WO2022179380A1 - 一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构 - Google Patents

一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022179380A1
WO2022179380A1 PCT/CN2022/074353 CN2022074353W WO2022179380A1 WO 2022179380 A1 WO2022179380 A1 WO 2022179380A1 CN 2022074353 W CN2022074353 W CN 2022074353W WO 2022179380 A1 WO2022179380 A1 WO 2022179380A1
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Prior art keywords
block
filling block
back plate
filling
truncated cone
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PCT/CN2022/074353
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
孙宇雁
王子国
金祖权
于泳
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青岛理工大学
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Application filed by 青岛理工大学 filed Critical 青岛理工大学
Publication of WO2022179380A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022179380A1/zh
Priority to US18/154,818 priority Critical patent/US20230194214A1/en
Priority to US18/164,457 priority patent/US20230194215A1/en

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/007—Reactive armour; Dynamic armour
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F41H5/0428—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
    • F41H5/0435—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics the additional layers being only fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0492—Layered armour containing hard elements, e.g. plates, spheres, rods, separated from each other, the elements being connected to a further flexible layer or being embedded in a plastics or an elastomer matrix
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/22—Manhole covers, e.g. on tanks; Doors on armoured vehicles or structures
    • F41H5/226—Doors on armoured vehicles or structures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/24—Armour; Armour plates for stationary use, e.g. fortifications ; Shelters; Guard Booths
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

  • the patent of the present invention relates to a conical frustum insert-extrusion assembled composite protective structure.
  • Ceramic materials such as Al 2 O 3 , B 4 C, SiC, TiB 2 and AlN, etc.
  • Ceramic materials have the characteristics of low density, high hardness, high compressive strength, etc., which can effectively passivate and erode projectiles, and can significantly improve the resistance of armor.
  • Penetration performance. Concrete is one of the most widely used civil engineering materials, widely used in military and civil air defense engineering, and is also an extremely important material for nuclear containment.
  • the research shows that the anti-penetration performance can be further improved by prestressing the ceramic material on the basis of block restraint. It is found that the static and dynamic strength and hardness of the ceramic target increase with the increase of the prestress when the ceramic target is constrained by the lateral plate and applied with biaxial prestress (confining pressure).
  • the prestress applied on the ceramic target can offset the local impact transient tensile stress of the projectile, and effectively inhibit the initiation and propagation of cracks inside the target. Even if the interior of the ceramic is broken or broken under high-speed impact, the cracks are tightly squeezed, with only cracks and no expansion, so that there is a greater penetration resistance inside the broken ceramic area, which is very effective in improving the penetration resistance of the ceramic. and impact resistance.
  • the prestressed constraint effect of sub-blocks is also applicable to brittle materials such as concrete and glass.
  • the mechanical extrusion method is to push the lateral plate in the direction of the ceramic panel to directly squeeze the side of the ceramic plate, and to apply transverse prestress to the ceramic;
  • the hot-loading method is to assemble the ceramic block and metal confinement ring with a margin difference at high temperature.
  • a metal with a larger thermal expansion coefficient and a faster shrinkage compresses the ceramic to apply a prestress after the overall cooling, such as a constrained ceramic-metal composite bulletproof armor plate and a preparation method thereof disclosed in the Chinese patent application with application number 201810777211.4.
  • the Chinese invention patent application with the application number of 202010591444.2 discloses a prestressed constraining block for a composite armor structure.
  • the conical frustum filling body is matched with the conical surface of the confinement ring to be wedged tightly, so that radial prestressing can be applied to the filling body relatively simply.
  • the biaxial prestress can be applied to filling materials such as ceramics, concrete or glass at room temperature. If the constraining block is further prestressed in the third direction on the basis of the biaxial prestressing, its anti-elastic performance will be greatly improved.
  • prestressed concrete is widely used in large-span structures.
  • the commonly used prestressing methods include pre-tensioning method and post-tensioning method, both of which are prestressed by springback of pretensioned steel bars.
  • the pretensioning method is suitable for small and medium-sized components, and it is relatively easy to apply prestressing to small-sized concrete members, but it is difficult to achieve confining prestressing constraints on the composite structure of multiple small-sized members, and once the prestressing is applied, it cannot be adjusted twice.
  • Prestress size is generally used for large-scale components.
  • Prestressed concrete is prone to large-area collapse and splashing under the action of explosion or penetrating strong dynamic load, and prestressing may have a reverse effect; when applied to small-sized components, prestressed steel bars The layout is more difficult. Even if the prestressed steel bars are arranged, there will be a very large prestress loss due to the short steel bars. The prestress loaded by the material cannot be accurately controlled, and it is difficult to apply effective prestress.
  • the expansive concrete can also generate prestressing inside the material, and the prestressing value is between 0.17MPa and 3.45MPa, but the prestressing force is small, and it is mostly used for shrinkage compensation and self-stressing concrete.
  • the invention solves the deficiencies of the prior art and provides a conical frustum insert-extrusion assembled composite protective structure.
  • the filling blocks made of concrete, ceramics and glass are pressed into the hoop or restraint made of metal or fiber-reinforced polymer.
  • the ferrule applies two-way or three-way prestress to the filling block by means of tapered surface wedging to form a prestressed, assembleable composite protective structure with sub-block prestress constraints.
  • the present invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize:
  • a conical frustum insert-extrusion assembled composite protective structure includes a constraining frame, a back plate, a filling block and a buffer block, wherein the constraining frame is provided with a plurality of through holes matching the size of the filling block to form mounting holes, and the The restraining frame is arranged on the back plate, the filling block is a frustum type, the buffering block is arranged on the small end of the filling block, the buffering block and the filling block are installed in the mounting holes of the restraining frame, and all the The filling block is wedged in the mounting hole of the constraining frame through the fitting of the conical surface, and at the same time, the buffer block is restrained at the bottom of the mounting hole.
  • the restraining frame is formed by interconnecting the outer walls of a plurality of ferrules, and the inner cavity of the ferrule forms the mounting hole.
  • the filling block is a hexagonal truncated pyramid type, a regular quadrangular pyramid truncated type, a truncated cone type, or a regular twelve pyramid truncated pyramid type.
  • the constraining frame is interconnected by a plurality of hexagonal ferrules to form a honeycomb shape.
  • a cover plate is provided on the opening side of the restraint frame, the restraint frame is sandwiched between the back plate and the cover plate, and the cover plate, the filling block, the buffer block and the back plate are correspondingly arranged
  • the gaps between the ferrules are filled with gap fillers.
  • the gap filler is made of materials such as concrete or fiber-reinforced polymer, which can connect adjacent ferrules on the one hand, and improve the integrity of the restraint frame on the other hand.
  • a cover plate is provided on the opening side of the restraint frame, the restraint frame is sandwiched between the back plate and the cover plate, and the cover plate, the gap filler and the back plate are respectively provided with at least one Bolt holes, the cover plate, the gap filler and the back plate are fixedly connected to each other by bolts.
  • bolt anchors are pre-embedded in the filling block, and the bolt anchors in the filling block protrude from the bolt holes reserved in the back plate and are anchored to the back plate.
  • the filling block is a single-layer or multi-layer structure
  • the filling block is made of one or more materials selected from ceramics, concrete, and glass
  • the outer surface of the filling block is wrapped with fiber reinforcement
  • the polymer or metal sheet forms the surface reinforcement layer. Since the frustum of ceramics, concrete and other materials is pushed into the ferrule, the corner area of the filler block that is in contact with the ferrule is prone to local damage. Therefore, before the filler block is pushed into the ferrule, the surface of the filler block can be wrapped with fiber-reinforced polymer or set metal plate materials for surface reinforcement to prevent damage or delamination due to excessive local stress during the pushing process. At least one of the bolts is pre-embedded in the filler block, and the bolts pre-embedded in the filler block pass through the bolt holes reserved in the back plate and are anchored with the cover plate.
  • the inclination angle of the inner cone surface of the filling block and the matching ferrule ranges from 0.5° to 10°, preferably 1° to 4°.
  • the thickness of the filling block decreases in a parabolic or linear manner from the center of the constraining frame to the periphery, and the thickness of the buffer block increases correspondingly as the thickness of the filling block decreases, so that each mounting hole
  • the total thickness of the inner filler and bumper blocks matches the depth of the mounting holes.
  • the present invention uses the ferrule restraint principle, so that the ferrule restrains the filling block with a self-tightening function.
  • the protective effect can be greatly improved, and the device presses the filling block into the restraining frame.
  • the size of the confining pressure prestress can be controlled, so that the anti-penetration and anti-explosion performance of the filling block can be optimized.
  • the filling block can be made of concrete, ceramics or glass and other materials.
  • the ferrule can be made of metal or fiber-reinforced polymer, so the ferrule can easily apply radial and vertical prestress to the filler block at room temperature, which can effectively curb the expansion of the filler block crack and improve the resistance of the entire structure. Penetration performance, suitable for prestressing protective members of various sizes; the restraint frame adopts the form of a combination of multiple ferrules, and when the restraint frame structure is damaged, by replacing the ferrule, the restraint frame can be quickly disassembled and repaired.
  • the filling block is truncated cone, the outer diameter of the bottom surface of the filling block and the inner diameter of the ferrule mounting hole have a larger tolerance, which can tolerate larger processing errors, and is more environmentally friendly and easier to implement than other assembly methods. It is easier to stress or adjust the size of the prestress.
  • a single ferrule prestressed confinement filling block has superior local impact resistance, while multiple ferrules combined into a honeycomb confinement frame have superior integrity and bending resistance, showing very good overall performance.
  • the confining pressure prestress constraint can greatly improve the compressive strength of the filling block, and correspondingly improve the compressive strength of the plate body under compression.
  • the overall flexural strength and flexural rigidity of the plate body are improved, making the structure more excellent in resisting the overall effect load such as explosion impact.
  • the prefabricated composite protective structure is assembled by a restraint frame and a plurality of filling blocks.
  • the prestressed restraint effect of sub-blocks can improve the anti-penetration and anti-explosion performance of the structure, and greatly reduce the penetration or explosion.
  • the damage range of the action can withstand multiple blows. When only a certain filling block is damaged, other filling blocks do not need to be replaced, and only the damaged filling block needs to be taken out and replaced, which is more cost-effective than replacing the entire large-area filling block.
  • the filling block when the filling block is damaged, it can be removed from the large port of the ferrule to quickly repair and replace the damaged components.
  • the present invention has broad application prospects in various protection fields such as island and reef protection structures, aircraft caves, missile manhole covers, ships, armed helicopters, armored vehicles and tanks.
  • FIG. 1 is an assembly drawing of the internal structure of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the external structure of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is an assembly drawing of the internal structure of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the external structure of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is an assembly drawing of the internal structure of Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a constraining frame, a frustum filling body and a buffer block according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is an assembly drawing of the internal structure of Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the external structure of Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is an assembly drawing of the internal structure of Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the external structure of Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is an assembly drawing of the internal structure of Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the external structure of Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 is an assembly drawing of the internal structure of Embodiment 7 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of the external structure of Embodiment 7 of the present invention.
  • the filling block 1 is a hexagonal frustum-shaped filling block 1
  • the constraining frame 2 is a honeycomb constraining frame 2
  • the honeycomb constraining frame 2 is composed of a plurality of hexagonal frustum ferrules.
  • the block 1 and the constraining frame 2 constitute the device as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the ferrule is anchored on the back plate 5 by bolts, or connected with the back plate 5 by welding, and the bottom of each ferrule mounting hole is filled with elastic and buffering materials such as foamed aluminum and foamed polymer.
  • the filling block 1 is a truncated cone type filling block 1
  • the ferrule of the constraining frame 2 is a truncated cone type ferrule
  • the truncated cone type ferrule When the filling block 1 is assembled, there is a gap between the ferrules, so a gap filler 7 should be filled between the ferrules.
  • the gap filler 7 is made of concrete, fiber-reinforced polymer, or foamed aluminum. 4.
  • Components such as the restraining frame 2 and the truncated cone-shaped filling block 1 are assembled into an overall structure as shown in Figure 4.
  • the filling block 1 in this embodiment is a regular quadrangular pyramid truncated filling block 1 .
  • the wedge-shaped cross-section side plates with linearly variable thickness are connected to form, or the side plates of equal thickness are placed and connected according to the inclination of the side of the cone.
  • the thickness of the filler block in this embodiment decreases in a parabolic form or linearly decreases from the center of the constraining frame to the surrounding area, or changes according to the size of the bending moment.
  • the thickness of the buffer block increases correspondingly as the thickness of the filling block decreases, so that the total thickness of the filling block and the buffer block in each installation hole matches the depth of the installation hole.
  • the cushion block adopts foam aluminum, honeycomb material, and polymer flexible material as the cushion layer to absorb shock waves and other energy, and reduce the damage of people and objects behind doors, boards or walls.
  • the back plate 5 is welded or bolted to the restraint frame 2. In order to further increase the protective effect, the panel restraint can be added.
  • the back plate 5 and the panel are fastened by bolts, and the filler block 1 is further prestressed in the direction of the bolt axis to achieve three-way Prestressed restraint to increase protective performance.
  • the filling block is a regular dodecapyramid frustum-shaped filler block 1
  • the constraining frame 2 uses a regular twelve-pyramid frustum-shaped ferrule as a basic unit.
  • the hexagonal composite protective structure is shown in Figure 7. The ferrule is anchored on the back plate 5 by bolts, and can also be connected to the back plate 5 by welding or bonding.
  • each ferrule mounting hole is filled with a buffer block 3 such as foamed aluminum and foamed polymer, and then The filling block 1 is pressed into the hoop in the confinement frame 2, and the lateral confining pressure prestress of the filling block 1 is controlled by controlling the depth of depression, so that the anti-penetration and anti-explosion performance of the filling block 1 is optimized.
  • the filling body 7 for filling the gap between each regular dodecagonal pyramid-shaped ferrule is made of concrete, fiber-reinforced polymer, or foamed aluminum.
  • the back plate 5, the cover plate 4, the buffer block 3, the restraining frame 2 and the regular dodecagonal frustum-shaped filler block 1 are assembled into an overall structure as shown in Figure 8, and the presetting of the vertical filler block 1 in the table surface direction is adjusted by the tightness of the bolts. stress.
  • the difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in this embodiment, the overall structure is a hexagonal composite protective structure assembled by a plurality of regular hexagonal frustum-shaped filling blocks 1 and a constraining frame 2, The overall structure is shown in Figure 10.
  • this embodiment is based on Embodiment 5.
  • the regular hexagonal frustum-shaped filler block 1 and the buffer block 3 in this embodiment are not provided with bolt holes 11 , and only the cover plate 4 and the back plate are provided with bolt holes 11 .
  • Bolt holes are provided at the edge of 5, wherein the cover plate 4 and the back plate 5 are connected with the filler block 1 by adhesive bonding, and bolts are used around the structure.
  • This embodiment is suitable for small protective structural components, such as small ceramic composite armor plates, and the overall structure is shown in FIG. 12 .
  • the difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 5 is that in this embodiment, the structure is not provided with a cover plate 4 , but bolt anchors 8 are embedded in the filling block 1 to be anchored and connected to the back plate 5 .
  • the degree of tightening between the embedded bolt anchors 8 and the backing plate 5 controls the magnitude of the lateral confining prestress of the filling block 1
  • the overall structure is shown in FIG. 14 .
  • the outer surface of the filling block 1 may be wrapped with fiber-reinforced polymer or provided with metal plate material for surface reinforcement, so the cover plate 4 may not be provided.
  • more bolt anchors 8 may be embedded in the filling block 1 .
  • bolt holes 11 are reserved for each filler block 1, but in order to enhance the structural integrity and increase the size of the third-direction prestress, more can be reserved on each filler block 1.
  • Bolt holes 11 , or at least one bolt anchor 8 is pre-embedded in the filler block 1 for connecting the back plate 5 .
  • the shape of the assembled composite protective structure in the above 7 embodiments is not limited to rectangle or hexagon (such as: door, plate, wall, etc.), but also can be assembled into a circle (such as: missile manhole cover, etc.) or special-shaped and other various
  • the protective structure panels can also be assembled into curved surfaces such as cylindrical surfaces and spherical cap surfaces.
  • the shape of the restraining frame 2 and the number of filling blocks 1 are determined according to the actual working conditions.
  • the thickness of the filling block 1 in other embodiments can also decrease parabolically or linearly from the mid-span area to the periphery according to the distribution of the bending moment that may occur.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)

Abstract

一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，包括约束框架（2）、背板（5）、填充块（1）和缓冲垫块（3），所述约束框架（2）内设有多个与填充块（1）大小相匹配的通孔构成安装孔，所述约束框架（2）设置在背板（5）上，所述填充块（1）为锥台型，所述缓冲垫块（3）设置在填充块（1）的小端上，所述缓冲垫块（3）和填充块（1）安装在约束框架（2）的安装孔内，并且所述填充块（1）通过锥面配合楔紧在约束框架（2）的安装孔内，同时将所述缓冲垫块（3）约束在安装孔的底部；本装置约束框架（2）由多块填充块（1）拼装而成，在分区块预应力约束下，侵彻或者爆炸作用后的损伤范围将明显减少，可以经受多次打击，而且受损后的填充块容易拆卸更换，修复简便快捷。

Description

一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构 技术领域
本发明专利涉及一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构。
背景技术
近年来，随着武器装备的不断升级和发展，以及恐怖爆炸袭击的严峻态势，对装甲设备和防护结构的防护性能提出更为严峻地挑战，研发更轻盈、更有效的装甲和防护结构任重道远。陶瓷材料(如Al 2O 3、B 4C、SiC、TiB 2和AlN等)具有低密度、高硬度、高抗压强度等特点，能够有效地钝化和磨蚀弹丸，可以显著提高装甲的抗侵彻性能。混凝土是目前应用最广泛的土木工程材料之一，广泛地应用于军事和人防工程中，也是核安全壳极为重要的材料。但是陶瓷、混凝土作为低韧性和低抗拉强度的脆性材料，其在弹体的冲击下很容易发生整体脆性破碎和崩塌现象，抗侵彻性能受到严重影响。当陶瓷或者混凝土材料遮弹层结构在韧性材料(钢管、纤维增强材料等)分区块约束下，其抗弹性能明显优于无约条件下的遮弹层，而且分区块约束的基础单元直径越小，其抗侵彻性能和抗多发打击性能越好。这是由于其在约束作用下，其径向膨胀和裂纹开展都受到限制，很大程度地提高其强度和韧性，明显地提高其抗侵彻性能。
研究表明，陶瓷材料在分区块约束的基础上施加预应力，抗侵彻性能可以得到进一步地提高。试验发现，陶瓷靶在侧向板约束下并施加双轴预应力(围压)，其静态、动态强度以及硬度都随着预应力的增大而增大。施加在陶瓷靶上的预应力可以抵消弹丸局部冲击瞬态拉应力，有效抑制靶体内部裂纹萌生和扩展。即使在高速冲击下陶瓷内部发生断裂或者破碎，但各裂块之间挤压紧密，只有裂纹而没有扩容，使得破碎陶瓷区域内部存在更大的侵彻阻力，十分有效的提高陶瓷的抗侵彻和抗冲击性能。虽然目前预应力约束条件下的混凝土在抗侵彻性能研究较为少见，但分区块预应力约束效应同样适用于混凝土、玻璃等脆性材料。
分区块陶瓷预应力约束主要有机械挤压法和热装法。机械挤压法是在陶瓷面板面内方向推动侧向板直接挤压陶瓷板的侧面，对陶瓷施加横向预应力；热装法是将存在盈差的陶瓷块和金属约束环在高温下装配，热膨胀系数较大、收缩更快的金属在整体降温后压缩陶瓷施加预应力，如申请号为201810777211.4的中国专利申请公开的一种约束陶瓷-金属复合防弹装甲板及其制备方法。但这两种方法对陶瓷材料施加预应力比较困难，而对耐热性能较差的混凝土和玻璃等脆性材料进行分区块预应力约束更为困难。申请号为202010591444.2的中国发明专利申请公开了一种用于复合装甲结构的预应力约束块，通过锥台填充体与约束环锥面配合而楔紧，较为简便地对填充体施加径向预应力，可以在室温条件下实现对陶瓷、混凝土或者玻璃等填充材料施加双轴预应力。如果在双轴预应力的基础上进一步对约束块施加第三向预应力，将会对其抗弹性能有更大幅度地提高。
目前预应力混凝土在大跨度结构中应用非常广泛，常用的预应力方法有先张法和后张法，两者都是通过预张拉的钢筋回弹施加预应力。先张法适用于中小型构件，比较容易对小尺寸混凝土构件施加预应力，但很难对多块小尺寸构件组合结构实现围压预应力约束，而且一旦预应力施加完毕后，不能二次调整预应力大小。后张法一般用于大型构件，预应力混凝土在爆炸或者侵彻强动载作用下，容易出现大面积崩塌和飞溅，预应力可能会起到反作用；而应用到小尺寸构件时，预应力钢筋布置较为困难，即使布置好预应力钢筋，由于钢筋过短而出现非常大的预应力损失，无法精确控制材料所加载的预应力，难以施加有效预应力。除了先张法和后张法外，膨胀混凝土也可以在材料内部产生预应力，预应力大小在0.17MPa～3.45MPa之间，但预应力较小，多用于收缩补偿和自应力混凝土，一般不作为混凝土结构的预应力加载方式。因此采用上述预应力方法很难实现分区块预应力约束。目前用于防护结构的门、板、墙等大型的多采用钢筋混凝土或者钢板-混凝土结构，还未见有装配式分区块预应力约束的门、板、墙等混凝土防护结构。
发明内容
本发明解决现有技术的不足而提供一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，本发明将混凝土、陶瓷和玻璃等材质的填充块压入金属或者纤维增强聚合物制成的套箍或者约束框架的每格套箍内，套箍通过锥面楔紧方式对填充块施加双向或者三向预应力，形成一种分区块预应力约束、可装配式复合防护结构。
本发明采用如下技术方案实现：
一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，包括约束框架、背板、填充块和缓冲垫块，所述约束框架内设有多个与填充块大小相匹配的通孔构成安装孔，所述约束框架设置在背板上，所述填充块为锥台型，所述缓冲垫块设置在填充块的小端上，所述缓冲垫块和填充块安装在约束框架的安装孔内，并且所述填充块通过锥面配合楔紧在约束框架的安装孔内，同时将所述缓冲垫块约束在安装孔的底部。
本实施方式中，所述约束框架由多个套箍的外壁相互连接而成，所述套箍内腔形成所述安装孔。
本实施方式中，所述填充块为六棱锥台型或正四棱锥台型或圆锥台型或者正十二棱锥台型。当填充块为六棱锥台型时，所述约束框架由多个六边形套箍相互连接形成蜂巢型。
本实施方式中，所述约束框架的开口侧上设置有盖板，所述约束框架夹装在背板和盖板之间，所述盖板、填充块、缓冲垫块和背板上对应设有至少一个螺栓孔，所述盖板和背板通过螺栓将填充块、缓冲垫块相互固定连接。采用上述结构，通过螺栓的松紧来调节背板和填充块之间、沿垂直填充块台面方向的预应力大小，填充块的强度随着预应力的增大相应增大。
本实施方式中，所述套箍之间的缝隙内填充有缝隙填充体。所述缝隙填充体采用如混凝土或纤维增强聚合物等材料，缝隙填充体一方面可以连接相邻的套箍，另一方面提高约束框架整体性。
本实施方式中，所述约束框架的开口侧上设置有盖板，所述约束框架夹装在背板和盖板之间，所述盖板、缝隙填充体和背板上对应设有至少一个螺栓孔，所述盖板、缝隙填充体和背板通过螺栓相互固定连接。
本实施方式中，所述填充块内预埋有螺栓锚固件，所述填充块内的螺栓锚固件从背板预留的螺栓孔穿出，并与背板锚固。
本实施方式中，所述填充块为单层或者多层结构，所述填充块采用陶瓷、混凝土、玻璃中的一种或者多种材料叠合而成，并且所述填充块外表面包裹纤维增强聚合物或者金属板形成表面加固层。由于陶瓷、混凝土等材料的锥台在推入套箍过程中，与套箍接触的填充块边角区域容易出现局部破损，因此可以在填充块推入套箍之前，在其表面包裹纤维增强聚合物或者设置金属板材料进行表面加固，防止推挤过程中局部应力过大而破坏或者出现分层。所述填充块的内至少预埋一个所述螺栓，预埋在填充块内的螺栓从背板预留的螺栓孔穿出，并与盖板锚固。
本实施方式中，所述填充块和匹配的套箍内锥面倾角大小范围为0.5°～10°，优选1°～4°，这里所指的锥面倾角为填充块的锥台外侧壁和套箍内圈壁的圆锥母线与竖直方向的夹角或锥台外侧壁和套箍内圈壁的棱锥棱线与竖直方向的夹角。
本实施方式中，所述填充块的厚度以约束框架的中心向四周以抛物线形式减少或者线性减少，所述缓冲垫块的厚度随着填充块厚度的减少而相应的增加，使得每个安装孔内填充块和缓冲垫块的总厚度与安装孔的深度相匹配。通过填充块厚度的变化，使得本装置整个结构中部的填充块厚于四周的填充块，这样本结构受到爆炸或者面外强动载作用后，弯矩从跨中区域向四周减少，有利于节省成本，提高材料的利用率。
本发明的有益效果：
与现有技术相比，本发明通过套箍约束原理，使得套箍约束填充块具有自紧功能，在本装置作为防护结构时，可以大大提高防护效果，而且本装置将填充块压入约束框架中的套箍中，通过在装配时控制下压深度，可以控制围压预应 力的大小，使填充块的抗侵彻和抗爆炸性能达到最优，本装置同时可通过螺栓的松紧来调节背板和填充块之间、沿垂直填充块台面方向的预应力大小，填充块的强度随着预应力的增大相应增大，本装置中，填充块可以为混凝土、陶瓷或玻璃等材质，套箍可以由金属或者纤维增强聚合物制成，因此套箍在室温条件下可以非常简便的对填充块施加径向、垂直方向预应力，从而可以有效遏制填充块裂纹的扩展，提高整个结构的抗侵彻性能，适合各种尺寸的防护构件施加预应力；约束框架采用多个套箍组合的形式，而约束框架结构发生破坏时，通过更换套箍，可以实现约束框架的快速拆卸和修复，另外，由于填充块为锥台形，填充块的底面外径与套箍安装孔的内径具有更大的容差，可以容许更大的加工误差，相比其它装配方式更环保、更容易实现，施加预应力或者调节预应力大小更为简便。单个套箍预应力约束填充块具有优越的抗局部冲击性能，而多个套箍组合成蜂巢型约束框架具有优越的整体性和抗弯能力，表现出非常好的整体性能。由于填充块推入套箍内后形成门、板、墙等板体结构，围压预应力约束作用可以大幅度提高填充块的抗压强度，相应地提高板体受压区的抗压强度，提高板体整体抗弯强度和抗弯刚度，使得该结构具更加优异的抵抗爆炸冲击等整体效应荷载的性能。
综上所述，本装配式复合防护结构由约束框架和多块填充块拼装而成，分区块预应力约束作用可以提高结构的抗侵彻和抗爆性能，很大程度地减少侵彻或者爆炸作用的损伤范围，能够经受多次打击。在只出现某一块填充块破坏的情况下，不需要更换其它填充块，只需要取出更换破坏的填充块，比更换整个大面积填充块更节省成本。而且当填充块受损后，可以从套箍大端口拆卸取出，快速修复更换破损构件。鉴于这些优点，本发明在岛礁防护结构、飞机洞库、导弹井盖、舰船、武装直升机、装甲车和坦克等多种防护领域具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1的内部结构装配图。
图2为本发明实施例1的外部结构示意图。
图3为本发明实施例2的内部结构装配图。
图4为本发明实施例2的外部结构示意图。
图5为本发明实施例3的内部结构装配图。
图6为本发明实施例3约束框架、锥台填充体和缓冲垫块的结构示意图。
图7为本发明实施例4的内部结构装配图。
图8为本发明实施例4的外部结构示意图。
图9为本发明实施例5的内部结构装配图。
图10为本发明实施例5的外部结构示意图。
图11为本发明实施例6的内部结构装配图。
图12为本发明实施例6的外部结构示意图。
图13为本发明实施例7的内部结构装配图。
图14为本发明实施例7的外部结构示意图。
图中标号：1、填充块；11、螺栓孔；2、约束框架；3、缓冲垫块；4、盖板；5、背板；6、螺栓；7、缝隙填充体；8、螺栓锚固件。
具体实施方式
下面根据附图对本发明的几种实施方式进行详细说明。
实施例1：
本实施例中，填充块1为六棱锥台型填充块1,约束框架2为蜂巢型约束框架2，蜂巢型约束框架2由多个六棱锥台型套箍组合而成，六棱锥台型填充块1和约束框架2组成如图1所示的本装置。套箍通过螺栓锚固在背板5上，或者通过焊接的方式与背板5连接，在每个套箍安装孔的底部填充有如泡沫铝、泡沫聚合物等带有弹性的、具有缓冲功能的材料制作而成的缓冲垫块3，然后将填充块1压入约束框架2中的套箍中，通过控制下压深度控制填充块1侧向围压预应力的大小，使填充块1的抗侵彻和抗爆炸性能最优。
所有填充块1压入约束框架2后，盖上盖板4，在背板5、缓冲垫块3、填充块1、盖板4上预留的螺栓孔11，采用螺栓将背板5、约束框架2和盖板4构件组合成整体结构，如图2所示。通过螺栓的松紧调节，可以调节垂直填充块1 台面方向的预应力，从而对填充块1实现三向预应力，增加填充块1的抗弹和抗冲击性能，而当该结构发生破坏后，可以快速拆卸和修复。
实施例2：
如图3所示，本实施例与实施例1不同之处在于，本实施例中，填充块1为圆锥台型填充块1,约束框架2的套箍为圆锥台型套箍，圆锥台型填充块1装配时，各套箍之间存在缝隙，所以要在套箍之间填充缝隙填充体7，缝隙填充体7为混凝土、纤维增强聚合物或者泡沫铝等材料，背板5、盖板4、约束框架2和圆锥台型填充块1等组件装配成整体结构如图4所示。
实施例3：
如图5和图6所示，本实施例与实施例1不同之处在于，本实施例中填充块1为正四棱锥台型填充块1，为了与正四棱锥台侧面契合，套箍采用四个呈线性变厚度的楔形截面侧板连接构成或采用等厚的侧板按照锥台侧面倾角放置后连接而成。
本实施例在应用到防护门、板或者墙结构时，由于门、板或者墙结构的四周边界一般会受到约束，使得本装置的整体结构在受到爆炸或者侵彻强动载作用后，其弯矩一般从跨中区域向四周减少，为了提高材料的利用率，本实施例的所述填充块的厚度以约束框架的中心向四周以抛物线形式减少或者线性减少或者根据弯矩大小而变化，所述缓冲垫块的厚度随着填充块厚度的减少而相应的增加，使得每个安装孔内填充块和缓冲垫块的总厚度与安装孔的深度相匹配。缓冲垫块采用泡沫铝、蜂窝材料、高分子柔性材料作为缓冲垫层吸收冲击波等能量，减少门、板或者墙背后的人和物的损伤。背板5与约束框架2焊接连接或者螺栓连接，为了进一步增加防护效果，可以增加面板约束，通过螺栓紧固背板5和面板，对填充块1进一步施加螺栓轴线方向的预应力，实现三向预应力约束，增加防护性能。
实施例4：
本实施例中，填充块为正十二棱锥台型填充块1,约束框架2以正十二棱锥台型套箍为基本单元，多个正十二棱锥台型填充块1和约束框架2装配成六边 形复合防护结构如图7所示。套箍通过螺栓锚固在背板5上，也可以通过焊接或者粘结的方式与背板5连接，在每个套箍安装孔的底部填充有如泡沫铝、泡沫聚合物等缓冲垫块3，然后将填充块1压入约束框架2中的套箍中，通过控制下压深度控制填充块1侧向围压预应力的大小，使填充块1的抗侵彻和抗爆炸性能最优。各正十二棱锥台型套箍之间的填充缝隙填充体7采用混凝土、纤维增强聚合物或者泡沫铝等材料。背板5、盖板4、缓冲垫块3、约束框架2和正十二棱锥台型填充块1等组件装配成整体结构如图8所示，采用螺栓的松紧调节垂直填充块1台面方向的预应力。
实施例5：
如图9所示，本实施例与实施例1不同之处在于，本实施例中，整体结构由多个正六棱锥台型填充块1和约束框架2装配成的六边形的复合防护结构，整体结构如图10所示。
实施例6：
如图11所示，本实施例基于实施例5，不同之处在于，本实施例的正六棱锥台型填充块1和缓冲垫块3上未设置螺栓孔11，仅在盖板4和背板5的边缘处设置螺栓孔，其中盖板4和背板5与填充块1采用粘结剂粘合连接，结构周围采用螺栓连接。本实施例适用于小型防护结构构件，如小型陶瓷复合装甲板，整体结构如图12所示。
实施例7：
如图13所示，本实施例与实施例5不同之处在于，本实施例中结构未设置盖板4，而是在填充块1内预埋螺栓锚固件8与背板5锚固连接，通过埋置螺栓锚固件8与背板5的紧固程度控制填充块1侧向围压预应力的大小，整体结构如图14所示。本实施例中填充块1的外表面可以包裹纤维增强聚合物或者设置金属板材料进行表面加固，因此可以不设置盖板4。本实施例中，为了增强结构整体性和侧向围压预应力的可控性，填充块1内可以预埋更多的螺栓锚固件8。
上述实施例1-5中，每个填充块1只预留一个螺栓孔11，但为了增强结构整体性和增大第三向预应力大小，可以在每个填充块1上预留更多的螺栓孔11，或者在填充块1中至少预埋一个螺栓锚固件8用于连接背板5。
上述7个实施例中的装配式复合防护结构形状不仅仅限于矩形或者六边形(如：门、板、墙等)，还可以拼装成圆形(如：导弹井盖等)或者异形等多种形状，防护结构面板也可拼装成柱面、球冠面等曲面形状，约束框架2的形状和填充块1的数量根据实际工况而确定。除实施例3之外，其它实施例的填充块1的厚度也可以根据可能出现的弯矩分布情况，从跨中区域向四周以抛物线或者线性减少。
上述仅为本发明的若干具体实施方式，但本发明的设计构思并不局限于此，凡利用此构思对本发明进行非实质性的改动，均应属于侵犯本发明保护的范围的行为。但凡是未脱离本发明技术方案的内容，依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何形式的简单修改、等同变化与改型，仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：包括约束框架(2)、背板(5)、填充块(1)和缓冲垫块(3)，所述约束框架(2)设置在背板(5)上，所述填充块(1)为锥台型，所述缓冲垫块(3)设置在填充块(1)的小端上，所述约束框架(2)内设有多个与填充块(1)大小相匹配的通孔形成安装孔，所述缓冲垫块(3)和填充块(1)安装在约束框架(2)的安装孔内，并且所述填充块(1)通过锥面配合楔紧在约束框架(2)的安装孔内，同时将所述缓冲垫块(3)约束在安装孔的底部。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述约束框架(2)由多个与填充块(1)形状相匹配的套箍相互连接而成，所述套箍内腔形成所述安装孔。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述填充块(1)为六棱锥台型或正四棱锥台型或圆锥台型或者正十二棱锥台型。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述约束框架(2)的开口侧上设置有盖板(4)，所述约束框架(2)夹装在背板(5)和盖板(4)之间，所述盖板(4)、填充块(1)、缓冲垫块(3)和背板(5)上对应设有至少一个螺栓孔(11)，所述盖板(4)和背板(5)通过螺栓(6)将填充块(1)、缓冲垫块(3)相互固定连接。
  5. 根据权利要求2所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述套箍之间的缝隙内填充有缝隙填充体(7)。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述约束框架(2)的开口侧上设置有盖板(4)，所述约束框架(2)夹装在背板(5)和盖板(4)之间，所述盖板(4)、缝隙填充体(7)和背板(5)上对应设有至少一个螺栓孔(11)，所述盖板(4)、缝隙填充体(7)和背板(5)通过螺栓(6)相互固定连接。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述填充块(1)内预埋有螺栓锚固件(8)，所述填充块(1)内的螺栓锚固件(8)从背板(5)预留的螺栓孔(11)穿出，并与背板(5)锚固。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述填充块(1)为单层或者多层结构，所述填充块(1)采用陶瓷、混凝土、玻璃中的一种或者多种材料叠合而成，并且所述填充块(1)外表面包裹纤维增强聚合物或者金属板形成表面加固层。
  9. 根据权利要求2所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述填充块(1)和匹配的套箍之间的锥面倾角大小范围为0.5°～10°。
  10. 根据权利要求1至9任意一项所述的锥台嵌挤装配式复合防护结构，其特征在于：所述填充块(1)的厚度以约束框架(2)的中心向四周以抛物线形式减少或者线性减少，所述缓冲垫块(3)的厚度随着填充块(1)厚度的减少而相应的增加，使得每个安装孔内填充块(1)和缓冲垫块(3)的总厚度与安装孔的深度相匹配。
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