WO2022150760A1 - Réducteur de frottement tolérant aux sels - Google Patents

Réducteur de frottement tolérant aux sels Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022150760A1
WO2022150760A1 PCT/US2022/011970 US2022011970W WO2022150760A1 WO 2022150760 A1 WO2022150760 A1 WO 2022150760A1 US 2022011970 W US2022011970 W US 2022011970W WO 2022150760 A1 WO2022150760 A1 WO 2022150760A1
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water
soluble
monomer
group
terpolymer
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PCT/US2022/011970
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English (en)
Inventor
Wenwen Li
Rajesh Saini
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Aramco Services Company
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Priority claimed from US17/644,450 external-priority patent/US20220220367A1/en
Application filed by Aramco Services Company filed Critical Aramco Services Company
Publication of WO2022150760A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022150760A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
    • C09K2208/28—Friction or drag reducing additives

Definitions

  • Slickwater fracturing is a common technique in hydraulic fracturing of reservoirs related to hydrocarbon recovery.
  • Methods of slickwater fracturing generally include pumping low viscosity aqueous fluid to fracture a formation downhole in a hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • the aqueous fluid that is used further provides a medium to transport proppants from the surface into the hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • slickwater fracturing fluids are an aqueous-based fluid that may include polymer-based friction reducers, surfactants, biocides, breakers, and clay stabilizers. Slickwater fracturing fluids often have polymer-based friction reducers that provide friction loss reduction as the fluids flow through pipeline compared to fluids without such polymer-based friction reducers.
  • a common friction reducer used in slickwater fracturing fluid is a hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-based copolymer. These polyacrylamide-based copolymers may provide water solubility, thermal stability, and friction reduction performance when included in a fracturing solution.
  • a water-soluble bipolymer may include a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety, where the vinyl-containing group in the first monomer may be either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group; and a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen.
  • an aqueous solution may include a water-soluble bipolymer that is a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group that is either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety, and a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen, where the aqueous solution has a salinity in a range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L total dissolved solids.
  • embodiments disclosed are directed to a method of use that may include introducing an aqueous solution into a formation such that the formation fractures, where the aqueous solution comprises a water-soluble bipolymer that is a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group that is either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety, and a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen, and where the aqueous solution has a salinity in a range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L total dissolved solids.
  • a water-soluble anionic terpolymer that may include a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety; a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen; and an anionic monomer.
  • an aqueous solution may include a water-soluble anionic terpolymer that is a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group that is either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety, a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen, and an anionic monomer, where the aqueous solution has a salinity in a range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L total dissolved solids.
  • embodiments disclosed are directed to a method of use that may include introducing an aqueous solution into a formation such that the formation fractures, where the aqueous solution comprises a water-soluble anionic terpolymer that is a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group that is either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety, a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen, and an anionic monomer, and where the aqueous solution has a salinity in a range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L total dissolved solids.
  • a water-soluble anionic terpolymer that is a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group that is either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety
  • a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbon
  • a water-soluble cationic terpolymer may include a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety; a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen; and a cationic monomer.
  • an aqueous solution may include a water-soluble cationic terpolymer that is a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group that is either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety, a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen, and a cationic monomer, where the aqueous solution has a salinity in a range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L total dissolved solids.
  • embodiments disclosed are directed to a method of use that may include introducing an aqueous solution into a formation such that the formation fractures, where the aqueous solution comprises a water-soluble cationic terpolymer that is a reaction product of a first monomer that has a vinyl-containing group that is either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group linked to a pendant carbohydrate moiety, a second monomer that has a vinyl group, a carbonyl group and a nitrogen, and a cationic monomer, and where the aqueous solution has a salinity in a range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L total dissolved solids.
  • FIG. 1 shows a graph of viscosity versus shear rate for Example 1 in synthetic versions of natural salt water in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • FIG. 2A shows a graph of viscosity versus shear rate for Comparative Example
  • FIG. 2B shows a graph of viscosity versus shear rate for Comparative Example
  • FIG. 3 shows a graph of friction reduction performance for Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 in synthetic salt water in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • slickwater fracturing fluid in an unconventional reservoir may utilize around 5 to 15 million gallons of water.
  • obtaining the volume of water for slickwater fracturing from fresh or non-saline water sources may be challenging.
  • some reservoir locations may have limited access to fresh water sources, or those sources may be reserved for other uses, such as domestic consumption.
  • slickwater fracturing fluid can utilize sea water or produced water as a base fluid.
  • sea water and produced water contain greater levels of salts, including multivalent ions, compared to fresh water sources.
  • a slickwater fracturing fluid generally includes a mixture of water, friction reducer (friction reducing component), and proppant.
  • the volume of water allows for a useful amount of proppant to be placed downhole while compensating for low viscosity of slickwater fracturing fluid.
  • Low viscosity may generally include viscosities of about 1 to 4 centipoise (cP). However, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that other factors may alter viscosity, including but not limited to temperature and shear speed.
  • One or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide for friction reducers with enhanced salt tolerance, their method of manufacture, and their method of use.
  • the enhanced salt tolerance permits friction reduction performance and maintenance of a desirable viscosity in high salinity fluids as compared to traditional friction reducers.
  • One or more embodiments of the present disclosure further provide for slickwater fracturing fluids including friction reducers, and their method of use.
  • Enhanced salt tolerance is defined as an ability of a friction reducer to maintain a level of friction reduction performance and a desired viscosity in a brine solution or at least minimize the reduction in either the friction reduction performance or the viscosity. This is relative to traditional friction reducers that may suffer from decreased reduction in friction reduction performance, a reduced viscosity, or both, when introduced into a brine solution.
  • “High salinity” is in a range of from about 30,000 parts-per-million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS) to about 350,000 ppm TDS; “low salinity” is in a range of from greater than 0 ppm TDS to about 5,000 ppm TDS; “medium salinity” is in a range of from about 5,000 ppm TDS to about 30,000 ppm TDS.
  • charge shielding of polymers may occur. Not wanting to be bound by any theory, charge shielding may arise from chemical interactions between ions in the water and surface charges on polymer chains. During charge shielding, the surface charges on the polymer are shielded from hydrogen bonding effects of the water, such as what may occur between polymers that support friction reduction in slickwater compositions and the water in the solution. As a result of charge shielding, the overall hydrogen bond donating and receiving ability of a polymer may decrease compared to a polymer that is not charge shielded. Hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites on the charge shielded polymer may be blocked from interaction with other compounds or material in solution, such as proppant and common materials found within a wellbore fluid.
  • the altered hydrogen bonding effects of a charge shielded polymer may alter its chemical properties, including chemical properties of the overall polymer and chemical properties at the surface of the polymer.
  • a polymer when a polymer is charge shielded it may alter its structure and physical configuration either alone or in situ, compared to a polymer that is not charge shielded.
  • a charge shielded polymer may curl, folding in upon itself. Therefore, polymers that are charge shielded may not provide friction reduction performance and viscosity as designed.
  • the combined effect of altered chemical properties and structure and physical configuration of a charge shielded polymer may cause the polymer to precipitate, aggregate, salt-out, denature, lyse, or otherwise be rendered unsuitable for its intended use.
  • One or more embodiments of the present disclosure include compositions of friction reducers, slickwater fracturing fluids including friction reducers, synthesis of friction reducers and slickwater fracturing fluids including friction reducers, and method of use.
  • a method includes introducing slickwater fracturing fluid into a formation such that the formation fractures.
  • the slickwater fracturing fluid in the method has a salinity range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L total dissolved solids.
  • the friction reducers may be included in the slickwater fracturing fluid, where the friction reducers are water-soluble polymers.
  • the water-soluble polymers may be copolymers having one or more functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety linked to a vinyl-containing group of the monomer.
  • the term “monomer” used in the context of a copolymer means comonomer.
  • a water-soluble polymer that facilitates slickwater properties, that is, fluid flow friction reduction that is not susceptible to a charge shielding effect.
  • One or more embodiments of the water- soluble polymer that facilitates slickwater properties may further provide a stable, predictable viscosity over a wide range of salt concentrations.
  • proppant transport may generally be affected by a viscosity reduction of the slickwater fracturing fluid as compared to a slickwater fracturing fluid without a viscosity reduction.
  • a viscosity reduction of less than 5% of the slickwater fracturing fluid may not affect proppant transport as compared to a slickwater fracturing fluid without a viscosity reduction.
  • a viscosity reduction of less than 10% of the slickwater fracturing fluid may not affect proppant transport as compared to a slickwater fracturing fluid without a viscosity reduction.
  • the basic structure of the water-soluble polymers can be linear or branched. Molecular weights of the water-soluble polymers may be in a range of from about 500,000 to 25,000,000 grams per mole (g/mol). In one or more embodiments, the water-soluble polymers may be a water-soluble bipolymer or a water-soluble terpolymer.
  • a functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety can be copolymerized with a second monomer to form a water- soluble bipolymer, which can be used as the friction reducer in slickwater fracturing fluid compositions.
  • the functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety can be copolymerized with a second monomer and a third anionic monomer to form a water-soluble anionic terpolymer, which can be used as the friction reducer in slickwater fracturing fluid compositions.
  • the functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety can be copolymerized with a second monomer and a third cationic monomer to form a water- soluble cationic terpolymer, which can be used as the friction reducer in slickwater fracturing fluid compositions.
  • the base fluid of a slickwater fracturing fluid composition may be any form of water, including, but not limited to, deionized water; filtered or raw fresh waters; mineral waters; filtered, raw or synthetic seawater; brackish water; synthetic or natural brines; salt water; formation water; and produced water.
  • the water may contain an amount of organics from natural or artificial sources as long as the function of the slickwater fracturing fluid, which is to provide friction reduction and a steady level of viscosity at various pumping rates, is not inhibited.
  • the water may contain an amount of minerals or metals from natural or artificial sources as long as the function of the slickwater fracturing fluid is not inhibited.
  • the water may contain an amount of monovalent ions, multivalent ions, and combinations thereof.
  • TDS total dissolved solids
  • TDS represents the salinity of the fluid without factoring in non- salt components.
  • total organic carbon (TOC) content of non-salt organics may not be factored into TDS concentrations of the base fluid.
  • the performance of the friction reducer in a saline water is dependent on divalent and multivalent ion concentrations in addition to or independent of TDS.
  • a first solution of friction reducer in water with 4,000 ppm TDS containing 2,000 ppm of divalent ions can have a reduced viscosity compared to a second solution of the same friction reducer in water with a 4,000 ppm TDS without the 2,000 ppm of divalent and multivalent ions.
  • the salinity of the slickwater fracturing fluid is not particularly limited as long as a steady viscosity is maintained while providing friction reduction.
  • the salt concentration can be from 0 to 350,000 ppm TDS.
  • the concentration of Ca 2+ ions may be upwards of 30,000 ppm; the concentration of Mg 2+ ions may be upwards of 5,000 ppm; and the concentration of sulfate ions may be upwards of 4,000 ppm.
  • the slickwater fracturing fluids may also have any concentration of other ions and minerals, including but not limited to Na + , K + , Cl , so long as the TDS remains at or under 350,000 ppm TDS.
  • friction reduction can be affected by divalent ions and multivalent ions in the slickwater fracturing fluid more than by monovalent ions.
  • viscosity is affected by both monovalent ions and multivalent ions in the slickwater fracturing fluid, depending on the charge on the friction reducer.
  • the slickwater fracturing fluid includes any one of the following: a water-soluble bipolymer, a water-soluble anionic terpolymer, and a water-soluble cationic terpolymer.
  • a water-soluble bipolymer a water-soluble anionic terpolymer
  • a water-soluble cationic terpolymer a water-soluble cationic terpolymer.
  • embodiments of water-soluble polymer are provided in a slickwater fracturing fluid composition commensurate with the respective water-soluble polymer.
  • the application of the water-soluble bipolymer, water-soluble anionic terpolymer, or water-soluble cationic terpolymer, and the concentration of said water-soluble polymers in slickwater fracturing fluid composition depends on the conditions of the reservoir, which may include the formation material, such as sandstone or carbonate.
  • One or more functional monomer having a pendant carbohydrate moiety is included in one or more embodiments of water-soluble polymer.
  • the functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety is a first monomer, where a second monomer and an optional third monomer may be included to form a polymer.
  • carbohydrate moieties to be used as a pendant on the (first) functional monomer are not particularly limited and may include modified monosaccharides, modified disaccharides, modified trisaccharides, and modified polysaccharides having cyclic and open structures, and combinations thereof.
  • Examples of carbohydrate moieties to be used as pendant on the (first) functional monomer that include modified polysaccharides further include oligosaccharides.
  • Oligosaccharides can be former-larger polysaccharides that have been broken down into smaller components. The oligosaccharides then react with vinyl-containing or allyl-containing groups, for further reaction with other monomers.
  • a polysaccharide may have different types of saccharides in one polymer chain, for example, a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or trisaccharide.
  • the inclusion of another monosaccharide or disaccharide, or monosaccharide and disaccharide in a polysaccharide allows the polymer to attain a non- symmetrical configuration.
  • a known effect of a non-symmetrical polymer is that the polymer may not have propensity to crystallize and may further provide solubility in water compared to a symmetrical polymer.
  • An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer including saccharide units such as monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide, and others.
  • the number of saccharide units ranges from 2 to 100, for example, from 2 to 50, from 2 to 40, from 2 to 30, from 3 to 30, and from 3 to 10.
  • Oligosaccharides can include broken polysaccharides, such as from guar gum, cellulose, hydrolyzed starch, amylose, amylopectin, chitin, pectins, xanthan, dextran gum, welan gum, gellan gum, fenugreek gum, and dextrins such as maltodextrin and cellodextrin.
  • broken guar gum can include mannose and galactose, which can be an oligosaccharide including two different kinds of monosaccharides. Oligosaccharides can be supplied, synthesized by attaching monosaccharides together, or otherwise provided by known methods.
  • Monosaccharide examples include, but are not limited to, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose, psicose, fructose, sorbose, and tagatose.
  • Disaccharide examples include, but are not limited to, sucrose (glucose- fructose), trehalose, lactose (galactose-glucose), maltose (glucose-glucose), cellobiose, and chitobiose.
  • Polysaccharide examples include, but are not limited to, alginate, chitosan, curdlan, dextran, derivatized dextran, emulsan, gellan, glucuronan, N-acetyl- heparosan, hyaluronic acid, kefiran, lentinan, levan, mauran, pullulan, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, stewartan, succinoglycan, xanthan, diutan, starch, tamarind, tragacanth, guar gum, gum ghatti, gum arabic, and cellulose.
  • the polysaccharides are broken into smaller components before use, for example, oligosaccharides.
  • functional monomers comprising Formula IA, Formula IB, and Formula II are not particularly limited.
  • functional monomers containing Formulas IA, IB, and II can be added independently onto a copolymer and in other embodiments they can be used in combination, such as to copolymerize with a second monomer or a second and a third monomer.
  • a monomer containing Formulas IA and IB may be reactive in free radical polymerization with other water-soluble acrylic monomers, such as acrylamide and acrylic acid.
  • other water-soluble acrylic monomers such as acrylamide and acrylic acid.
  • a random copolymer may form.
  • a monomer containing Formula II may have a lower reactivity than a monomer containing Formulas IA, IB, and other water-soluble acrylic monomers.
  • the monomer containing Formula II may not randomly insert into the acrylic monomers, and as a result a block copolymer structure may form.
  • the functional monomer containing pendant carbohydrate moiety may be in a range of from about 0.05 weight % (wt%) to about 50 wt%, such as 0.1 wt% to 30 wt%, and such as 0.5 wt% to 20 wt%, of the water-soluble polymer, for example, the water-soluble bipolymer, the water-soluble anionic terpolymer, and the water-soluble cationic terpolymer.
  • the functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety is a modified glucose, for example, 6-O-acryloyl-D-glucose.
  • Second Monomer Acrylamide or Organic Nitrogen-Containing Group Having a Carbonyl Group with a Vinyl Attachment Moiety Monomer
  • a functional monomer containing a pendant carbohydrate moiety and a second monomer are copolymerized to form a water- soluble bipolymer.
  • the second monomer may be selected from acrylamide, N,N- dimethylacrylamide, (meth)acrylamide, N-alkyl(meth)acrylamide (where alkyl is Ci- C3), dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, 4-acryloylmorpholine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N- vinylformamide, N-vinylacetamide, and combinations thereof.
  • the second monomer has a weight percentage in the range of from about 50 wt% to about 99.95 wt%, such as 70 wt% to 99.9 wt%, and such as 80 wt% to 99.5 wt%, of the water-soluble polymer, where the water- soluble polymer may be, for example, a bipolymer or a terpolymer.
  • a functional monomer containing a pendant carbohydrate moiety and a second monomer may further copolymerize with a third monomer to form a water-soluble polymer.
  • This third monomer is optional and allows the formation of a water-soluble terpolymer.
  • a water-soluble terpolymer comprises the reaction product of a first monomer, a second monomer, and a third monomer.
  • the third monomer may be an anionic monomer or a cationic monomer.
  • the third monomer is an anionic monomer, polymerization results in a water-soluble anionic terpolymer.
  • the third monomer is a cationic monomer, polymerization results in a water-soluble cationic terpolymer.
  • the anionic monomer is a third optional monomer in a copolymer that is used to form a water-soluble anionic terpolymer.
  • a water-soluble anionic terpolymer comprises the reaction product of a first monomer, a second monomer, and an anionic monomer.
  • the anionic monomer is not particularly limited as long as it carries an overall anionic charge.
  • the anionic monomer may include, but is not limited to, acrylic acid, (meth) acrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), styrenesulfonic acid, vinylphosphoric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, their corresponding salts, and combinations thereof.
  • the anionic monomer may further include acrylates and sulfonates.
  • Both the acid form and the corresponding salt form of the anionic monomer, or either the acid form or the corresponding salt form of the anionic monomer may be provided as a starting reagent, where polymerization thereof is conducted at around neutral pH (such as a pH of from about 6 to about 8). Under polymerization at around neutral pH, the acid form of the starting reagent will be in salt form, where the salt form in this instance is the anionic monomer.
  • the optional anionic monomer has a weight percentage in a range of from greater than 0 wt% to about 30 wt%, such as greater than 0 wt% to 20 wt%, and such as greater than 0 wt% to 15 wt%, of the water-soluble anionic terpolymer.
  • the cationic monomer is another third optional monomer in a polymer that is used to form a water-soluble cationic terpolymer.
  • a water-soluble cationic terpolymer comprises the reaction product of a first monomer, a second monomer, and a cationic monomer.
  • the cationic monomer may have one or both a quaternary ammonium salt and a nitrogenous base compound along with a vinyl attachment moiety.
  • a quaternary ammonium salt or nitrogenous base compound is used as a cationic monomer, the polymerization is conducted at around neutral pH (6 to 8)). Under polymerization at around neutral pH, the nitrogenous base compound of the starting reagent will be in salt form, where the salt form in this instance is the cationic monomer.
  • Examples of the cationic monomer include, but are not limited to, (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides;
  • (3- acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride may be used as a cationic monomer in one or more embodiments of the water-soluble cationic terpolymer.
  • the optional cationic monomer has a weight percentage in the range of from greater than 0 wt% to about 30 wt%, such as 0 wt% to 20 wt%, and such as 0 wt% to 15 wt%, of the water-soluble cationic terpolymer.
  • the synthesis of the water-soluble bipolymer, water-soluble anionic terpolymer, and water-soluble cationic terpolymer includes the use of the various monomers as previously described.
  • a bipolymer is comprised of two different monomers; a terpolymer is comprised of three different monomers. Distinction between an anionic terpolymer and a cationic terpolymer is made by way of the third (anionic or cationic) monomer that is included in the polymer synthesis.
  • Step 1 Preparation of aqueous phase. Acrylamide and glucose acrylate monomer are mixed with DI (deionized) water in a beaker until a homogeneous solution is formed.
  • DI deionized
  • Step 2 Generation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion.
  • oil phase solvent and sorbitan monoester and polysorbate (emulsifier) are introduced into a glass reaction kettle equipped with a thermocouple, a nitrogen inlet and outlet, a mechanical stirring rod, and are mixed until a homogeneous solution is formed.
  • the aqueous solution prepared in step 1 is added to the glass reaction kettle under overhead agitation to form a dispersion of the aqueous phase in the continuous oil phase.
  • Step 3 Sparging. The resulting dispersion is sparged with nitrogen under agitation.
  • Step 4 Initiation. 73 ⁇ 4?t-butyl hydroperoxide (70% solution in water) is added to the reactor followed by slow addition of sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) solution.
  • SMBS sodium metabisulfite
  • Step 5 Polymerization. A polymerization temperature is maintained between 38°C and 42°C for approximately 90 minutes (min.) as the emulsion polymerization is carried out under nitrogen.
  • Step 6 Residual monomers are reacted by introducing additional SMBS solution, and then the reactor is allowed to cool to room temperature over a time of 30 min.
  • Step 8 Purification. Tractable solid samples of water-soluble bipolymer are obtained by precipitation using acetone. The samples are then dried.
  • Step 2 Generation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion.
  • 100 g oil phase solvent trade name “LPA-210” supplied by SASOL
  • 15 g sorbitan monoester and polysorbate (emulsifier) are introduced into a glass reaction kettle equipped with a thermocouple, a nitrogen inlet and outlet, a mechanical stirring rod, and are mixed until a homogeneous solution is formed.
  • the aqueous solution prepared in step 1 is added to the glass reaction kettle under overhead agitation to form a dispersion of the aqueous phase in the continuous oil phase.
  • Step 3 Sparging. The resulting dispersion is sparged with nitrogen under agitation.
  • Step 4 Initiation. 62.5 microliters (pL) of / ⁇ ?/ 7-butyl hydroperoxide (70% solution in water) is added to the reactor, followed by slow addition of sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) solution (109 milligrams (mg) of SMBS dissolved in 7.5 mL of water).
  • SMBS sodium metabisulfite
  • Step 6 Residual monomers are reacted by introduction of additional SMBS solution, and then the reactor is allowed to cool to room temperature over a time of 30 min.
  • Step 7 Packaging. After cooling the reactor to room temperature, the final product is discharged and stored for further analysis.
  • a procedure to form a water-soluble cationic terpolymer from glucose acrylate monomer (functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety), acrylamide (second monomer), and (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl-ammonium halide (cationic, third monomer) is described in steps 1-8 as follows.
  • Step 1 Preparation of aqueous phase.
  • Acrylamide, (3- acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl -ammonium halide and glucose acrylate monomer are mixed with DI water in a beaker until a homogeneous solution is formed.
  • Step 3 Sparging. The resulting dispersion is sparged with nitrogen under agitation.
  • Step 4 Initiation. Ten-butyl hydroperoxide (70% solution in water) is added to the reactor followed by slow addition of sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) solution.
  • SMBS sodium metabisulfite
  • Step 5 Polymerization. A polymerization temperature is maintained between 38°C and 42°C for approximately 90 minutes (min.) as the emulsion polymerization is carried out under nitrogen.
  • Step 6 Residual monomers are reacted by introduction of additional SMBS solution, and then the reactor is allowed to cool to room temperature over a time of 30 min.
  • Step 7 Packaging. After cooling the reactor to room temperature, the final product is discharged and stored for further analysis.
  • Step 8 Purification. Tractable solid samples of water-soluble cationic terpolymer from the procedure are obtained by precipitation using acetone. The samples are then dried.
  • Example 1 provides a water-soluble anionic terpolymer prepared from glucose acrylate monomer (functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety), acrylamide (second monomer), and acrylic acid (anionic, third monomer).
  • the polymer of Example 1 was prepared using the method described in “Procedure for Synthesis of Water-Soluble Anionic Terpolymer.”
  • the glucose acrylate monomer used in Example 1 was 6-O-acryloyl-D-glucose, synthesized according to the procedure listed in Mann, D. et ah, Glucose- functionalized polystyrene particles designed for selective deposition of silver on the surface, 4 RSC Advances 62878 (2014), and is pictured in Formula III: (Formula III).
  • Comparative Example 1 provides a water-soluble terpolymer of acrylamide (second monomer), acrylic acid (anionic, third monomer), and hexyl acrylate (a monomer without a pendant carbohydrate moiety).
  • Comparative Example 2 provides a water-soluble bipolymer of acrylamide (second monomer) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (“AMPS”) (anionic monomer).
  • AMPS 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
  • Aqueous solutions of the Example 1 anionic terpolymer having concentrations of 1.0, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 weight percent (wt%), were prepared by dispersing the corresponding amount of Example 1 (polymer) into either Synthetic Salt Water 1 and Synthetic Salt Water 2, respectively.
  • 2 g of Example 1 (polymer) was dispersed in 198 g of synthetic salt water to form a polymer solution with concentration of 1 wt%.
  • FIG. 1 shows a graph of viscosity versus shear rate for Example 1 in synthetic versions of natural salt water in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • the solution viscosity was comparable when the base fluid was changed from Synthetic Salt Water 1, which has a lower salt concentration (TDS -4,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L)), to Synthetic Salt Water 2, which has a higher salt concentration (TDS -57,000 mg/L).
  • the viscosity reduction is absent (or exhibits a viscosity increase of less than 5%) at 300 rpm with the base fluid changed from low salinity Synthetic Salt Water 1 to high salinity Synthetic Salt Water 2 when the glucose acrylate monomer of Example 1 is included (see Example 1).
  • the introduction of a functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety shows a well-maintained viscosity when salinity increases.
  • the viscosity is about 58% to about 65% less in high salinity Synthetic Salt Water 2 versus the viscosity in low salinity Synthetic Salt Water 1.
  • Friction reduction performance of the water-soluble anionic terpolymer from Example 1 was tested using a Mini-LoopTM (as previously described) and compared with the friction reduction performance of CE1.
  • FIG. 3 shows a graph of friction reduction performance for Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 in synthetic salt water in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • FIG. 3 shows results of the friction reduction performance in Synthetic Salt Water 2.
  • Example 1 showed a friction reduction reaching 65 to 70% in Synthetic Salt Water 2 at a loading level as low as 0.018 wt%. The friction reduction dropped to around 57% when the Example 1 polymer loading was reduced to 0.0045 wt%.
  • the one or more embodiments of the disclosed water-soluble polymers provide advantageously improved salt tolerance in slickwater fracturing fluid compositions.
  • Embodiments of the disclosed water-soluble polymers provide a well-maintained viscosity in the TDS concentration range of from about 4,000 mg/L to about 57,000 mg/L, such as from 4,000 mg/L to 50,000 mg/L, versus the comparative acrylamide polymer friction reducers without the functional monomer with a pendant carbohydrate moiety.
  • embodiments disclosed provide friction reduction performance in saltwater of 65% or greater.
  • this term may mean that there can be a variance in value of up to ⁇ 10%, of up to 5%, of up to 2%, of up to 1%, of up to 0.5%, of up to 0.1%, or up to 0.01%.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des polymères hydrosolubles qui peuvent comprendre un bipolymère hydrosoluble, un terpolymère anionique hydrosoluble et un terpolymère cationique hydrosoluble. Les polymères hydrosolubles peuvent comprendre un produit de réaction d'un premier monomère qui présente un groupe contenant du vinyle lié à une fraction glucidique pendante ; un second monomère qui présente un groupe vinyle, un groupe carbonyle et un azote ; un monomère anionique dans un terpolymère anionique hydrosoluble ; et un monomère cationique dans un terpolymère cationique hydrosoluble. L'invention concerne en outre des solutions aqueuses qui peuvent comprendre un bipolymère hydrosoluble, un terpolymère anionique hydrosoluble et un terpolymère cationique hydrosoluble. L'invention concerne en outre des procédés d'utilisation qui peuvent comprendre l'introduction d'une solution aqueuse dans une formation de sorte que les fractures de formation, la solution aqueuse pouvant comprendre un bipolymère hydrosoluble, un terpolymère anionique hydrosoluble et un terpolymère cationique hydrosoluble.
PCT/US2022/011970 2021-01-11 2022-01-11 Réducteur de frottement tolérant aux sels WO2022150760A1 (fr)

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US202163135887P 2021-01-11 2021-01-11
US63/135,887 2021-01-11
US17/644,450 US20220220367A1 (en) 2021-01-11 2021-12-15 Salt tolerant friction reducer
US17/644,450 2021-12-15

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4400496A (en) * 1980-09-22 1983-08-23 University Of Florida Water-soluble graft copolymers of starch-acrylamide and uses therefor
WO2015057183A1 (fr) * 2013-10-14 2015-04-23 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fluides de traitement contenant des polysaccharides portant des greffons réducteurs de frottement
CN103540309B (zh) * 2013-10-28 2015-10-21 中国石油大学(华东) 一种可重复使用的水力压裂降阻剂及其制备方法与应用

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US4400496A (en) * 1980-09-22 1983-08-23 University Of Florida Water-soluble graft copolymers of starch-acrylamide and uses therefor
WO2015057183A1 (fr) * 2013-10-14 2015-04-23 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fluides de traitement contenant des polysaccharides portant des greffons réducteurs de frottement
CN103540309B (zh) * 2013-10-28 2015-10-21 中国石油大学(华东) 一种可重复使用的水力压裂降阻剂及其制备方法与应用

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DESHMUKH S R ET AL: "DRAG-REDUCTION EFFICIENCY, SHEAR STABILITY, AND BIODEGRADATION RESISTANCE OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE-BASED AND STARCH-BASED GRAFT COPOLYMERS", JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC, US, vol. 43, no. 6, 20 September 1991 (1991-09-20), pages 1091 - 1101, XP000241836, ISSN: 0021-8995, DOI: 10.1002/APP.1991.070430609 *
MANN, D ET AL.: "Glucose-functionalized polystyrene particles designed for selective deposition of silver on the surface", RSC ADVANCES, vol. 4, 2014, pages 62878

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