Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
  • A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
  • A61K38/465—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1), e.g. lipases, ribonucleases
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
  • A61K48/0008—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'non-active' part of the composition delivered, e.g. wherein such 'non-active' part is not delivered simultaneously with the 'active' part of the composition
  • A61K48/0025—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'non-active' part of the composition delivered, e.g. wherein such 'non-active' part is not delivered simultaneously with the 'active' part of the composition wherein the non-active part clearly interacts with the delivered nucleic acid
  • A61K48/0033—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'non-active' part of the composition delivered, e.g. wherein such 'non-active' part is not delivered simultaneously with the 'active' part of the composition wherein the non-active part clearly interacts with the delivered nucleic acid the non-active part being non-polymeric
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
  • A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
  • A61K48/0058—Nucleic acids adapted for tissue specific expression, e.g. having tissue specific promoters as part of a contruct
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
  • C07K14/43513—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from arachnidae
  • C07K14/43518—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from arachnidae from spiders
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  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
  • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
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  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
  • C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
  • C12N9/22—Ribonucleases [RNase]; Deoxyribonucleases [DNase]
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  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/20—Type of nucleic acid involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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  • C12N2750/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssDNA viruses
  • C12N2750/00011—Details
  • C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
  • C12N2750/14111—Dependovirus, e.g. adenoassociated viruses
  • C12N2750/14141—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
  • C12N2750/14143—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector

Definitions

• epigenetic modulation of gene(s) associated with pain can provide a nonpermanent, long-lasting therapy for pain.
• epigenetic modulation comprises delivering a nuclease-null Cas protein with one or more guide-RNAs and a repression and/or activation domain to repress and/or activate the target gene(s).
• Zinc Finger Proteins ZFP can be delivered with the repressor and/or activation domains to repress and/or activate the target gene(s).
• a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a nucleic acid binding domain, a sequence encoding an epigenetic modulator that regulates transcription of one or more target molecules, and a promoter comprising a Nav 1.7 promoter, a promoter having a sequence at least about 90% identical to a sequence of Table 5, or a promoter of a gene selected from Tables 1 -3.
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid encoding an ion channel and/or is associated with an ion channel.
• the one or more target molecules comprises SCN9 A, SCN10A, or SCN11 A, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Dravet syndrome, an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, LongQT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 1.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with pain.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 2 or Table 3.
• the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a zinc finger protein.
• the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a nuclease dead Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein (dCas).
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain having transcription repression activity (repressor domain).
• the repressor domain comprises a ZIM3 repressor domain or a Krueppel -associated box (KRAB) domain (recruitment of histone methyltransferases and deacetylases).
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain having transcription activation activity (activator domain).
• the epigenetic modulator comprises ZIM3, KRAB (also referred to as KOX), SID, MBD2, MBD3, HP la, DNMT family (including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A), Sin3a, Rb, MeCP2, R0M2, AtHD2A, LSD1, SUV39H1, G9a (EHMT2), ZIM3, ZNF554, ZNF264, ZNF324, ZNF354A, ZNF189, ZNF543, ZNP82, ZNF669, ZNF582, KOXl-MeCP2,ZNF30, ZNF680, ZNF331, ZNF33A, ZNF528, ZNF320, ZNF350, ZNF175, ZNF214, ZNF184,ZNF8, ZNF596, KOX1,ZNF37A, ZNF394, ZNF610, ZNF273, ZNF34, ZNF250,ZNF98, ZNF675, ZNF213, NLuc, ZFP
• the promoter comprises the Navi .7 promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter comprises the sequence at least about 90% identical to a sequence of Table 5, optionally promoter 1 or promoter 2. In some embodiments, the promoter is the promoter of a gene selected from Tables 1 -3.
• the nucleic acid is delivered to the subject via a delivery vehicle.
• the delivery vehicle is a viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome. In some embodiments, the viral delivery vehicle is a recombinant adeno -associated virus (AAV).
• AAV recombinant adeno -associated virus
• the AAV is AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVhu68, AAVrh.10, AAVrh74 or AAVDJ, or a combination thereof.
• the AAV is AAV9.
• the AAV has a recombinant capsid.
• the recombinant capsid comprises or comprises a sequence encoding a targeting moiety.
• the delivery vehicle comprises oris connected to a targeting moiety.
• the targeting moiety targets a cell comprising the target molecule in the subject.
• the targeting moiety binds to a peptide product of the target molecule.
• the target molecule is present on a target cell.
• the target cell is associated with the disease or condition in the subject.
• the targeting moiety comprises a peptide.
• the peptide comprises JNJ63955, m3 -Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl), Protoxin-II (ProTx-II), or Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), or a variant thereof.
• the peptide comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to a peptide of Table 7.
• composition comprising a) a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a nucleic acid binding domain and a sequence encoding an epigenetic modulator that regulates transcription of one or more target molecules, and b) a delivery vehicle for delivering the nucleic acid, wherein the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting peptide comprising JNJ63955, m3 -Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl), Protoxin- II (ProTx-II), or Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), or a variant thereof; or a sequence at least about 90% identical to a peptide of Table 7.
• the delivery vehicle is a viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome.
• the viral delivery vehicle is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV).
• AAV adeno-associated virus
• the AAV is AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVhu68, AAVrh.10, AAVrh74 or AAVDJ, or a combination thereof.
• the AAV is AAV9.
• the AAV has a recombinant capsid.
• the recombinant capsid comprises or comprises a sequence encoding a targeting moiety.
• the delivery vehicle comprises or is connected to a targeting moiety.
• the targeting moiety targets a cell comprising the target molecule in the subject.
• the targeting moiety binds to a peptide product of the target molecule.
• the target molecule is present on a target cell.
• the target cell is associated with the disease or condition in the subject.
• the targeting moiety comprises a peptide.
• the peptide comprises JNJ63955, m3 -Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl), Protoxin-II (ProTx- II), or Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), or a variant thereof.
• the peptide comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to a peptide of Table 7.
• a method for modulating expression of one or more target molecules associated with a disease or condition in a subject comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid sequence encoding a nucleic acid binding domain and an epigenetic modulator that regulates transcription of the one or more target molecules.
• regulation of the transcription of the one or more target molecules is transient.
• the genome of the subject is not edited.
• the disease or condition comprises pain.
• the pain comprises neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof.
• the disease or condition comprises a channelopathy.
• the channelopathy comprises Dravet syndrome, Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• the disease or condition comprises a neurological disease.
• the neurological disease is dementia.
• the disease or condition comprises Alzheimer’s disease.
• the disease or condition comprises Parkinson’s disease.
• the disease or condition comprises Huntington’ s disease.
• the disease or condition comprises schizophrenia.
• the disease or condition comprises Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• the disease or condition comprises Multiple Sclerosis.
• the disease or condition comprises a central nervous system ailment.
• the disease or condition comprises an infection.
• the disease or condition comprises Beta -thalassemia, Fragile X, centronuclear myopathy, Prion disease, Angelman Syndrome, Lafora disease, or Alexander disease.
• the one or more target molecules comprise DNA. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprise RNA. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprise a coding region of a gene. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprise DNA complementary to non -coding RNA. In some embodiments, the non-coding RNA is associated with neuropathic pain. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain comprises spinal nerve ligation, spared nerve injury, chronic constriction injury, or diabetic neuropathy, or a combination thereof.
• the non-coding RNA comprises a SCN9A natural antisense transcript (NAT), a Kcna2 antisense RNA, Hl 9, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps, Uc007pbc.l, XLOC_041439, Mlxipl, Rn50_X_0739.1, CCAT1, rno circ 0004058, rno_circRNA_007512, or Egr2 antisense RNA, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid encoding a channel.
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a channel.
• the channel is an ion channel.
• the ion channel is a sodium channel.
• the ion channel is a potassium channel.
• the ion channel is a calcium channel.
• the ion channel is a chloride channel.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Dravet syndrome, an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 1 .
• the one or more target molecules comprises SCN9 A, SCN 10 A, or SCN11A, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprise a natural antisense transcript for SCN9A.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with pain.
• the pain comprises neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 2.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with a neurological disease.
• the neurological disease comprises dementia.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 3.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes selected from the group comprising SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Huntington’s disease.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with schizophrenia.
• the one or more target molecules comprises GPR52.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• the one or more target molecule comprises one or more genes selected from the group comprising SOD1, ataxin-2, TDP43, FUS, C9ORF72 and SCA2.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Multiple Sclerosis. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules is associated with a central nervous system ailment. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprise one or more genes selected from the group comprising BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain -derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor, a Neurotrophin, BCL11 A, FMRI , DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, STING, and GFAP.
• the nucleic acid binding domain binds to at least one of the one or more target molecules.
• the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a nuclease dead Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein (dCas).
• the dCas comprises a mutated Cas protein.
• the dCas is a truncated Cas protein.
• the dCas is a mutated or truncated Cas protein of Table 4.
• the dCas comprises a sequence at least 90% identical to a dCas of Table 4.
• the dCas comprises dCas9. In some embodiments, the dCas9 is a truncated or mutated Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the dCas comprises dCas 12. In some embodiments, the dCasl2 is a truncated or mutated Cas 12 protein. In some embodiments, the dCas comprises a dCas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, S. thermophilus, S.
• the dCas has a REC2 domain deletion.
• the dCas has a REC3 domain deletion. In some embodiments, the dCas has a HNH deletion. In some embodiments, the dCas has a nuclease (NUC) lobe deletion. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a zinc finger protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a meganuclease. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).
• TALENs transcription activator-like effector nucleases
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a transcription regulatory domain. In some embodiments, the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain having transcription repression activity (repressor domain). In some embodiments, the repressor domain comprises a Krueppel-associated box (KRAB) domain (recruitment of histone methyltransferases and deacetylases). In some embodiments, the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain having transcription activation activity (activator domain).
• KRAB Krueppel-associated box
• the epigenetic modulator comprises KRAB (also referred to as KOX), SID, MBD2, MBD3, HPla, DNMT family (including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A), Sin3a, Rb, MeCP2, R0M2, AtHD2A, LSD1, SUV39H1, or G9a (EHMT2), or a variant or combination thereof.
• KRAB also referred to as KOX
• SID also referred to as KOX
• MBD2 MBD3, HPla
• DNMT family including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A
• Sin3a Rb
• MeCP2 MeCP2, R0M2, AtHD2A, LSD1, SUV39H1, or G9a
• EHMT2 G9a
• the epigenetic modulator comprises ZIM3, ZNF554, ZNF264, ZNF324, ZNF354A, ZNF189, ZNF543, ZNP82, ZNF669, ZNF582, KOXl -MeCP2, ZNF30, ZNF680, ZNF331, ZNF33A, ZNF528, ZNF320, ZNF350, ZNF175, ZNF214, ZNF184, ZNF8, ZNF596, KOX1, ZNF37A, ZNF394, ZNF610, ZNF273, ZNF34, ZNF250, ZNF98, ZNF675, ZNF213, NLuc, ZFP28 -2, ZNF224, or ZNF257, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64, Rta, P16, P65, p300, TET1 catalytic domain, TDG, Ldb 1 selfassociation domain, SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSFl), VPR (VP64, p65, Rta), CD, or SunTag, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain that recruits transcriptional activators, a histone acetyltransferase, a DNA demethylase, a domain that recruits enhancer-associated endogenous Ldb 1, a domain that recruits histone methyltransferases and deacetylases, a domain that recruits histone deacetylases, a histone demethylase, a histone methyltransferase, a DNA methyltransferase, an acetylation domain, or a de-acetylation domain, or a combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p65 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p300 catalytic domain (histone acetyltransferase), TET1 catalytic domain (DNA demethylase), TDG (DNA demethylase), Ldb 1 self- association domain (recruits enhancer- associated endogenous Ldb 1), SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSFl)(recruits transcriptional activators), VPR (VP64, p65, Rta) (recruits transcriptional activators), Sin3a (recruitment of histone deacetylases), LSD1 (histone demethylase), SUV39H1 (histone methyltransferase), G9a (EHMT2)(histone methyltransferase), DNMT3 a (DNA methyltransferase), or DNMT3 a-DNMT3L (DNA methyltrans
• the epigenetic modulator is linked to the nucleic acid binding domain atthe N-terminus or C-terminus of the nucleic acid binding domain via a linker.
• the linker is a flexible linker.
• the linker is (GGS)n, (GGGS)n, (GGGGS)n, (G)n, (EAAAK)n, A(EAAAK)nALEA(EAAAK)nA, PAPAP, AEAAAKEAAAKA, (Ala-Pro)x, LE, Gly Ser- poly Pro(Glyc)-polyPro(Glyc)-polyPro(Glyc), GlySer-polyPro-polyPro(Glyc)-polyPro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-GlySer(Glyc)-polyPro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-polyPro-polyPro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-polyPro-polyPro, GlySer-polyPro- P2m-polyPro, Gly Ser
• the nucleic acid binding domain and the epigenetic modulator are connected by a disulfide bond.
• the nucleic acid sequence comprises a nuclear localization sequence (NLS).
• the nucleic acid sequence comprises a promoter.
• the promoter comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to sequence of Table 5.
• the promoter comprises a nuclear localization sequence.
• the NLS drives nuclear import of the nucleic acid.
• the promoter drives expression of the nucleic acid binding domain.
• the promoter drives expression of the epigenetic modulator.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with the target molecule.
• the promoter is a promoter of a gene from Tables 1 -3. In some embodiments, the promoter is a SCN9 A promoter or SCN 10A promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a pan -neuronal gene promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene related to pain.
• the promoter is a promoter of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), promoter of the Neuron specific enolase (NSE), promoter of the Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), promoter of the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) (also called ubiquitin -C-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL-1)), promoter of the human synapsin 1 (hSYNl) gene promoter, promoter of the NeuN gene (Fox-3, Rbfox3, or Hexaribonucleotide Binding Protein-3), promoter of the a-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II [CaMKIIa]), promoter of the Rheb gene (ras homolog enriched in brain), TRKA promoter (Tyrosine Kinase A), or jET.
• MAP-2 microtubule-associated protein 2
• NSE Neuron specific enolase
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene associated with a channel. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Dravet syndrome, an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, ery throm elalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a neurological disease.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with dementia.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Parkinson’s disease.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with ALS.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Multiple Sclerosis.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene associated with a central nervous system ailment. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter of a gene selected from SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2, SOD1, ataxin-2, SCA2, BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor, a Neurotrophin, BCL11 A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, and GFAP.
• the promoter is a pol II promoter (e.g., Thyl and Hlxb9), Small latency -associated promoter (e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus), cytomegalovirus promoter, SV40, elongation factor 1 -alpha (EFla) promoter, cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken P-actin (CAG) promoter, or herpes simplex virus (HSV) promoter.
• the promoter is controlled by a small molecule.
• the promoter is a tetracycline responsive promoter, glucocorticoid responsive promoter, RU - 486 responsive promoter, peroxide inducible promoter or tamoxifen induced promoter.
• expression of the epigenetic modulator and/or transcription regulatory domain occurs upon a natural or physiological induction of the promoter.
• the promoter is induced when a pathology arises in the subject. In some embodiments, the pathology is injury and/or inflammation.
• the promoter is a galanin promoter or NF-KB promoter.
• the nucleic acid sequence comprises two or more promoters. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence comprises tandem promoters.
• the nucleic acid sequence comprisesan enhancer. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence comprises an intron. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises an inverted terminal repeat (ITR). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a terminator sequence. [0013] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject one or more guide RNA sequences. In some embodiments, the one or more guide RNA sequences is selected from a sequence in Table 6. In some embodiments, the one or more guide RNA sequences binds to one or more of the target molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules is 2, 3, 4, or 5 target molecules.
• the one or more guide RNA sequences is 2, 3 , 4, or 5 guide RNA sequences.
• the method comprises administering at least two guide RNA sequences, wherein at least two of the guide RNA sequences are different.
• at least one or more guide RNA sequences target a promoter described herein, creating a regulatory feedback loop to control expression levels.
• the nucleic acid is delivered as a naked (or unmodified) nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered complexed with cationic molecules. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered to the subject via a vehicle. In some embodiments, the vehicle is a viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome. In some embodiments, the vehicle is a viral delivery vehicle. In some embodiments, the viral delivery vehicle is a retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector.
• the viral delivery vehicle is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV).
• AAV adeno-associated virus
• the AAV is AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVhu68, AAVrh. 10, AAVrh74 or AAVDJ, or a combination thereof.
• the AAV is AAV9.
• the AAV has a recombinant capsid.
• the recombinant capsid encodes a targeting moiety.
• the nucleic acid comprises a sequence encoding a targeting moiety.
• the vehicle is a liposome, lipid nanoparticle, nanocapsule, or exosome.
• the vehicle comprises oris connected to a targeting moiety.
• the targeting moiety targets a cell comprising the target molecule in the subject.
• the targeting moiety binds to a peptide product of the target molecule.
• the target molecule is present on a target cell.
• the target cell is associated with the disease or condition in the subject.
• the targeting moiety comprises a peptide.
• the peptide comprises JNJ63955, m3 -Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1, Protoxin-II (ProTx-II), Huwentoxin IV (HwTx-IV), or Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), or a variant thereof.
• the peptide comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to a peptide of Table 7. [0015] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent.
• the nucleic acid is administered via lumbar intrathecal puncture, epidural, intravenous, transdermal, intranasal, oral, mucosal, intracistema magna administration, or intraganglionic administration.
• nucleic acid sequence encoding a nucleic acid binding domain and an epigenetic modulator that regulates transcription of the one or more target molecules.
• regulation of the transcription of the one or more target molecules is transient.
• the genome of the subject is not edited.
• the one or more target molecules comprise DNA.
• the one or more target molecules comprise RNA.
• the one or more target molecules comprise a coding region of a gene.
• the one or more target molecules comprise DNA complementary to non -coding RNA.
• the non-coding RNA is associated with neuropathic pain.
• the neuropathic pain comprises spinal nerve ligation, spared nerve injury, chronic constriction injury, or diabetic neuropathy, or a combination thereof.
• the non-coding RNA comprises a SCN9A natural antisense transcript (NAT), a Kcna2 antisense RNA, Hl 9, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps, Uc007pbc.l, XLOC_041439,Mlxipl, Rn50_X_0739.1, CCAT1, rno circ 0004058, rno_circRNA_007512, or Egr2 antisense RNA, or a combination thereof.
• NAT SCN9A natural antisense transcript
• Kcna2 antisense RNA Hl 9, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid encoding a channel. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a channel. In some embodiments, the channel is an ion channel. In some embodiments, the ion channel is a sodium channel. In some embodiments, the ion channel is a potassium channel. In some embodiments, the ion channel is a calcium channel. In some embodiments, the ion channel is a chloride channel.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Dravet syndrome, an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, LongQT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 1.
• the one or more target molecules comprises SCN9 A, SCN 10 A, or SCN 11 A, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprise a natural antisense transcript for SCN9A.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with pain.
• the pain comprises neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 2.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with a neurological disease.
• the neurological disease comprises dementia.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 3.
• the one or more target molecules is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
• the one or more target molecules comprisesone or more genes selected from the group comprising SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules is associated with Huntington’s disease. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules is associated with schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises GPR52. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules is associated with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In some embodiments, the one or more target molecule comprises one or more genes selected from the group comprising SOD1, ataxin-2, TDP43, FUS, C9ORF72 and SCA2. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules is associated with Multiple Sclerosis.
• ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• the one or more target molecules is associated with a central nervous system ailment.
• the one or more target molecules comprise one or more genes selected from the group comprising BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor, aNeurotrophin, BCL11 A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, STING, and GFAP.
• the nucleic acid binding domain binds to at least one of the one or more target molecules.
• the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a nuclease dead Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein (dCas).
• the dCas comprises a mutated Cas protein.
• the dCas is a truncated Cas protein.
• the dCas is a mutated or truncated Cas protein of Table 4.
• the dCas comprises a sequence at least 90% identical to a dCas of Table 4.
• the dCas comprises dCas9. In some embodiments, the dCas9 is a truncated or mutated Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the dCas comprises dCas 12. In some embodiments, the dCasl2 is a truncated or mutated Cas 12 protein. In some embodiments, the dCas comprises a dCas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, S. thermophilus, S.
• the dCas has a REC2 domain deletion.
• the dCas has a REC3 domain deletion. In some embodiments, the dCas has a HNH deletion. In some embodiments, the dCas has a nuclease (NUC) lobe deletion. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a zinc finger protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a meganuclease. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).
• TALENs transcription activator-like effector nucleases
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a transcription regulatory domain. In some embodiments, the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain having transcription repression activity (repressor domain). In some embodiments, the repressor domain comprises a Krueppel-associated box (KRAB) domain (recruitment of histone methyltransferases and deacetylases). In some embodiments, the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain having transcription activation activity (activator domain).
• KRAB Krueppel-associated box
• the epigenetic modulator comprises KRAB (also referred to as KOX), SID, MBD2, MBD3, HPla, DNMT family (including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A), Sin3a, Rb, MeCP2, R0M2, AtHD2A, LSD1, SUV39H1, or G9a (EHMT2), or a variant or combination thereof.
• KRAB also referred to as KOX
• SID also referred to as KOX
• MBD2 MBD3, HPla
• DNMT family including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A
• Sin3a Rb
• MeCP2 MeCP2, R0M2, AtHD2A, LSD1, SUV39H1, or G9a
• EHMT2 G9a
• the epigenetic modulator comprises ZIM3, ZNF554, ZNF264, ZNF324, ZNF354A, ZNF189, ZNF543, ZNP82, ZNF669, ZNF582, KOXl -MeCP2, ZNF30, ZNF680, ZNF331, ZNF33A, ZNF528, ZNF320, ZNF350, ZNF175, ZNF214, ZNF184, ZNF8, ZNF596, KOX1, ZNF37A, ZNF394, ZNF610, ZNF273, ZNF34, ZNF250, ZNF98, ZNF675, ZNF213, NLuc, ZFP28-2, ZNF224, or ZNF257, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64, Rta, P16, P65, p300, TET1 catalytic domain, TDG, Ldb 1 selfassociation domain, SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSFl), VPR (VP64, p65, Rta), CD, or SunTag, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain that recruits transcriptional activators, a histone acetyltransferase, a DNA demethylase, a domain that recruits enhancer-associated endogenous Ldb 1, a domain that recruits histone methyltransferases and deacetylases, a domain that recruits histone deacetylases, a histone demethylase, a histone methyltransferase, a DNA methyltransferase, an acetylation domain, or a de-acetylation domain, or a combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p65 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p300 catalytic domain (histone acetyltransferase), TET1 catalytic domain (DNA demethylase), TDG (DNA demethylase), Ldb 1 self- association domain (recruits enhancer- associated endogenous Ldb 1), SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSFl)(recruits transcriptional activators), VPR (VP64, p65, Rta) (recruits transcriptional activators), Sin3 a (recruitment of histone deacetylases), LSD1 (histone demethylase), SUV39H1 (histone methyltransferase), G9a (EHMT2)(histone methyltransferase), DNMT3 a (DNA methyltransferase), or DNMT3 a-DNMT3L (DNA methyl
• the epigenetic modulator is linked to the nucleic acid binding domain atthe N-terminus or C-terminus of the nucleic acid binding domain via a linker.
• the linker is a flexible linker.
• the linker is (GGS)n, (GGGS)n, (GGGGS)n, (G)n, (EAAAK)n, A(EAAAK)nALEA(EAAAK)nA, PAPAP, AEAAAKEAAAKA, (Ala-Pro)x, LE, Gly Ser- poly Pro(Glyc)-polyPro(Glyc)-polyPro(Glyc), GlySer-polyPro-polyPro(Glyc)-polyPro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-GlySer(Glyc)-polyPro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-polyPro-polyPro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-polyPro-polyPro, GlySer-polyPro- P2m-polyPro, Gly Ser
• the nucleic acid binding domain and the epigenetic modulator are connected by a disulfide bond.
• the nucleic acid sequence comprises a nuclear localization sequence (NLS).
• the nucleic acid sequence comprises a promoter.
• the promoter comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to sequence of Table 5.
• the promoter comprises a nuclear localization sequence.
• the NLS drives nuclear import of the nucleic acid.
• the promoter drives expression of the nucleic acid binding domain.
• the promoter drives expression of the epigenetic modulator.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with the target molecule.
• the promoter is a promoter of a gene from Tables 1 -3. In some embodiments, the promoter is a SCN9 A promoter or SCN 10A promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a pan -neuronal gene promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene related to pain.
• the promoter is a promoter of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), promoter of the Neuron specific enolase (NSE), promoter of the Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), promoter of the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) (also called ubiquitin -C-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL-1)), promoter of the human synapsin 1 (hSYNl) gene promoter, promoter of the NeuN gene (Fox-3, Rbfox3, or Hexaribonucleotide Binding Protein-3), promoter of the a-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II [CaMKIIa]), promoter of the Rheb gene (ras homolog enriched in brain), TRKA promoter (Tyrosine Kinase A), or jET.
• MAP-2 microtubule-associated protein 2
• NSE Neuron specific enolase
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene associated with a channel. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Dravet syndrome, an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof.
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with dementia. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Alzheimer’s disease. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Parkinson’s disease. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with ALS. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Multiple Sclerosis. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene associated with a central nervous system ailment.
• the promoter is a promoter of a gene selected from SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2, SOD1, ataxin-2, SCA2, BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor, a Neurotrophin, BCL11 A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, and GFAP.
• the promoter is a pol II promoter (e.g., Thyl and Hlxb9), Small latency -associated promoter (e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus), cytomegalovirus promoter, SV40, elongation factor 1-alpha (EFla) promoter, cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken P -actin (CAG) promoter, or herpes simplex virus (HSV) promoter.
• the promoter is controlled by a small molecule.
• the promoter is a tetracycline responsive promoter, glucocorticoid responsive promoter, RU - 486 responsive promoter, peroxide inducible promoter or tamoxifen induced promoter.
• expression of the epigenetic modulator and/or transcription regulatory domain occurs upon a natural or physiological induction of the promoter.
• the promoter is induced when a pathology arises in the subject. In some embodiments, the pathology is injury and/or inflammation.
• the promoter is a galanin promoter or NF-KB promoter.
• the nucleic acid sequence comprises two or more promoters. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence comprises tandem promoters.
• the nucleic acid sequence comprisesan enhancer. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence comprises an intron. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises an inverted terminal repeat (ITR). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a terminator sequence.
• the nucleic acid is administered with one or more guide RNA sequences.
• the one or more guide RNA sequences is selected from a sequence in Table 6.
• the one or more guide RNA sequences binds to one or more of the target molecules.
• the one or more target molecules is 2, 3, 4, or 5 target molecules.
• the one or more guide RNA sequences is 2, 3, 4, or 5 guide RNA sequences.
• at least two guide RNA sequences are administered, wherein at least two of the guide RNA sequences are different.
• at least one or more guide RNA sequences target the promoter of claims 221-252, creating a regulatory feedback loop to control expression levels.
• the nucleic acid is delivered as a naked (or unmodified) nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered complexed with cationic molecules. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered to the subject via a vehicle. In some embodiments, the vehicle is a viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome. In some embodiments, the vehicle is a viral delivery vehicle. In some embodiments, the viral delivery vehicle is a retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector.
• the viral delivery vehicle is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV).
• AAV adeno-associated virus
• the AAV is AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVhu68, AAVrh. 10, AAVrh74 or AAVDJ, or a combination thereof.
• the AAV is AAV9.
• the AAV has a recombinant capsid.
• the recombinant capsid encodes a targeting moiety.
• the nucleic acid comprises a sequence encoding a targeting moiety.
• the vehicle is a liposome, lipid nanoparticle, nanocapsule, or exosome.
• the vehicle comprises oris connected to a targeting moiety.
• the targeting moiety targets a cell comprising the target molecule in the subject.
• the targeting moiety binds to a peptide product of the target molecule.
• the target molecule is present on a target cell.
• the target cell is associated with the disease or condition in the subject.
• the targeting moiety comprises a peptide.
• the peptide comprises JNJ63955, m3 -Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1, Protoxin-II (ProTx-II), or Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), Huwentoxin IV, or a variant thereof.
• the peptide comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to a peptide of Table 7.
• nucleic acid sequence and an additional therapeutic agent.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an example nucleic acid composition described herein.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of another example nucleic acid composition described herein.
• FIG. 3 shows expression of mCherry driven by different Na v l .7 promoters in a high Nayl .7-expressing human cell line, HuH7.
• FIG. 4 shows repression of Nayl .7gene expression after transfection of HuH7 cells with a nucleic acid composition encoding ZFP and KRAB targeting Na v l .7.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an example nucleic acid composition described herein for repression of a single target molecule.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an example nucleic acid composition described herein for repression of two target molecules.
• FIGS. 7A-7B show improvements in reversing allodynia in male mice with single- and dual -target gene repression.
• FIGS. 8A-8B show improvements in reversing allodynia in female mice with single- and dual-target gene repression.
• FIGS. 9A-9C show expression of mCherry driven by different chemical conjugation of Na v l .7-binding peptides bound to the surface of AAV9 on different cell lines.
• FIG. 10 shows expression of mCherry driven by the expression of Na v l.7-binding peptide JNJ63955918-Indel and a short 6 bp linker on the AAV9 capsid.
• FIGS. 11A-11D show expression of mCherry from different Navl .7-specific promoters on different cell lines.
• FIG. 12 shows expression of mCherry from a Navl.7-specific promoter in Navl.7- expressing neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG).
• compositions and methods to modulate gene expression via nucleic acid binding proteins that do not permanently edit the genome may be used to treat a disease or condition such as a neurological disease and/or pain.
• the compositions include nucleic acid sequences encoding nuclease-inactivated CRISPR-Cas systems (dead Cas for CRISPRi or CRISPRa) or Zinc Finger Proteins, along with epigenetic modulators, for gene repression, activation and epigenetic editing.
• the methods include introducing the composition into a target cell and modulating expression of a gene or noncoding RNA in the cell, thereby treating a subject for a disease or condition associated with the gene or non-coding RNA.
• the methods provide an avenue for targeted nucleic acid delivery using specific promoters and adeno-associated virus (AAV) modifications to enhance viral tropism.
• AAV adeno-associated virus
• nucleic acid compositions comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DNA binding domain and an epigenetic modulator.
• DNA binding domains and epigenetic modulators are described herein.
• the nucleic acid binding domain and epigenetic modulator are connected via a linker to form an epigenetic repressor or activator of gene expression.
• the compositions further comprise one or more of the following components: guide RNA, promoter, enhancer, intron, nuclear localization signal, ITR, terminator sequence, and/or delivery vehicle.
• nucleic acid compositions comprising an adeno-associated virus modified with a sequence encoding a peptide specific for a protein product of a target molecule.
• Such compositions may be useful for targeting the nucleic acid to a cell expressing the target molecule for a targeted therapeutic approach.
• the peptide specifically binds to the protein product of the target molecule.
• specific binding include peptides that bind to the protein product of the target molecule with a high affinity, e.g., an affinity in the nanomolar range.
• FIG. 1 provides a schematic of an example nucleic acid composition described herein.
• the composition of FIG. 1 comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITR), a promoter, a nuclear localization sequence, a sequence encoding a nucleic acid binding protein (exemplified as a Zinc Finger Protein), a sequence encoding an epigenetic modulator (exemplified as a KRAB domain), and a terminator sequence.
• the promoter may be a cell-specific promoter (e.g., specific for cells expressing Na v l .7, Na v l .8, TRPV1, TRPA1 orneuronal specific).
• the DNA sequence may be packaged in a single-stranded adeno-associated virus or self complementary adeno-associated virus e.g., AAV9).
• nucleic acid binding proteins used to modulate gene expression without permanently editing the genome.
• the nucleic acid binding domain binds to a target molecule.
• the nucleic acid binding domain binds to DNA.
• the nucleic acid binding domain binds to RNA or DNA complementary to the RNA.
• An example nucleic acid binding domain is a nuclease dead Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein (known as dCas or CRISPRi).
• the Cas molecules described herein do not have nuclease activity and therefore do not edit the genome.
• Non-limiting examples of dCas are provided in Table 4. In some cases, the dCas has a sequence at least about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a sequence of Table 4.
• the dCas comprises a mutated Cas protein.
• the dCas is a truncated Cas protein.
• dCas truncations are utilized to repress or activate genes. These truncations include but are not limited to, REC2 domain deletion, REC3 domain deletion, HNH deletion, and deletions of the domains of the nuclease (NUC) lobe, or any combination of the aforementioned domains.
• the dCas comprises dCas9.
• the dCas9 is a truncated or mutated Cas9 protein.
• the dCas comprises dCasl2.
• the dCasl2 is a truncated or mutated Cas 12 protein.
• the dCas comprises a dCas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, S. thermophilus, S.
• pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis, Corynebacter diphtheriae, Eubacterium ventriosum, Streptococcus pasteurianus, Lactobacillus farciminis, Sphaerochaeta globus, Azospirillum B510, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Neisseria cinerea, Roseburia intestinalis, Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Nitratifractor salsuginis DSM 16511, Campylobacter lari CF89-12, or Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9.
• Zinc finger proteins comprise a DNA-binding domain made up of Cys2His2 zinc fingers. ZFPs constitute the largest individual family of transcriptional modulators encoded by the genomes of higher organisms.
• the nucleic acid compositions comprise a sequence encoding a ZFP.
• the ZFP may comprise a native or modified sequence.
• Non-limiting examples of ZFP include the molecules of Table 8.
• nucleic acid binding domains include meganuclease and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).
• the nucleic acid comprises and/or is administered with one or more guide RNA that binds to one or more target molecules.
• the one or more guide RNA is 2, 3 , 4, or 5 guide RNA sequences.
• Non-limiting example guide RNA are provided in Table 6.
• the guide RNA comprises a sequence at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a sequence of Table 6.
• a guide RNA sequence may targetthe promoter usedto drive the expression of the final construct, creating a regulatory feedback loop to control the expression levels of the therapeutic.
• epigenetic modulators that modulate expression of a target molecule.
• the modulator activates expression.
• the modulator represses expression.
• the epigenetic modulator may be a transcription regulatory domain that has transcription repression activity (repressor domain) and/or transcription activation activity (activator domain).
• the repressor domain comprises ZIM3.
• the repressor domain comprises a Krueppel -associated box (KRAB) domain (recruitment of histone methyltransferases and deacetylases).
• KRAB Krueppel -associated box
• Non-limiting examples of repressor domains are provided in Table 9 (e.g., ZIM3).
• compositions comprising or encoding a repressor domain of Table 9, or a sequence at least about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a sequence of Table 9.
• the repressor domain may be a variant or combination of repressor domains of Table 9.
• the repressor domain comprises a sequence at least about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to ZIM3, e.g., as shown in Table 9.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p65 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p300 catalytic domain (histone acetyltransferase), TET1 catalytic domain (DNA demethylase), TDG (DNA demethylase), Ldbl self-association domain (recruits enhancer- associated endogenous Ldbl), SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSFl)(recruits transcriptional activators), VPR (VP64, p65, Rta) (recruits transcriptional activators), Sin3 a (recruitment of histone deacetylases), LSD 1 (histone demethylase), SUV39H1 (histone methyltransferase), G9a (EHMT2)(histone methyltransferase), DNMT3a (DNA methyltransferase), or DNMT3a-DNMT3L (DNA
• the epigenetic modulator comprises KRAB (also referred to as KOX), SID, MBD2, MBD3, HPla, DNMT family (including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A), Sin3a, Rb, MeCP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2), R0M2, AtHD2A, LSD1, SUV39H1, or G9a (EHMT2), or a variant or combination thereof.
• KRAB also referred to as KOX
• SID also referred to as KOX
• MBD2 MBD3, HPla
• DNMT family including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A
• Sin3a Rb
• MeCP2 methyl-CpG binding protein 2
• R0M2 AtHD2A
• LSD1 low-CpG binding protein 2
• SUV39H1 or G9a
• Variants of KRAB domains include ZIM3, ZNF554, ZNF264, ZNF324, ZNF354A, ZNF189, ZNF543, ZNP82, ZNF669, ZNF582, KOXl -MeCP2, ZNF30, ZNF680, ZNF331, ZNF33A, ZNF528, ZNF320, ZNF350, ZNF175, ZNF214, ZNF184, ZNF8, ZNF596, K0X1, ZNF37A, ZNF394, ZNF610, ZNF273, ZNF34, ZNF250, ZNF98, ZNF675, ZNF213, NLuc, ZFP28-2, ZNF224, or ZNF257, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain that recruits transcriptional activators, a histone acetyltransferase, a DNA demethylase, a domain that recruits enhancer-associated endogenous Ldb l, a domain that recruits histone methyltransferases and deacetylases, a domain that recruits histone deacetylases, a histone demethylase, a histone methyltransferase, a DNA methyltransferase, an acetylation domain, or a de-acetylation domain, or a combination thereof.
• two or more genes are activated, repressed, and/or one gene is activated and another gene is repressed.
• a non-limiting example of a system for simultaneous activation and repression of two genes is shown in the schematic of FIG. 2.
• the system comprises a first sequence comprising the amino -terminus of dCas9 (1 -573), guide RNA for SCN9A, and a KRAB repressor domain; and second sequence comprising the carboxy -terminus of dCas9 (574-1398), guide RNA for PenK, and a VP64 activation domain.
• This system may be utilized to simultaneously repress SCN9A and activate PenK.
• the simultaneous activation and repression is via gRNA-M2M recruiting MCP-VP64 and gRNA- Com recruiting Com -KRAB.
• This system may be utilized with other activation and/or repressor domains, and gRNA for simultaneous targeting of different target molecules.
• certain example components are shown, the figure should not be construed as limiting. For instance, although a CMV promoter is shown, it is understood that other promoters, e.g., a Na v 1.7 promoter, may be used instead.
• the epigenetic modulator is linked to the nucleic acid binding domain.
• the epigenetic modulator may be positioned at the N- or C-terminus of the nucleic acid binding domain.
• the domains may be linked via a peptide linker.
• the domains may be linked via a disulfide bond.
• the epigenetic modulator is linked to a nucleic acid binding domain via a peptide linker.
• peptide linkers include (GGS)n, (GGGS)n, (GGGGS)n, (G)n, (EAAAK)n, A(EAAAK)nALEA(EAAAK)nA, PAPAP, AEAAAKEAAAKA, (Ala-Pro )x, LE, Gly Ser-poly Pro(Glyc)-polyPro(Glyc)-polyPro(Glyc), Gly Ser-poly Pro-poly Pro(Glyc)-polyPro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-GlySer(Glyc)-polyPro, Gly Ser- poly Pro-poly Pro-poly Pro, Gly Ser-poly Pro-P2m-polyPro, GlySer-polyPro-P2m-GlySer, poly Pro-P2m-GlySer-P2m-
• the nucleic acid composition comprisesone or more promoters.
• the nucleic acid composition comprises tandem promoters.
• the promoter is specific to a target molecule so that the nucleic acid composition is specific for, or only expressed in, those cells expressing the target for increased therapeutic selectivity.
• the target molecule is SCN9A.
• the promoter further increases the specificity of the AAV tropism for cells that express a target molecule.
• the target molecule is SCN9A. Downregulating or upregulating a target molecule only in target moleculeexpressing cells may reduce off-target effects and general toxicity. This is important to prevent the expression of the effectors (e.g. , dCas or ZFP) in immune cells such as glial cells, microglia, macrophages, astrocytes, etcetera, that can mediate an immune reaction against the gene therapy proposed herein.
• the effectors e.g. , dCas or ZFP
• the promoter is specific to SCN9A (Na v l .7) and is utilized to drive the repression of Navi .7 or other gene products. In some embodiments, the promoter is specific to any one of the genes in Tables 1 -3.
• some promoters can be induced with small molecules or other means.
• These inducible expression promoters include tetracycline responsive promoter, a glucocorticoid responsive promoter, an RU-486 responsive promoter, a peroxide inducible promoter and tamoxifen induced promoter.
• promoters that can be induced when a pathology arises, such as injury or inflammation.
• Injury induced promoters include the galanin promoter specific to nociceptive afferent neurons.
• the inflammation-inducible promoter NF -KB could also be used for pain associated with inflammation.
• Tandem promoters and combinations of promoters can also be used to prevent immune responses and create more cell -type specific expression.
• expression of the epigenetic modulator and/or transcription regulatory domain occurs upon a natural or physiological induction of the promoter.
• pan-neuronal gene promoters are used for modulation of gene expression in neurological diseases and for repression of pain -related genes.
• Non-limiting example promoters include the promoter of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP -2), promoter of the Neuron specific enolase (NSE), promoter of the Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), promoter of the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) (also called ubiquitin -C-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL-1)), promoter of the human synapsin 1 (hSYNl) gene promoter, the promoter of the NeuN gene (Fox-3, Rbfox3, or Hexaribonucleotide Binding Protein -3), the promoter of the a-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II [CaMKIIa]), the promoter of the Rheb gene (ras homolog enriched in brain), TRKA promoter (Tyrosine), a-calcium
• the promoter is neuronal specific, suchas pol II promoters, including Thy 1 and Hlxb9.
• Small latency-associated promoters from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus can also be used for pan -neuronal expression of the effectors (dCas9 or ZFP) fused to a repressor domain.
• Additional promoters include cytomegalovirus (CMV), SV40, elongation factor 1- alpha (EFla) promoter, cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken P -actin (CAG) promoter, jET promoter and herpes simplex virus (HSV).
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• SV40 SV40
• EFla elongation factor 1- alpha
• CAG cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken P -actin
• jET herpes simplex virus
• the promoter comprises a sequence at least about 90%, 91%,
• the promoter is a SCN9A promoter or SCN10A promoter.
• the promoter is naturally associated with a gene associated with a channelopathy, Dravet syndrome, an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), pain (e.g., inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, somatic pain), a neurological disease, dementia, Alzheimer’ s disease, Parkinson’ s disease, ALS, Multiple Sclerosis, a central nervous system ailment, or a combination thereof.
• a channelopathy Dravet syndrome
• an Epilepsy syndrome Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome
• the promoter is a promoter of a gene selected from SNCA, GBA, LRRK2, SOD1, ataxin-2, SCA2, BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor, Neurotrophin, BCL11A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, and GFAP.
• the promoter is a pol II promoter (e.g., Thy 1 and Hlxb9), Small latency-associated promoter (e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus), cytomegalovirus promoter, SV40, elongation factor 1 -alpha (EFl a) promoter, cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken P-actin (CAG) promoter, or herpes simplex virus (HSV) promoter.
• pol II promoter e.g., Thy 1 and Hlxb9
• Small latency-associated promoter e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus
• cytomegalovirus promoter e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus
• cytomegalovirus promoter e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus
• cytomegalovirus promoter e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus
• cytomegalovirus promoter
• a nucleic acid composition herein is delivered as a naked or unmodified nucleic acid. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid composition is delivered complexed with cationic molecules.
• the nucleic acid is delivered to the subject via a vehicle.
• vehicle may be a liposome, lipid nanoparticle, nanocapsule, or exosome.
• the nucleic acid is delivered via a viral vehicle.
• viral vehicles include, but are not limited to, retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, adenoviruses vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVhu68, AAVrh.10, AAVrh74, AAVDJ), and the like.
• the vehicle is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV).
• AAV is AAV9.
• AAV9 may be selected because it has the highest tropism for dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons where pain associated proteins such as Navi.7 are highly expressed. Further, AAV9 has been shown to be safe.
• All delivery vehicles can have an improved tropism towards cells that express the protein product of a target molecule.
• the vehicles can comprise a peptide that binds to the protein product of a target molecule.
• the peptide binds to Na v l .7 to target the nucleic acid to Na v l .7 expressing cells.
• a nucleic acid composition herein is delivered via a viral vehicle, e.g. , an AAV capsid described herein, with a nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide targeting moiety.
• a nucleic acid composition herein is delivered via a non- viral delivery vehicle, such as, without limitation, a liposome, lipid nanoparticle, nanocapsule, or exosome.
• a non- viral delivery vehicle such as, without limitation, a liposome, lipid nanoparticle, nanocapsule, or exosome.
• the vehicle may comprise and/or be connected to a targeting moiety, such as a small molecule or peptide targeting moiety.
• the targeting moiety comprises a peptide targeting moiety that binds to protein product of the target molecule in order to target the nucleic acid to a specific cell.
• the target molecule is present on a target cell.
• the target cell is associated with the disease or condition in the subject.
• Non-limiting examples of peptide targeting moieties for use with viral and non-viral delivery methods include JNJ63955, m3-Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl), Protoxin-H (ProTx-II), Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), Huwentoxin-IV (HwTx-IV), p-TRTX-Pn3a, Jz-Tx-V, GsAFI, Tpla (Protoxin -III), GpTx-1, HpTxl, Hmla, and variants and combinations thereof.
• the peptide may originate from one or more of the following organisms: Thrixopelmaprurient, Pamphobeteus nigricolor, Chilobrachys jingzhao, Grammostola spatulata, Phlogiellus genus, Thrixopelma pruriens, Grammostolaporteri, Selenocosmia huwena, Ceratogyrus cornuatus, Heteropoda venatoria, and/or Heteroscodra maculate.
• the peptide comprises a sequence at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to a peptide of Table 7.
• the peptides of Table 7 bind to Na v l .7 and thus may be useful to provide AAV tropism to Na v l .7 expressing cells.
• the peptide comprises ProTx-II, ProTx-III, the ProTx-II variant JNJ63955, HwTx-IV variant m3 -HwTx-IV, CcoTxl variant2670, PhlTxl variant D7A-PhlTxl, or JxTx- V variant AM-0422.
• AAVs adeno-associated viruses
• AAVs adeno-associated viruses
• the AAV receptor (AAVR, KIAA0319L) has been reported to be essential for AAV entry into cells, however, some recombinant AAVs can enter cells independent of AAVR. Glycosylation is also known to play a role in viral transduction efficiency. Changingthe capsid composition of an AAV changes the ability of that AAV to enter cells. There are at least four major techniques currently used towards modifying and improving AAV tropism: rational engineering, directed evolution, evolutionary lineage analysis, and chemical conjugation.
• One way to go about modifying a virus’s tropism is to generate a large library of peptides to add onto the AAV surface and then characterize the resultant variants to determine their tropism. This method is labor intensive, requiring massive screening efforts as the library of peptides screened are more or less generated randomly so success is based on a numbers game.
• organs are collected from the first round of viral infection and screened to select viral variants with desired tropism (ex: brain -specific) for subsequent rounds of infection to further select even more specific tropism.
• desired tropism ex: brain -specific
• some of these screening methods are not able to be translated between species.
• Rational design strategies for AAV capsid engineering include peptide domain insertions and chemical biology approaches.
• binding peptides that bind to the protein encoding a target molecule AAVs described herein have increased tropism towards target molecule expressing cells, generating more targeted strategies.
• the peptide to increase tropism binds to Na v l .7.
• Peptides to increase Navi .7 tropism include: JNJ63955, m3-Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl), Protoxin-II (ProTx-II), Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), Huwentoxin-IV (HwTx-IV), and those described elsewhere herein, e.g., a peptide of Table 7 or a sequence at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to a peptide of Table 7 .
• compositions described herein modulate expression of one or more target molecules associated with a disease or condition in a subject.
• expression of the target molecule is activated.
• expression of the target molecule is repressed.
• the one or more target molecules may comprise DNA or RNA.
• a target molecule comprises DNA.
• a target molecule comprises a coding region of a gene.
• a target molecule comprises DNA complementary to non-coding RNA.
• the non-coding RNA may be associated with a disease or condition described herein e.g., pain).
• the non-coding RNA is associated with neuropathic pain such as spinal nerve ligation, spared nerve injury, chronic constriction injury, or diabetic neuropathy, or a combination thereof.
• the non-coding RNA comprises a SCN9A natural antisense transcript (NAT), a Kcna2 antisense RNA, H19, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps, Uc007pbc. l, XLOC_041439, Mlxipl, Rn50_X_0739.1, CCAT1, mo circ 0004058, mo_circRNA_007512, or Egr2 antisense RNA, or a combination thereof.
• NAT SCN9A natural antisense transcript
• Kcna2 antisense RNA H19, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps, Uc007pbc. l, XLOC_041439, Mlxipl, Rn50_X_0739.1, CCAT1, mo
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a disease or condition described here.
• nucleic acids associated with diseases and conditions described herein are shown in Tables 1 -3.
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with pain. Pain includes neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, and somatic pain.
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a channelopathy .
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid encoding a channel.
• the channel may be an ion channel, e.g., sodium channel, potassium channel, calcium channel, and/or chloride channel.
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with dementia. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with Alzheimer’s disease. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with Parkinson’s disease. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with Huntington’s disease. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with Multiple Sclerosis. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a central nervous system ailment. In some embodiments, the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with Dravet syndrome, an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• Dravet syndrome an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Tables 1-3.
• the one or more target molecules comprises SCN9A, SCN10A, or 5CA77H, ora combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises SNCA, GBA, or LRRK2, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises GPR52.
• the one or more target molecules comprises SOD1, ataxin-2, or SCA2, or a combination thereof.
• the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes selected from the group comprising BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor, aNeurotrophin, BCL11A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, and GFAP.
• the human genome encodes genes that can confer protection to unnecessary pain. Genetic studies have correlated a hereditary loss-of-function mutation in a human-voltage gated sodium channel - NavL7 (SCN9A) - with a rare genetic disorder, which leads to insensitivity to pain without other neurodevelopmental alterations. Thus, this sodium channel hash een an attractive target f or developing chronic pain therapies. However, efforts to develop selective small molecule inhibitors have been hampered due to the high sequence identity between Na v subtypes, and in fact, many small-molecule drugs targeting Na v l .7 have failed due to lack of specificity.
• RNAi Interference RNA
• RNAi has also been utilized to target Navi .7.
• endogenous machinery such as microRNA or RISC complex function.
• RNAi can compete with and impair fundamental homeostatic mechanisms of RNA synthesis and degradation.
• RNAi methods have poorerpharmacokineticsprospects and require higher dosage.
• nucleic acid binding domains e.g., nuclease-inactivated “dead” CRISPR-Cas (dCas) -also known as CRISPR interference or CRISPRi- and Zinc-Finger proteins
• epigenetic modulators e.g., KRAB repressor
• these epigenomic engineering methods enable transientmodulation ofNayl .7 gene expression. Additionally, this approach may have lower risk of off-target effects than other approaches. Rather than pharmacologically targeting the protein or RNA, this approach targets Na v 1.7 at the DNA level. This may result in longer lasting results than methods targeting protein or RNA. With this approach, one can engineer highly specific, long-lasting, and reversible treatments for pain. Treatment duration is important because many pain states resulting from chronic inflammation and nerve injury are enduring conditions which typically require continual re -medication.
• This genetic approach provides ongoing, controllable regulation of the aberrant pain processing Further, since the disclosed approach can be easily designed to target several genes, it represents a new paradigm in pain management since it provides a synergistic way of targeting single or multiple sodium channels for more potent pain relief.
• Table 2 provides other genes involved in pain.
• the methods herein may repress expression; and for genes that are downregulated, the methods herein may activate expression. In some cases, the methods repress and activate expression of one or more genes.
• the target molecule comprises a gene involved in a channelopathy.
• the genes may be associated with or encode a channel such as a sodium channel, potassium channel, calcium channel, and/or chloride channel.
• a channel such as a sodium channel, potassium channel, calcium channel, and/or chloride channel.
• Non -limiting examples of such genes are provided in Table 1 .
• the target molecule comprises a gene involved in a neurological disease or condition of the central nervous system.
• diseases and conditions include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Multiple Sclerosis.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• AD is a progressive disease that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die.
• Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently. Activation and/or repression of genes could potentially slow the progression or prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
• Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease, is expressed in more than half of Alzheimer’ s disease patients and is thus an important possible therapeutic target.
• apoE4 Apolipoprotein E4
• apoE2 the most prevalent genetic risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease
• apoE3 the most prevalent genetic risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease
• apoE4 carriers of apoE4 are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Blocking the apoE4 effect would help the 40-60% of AD patients who carry apoE4, whereas, if all apoE forms are in fact toxic, another approach would be to block all apoE action.
• compositions and methods for repressing APOE4 expression are provided herein.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• VEGFR-2 brain levels of VEGF and its receptor
• upregulation of the levels of hippocampal VEGF may reverse the accumulation of Ap and hyperphosphorylated tau in hippocampal neurons.
• ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 upregulation reverses the apoE4-driven cognitive and brain pathology, and therefore ABCA1 is a target molecule for upregulation and Alzheimer’s disease treatment.
• TDP-43 Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43
• RNA-binding protein 43 an RNA-binding protein that functions in axon skipping
• TDP-43 is present in the brain of 65-80% of AD patients and was shown to be associated with progressive hippocampal atrophy. Therefore, in some embodiments, a target molecule is TDP- 43, and compositions described herein repress TDP-43 expression.
• Target molecules also include genes having known mutations that lead to early - onset Alzheimer’s disease, such as presenilin 1 (PSENT) and presenilin 2 (PSBN2). Thus, activation of these genes could be another potential avenue for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
• PSENT presenilin 1
• PSBN2 presenilin 2
• Additional target molecules include alpha-synuclein, microtubule-associated protein tau, APP, and huntingtin (SNCA, MAPT, APP, and HTT, respectively).
• Precise transcriptional modulation has been performed through CRISPRa of neurodegenerative disease-related genes in human iPSC-derived neurons.
• TSS2-2 sgRNA and dCas9-VPR transcriptional activator mediated the activation of alpha-synuclein in normal alpha-synuclein levels (NAS) iPSC-derived neurons from healthy control patient and iPSCs derived from a patient with Parkinson’s disease caused by alpha-synuclein triplication (AST).
• NAS normal alpha-synuclein levels
• AST alpha-synuclein triplication
• the target molecule comprises one or more of alpha synuclein (SNCA), glucocerebrosidase GBA), and/or leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2).
• SNCA alpha synuclein
• GBA glucocerebrosidase
• LRRK2 leucine-rich repeat kinase
• SNCA degradation is prevented by inhibiting tyrosine kinase c-ABL.
• expression of SNCA is repressed.
• the target molecule may be repressed for treatment of Parkinson’s or another condition of the nervous system.
• the target molecule comprises Z/ Zencoding Huntington’s protein. Repression of mutated HIT may be performed to treat Huntington’s disease.
• the target molecule comprises GPR52.
• Modulation of GPR52 may be performed to treat Huntington’s disease and/or schizophrenia.
• GPR52 upregulation may be used for schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, psychiatric disorders, brain malformation and hyperactivity.
• Repression of GPR52 may be used for the treatment of Huntington’s disease, as GPR52 is associated with the abnormal expression of huntingtin that is observed in patients with this disorder.
• the target molecule comprises at least one of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), ataxin-2, and/or transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Modulation of the target molecules may be performed to treat ALS, such as repression of SOD1, ataxin-2 or TDP43. Modulation of the target molecules may be performed to treat frontotemporal dementia (FTD) or other neurological diseases.
• SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1
• TDP-43 transactive response DNA-binding protein 43
• Modulation of the target molecules may be performed to treat ALS, such as repression of SOD1, ataxin-2 or TDP43. Modulation of the target molecules may be performed to treat frontotemporal dementia (FTD) or other neurological diseases.
• FTD frontotemporal dementia
• the target molecule comprises BFD1, encoding bradyzoite- formation deficient 1, a transcription -factor protein.
• BFD1 can drive the expression of genes needed for the formation of bradyzoites of Toxoplasma Gondii, and therefore its repression may prevent chronification of this infection and other infections using a similar route of chronification.
• the target molecule comprises C9orf72, and compositions herein upregulate C9orf72 expression.
• the target molecule comprises the STING gene.
• Additional genes that could be upregulated to treat neurological diseases include neurotrophic factors such as Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor and Neurotrophins.
• the DDC gene encoding AADC can be upregulated to treat Parkinson’s disease.
• BCL11A B- thalassemia
• Fragile X FMRI centronuclear myopathy
• DMM2 centronuclear myopathy
• PrP Prion disease
• UBE3A Prion disease
• GYSI Lafora disease
• GFAP Alexander disease
• compositions described herein comprise a nucleic acid described herein encoding a nucleic acid binding domain and an epigenetic modulator.
• the composition may be delivered via AAV or non-viral vehicles.
• Nonlimiting example compositions include those generally shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
• the disease or condition comprises pain. Pain includes neuropathic, inflammatory, visceral, migraine, erythromelalgia, fibromyalgia, idiopathic and somatic pain. Inflammatory pain comprises rheumatoid arthritis pain. The disease or condition also includes those where Navi .7 or other genes involved in pain could be targeted.
• the disease or condition comprises a channelopathy.
• Channelopathies include Dravet syndrome, Epilepsy syndromes, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox -Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), and the like.
• Example diseases and conditions are shown in Table 1.
• the disease or condition comprises a neurological disease or condition.
• Neurological diseases or conditions include dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington’s disease, schizophrenia, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Multiple Sclerosis.
• the disease or condition may comprise a central nervous system ailment.
• the disease or condition comprises an inflammatory disease or condition.
• the inflammatory disease or condition is rheumatoid arthritis.
• the disease or condition comprises an infection.
• the disease or condition comprises Beta -thalassemia, Fragile X, centronuclear myopathy, Prion disease, Angelman Syndrome, Lafora disease, or Alexander disease, or a combination thereof.
• a method of treatment comprises administering a nucleic acid composition described herein and one or more additional active agents.
• the additional active agent may be used to complementarily treat the disease or condition.
• a subject refers to any animal, including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, rodents, and domestic and game animals.
• Primates include chimpanzees, cynomolgus monkeys, spider monkeys, and macaques, e.g., Rhesus.
• Rodents include mice, rats, woodchucks, ferrets, rabbits and hamsters.
• Domestic and game animals include cows, horses, pigs, deer, bison, buffalo, feline species, e.g., domestic cat, canine species, e.g., dog, fox, wolf, avian species, e.g., chicken, emu, ostrich, and fish, e.g., trout, catfish and salmon.
• the subject is a human.
• a subject can be one who has been previously diagnosed with or identified as suffering from or having a disease or condition in need of treatment.
• the subject previously diagnosed with or identified as suffering from or having the disease or condition may or may not have undergone treatment for a condition.
• a subj ect can also be one who has notbeen previously diagnosed as having a disease or condition and the therapeutic is used for prevention (prophylactically).
• a “subject in need” of treatment for a particular condition can be a subject having that condition, diagnosed as having that condition, or at risk of developing that condition.
• the subject is a “patient,” that has been diagnosed with a disease or condition described herein.
• the subject is military personnel to prevent or mitigate pain and/or torture.
• the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a composition (e.g., nucleic acid) effectiveto “treat” a disease or disorder in a subject or mammal. In some cases, a therapeutically effective amount of the composition reduces the severity of symptoms of the disease or condition. In some cases, a therapeutically effective amount of the composition prevents the development of a disease or condition.
• a composition e.g., nucleic acid
• the terms, “treat” or “treating” as used herein refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures (e.g. , disease progression), wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition .
• subjects in need of treatment includethose already with a disease or condition, as well as those susceptible to develop the disease or condition .
• compositions herein are formulated for delivery via any route of administration.
• Route of administration may referto any administration pathway known in the art, including but not limited to intrathecal, epidural, intravenous, transdermal, intranasal, oral, mucosal, or other delivery methods, and/or via single or multiple doses.
• Example routes of administration for the nucleic acids described herein include lumbar intrathecal puncture, intracisterna magna administration, and intraganglionic administration.
• the composition is delivered into the spinal intrathecal space using any appropriate delivery method.
• This approach may be particularly useful when targeting Navi .7 because the role played by Navi .7 is in the nociceptive afferents, and their cell bodies are in the respective segmental dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Therefore, delivery to the spinal intrathecal space may efficiently deliver compositions targeting Na v l.7 to the DRG neurons, which canminimize the possibility of offtargetbiodistribution andreduce viral load required for transduction.
• DRG segmental dorsal root ganglion
• dosage can vary depending on the route of administration, the delivery system used (e.g., AAV or liposome, etc), the target cell, organ, or tissue, the subject, as well as the degree of effect sought. Size and weight of the tissue, organ, and/or patient can also affect dosing. Doses may further include additional agents, including but not limited to a carrier.
• suitable carriers are known in the art: for example, water, saline, ethanol, glycerol, lactose, sucrose, dextran, agar, pectin, plant-derived oils, phosphate-buffered saline, and/or diluents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can also contain any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle that is involved in carrying or transporting a composition from one tissue, organ, or portion of the body to another tissue, organ, or portion of the body.
• the carrier may be a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, or a combination thereof.
• Each component of the carrier must be “pharmaceutically acceptable” in that it must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation. It must alsobe suitable for use in contactwith any tissues or organs with which it may comein contact, meaning that it must not carry a risk of toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or any other complication that excessively outweighs its therapeutic benefits.
• compositions including a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient along with a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid described herein.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipientthat is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non -toxic, and desirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as for human pharmaceutical use.
• the active ingredient can be mixed with excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient and in amounts suitable for use in therapeutic methods described herein.
• excipients may be solid, liquid, semisolid, or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous.
• Suitable excipients are, for example, starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, water, saline, dextrose, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethanol, mannitol, polysorbate or the like and combinations thereof.
• the composition can contain auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like which enhance or maintain the effectiveness of the active ingredient, or increase the stability of the pharmaceutical product.
• the composition can contain auxiliary substances to modify the density of the pharmaceutical product.
• compositions as described herein can include pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, organic acids, for example, acetic, tartaric or mandelic, salts formed from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium orferric hydroxides, and salts formed from organic bases such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2 -ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine and the like.
• Liquid compositions can contain liquid phases in addition to and in the exclusion of water, for example, glycerin, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, and water-oil emulsions.
• Physiologically tolerable carriers are well known in the art.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be delivered in a therapeutically effective amount.
• the precise therapeutically effective amount is that amount of the composition that will yield the most effective results in terms of efficacy of treatment in a given subject. This amount will vary depending upon a variety of factors, including but not limited to the characteristics of nucleic acid (including activity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and bioavailability), the physiological condition of the subject (including age, sex, disease type and stage, general physical condition, responsiveness to a given dosage, and type of medication), the nature of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or carriers in the formulation, and the route of administration.
• the pharmaceutical product may be diluted ex vivo with the subject cerebrospinal fluid prior to administration to achieve an isobaric solution.
• kits to perform methods described herein are an assemblage of components, including at least one of the compositions described herein.
• the kit comprises a nucleic acid encoding a nucleic acid binding domain and an epigenetic modulator.
• the nucleic acid may be combined with, or complexed to, another component such as a vehicle for delivery, or may be unmodified for direct delivery.
• the nucleic acid is complexed with a cationic molecule.
• the nucleic acid is configured for delivery via a viral delivery vehicle such as an AAV capsid protein.
• the kit comprises one or more guide RNA sequences.
• kits for use of the components may be included in the kit.
• the kit also contains other useful components, such as, diluents, buffers, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, syringes, catheters, applicators, pipetting or measuring tools, bandaging materials or other useful paraphernalia as will be readily recognized by those of skill in the art.
• the materials or components assembledin the kit can be provided to the practitioner stored in any convenient and suitable ways that preserve their operability and utility.
• the components can be in dissolved, dehydrated, or lyophilized form; they can be provided at room, refrigerated or frozen temperatures.
• the components are typically contained in suitable packaging material(s).
• the phrase “packaging material” refers to one or more physical structures used to house the contents of the kit, such as inventive compositions and the like.
• the packaging material is constructed by well-known methods, preferably to provide a sterile, contaminant-free environment.
• the packaging materials employed in the kit are those customarily utilized in gene expression assays and in the administration of treatments.
• the term “package” refers to a suitable solid matrix or material such as glass, plastic, paper, foil, and the like, capable of holding the individual kit components.
• a package can be a glass vial or prefilled syringes used to contain suitable quantities of a composition containing a nucleic acid herein.
• the packaging material generally has an external label which indicates the contents and/or purpose of the kit and/or its components.
• a method for modulating expression of one or more target molecules associated with a disease or condition in a subject comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid sequence encoding a nucleic acid binding domain and an epigenetic modulator that regulates transcription of the one or more target molecules.
• the disease or condition comprises pain.
• the pain comprises neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgiapain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof.
• the disease or condition comprises a channelopathy.
• the channelopathy comprises Dravet syndrome, Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the disease or condition comprises a neurological disease.
• the method of embodiment 8, wherein the neurological disease is dementia.
• the disease or condition comprises Alzheimer’s disease.
• the disease or condition comprises Parkinson’s disease.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the disease or condition comprises Huntington’s disease.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the disease or condition comprises schizophrenia.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the disease or condition comprises Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the disease or condition comprises Multiple Sclerosis.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the disease or condition comprises a central nervous system ailment.
• the disease or condition comprises Beta -thalassemia, Fragile X, centronuclear myopathy, Prion disease, Angelman Syndrome, Lafora disease, or Alexander disease.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-18, wherein the one or more target molecules comprise DNA.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -19, wherein the one or more target molecules comprise RNA.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -20, wherein the one or more target molecules comprise a coding region of a gene.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1-21, wherein the one or more target molecules comprise DNA complementary to non-coding RNA.
• the method of embodiment 22, wherein the non -coding RNA is associated with neuropathic pain.
• neuropathic pain comprises spinal nerve ligation, spared nerve injury, chronic constriction injury, or diabetic neuropathy, or a combination thereof.
• non-coding RNA comprises a SCN9A natural antisense transcript (NAT), a Kcna2 antisense RNA, Hl 9, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps, Uc007pbc.l, XLOC_041439, Mlxipl, Rn50_X_0739.1, CCAT1, rno circ 0004058, rno_circRNA_007512, o Egr2 antisense RNA, or a combination thereof.
• NAT SCN9A natural antisense transcript
• Kcna2 antisense RNA Hl 9, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps,
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -21, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid encoding a channel.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -21, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a channel.
• the method of embodiment 26 or embodiment 27, wherein the channel is an ion channel.
• the method of embodiment 28, wherein the ion channel is a sodium channel.
• the method of embodiment28, wherein the ion channel is a potassium channel.
• the method of embodiment 28, wherein the ion channel is a calcium channel.
• the method of embodiment 28, wherein the ion channel is a chloride channel.
• the method of embodiment 40 where in the neurological disease comprises dementia.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -42, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 3.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -44, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes selected from the group comprising5AG4, GBA, n LRRK2.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -46, wherein the one or more target molecules is associated with schizophrenia.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -47, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises GPR52.
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -48, wherein the one or more target molecules is associated with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -49, wherein the one or more target molecule comprises one or more genes selected from the group comprising SOD1, alaxin-2. TDP43, FUS, C9ORF72 and SCA2. 1 .
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -50, wherein the one or more target molecules is associated with Multiple Sclerosis. .
• the one or more target molecules comprise one or more genes selected from the group comprising BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growthfactor, a Neurotrophin, BCL11A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, STING, and GFAP.
• nucleic acid binding domain comprises a nuclease dead Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein (dCas).
• dCas nuclease dead Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein
• the dCas comprises a mutated Cas protein.
• the dCas is a truncated Cas protein.
• the dCas is a mutated or truncated Cas protein of Table 4.
• the dCas comprises a sequence at least 90% identical to a dCas of Table 4. 0.
• the method of embodiment 55, wherein the dCas comprises dCas9. 1 .
• the method of embodiment 60, wherein the dCas9 is a truncated or mutated Cas9 protein.
• the method of embodiment 55, wherein the dCas comprises dCasl2. 3.
• the dCas comprises a dCas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, S. thermophilus, S.
• TALENs transcription activator-like effector nucleases
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a transcription regulatory domain.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain having transcription repression activity (repressor domain).
• the repressor domain comprises a Krueppel- associated box (KRAB) domain (recruitment of histone methyltransferases and deacetylases).
• KRAB Krueppel- associated box
• the epigenetic modulator comprises KRAB (also referred to as KOX), SID, MBD2, MBD3, HPla, DNMT family (including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A), Sin3a, Rb, MeCP2, R0M2, AtHD2A, LSDl, SUV39H1, or G9a (EHMT2), or a variant or combination thereof.
• KRAB also referred to as KOX
• SID also referred to as KOX
• MBD2 MBD3, HPla
• DNMT family including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A
• Sin3a Rb
• MeCP2 MeCP2, R0M2, AtHD2A, LSDl, SUV39H1, or G9a (EHMT2)
• EHMT2 G9a
• the epigenetic modulator comprises ZIM3, ZNF554, ZNF264, ZNF324, ZNF354A, ZNF189, ZNF543, ZNP82, ZNF669, ZNF582, KOXl -MeCP2, ZNF30, ZNF680, ZNF331, ZNF33A, ZNF528, ZNF320, ZNF350, ZNF175, ZNF214, ZNF184, ZNF8, ZNF596, KOX1, ZNF37A, ZNF394, ZNF610, ZNF273, ZNF34, ZNF250, ZNF98, ZNF675, ZNF213, NLuc, ZFP28 -2, ZNF224, or ZNF257, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64, Rta, P16, P65, p300, TET1 catalytic domain, TDG, Ldb l self - association domain, SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSF1), VPR (VP64, p65, Rta), CD, or SunTag, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain that recruits transcriptional activators, a histone acetyltransferase, a DNA demethylase, a domain that recruits enhancer-associated endogenous Ldb l, a domain that recruits histone methyltransferases and deacetylases, a domain that recruits histone deacetylases, a histone demethylase, a histone methyltransferase, a DNA methyltransferase, an acetylation domain, or a de -acetylation domain, or a combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p65 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p300 catalytic domain (histone acetyltransferase), TET1 catalytic domain (DNA demethylase), TDG (DNA demethylase), Ldbl self- association domain (recruits enhancer- associated endogenous Ldb 1 ), SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSFl)(recruits transcriptional activators), VPR(VP64, p65, Rta) (recruits transcriptional activators), Sin3a (recruitment of histone deacetylases), LSD1 (histone demethylase), SUV39H1 (histone methyltransferase), G9a (EHMT2)(histone methyltransferase), DNMT3a (DNA methyltransferase), or DNMT3a-
• nucleic acid binding domain and the epigenetic modulator are connected by a disulfide bond.
• nucleic acid sequence comprises a nuclear localization sequence (NLS).
• nucleic acid sequence comprises a promoter.
• the promoter comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to sequence of Table 5.
• the promoter comprises a nuclear localization sequence.
• the NLS drives nuclear import of the nucleic acid.
• the method of any one of embodiments 86-92, wherein the promoter is a SCN9A promoter or SCN10A promoter. 5.
• any one of embodiments 86-92, wherein the promoter is a pan-neuronal gene promoter. 6. The method of any one of embodiments 86-92, wherein the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene related to pain. 7.
• the promoter is a promoter of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), promoter of the Neuron specific enolase (N SE), promoter of the Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), promoter of the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) (also called ubiquitin -C-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL-1)), promoter of the human synapsin 1 (hSYNl) gene promoter, promoter of theNeuN gene (Fox -3, Rbfox3, or Hexaribonucleotide Binding Protein-3), promoter of the a-calcium/calmodulin -dependent protein kinase II [CaMKIIa]), promoter of the Rheb gene (ras homolog enriched in brain), TRKA promoter (Tyrosine Kinase A), or jET.
• MAP-2 microtubule-associated protein 2
• N SE Neuron specific enolase
• the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene associated with a channel.
• Dravet syndrome an Epilepsy syndrome, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, sodium channel myotonia, autism, Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, or Progressive cardiac conduction disease (also called Lenegre disease), or a combination thereof.
• any one of embodiments 86-92 wherein the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof. .
• any one of embodiments 86-92 wherein the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with Parkinson’s disease. .
• the method of any one of embodiments 86-92, wherein the promoter is a promoter naturally associated with a gene associated with a central nervous system ailment. .
• the promoter is a promoter of a gene selected from SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2, SOD1, ataxin-2, SCA2, BFD1, FUS, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor, a Neurotrophin, BCL11A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, andGFAP. .
• the promoter is a pol II promoter (e.g., Thyl and Hlxb9), Small latency-associated promoter (e.g., from the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus), cytomegalovirus promoter, SV40, elongation factor 1 - alpha (EFla) promoter, cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken P -actin (CAG) promoter, or herpes simplex virus (HSV) promoter.
• the promoter is controlled by a small molecule.
• the method of embodiment 110 wherein the promoter is a tetracycline responsive promoter, glucocorticoid responsive promoter, RU - 486 responsive promoter, peroxide inducible promoter or tamoxifen induced promoter. .
• the method of embodiment 112 wherein the promoter is induced when a pathology arises in the subject. .
• the method of embodiment 113 wherein the pathology is injury and/or inflammation..
• nucleic acid sequence comprises two or more promoters. .
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -119, wherein the nucleic acid comprises an inverted terminal repeat (ITR). .
• ITR inverted terminal repeat
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -121 comprising administering to the subject one or more guide RNA sequences. .
• the method of embodiment 122 wherein the one or more guide RNA sequences is selected from a sequence in Table 6. .
• the method of embodiment 122 or embodiment 123 wherein the one or more guide RNA sequences binds to one or more of the target molecules.
• the method of embodiment 124 wherein the one or more target molecules is 2, 3, 4, or 5 target molecules.
• the method of embodiment 126 comprising at least two guide RNA sequences, wherein at least two of the guide RNA sequences are different.
• a vehicle e.g., viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome).
• vehicle e.g., viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome).
• vehicle e.g., viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome.
• the vehicle is a viral delivery vehicle.
• the viral delivery vehicle is a retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector.
• the viral delivery vehicle is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV).
• the method of embodiment 134 wherein the AAV is AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVhu68, AAVrh.10, AAVrh74 or AAVDJ, or a combination thereof. .
• the method of embodiment 137, wherein the recombinant capsid encodes a targeting moiety. .
• the method of any one of embodiments 1 -137, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a sequence encoding a targeting moiety. .
• the method of embodiment 131 wherein the vehicle is a liposome, lipid nanoparticle, nanocapsule, or exosome. .
• the method of embodiment 140 wherein the vehicle comprises or is connected to a targeting moiety. .
• the method of any one of embodiments 138-141, wherein the targeting moiety targets a cell comprising the target molecule in the subject. .
• the method of any one of embodiments 138-142, wherein the targeting moiety binds to a peptide product of the target molecule.
• the method of embodiment 142 wherein the target molecule is present on a target cell..
• the method of embodiment 143 wherein the target cell is associated with the disease or condition in the subject. .
• the targeting moiety comprises a peptide.
• the peptide comprises JNJ63955, m3- Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl), Protoxin-II (ProTx-II), or Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), ora variant thereof.
• the method of embodiment 146, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to a peptide of Table 7. .
• nucleic acid is administered via lumbar intrathecal puncture, epidural, intravenous, transdermal, intranasal, oral, mucosal, intracistema magna administration, or intraganglionic administration.
• a nucleic acid sequence encoding a nucleic acid binding domain and an epigenetic modulator that regulates transcription of the one or more target molecules.
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 151 wherein regulation of the transcription of the one or more target molecules is transient.
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 151 wherein the genome of the subject is not edited. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151-156, wherein the one or more target molecules comprise DNA complementary to non -coding RNA. .
• nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 158 wherein the neuropathic pain comprises spinal nerve ligation, spared nerve injury, chronic constriction injury, or diabetic neuropathy, or a combination thereof.
• the non-coding RNA comprises a SCN9A natural antisensetranscript(NAT), a.Kcna2 antisense RN A, Hl 9, Gm21781, MRAK009713, uc.48+, NONRATT021972, BC168687, Speer7-ps, Uc007pbc.l, XLOC_041439, Mlxipl, Rn50_X_0739.1, CCAT1, rno circ 0004058, rno_circRNA_007512, o Egr2 antisense RNA, or a combination thereof.
• the nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151 -160, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid encoding a channel. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151 -160, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises a nucleic acid associated with a channel. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 163, wherein the ion channel is a sodium channel. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 163, wherein the ion channel is a potassium channel. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 163, wherein the ion channel is a calcium channel. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151 -168, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes of Table 1 . .
• the nucleic acid sequence of clam 172 wherein the pain comprises neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, visceral pain, migraine pain, erythromelalgia pain, fibromyalgia pain, idiopathic pain, or somatic pain, or a combination thereof.
• the nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151-179, wherein the one or more target molecules comprises one or more genes selected from the group comprising SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2. .
• ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 190, wherein the dCas is a mutated or truncated Cas protein of Tabled. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 190, wherein the dCas comprises a sequence at least 90% identical to a dCas of Table 4. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 190, wherein the dCas comprises dCas9..
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 195, wherein the dCas comprises dCasl2..
• dCas comprises a dCas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, S. thermophilus, S.
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 190, wherein the dCas has a REC3 domain deletion. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 190, wherein the dCas has a HNH deletion.
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 190, wherein the dCas has a nuclease (NUC) lobe deletion.
• the nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151 -189, wherein the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a zinc finger protein. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151 -189, wherein the nucleic acid binding domain comprises a meganuclease. .
• TALENs transcription activator-like effector nucleases
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a transcription regulatory domain.
• repressor domain comprises a Krueppel-associatedbox (KRAB) domain (recruitment of histone methyltransferases and deacetylases).
• KRAB also referred to as KOX
• SID also referred to as KOX
• MBD2 MBD3, HPla
• DNMT family including DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2A
• Sin3a Rb
• AtHD2A LSD1,
• the epigenetic modulator comprises ZIM3, ZNF554, ZNF264, ZNF324, ZNF354A, ZNF189, ZNF543, ZNP82, ZNF669, ZNF582, KOXl -MeCP2, ZNF30, ZNF680, ZNF331, ZNF33A, ZNF528, ZNF320, ZNF350, ZNF175, ZNF214, ZNF184, ZNF8, ZNF596, KOX1, ZNF37 A, ZNF394, ZNF610, ZNF273 , ZNF34, ZNF250, ZNF98, ZNF675 , ZNF213 , Nluc, ZFP28-2, ZNF224, orZNF257, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64, Rta, P16, P65, p300, TET1 catalytic domain, TDG, Ldbl self- association domain, SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSF1), VPR (VP64, p65, Rta), CD, or SunTag, or a variant or combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises a domain that recruits transcriptional activators, a histone acetyltransferase, a DNA demethylase, a domain that recruits enhancer -associated endogenous Ldbl, a domain that recruits histone methyltransferases and deacetylases, a domain that recruits histone deacetylases, a histone demethylase, a histone methyltransferase, a DNA methyltransferase, an acetylation domain, or a de -acetylation domain, ora combination thereof.
• the epigenetic modulator comprises VP64 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p65 (recruitment of transcriptional activators), p300 catalytic domain (histone acetyltransferase), TET1 catalytic domain (DNA demethylase), TDG (DNA demethylase), Ldbl self- association domain (recruits enhancer- associated endogenous Ldbl), SAM activator (VP64, p65, HSFl)(recruits transcriptional activators), VPR(VP64, p65, Rta) (recruits transcriptional activators), Sin3a (recruitment of histone deacetylases), LSD1 (histone demethylase), SUV39H1 (histone methyltransferase), G9a (EHMT2)(histone methyltransferase), DNMT3a (DNA methyltransferase), or DNMT3
• the promoter is a promoter of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), promoter of the Neuron specific enolase (NSE), promoter of the Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), promoter of the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) (also called ubiquitin -C-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL-1)), promoter of the human synapsin 1 (hSYNl) gene promoter, promoter of the NeuN gene (Fox-3, Rbfox3, or Hexaribonucleotide Binding Protein-3), promoter ofthe a- calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II [CaMKIIa]), promoter of the Rheb gene (ras homolog enriched in brain), TRKA promoter (Tyrosine Kinase A), or jET.
• MAP-2 microtubule-associated protein 2
• NSE Neuron specific enolase
• ChAT Choline Acetyltransferas
• the promoter is a promoter of a gene selected from SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2, SOD1, ataxin-2, SCA2, BFD1, FUS, TDP43, C9orf72, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growthfactor, a Neurotrophin, BCL11A, FMRI, DNM2, PrP, UBE3A, GYSI, andGFAP.
• nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 248 or embodiment 249, wherein the promoter is a galanin promoter O NF-KB promoter. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 257, wherein the one or more guide RNA sequences is selected from a sequence in Table 6. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 257 or embodiment 258, wherein the one or more guide RNA sequences binds to one or more of the target molecules. .
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 259 wherein the one or more target molecules is 2, 3, 4, or 5 target molecules.
• nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151 -263 wherein the nucleic acid is delivered as a naked (or unmodified) nucleic acid. .
• vehicle e.g., viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome, nanoparticle, or exosome.
• vehicle e.g., viral delivery vehicle (e.g., retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector), liposome,
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 267 wherein the viral delivery vehicle is a retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or adenoviral vector.
• AAV adeno-associated virus
• the nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 269, wherein the AAV is AAV9. .
• nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 269-271 wherein the AAV has a recombinant capsid.
• nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151-273, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a sequence encoding a targeting moiety.
• nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 278, wherein the target molecule is present on a target cell is present on a target cell.
• nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 281, wherein the peptide comprises JNJ63955, m3 -Huwentoxin-IV, Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl), Protoxin-II (ProTx-II), or Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), or a variant thereof.
• nucleic acid sequence of embodiment 281, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence at least about 90% identical to a peptide of Table 7.
• a combination comprisingthe nucleic acid sequence of any one of embodiments 151 - 283, and an additional therapeutic agent.
• Percent (%) sequence identity with respect to a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence is the percentage of amino acid or nucleotide residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid or nucleotide residues in the reference polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are known, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST -2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software.
• ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program
• the ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc., and the source code has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087.
• the ALIGN-2 program is publicly available from Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., or may be compiled from the source code.
• the ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, including digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.
• the % amino acid or polynucleotide sequence identity of a given sequence A to, with, or against a given sequence B is calculated as follows: 100 times the fraction X/Y, where X is the number of residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of residues in B.
• the term “about” means within 10% of the stated amount.
• a peptide comprising about 80% identity to a reference peptide may comprise 72% to 88% identity to the reference peptide sequence.
• Example 1 Preparation of compositions comprising Navl.7-binding peptides
• Peptide binders of sodium channels are known in the art.
• some venomous animals such as spiders, make molecules in their venom that can bind and inhibit sodium channels of their prey.
• spider toxin peptides such as Protoxin -II (ProTx- II), Huwentoxin-IV (HwTx-IV), m3-Huwentoxin-IV (variant m3 -HwTX-IV), Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTxl), and Phlotoxin 1 (PhlTxl) bindNavl .7.
• each of the following peptides are attached to the surface of a different AAV9 packaging mCherry reporter construct: the peptides of Table 7, including ProTx-II, ProTx-III, the ProTx-II variant JNJ63955, HwTx-IV, variant m3 -HwTx-IV, CcoTxl variant2670, PhlTxl variantD7A-PhlTxl, and JzTx-V variant AM-0422.
• These peptides were chosen because they are established Navl .7-binding ligands and because they represent a varied selection of peptides with different sequences and differential interactions with the Nayl .7 channel.
• Peptide attachment to the AAV is performed by both C-term NHS modification of the peptide andN-term Benzoyl-NH modification to bind with the nine lysine residues on the AAV9 surface.
• Crosslinkingthe peptidesattheN- and C-terminals will increase the chances that at least one them will keep the peptide conformation to bind Na v l .7.
• AAV viral capsids are composed of threeproteins, VP1 , VP2 and VP3.
• TheN terminus of VP2 capsid protein accepts large-peptide insertions as well as proteins, thus, insertion of targeting peptides at VP2 re-targets vector tropism. Other potential sites to insert these target peptides are found in VP3.
• a sequence encoding a peptide of Example 1 is cloned in frame within a -GS- flanking linker to be expressed in different loops of the AAV9 capsid.
• Transduction efficiency is determined by mCherry reporter expression in the Na v l .7-expressing cell lines HuH7 and Neuro2a.
• RNA-scope is analyzed using probes against mCherry and Na v 1.7 simultaneously.
• probes against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and P2X purinergic ion channel type 3 receptor (P2X3R) are also used.
• Viral genomes are also be quantified via RT-qPCR. Viral tropism as indicated by mCherry expression is determined from images captured by confocal microscopy and RT-qPCR.
• the promoters tested vary between 700 bp-1.2 kbp in length. Promoters of various lengths are tested to enable their packaging into a single AAV.
• Na v 1.7 gene enhancers as described in the EPD website are tested even if they are not part of the promoter region (https://epd.epfl. ch//index.php). These new sequences are cloned in a mCherry expressing vector with the CMV removed as previously performed.
• iPCS testing of human Navl. 7 promoters The promoters that are specific (high expression in Nayl .7 expressing cells and no expression in MCF-7 negative control) are tested in nociceptor-like iPCS cells. RT-qPCR, FACS-sorting, and imaging analysis is performed to determine the expression (activity and intensity) levels of mCherry using these promoters.
• Example 5 Pilot testing of human Navi.7 promoter in mice to determine biodistribution
• This study is to determine the activity and biodistribution of the human Na v 1.7 promoter optimized in the previous example in mice.
• our preliminary assays indicate promoters #1, #2 and #7 also work in Neuro2a (cells with high expression of mouse Na v 1.7).
• promoters #1, #2 and #7 also work in Neuro2a (cells with high expression of mouse Na v 1.7).
• the human Na v l .7 promoter is tested in mice, and compared to CMV and hSynl promoters for activity and biodistribution. Importantly, this will confirm the expression of the transgene (mCherry) in nociceptors. This pilot study will help identify promoters for dose-range studies.
• Organs (brain, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, eyes, lungs, heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, spleen, and gonads) and blood are harvested. Immunostaining of mCherry (ab 167453), and subsequent confocal analysis is performed. Additionally, mCherry mRNA is quantified via RT-qPCR. Importantly, as transduction of sensory neurons in DRG is important to ensure efficacy, which subset of neurons in the DRG are transduced via RNA-scope is analyzed using probes against mCherry and Na v 1 7 simultaneously.
• CGRP calcitonin gene -related peptide
• P2X3R P2Xpurinergicion channel type 3 receptor
• HuH7 cells were transfected with a nucleic acid encoding one of ZFPs 1 to 11 see Table 8 forZFP sequences) and the KRAB repressor domain using standard Lipofectamine transfection. Navi.7 levels were compared with an mCherry control three days posttransfection using qPCR. FIG. 4 shows fold expression change in Na v l .7 after transfection of the ZFP-KRAB.
• Example 7 Navi.7 and Navi.8 repression using a ZFP-KRAB repressor
• Single-target (Navl .7 or Navl.8) and dual-target (Navl .7 and Navl .8) compositions were designed as shown in the schematics of FIGS. 5 -6. Mice were treated with paclitaxel to induce allodynia, then treated with the single- or dual -target compositions to identify improvements in reversing allodynia. For male mice with mechanical allodynia, as shown in FIGS. 7A-7B, there was about a 50% increase in relative threshold when repressing Na v l .7 versus Na v E8, and about a 13.4% increase in relative threshold with the dual-target as compared to targeting Na v 1.7.
• Example 8 Chemical conjugation of Navl.7-binding peptides onto the surface of AAV9 and transduction in vitro
• Na v l .7-binding peptides (Protoxin-II, Phlotoxin-I, Huwentoxin-IV, m3- Huwentoxin-IV, see Table 7) were bound to the surface of AAV9 CMV mCherry by chemical crosslinking.
• the viruses were tested in 3 cell lines which express Na v 1.7. The cells were incubated with virus (MOI Neuro-2A: 50,000; HuH-7: 100,000; SH-SY5Y: 100,000) for 72 h. Naive cells did not receive any virus. qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression of the transgene reporter, mCherry.
• FIGS. 9A-9C shows that chemical conjugation of Na v 1.7- binding peptides onto the surface of AAV9 increases transduction in Neuro-2A, HuH-7, and SH-SY5Y cell lines which expressNa v l .7. Some capsid modifications increased transduction roughly 2-6x compared to the WT.
• Example 9 Expression of a Navl.7-binding peptide in capsid of AAV9 increases viral transduction in a Navl.7-binding cell line
• Peptide JNJ63955918-Indel and a short 6 bp linker was expressed in the viral protein VR-III region of the AAV9 capsid.
• Virus was made using WT capsid or the mutated capsid includingthe peptide JNJ63955918 (SEQ ID NO: 97).
• a mCherry reporter was packaged into all viruses.
• Virus was incubated with cells at an MOI of 10,000 for 72 h. Naive cells did not receive any virus. The cells were analyzed by qPCR for mCherry expression. Expression of mCherry was quantified relative to housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
• GPDH glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase
• FIG. 10 shows that the expression of JNJ63955918 -Indel on the surface of AAV9 facilitates transduction of a cell line, HuH-7, that expresses Na v l .7, therefore increasing transduction 2x.
• Example 10 Use of Navi.7 promoters in cell lines that express Navi.7 and transgene expression.
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• Promoter 3 promoter 1 , promoter 2, and promoter 7 (see Table 5) are Navi .7-specific promoters.
• Three cell lines tested were HuH-7, SH-SY5 Y, and Neuro-2A. After 72 h, cells are imaged with a fluorescent microscope. Red fluorescence intensity was measured and averaged from 3 non -overlapping images with the Histogram tool in ImageJ. Error bars show SD.
• FIGS. 11A-11D show that Navl .7-specific promoters can increase transgene expression in cell lines that express Na v l .7.
• Example 11 A Navl.7-specific promoter and transgene expression in Navl.7-expressing neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG).
• DRG dorsal root ganglia
• mice were intrathecally injected with lxl0 12 gc of AAV9 virus packaged with an mCherry reporter driven by a Navl .7-specific promoter, promoter 1 . 4 weeks post- injection, the mice were sacrificed and lumbar DRG were harvested, fixed, and cryoprotected. The DRG were sectioned (10pm) and labeled using RNAScope Multiplex Fluorescent (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc) reagents with probes targeting Na V 1.7 , mCherry, and WPRE (marker for viral transgene). A Leica DMi8 fluorescent microscope with a 20x objective was used to capture a Z-stack from each sample.
• FIG. 12 shows that the promoter 1 Nayl 7-specific promoter drives mCherry expression (red) in target Na v l .7-expressing neuron populations (green). Colocalization of Na v l .7 (asterisks), mCherry (plus signs), and WPRE (daggers) show that the virus transduced Nayl 7-expressing and the reporter is expressed in these cells (arrowheads).
• Each punctate red dot in the mCherry channel indicates a single mCherry mRNA molecule, and many punctate dots are observed in several cells, indicating that the Nayl 7-specific promoter is able to drive relatively high expression of the transgene in neurons of mouse DRG. Scale bar shows 50 pm.
• Table 8 Examples ofZFP sequences and DNA target.

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