophobic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophilic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens and at least one anti-fog coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

9. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 7 and 8, characterized in that the spectacle lens comprises a spectacle lens substrate based on at least one of: i. a glass or ii. at least one thin glass and at least one thermoplastic hard resin or iii. at least one thin glass and at least one thermosetting hard resin.

10. Spectacle lens according to the preceding claim 9, characterized in that the at least one anti- reflective coating comprises, beginning from an uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate, at least a) 0.74131 ·lo/4·M to 0.89369·lo/4·M; 0.34275·lo/4·I_ to 0.41206·lo/4·I_; 0.54089·lo/4·M to 0.65207·lo/4·M; 0.70021 -lo/4-L to 0.84181 -lo/4-L; 0.65779·lo/4·M to 0.79301 ·lo/4·M; 0.12950·lo/4·H to 0.16235·lo/4·H; 0.49624·lo/4·M to 0.59825·lo/4·M; 0.28033·lo/4·H to 0.35143·lo/4·H, 1 03563·lo/4·I_ to 1 24528·lo/4·I_, with lo selected from any wavelength in the range of from 500 nm to 600 nm, M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1.599 at 780 nm or M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1.750 at 380 nm to 1 .701 at 780 nm, L having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .473 at 380 nm to 1 .456 at 780 nm, H preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm; or b) 0.64253·lo/4·M to 0.77461 ·lo/4·M; 0.29675·lo/4·I_ to 0.35676·lo/4·I_; 0.27260·lo/4·M to 0.32864·lo/4·M; 0.75891 ·lo/4·I_ to 0.91237·lo/4·I_; 0.90476·lo/4·M to 1 09075·lo/4·M;

0.10051 ·lo/4·H to 0.12600·lo/4·H; 0.37747·lo/4·M to 0.45506·lo/4·M; 0.80453·lo/4·I_ to 0.96739·lo/4·I_, with lo selected from any wavelength in the range of from 500 nm to 600 nm, M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1 .599 at 780 nm or M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .750 at 380 nm to 1 .701 at 780 nm, L having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .473 at 380 nm to 1 .456 at 780 nm, H preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm; or c) 0.19459·lo/4·I_ to 0.23394·lo/4·I_; 0.60931 ·lo/4·M to 0.73457·lo/4·M; 0.51278·lo/4·I_ to 0.61648·lo/4·I_; 0.45267·lo/4·M to 0.54573·lo/4·M; 0.48976·lo/4·I_ to 0.58880·lo/4·I_;

0.64177·lo/4·M to 0.77369·lo/4·M; 0.18388·lo/4·H to 0.23052·lo/4·H; 0.50401 ·lo/4·M to 0.60762·lo/4·M; 0.31035·lo/4·H to 0.38910·lo/4·H; 1 03965·lo/4·I_ to 1 .25011 -lo/4-L, with lo selected from any wavelength in the range of from 500 nm to 600 nm, M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1 .599 at 780 nm or M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .750 at 380 nm to 1 .701 at 780 nm, L having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .473 at 380 nm to 1 .456 at 780 nm, H preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm.

11 . Spectacle lens comprising at least one coating, characterized in that at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least two individual atoms comprising or consisting of metallic silver are located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating, and

- at least two individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver are located at least partially on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating.

12. Spectacle lens according to the preceding claim 11 , characterized in that in that the spectacle lens additionally comprises at least one outermost coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one clean coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophobic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophilic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens and at least one anti-fog coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

13. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 11 to 12, characterized in that a variation of a luminous transmittance (wo) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (wi) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) is within a range of the following group: 0.95,

0.98,

(C) 0.95 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(D) 0.98 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(E) 0.985 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995.

14. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising an uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least one of the group consisting of: at least two individual atoms of a least one biocidal component, said at least two individual atoms being located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, said at least two individual molecules being located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), and at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component, said at least two individual clusters being located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), said method comprising at least the following steps: applying or depositing the at least one coating (i) to or on at least one uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate, depositing the at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i).

15. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising an uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating,

(ii) at least one composite layer comprising at least one biocidal component, said method comprising at least the following steps:

- applying or depositing the at least one coating (i) to or on at least one uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate,

- depositing at least one biocidal component on an outermost surface of the at least one coating (i), thus forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of the at least one biocidal component,

- depositing at least one compound on the outermost surface of the at least one coating (i) and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’).

16. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprises or consists of at least one of the group consisting of: at least two individual atoms of a the least one biocidal component, at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, and at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component.

17. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 15 and 16, characterized in that the at least one compound comprises or consists of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of: at least one silicon oxide, at least one titanium oxide, at least one aluminum oxide, and at least one zirconium oxide.

18. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising an uncoated spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one of the group consisting of:

- two individual atoms of a least one biocidal component being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate,

- at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, and

- at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate,

(ii) at least one coating (i), said method comprising at least the following steps: - depositing at least one biocidal component on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprising or consisting of said at least two individual atoms, said at least two individual molecules and/or said at least two individual clusters,

- applying the at least one coating (i) to the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or to the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’).

19. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 18, characterized in that the method comprises the additional step applying at least one coating (iii), selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, to the outermost surface of a. the at least one coating (i) or b. the at least one coating (i) and of the at least one discontinuous layer (ii’) or c. the at least one composite layer (ii).

20. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 19, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is deposited by evaporation.

21 . Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 20, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is deposited by evaporation with ion beam assistance.

22. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 21 , characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is deposited in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm.

23. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 22, characterized in that the at least one compound is deposited in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm.

24. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 23, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component at least partially diffuses at least into the at least one coating (i).

25. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 24, characterized in that the at least two individual clusters have a maximum expansion within at least one of the following ranges:

A) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

B) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

C) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

D) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm,

E) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 15 nm,

F) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm,

G) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 20 nm, H) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 15 nm,

I) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 10 nm.

26. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 25, characterized in that the at least one coating (i) is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating, at least one primer coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating.

27. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 26, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal hydroxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide hydrate, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal nitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxynitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, and at least one metal sulfide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron.

28. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 27, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver which is set such that a variation of a luminous transmittance (wo) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (TVI) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) is within a range of the following group: 0.95,

0.98,

(C) 0.95 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(D) 0.98 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(E) 0.985 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995.

29. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 28, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver and the total content thereof in the spectacle lens is within a range of from 0.05 at% to 0.50 at%, determined via EDX mapping of an approximately 50 nm thick lamella of a cross-section of one surface of the spectacle lens.

30. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising an uncoated spectacle lens substrate and (i) at least one composite layer comprising at least one biocidal component, the at least one composite layer being located on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, said method comprising at least the following steps:

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’),

- depositing at least one compound on the outermost surface of the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’),

31 . Method according to claim 30, characterized in that the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer (ii’) comprises or consists of at least one of the group consisting of: at least two individual atoms of a the least one biocidal component, at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, and at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component.

32. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 30 and 31 , characterized in that the at least one compound comprises or consists of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of: at least one silicon oxide, at least one titanium oxide, at least one aluminum oxide, and at least one zirconium oxide.

33. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 30 to 32, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal hydroxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide hydrate, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal nitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxynitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, and at least one metal sulfide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron.

34. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 30 to 33, characterized in that the method comprises at least the following additional step: applying or depositing at least one coating (i) to the outermost surface of the composite layer.

35. Method according to the preceding claim 34, characterized in that the at least one coating (i) is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating, at least one primer coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating.

36. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 30 to 35, characterized in that the method comprises at least the following additional step applying at least one coating (iii), selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, to the outermost surface of a. the at least one composite layer (ii) or b. the at least one coating (i).

37. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising an uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate and

(i) at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least one anti-reflective coating comprising or consisting of a stack of at least two stack layers, said stack comprising an outermost stack layer, whereby at least one of said stack layers comprises at least one biocidal component, and

- at least one mirror coating comprising or consisting of a stack of at least two stack layers, said stack comprising an outermost stack layer, whereby at least one of said stack layers comprises at least one biocidal component, said method comprising at least the following steps: depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of at least one of said stack layers, depositing at least one stack layer of said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating.

38. Method according to preceding claim 37, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component comprises or consists of: a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver and/or metallic copper, a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver and/or metallic copper.

39. Method according to any one of preceding claims 37 and 38, characterized in that the method comprises the following additional step: applying at least one coating (iii), selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, to the outermost surface of said anti-reflective coating or said mirror coating.

40. Method according to any one of preceding claims 37 and 39, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is deposited in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm.

41 . Method according to any one of preceding claims 37 and 40, characterized in that the maximum dimension of the each individual cluster is within at least one of the following ranges:

A) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

B) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

C) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

42. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 37 to 41 , characterized in that the at least one biocidal component comprising a plurality of individual atoms of metallic silver and/or a plurality of individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver is set such that a variation of a luminous transmittance (wo) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (wi) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) is within a range of the following group: 0.95,

0.98,

(C) 0.95 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(D) 0.98 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(E) 0.985 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995.

43. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 42, characterized in that the content of said at least one biocidal component in said spectacle lens is set to killing >95% of enveloped viruses as measured according to ISO 21702:2019(E) and/or to killing >95% of bacteria as measured according to ISO 22196:2011 (E).

44. Spectacle lens comprising at least one coating, characterized in that at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component are located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating,

- at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component are located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating, and

- at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component are located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating.

45. Spectacle lens according to claim 44, characterized in that the spectacle lens additionally comprises at least one outermost coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least one clean coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens,

46. Spectacle lens according any one of the preceding claims 44 and 45, characterized in that the at least one coating is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating, at least one primer coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating.

47. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 44 to 46, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal hydroxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide hydrate, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal nitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxynitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, and at least one metal sulfide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron.

48. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 44 to 47, characterized in that the maximum dimension of the at least two individual cluster is within at least one of the following ranges:

A) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

B) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

C) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

49. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 47 and 48, characterized in that the total content of the at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver is within a range of from 0.05 at% to 0.50 at%, determined via EDX mapping of an approximately 50 nm thick lamella of a cross-section of one surface of the spectacle lens.

50. Spectacle lens comprising at least one coating, characterized in that the at least one coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least two individual atoms of at least one biocidal component being located on top of an outermost surface of said outermost stack layer,

- at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component being located on top of an outermost surface of said outermost stack layer, and

- at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component being located on top of an outermost surface of said outermost stack layer.

51 . Spectacle lens according to preceding claim 50, characterized in that the spectacle lens additionally comprises at least one outermost coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one clean coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophobic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophilic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens and at least one anti-fog coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

52. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 50 and 51 , characterized in that the spectacle lens comprises a spectacle lens substrate based on at least one of: i. a glass or ii. at least one thin glass and at least one thermoplastic hard resin or iii. at least one thin glass and at least one thermosetting hard resin.

53. Spectacle lens according to the preceding claim 52, characterized in that the at least one anti- reflective coating comprises, beginning from an uncoated or precoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate, at least a) 0.74131 ·lo/4·M to 0.89369·lo/4·M; 0.34275·lo/4·I_ to 0.41206·lo/4·I_; 0.54089·lo/4·M to 0.65207·lo/4·M; 0.70021 -lo/4-L to 0.84181 -lo/4-L; 0.65779·lo/4·M to 0.79301 ·lo/4·M; 0.12950·lo/4·H to 0.16235·lo/4·H; 0.49624·lo/4·M to 0.59825·lo/4·M; 0.28033·lo/4·H to 0.35143·lo/4·H, 1 03563·lo/4·I_ to 1 24528·lo/4·I_, with lo selected from any wavelength in the range of from 500 nm to 600 nm, M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .632 at 380 nm to 1.599 at 780 nm or M having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1.750 at 380 nm to 1 .701 at 780 nm, L having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 1 .473 at 380 nm to 1 .456 at 780 nm, H preferably is having a wavelength dependent refractive index ranging from 2.832 at 380 nm to 2.270 at 780 nm; or b) 0.64253·lo/4·M to 0.77461 ·lo/4·M; 0.29675·lo/4·I_ to 0.35676·lo/4·I_; 0.27260·lo/4·M to 0.32864·lo/4·M; 0.75891 ·lo/4·I_ to 0.91237·lo/4·I_; 0.90476·lo/4·M to 1 09075·lo/4·M;

54. Spectacle lens comprising at least one coating, characterized in that at least one of the group consisting of:

- at least two individual atoms comprising or consisting of metallic silver are located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating, and

- at least two individual clusters comprising or consisting of metallic silver are located on top of an outermost surface of the at least one coating.

55. Spectacle lens according to the preceding claim 54, characterized in that in that the spectacle lens additionally comprises at least one outermost coating selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one clean coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophobic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens, at least one hydrophilic coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens and at least one anti-fog coating being the outermost coating of the spectacle lens.

56. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 54 and 55, characterized in that a variation of a luminous transmittance (wo) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (wi) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) is within a range of the following group: 0.95,

0.98,

(C) 0.95 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(D) 0.98 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(E) 0.985 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995.

57. Spectacle lens according to claims 44 to 56, characterized in that the spectacle lens comprises an uncoated or precoated spectacle lens substrate.

58. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 13 and 44 to 57, characterized in that the spectacle lens is in the form of computer-readable instructions for the manufacturing thereof, said instructions being stored on a computer-readable data carrier.

59. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 13 and 44 to 57, characterized in that the spectacle lens is in the form of computer-readable data, said data stored on a computer-readable data carrier.

60. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 13 and 44 to 57, characterized in that the spectacle lens is in the form of computer-readable instructions for the manufacturing thereof, said instructions being transformed into a data carrier signal.

61 . Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 13 and 44 to 57, characterized in that the spectacle lens is in the form of computer-readable data, the data being transformed into a data carrier signal.

62. Spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 13 and 44 to 57, characterized in that the spectacle lens is in the form of a data carrier signal.

63. Numerical data set describing a spectacle lens according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 13 and 44 to 57.

64. Data carrier signal transferring the numerical data set according to claim 63.

65. Data carrier storing the numerical data set according to claim 63.

66. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a coating, the method comprising at least the following steps: applying or depositing a coating to or on at least one uncoated or precoated surface of a spectacle lens substrate, depositing at least one biocidal component on an outermost surface of the at least one coating.

67. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising a coating, the method comprising at least the following steps:

- applying or depositing a coating to or on at least one uncoated or precoated surface of a spectacle lens substrate,

- depositing at least one biocidal component on an outermost surface of said coating, thus forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer comprising or consisting of the at least one biocidal component,

- depositing at least one compound on the outermost surface of said coating and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer.

68. Method according to claim 67, characterized in that the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer comprises or consists of at least one of the group consisting of: at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component, at least two individual molecules of the at least one biocidal component, and at least two individual clusters of the at least one biocidal component.

69. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 67 and 68, characterized in that the at least one compound comprises or consists of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of: at least one silicon oxide, at least one titanium oxide, at least one aluminum oxide, and at least one zirconium oxide.

70. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising an uncoated spectacle lens substrate and a coating, the method comprising at least the following steps:

- depositing at least one biocidal component on at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer comprising or consisting of at least two individual atoms, said at least two individual molecules and/or said at least two individual clusters,

- applying a coating to the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or to the outermost surface of the at least one discontinuous layer.

71 . Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 70, characterized in that the method comprises the additional step applying at least one coating, selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, to the outermost surface of a. the at least one coating or b. the at least one coating and of the at least one discontinuous layer or c. the at least one composite layer.

72. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 71 , characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is deposited by evaporation.

73. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 72, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is deposited by evaporation with ion beam assistance.

74. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 73, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is deposited in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm.

75. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 74, characterized in that the at least one compound is deposited in a nominal layer thickness of less than 12 nm.

76. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 75, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component at least partially diffuses at least into the at least one coating.

77. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 76, characterized in that the at least two individual clusters have a maximum expansion within at least one of the following ranges:

A) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 20 nm,

B) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 15 nm,

C) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion of less than 10 nm,

G) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 20 nm,

H) an individual cluster having a maximum expansion in the range of 0.5 nm to 15 nm,

78. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 77, characterized in that the at least one coating is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating, at least one primer coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating.

79. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 78, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal hydroxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide hydrate, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal nitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxynitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, and at least one metal sulfide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron.

80. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 79, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver which is set such that a variation of a luminous transmittance (wo) of the spectacle lens between a faded state according to section 7.5.3.2 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) and a luminous transmittance (TVI) of the spectacle lens in a darkened state according to section 7.5.3.3 of ISO 8980-3:2013(E) is within a range of the following group: 0.95,

0.98,

(C) 0.95 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(D) 0.98 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995,

(E) 0.985 s¾ tni/tno s¾ 0.995.

81 . Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 80, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver and the total content thereof in the spectacle lens is within a range of from 0.05 at% to 0.50 at%, determined via EDX mapping of an approximately 50 nm thick lamella of a cross-section of one surface of the spectacle lens.

82. Method for manufacturing a spectacle lens comprising an uncoated spectacle lens substrate and a coating, said method comprising at least the following steps:

- depositing at least one biocidal component on the outermost surface of at least one of the uncoated surfaces of the spectacle lens substrate, the deposited at least one biocidal component forming at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer,

- depositing at least one compound on the outermost surface of the uncoated surface of the spectacle lens substrate and/or on the outermost surface of the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer.

83. Method according to claim 82, characterized in that the at least one island shaped film or discontinuous layer comprises or consists of at least one of the group consisting of: at least two individual atoms of the at least one biocidal component, at least two individual molecules of at least one biocidal component, and at least two individual clusters of at least one biocidal component.

84. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 82 and 83, characterized in that the at least one compound comprises or consists of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of: at least one silicon oxide, at least one titanium oxide, at least one aluminum oxide, and at least one zirconium oxide.

85. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 82 to 84, characterized in that the at least one biocidal component is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal hydroxide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxide hydrate, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal nitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, at least one metal oxynitride, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron, and at least one metal sulfide, the metal comprising or consisting of silver, copper, titanium, zinc and/or iron.

86. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 82 to 85, characterized in that the method comprises at least the following additional step: applying or depositing at least one coating to the outermost surface of the composite layer.

87. Method according to the preceding claim 86, characterized in that the at least one coating is selected from at least one of the group consisting of: at least one photochromic primer coating, at least one photochromic coating, at least one primer coating, at least one hard coating, at least one anti-reflective coating and at least one mirror coating.

88. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 82 to 87, characterized in that the method comprises at least the following additional step applying at least one coating, selected from the group consisting of at least one clean coating, at least one hydrophobic coating, at least one hydrophilic coating and at least one anti-fog coating, to the outermost surface of a. the at least one composite layer or b. the at least one coating.

89. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 66 to 94, characterized in that the content of said at least one biocidal component in said spectacle lens is set to killing >95% of enveloped viruses as measured according to ISO 21702:2019(E) and/or to killing >95% of bacteria as measured according to ISO 22196:2011 (E).