WO2022141186A1

WO2022141186A1 - Information transmission method and apparatus, communication device, and storage medium

Info

Publication number: WO2022141186A1
Application number: PCT/CN2020/141368
Authority: WO
Inventors: 刘洋
Original assignee: 北京小米移动软件有限公司
Priority date: 2020-12-30
Filing date: 2020-12-30
Publication date: 2022-07-07
Also published as: CN112771912B; CN112771912A

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an information transmission method and apparatus, a communication device, and a storage medium. A base station sends signal configuration information of a shared tracking reference signal (TRS)/channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS), wherein the signal configuration information at least comprises measurement indication information, and the measurement indication information at least is used for indicating the shared TRS/CSI-RS for wireless signal measurement of an idle user equipment (UE) and/or an inactive UE.

Description

Information transmission method, apparatus, communication device and storage medium

technical field

The present application relates to the field of wireless communication technologies, but is not limited to the field of wireless communication technologies, and in particular, to information transmission methods, apparatuses, communication devices, and storage media.

Background technique

In the current 3GPP standardization of the power saving project of version 17 (R17), it is proposed to use the user equipment (UE, User Equipment) in other states (such as idle state or inactive state or any appropriate state) other than the connected state. Shared Tracking Reference Signal (TRS, Tracking Reference Signal)/Channel State Indication Reference Signal (CSI-RS, Channel State Information-Reference Signal) to assist in the time-frequency domain synchronization of the network. Compared with the original SSB synchronization, TRS/ The configuration of the CRS can be more flexible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of this, embodiments of the present disclosure provide an information transmission method, apparatus, communication device, and storage medium.

According to a first aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, an information transmission method is provided, wherein, applied to a base station, the method includes:

Sending the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, where the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information, where the measurement indication information is at least used to indicate that the user equipment UE is in an idle state and/or the shared TRS/CSI-RS on which the inactive UE performs radio signal measurement.

In one embodiment, the measurement indication information is used to instruct the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for the radio signal measurement.

In an embodiment, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS includes: a beam configuration for the shared TRS/CSI-RS.

In one embodiment, the beam configuration includes: an index Index of the synchronization signal block SSB.

In one embodiment, the signal configuration information further includes: signal threshold information, where the signal threshold information is used to indicate a signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.

In an embodiment, the signal strength threshold includes: a threshold of energy EPRE per unit resource element.

In an embodiment, the measurement indication information is at least used to indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS of the wireless signal measurement for the idle UE and/or the inactive UE to perform measurement relaxation.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

Sending measurement condition information, where the measurement condition information is used to indicate a condition parameter for the wireless signal measurement in which the measurement relaxation is performed by the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE.

According to a second aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, an information transmission method is provided, wherein, applied to an idle state user equipment UE and/or an inactive state UE, the method includes:

receiving signal configuration information of a shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, where the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information;

According to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for radio signal measurement is determined.

In an embodiment, the determining, according to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing wireless signal measurement includes:

According to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement is determined.

In an embodiment, the determining, according to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement includes: determining, according to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration for performing the wireless signal measurement. beam configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS measured by the wireless signal.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

In response to the index of the monitored SSB, which is the same as the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information, the wireless signal measurement is performed using the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information;

or,

In response to the index of the monitored SSB, which is different from the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information, the wireless signal measurement is performed using the monitored SSB.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

According to the signal threshold information included in the signal configuration information, the signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement is determined.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

determining the shared TRS/CSI-RS whose signal strength is not lower than the signal strength threshold as the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement;

or,

In response to determining that the signal strength of the shared TRS/CSI-RS is lower than the signal strength threshold, the wireless signal measurement is performed using SSB.

In one embodiment, determining the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for wireless signal measurement according to the measurement indication information includes:

According to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement of measurement relaxation is determined.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

Receive and send measurement condition information;

According to the measurement condition information, a condition parameter for performing the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation is determined.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

The wireless signal measurement is performed using the determined shared TRS/CSI-RS.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

In response to not monitoring the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information, the wireless signal measurement is performed using the SSB.

According to a third aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an information transmission apparatus, wherein, applied to a base station, the apparatus includes: a first sending module, wherein:

The first sending module is configured to send the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, wherein the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information, wherein the measurement indication information, at least It is used to indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS for the idle state user equipment UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform radio signal measurement.

In an embodiment, the measurement indication information is used to instruct the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for the radio signal measurement.

In an embodiment, the signal configuration information further includes: signal threshold information, where the signal threshold information is used to indicate a signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:

The second sending module is configured to send measurement condition information, wherein the measurement condition information is used to indicate the condition for the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation parameter.

According to a fourth aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an information transmission apparatus, wherein, applied to an idle state user equipment UE and/or an inactive state UE, the apparatus includes: a first receiving module and a first determining module, wherein ,

The first receiving module is configured to receive the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, wherein the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information;

The first determining module is configured to determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for wireless signal measurement according to the measurement indication information.

In one embodiment, the first determining module includes:

The first determination submodule is configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.

In one embodiment, the first determination submodule includes:

A determining unit configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, a beam configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for performing the wireless signal measurement.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:

A first measurement module, configured to use the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information to perform the wireless signal measurement;

or,

The second measurement module is configured to use the monitored SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to the index of the monitored SSB, which is different from the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:

The second determination module is configured to determine the signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement according to the signal threshold information included in the signal configuration information.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further includes:

a third determining module, configured to determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS whose signal strength is not lower than the signal strength threshold as the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement;

or,

A third measurement module, configured to use the SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to the determined signal strength of the shared TRS/CSI-RS being lower than the signal strength threshold.

In one embodiment, the first determining module includes:

The second determination submodule is configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement of measurement relaxation.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further includes:

a second receiving module, configured to receive and transmit measurement condition information;

The fourth determination module is configured to determine, according to the measurement condition information, a condition parameter for performing the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:

The fourth measurement module is configured to use the determined shared TRS/CSI-RS to measure the wireless signal.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:

A fifth measurement module, configured to use SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to not monitoring the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information.

According to a fifth aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication equipment apparatus, including a processor, a memory, and an executable program stored on the memory and executable by the processor, wherein the processor executes the executable program. When the program is executed, the steps of the information transmission method described in the first aspect or the second aspect are performed.

According to a sixth aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a storage medium on which an executable program is stored, wherein when the executable program is executed by a processor, the information transmission method according to the first aspect or the second aspect is implemented A step of.

According to the information transmission method, apparatus, communication device, and storage medium provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure, the base station sends the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, where the signal configuration information at least includes: a measurement indication information, wherein the measurement indication information is at least used to indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS for the idle state user equipment UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform radio signal measurement. In this way, by measuring the indication information, it is determined at least the shared TRS/CSI-RS for indicating the UE in the idle state and/or the UE in the inactive state to perform radio signal measurement, providing an explicit indication for radio signal measurement. The method for sharing TRS/CSI-RS, on the one hand, provides selection of radio signals for UE to perform radio signal measurement. On the other hand, the UE can accurately select the shared TRS/CSI-RS for radio signal measurement based on the measurement indication information, thereby improving the accuracy of radio signal selection.

It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not limiting of the disclosed embodiments.

Description of drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a wireless communication system according to an exemplary embodiment;

2 is a schematic flowchart of an information transmission method according to an exemplary embodiment;

3 is a schematic flowchart of another information transmission method according to an exemplary embodiment;

4 is a block diagram of an information transmission apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of another information transmission apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment;

Fig. 6 is a block diagram of an apparatus for information transmission according to an exemplary embodiment.

Detailed ways

Exemplary embodiments will be described in detail herein, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Where the following description refers to the drawings, the same numerals in different drawings refer to the same or similar elements unless otherwise indicated. The implementations described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all implementations consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatus and methods consistent with some aspects of embodiments of the invention as recited in the appended claims.

The terms used in the embodiments of the present disclosure are only for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present disclosure. As used in the embodiments of the present disclosure and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "the," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term "and/or" as used herein refers to and includes any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

It should be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used in embodiments of the present disclosure to describe various pieces of information, such information should not be limited to these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish the same type of information from each other. For example, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the first information may also be referred to as the second information, and similarly, the second information may also be referred to as the first information. Depending on the context, the word "if" as used herein can be interpreted as "at the time of" or "when" or "in response to determining."

Please refer to FIG. 1 , which shows a schematic structural diagram of a wireless communication system provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1 , the wireless communication system is a communication system based on cellular mobile communication technology, and the wireless communication system may include: several terminals 11 and several base stations 12 .

The terminal 11 may be a device that provides voice and/or data connectivity to the user. The terminal 11 may communicate with one or more core networks via a radio access network (RAN), and the terminal 11 may be an IoT terminal such as a sensor device, a mobile phone (or "cellular" phone) and a The computer of the IoT terminal, for example, may be a fixed, portable, pocket, hand-held, built-in computer or a vehicle-mounted device. For example, a station (Station, STA), a subscriber unit (subscriber unit), a subscriber station (subscriber station), a mobile station (mobile station), a mobile station (mobile), a remote station (remote station), an access point, a remote terminal ( remote terminal), access terminal (access terminal), user device (user terminal), user agent (user agent), user equipment (user device), or user equipment (user equipment, UE). Alternatively, the terminal 11 may also be a device of an unmanned aerial vehicle. Alternatively, the terminal 11 may also be a vehicle-mounted device, for example, a trip computer with a wireless communication function, or a wireless communication device externally connected to the trip computer. Alternatively, the terminal 11 may also be a roadside device, for example, a street light, a signal light, or other roadside devices with a wireless communication function.

The base station 12 may be a network-side device in a wireless communication system. Wherein, the wireless communication system may be a fourth generation mobile communication (the 4th generation mobile communication, 4G) system, also known as a long term evolution (Long Term Evolution, LTE) system; or, the wireless communication system may also be a 5G system, Also known as new radio (NR) system or 5G NR system. Alternatively, the wireless communication system may also be a next-generation system of the 5G system. Among them, the access network in the 5G system can be called NG-RAN (New Generation-Radio Access Network, a new generation of radio access network). Alternatively, the MTC system.

The base station 12 may be an evolved base station (eNB) used in the 4G system. Alternatively, the base station 12 may also be a base station (gNB) that adopts a centralized distributed architecture in a 5G system. When the base station 12 adopts a centralized distributed architecture, it usually includes a centralized unit (central unit, CU) and at least two distributed units (distributed unit, DU). The centralized unit is provided with a protocol stack of a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, a Radio Link Control Protocol (Radio Link Control, RLC) layer, and a Media Access Control (Media Access Control, MAC) layer; distribution A physical (Physical, PHY) layer protocol stack is set in the unit, and the specific implementation manner of the base station 12 is not limited in this embodiment of the present disclosure.

A wireless connection can be established between the base station 12 and the terminal 11 through a wireless air interface. In different embodiments, the wireless air interface is a wireless air interface based on the fourth generation mobile communication network technology (4G) standard; or, the wireless air interface is a wireless air interface based on the fifth generation mobile communication network technology (5G) standard, such as The wireless air interface is a new air interface; alternatively, the wireless air interface may also be a wireless air interface based on a 5G next-generation mobile communication network technology standard.

In some embodiments, an E2E (End to End, end-to-end) connection may also be established between the terminals 11 . For example, V2V (vehicle to vehicle, vehicle-to-vehicle) communication, V2I (vehicle to Infrastructure, vehicle-to-roadside equipment) communication and V2P (vehicle to pedestrian, vehicle-to-person) communication in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication etc. scene.

In some embodiments, the above wireless communication system may further include a network management device 13 .

Several base stations 12 are respectively connected to the network management device 13 . Wherein, the network management device 13 may be a core network device in a wireless communication system, for example, the network management device 13 may be a mobility management entity (Mobility Management Entity) in an evolved packet core network (Evolved Packet Core, EPC). MME). Alternatively, the network management device may also be other core network devices, such as a serving gateway (Serving GateWay, SGW), a public data network gateway (Public Data Network GateWay, PGW), a policy and charging rules functional unit (Policy and Charging Rules) Function, PCRF) or home subscriber server (Home Subscriber Server, HSS), etc. The implementation form of the network management device 13 is not limited in this embodiment of the present disclosure.

The execution bodies involved in the embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, UEs such as mobile phone terminals that support cellular mobile communication, and base stations.

An application scenario of the embodiments of the present disclosure is that, in the related art, the UE in the idle state and the UE in the inactive state can share the TRS/CSI-RS configuration used by the UE in the connected state, that is, the UE in the idle state and the inactive state can use the shared TRS/CSI-RS configuration. -RS.

Connected UEs use TRS/CSI-RS to actually face a cell or a group of UEs, so the TRS/CSI-RS configuration does not consider the relationship with PO.

In the related art, when the UE is in a non-cell center, it can perform fine synchronization by receiving 3 cycles of SSB;

If the UE knows that there is a configured TRS/CSI-RS, it can be synchronized through a periodic SSB.

In the related art, shared TRS/CSI-RS cannot be used for wireless signal measurement.

As shown in FIG. 2, this exemplary embodiment provides an information transmission method, which can be applied to a base station of a cellular mobile communication system, including:

Step 201: Send the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, where the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information, wherein the measurement indication information is at least used to indicate an idle state The shared TRS/CSI-RS for the user equipment UE and/or the inactive UE to perform radio signal measurement.

Here, the UE may be a mobile phone terminal or the like that uses a cellular mobile communication technology to perform wireless communication. The base station may be a communication device that provides an access network interface to a UE in a cellular mobile communication system.

The base station may configure shared TRS/CSI-RS for idle UEs and/or inactive UEs. and sent to the UE through the signal configuration information. The UE determines the shared TRS/CSI-RS based on the signal configuration information. The signal configuration information may be used to indicate shared TRS/CSI-RS transmission resources, including but not limited to time domain resources and/or frequency domain resources. The base station may send the signal configuration information to the UE through higher layer signaling. Here, the shared TRS/CSI-RS may be at least used for reception by the UE in the idle state and/or the UE in the inactive state, and may also be used for reception by the UE in the connected state.

The measurement indication information may be used to indicate the shared TRS and/or CSI-RS for the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform radio signal measurement.

The measurement indication information may indicate whether the shared TRS and/or CSI-RS configured by the signal configuration information can be used for wireless signal measurement. For example, the measurement indication information may indicate whether the shared TRS and/or CSI-RS configured by the signal configuration information can be used for wireless signal measurement. Radio signal measurement for UEs in inactive state and/or UEs in idle state. The measurement indication information may indicate whether the shared TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement with different values. For example, "0" is used to indicate that the shared TRS/CSI-RS cannot be used for wireless signal measurement, and "1" is used to indicate that the shared TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement; CSI-RS cannot be used for wireless signal measurement, and "0" is used to indicate that shared TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement;

The measurement indication information may also indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS transmission resources used for wireless signal measurement, or may indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS transmission resources that cannot be used for wireless signal measurement.

The UE may determine, according to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS that can be used for wireless signal measurement among the shared TRS/CSI-RS configured by the signal configuration information.

In the wireless signal measurement, the UE may measure the TRS/CSI-RS sent by the base station.

CSI-RS can be used for UE to acquire channel status, beam management, mobility management, rate matching, etc.

The frequency of the physical crystal oscillator of the base station and the UE will have a small deviation, and it is impossible to be completely consistent, which will cause the RF carrier signal received by the UE to have a phase deviation. , which manifests as a rotation in phase, that is, the received modulation symbol deviates from a certain phase angle, which is caused by the accumulation of frequency offset in time. At this time, a tracking reference signal (TRS) is required to track the rotational phase of other data signals. TRS is a multi-period CSI-RS, to be precise, a 4-1 port, 3 CSI-RS density, NZP-CSI-RS located in two consecutive time slots, two time in one time slot The minimum interval of TRS is 4 OFDM symbols, and the interval is 4 subcarriers in the frequency domain. Errors in frequency and time can be estimated from TRS. The received data compensates for these errors, and the original transmitted modulation coordinates can be rotated back.

In this way, by measuring the indication information, it is determined at least the shared TRS/CSI-RS for indicating the UE in the idle state and/or the UE in the inactive state to perform radio signal measurement, providing an explicit indication for radio signal measurement. The method for sharing TRS/CSI-RS, on the one hand, provides selection of radio signals for UE to perform radio signal measurement. On the other hand, the UE can accurately select the shared TRS/CSI-RS for radio signal measurement based on the measurement indication information, thereby improving the accuracy of radio signal selection.

Measurement relaxation may include, but is not limited to, RRM measurement relaxation, and the like. RRM measurement is an important part of UE energy consumption and can be used for UE mobility management. For RRM measurement, the power consumption is proportional to the measurement frequency and the number of measurement objects, including the number of measured SSBs, the number of cells, and the number of frequencies. In some cases, some RRM measurements of the UE are not necessary, and it will increase the power consumption of the UE and increase the power consumption. Measurement relaxation refers to reducing the measurement activity of the UE under certain conditions. Thus, the energy consumption of the UE can be effectively reduced. RRM measurement relaxation methods include but are not limited to: increasing the measurement period, reducing the number of measurement samples, and reducing the measurement target.

The measurement indication information may indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS for the wireless signal measurement for measurement relaxation.

In this way, through the measurement indication information, it is determined at least the shared TRS/CSI-RS used to instruct the UE in the idle state and/or the UE in the inactive state to perform measurement relaxation of the wireless signal measurement, providing an explicit indication for measurement On the one hand, the method for sharing TRS/CSI-RS for relaxed wireless signal measurement provides more choices of wireless signals for the UE to perform the relaxed wireless signal measurement. On the other hand, the UE can accurately select the shared TRS/CSI-RS for measuring the relaxed radio signal based on the measurement indication information, thereby improving the accuracy of radio signal selection.

Here, the measurement indication information may indicate a signal configuration of a shared TRS/CSI-RS that can be used to measure relaxed wireless signal measurements.

Here, the signal configuration may include: TRS/CSI-RS transmission resource configuration, TRS/CSI-RS identification, and the like.

The UE may determine, based on the signal configuration indicated by the measurement indication information, a shared TRS/CSI-RS that can be used for measurement relaxed wireless signal measurement.

In this way, the UE can accurately determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS for measuring the relaxed wireless signal measurement, thereby improving the reliability of the wireless signal measurement.

Here, a beam is a communication resource, which can be a wide beam, a narrow beam, or other types of beams. The beam can be formed by beamforming technology with a specific direction of the beam. Here, the beamforming technology may include, but is not limited to, a numerical beamforming technology, an analog beamforming technology, a hybrid digital-analog beamforming technology, and the like.

Different shared TRS/CSI-RS can be associated with different beams. The base station can transmit different shared TRS/CSI-RS through different beams.

The beam configuration may include an identifier of the beam and the like for uniquely indicating the configuration of the beam.

The UE may determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS associated beams that can be used to measure relaxed wireless signal measurements based on the measurement indication information.

When the UE performs the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation, it may first determine the beam that needs to perform the wireless signal measurement. The UE can first search for the SSB associated with a beam, and read the SSB index, which can be used to uniquely identify the beam.

The UE may determine, based on the measurement indication information, the SSB index of the beam that can be used to measure the relaxed radio signal measurement that shares the TRS/CSI-RS association.

If the SSB index indicated by the measurement indication information is consistent with the index in the SSB of the beam currently detected by the UE, it can be determined that the TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement in which the measurement of the current beam is relaxed. The UE may use the TRS/CSI-RS indicated by the measurement indication information to perform wireless signal measurement in which the measurement of the current beam is relaxed.

If the SSB index indicated by the measurement indication information is inconsistent with the index in the SSB of the beam currently detected by the UE, the UE may use the monitored SSB to perform wireless signal measurement in which the measurement of the current beam is relaxed.

In this way, the UE can accurately determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the current beam measurement relaxation radio signal measurement, thereby improving the reliability of the current beam radio signal measurement.

The UE may only use the shared TRS/CSI-RS higher than the signal strength threshold for wireless signal measurement with measurement relaxation. When the signal strength of the configured shared TRS/CSI-RS is lower than the signal strength threshold, the shared TRS/CSI-RS may not be used to measure the relaxed wireless signal, but the monitored SSB may be used to measure the relaxed wireless signal Measurement.

The signal strength threshold may be the threshold of EPRE. The base station can configure the EPRE threshold of TRS/CSI-RS, which implicitly indicates that the UE can measure the relaxed TRS/CSI-RS configuration. In response to the base station configuring the TRS/CSI-RS below the threshold of the EPRE, the UE uses the TRS/CSI-RS to measure relaxed wireless signal measurements.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

The UE can perform wireless signal measurement with measurement relaxation only when certain conditions are met. For example, when the mobility of the UE is lower than a predetermined threshold, wireless signal measurement with measurement relaxation may be performed. Here, the condition parameter may be used to characterize the condition that the UE can perform the measurement of the wireless signal with measurement relaxation. For example, the condition parameters may include movement condition parameters such as movement speed thresholds. When the movement speed of the UE is lower than the movement speed threshold, the measurement relaxation wireless signal measurement may be performed.

The base station may send the condition parameter to the UE. The UE determines, based on the condition parameter, whether measurement relaxation radio signal measurements can be performed. In response to the UE determining, based on the condition parameter, that the measurement relaxation radio signal measurement may be performed, the UE may perform the measurement relaxation radio signal measurement using the shared shared TRS/CSI-RS.

As shown in FIG. 3 , this exemplary embodiment provides an information transmission method, and the information transmission method can be applied to an idle state user equipment UE and/or an inactive state UE of a cellular mobile communication system, including:

Step 301: Receive signal configuration information of a shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, where the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information;

Step 302: Determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS for wireless signal measurement according to the measurement indication information.

The base station may configure shared TRS/CSI-RS for idle UEs and/or inactive UEs. and sent to the UE through the signal configuration information. The UE determines the shared TRS/CSI-RS based on the signal configuration information. The signal configuration information may be used to indicate shared TRS/CSI-RS transmission resources, including but not limited to time domain resources and/or frequency domain resources. The base station may send the signal configuration information to the UE through higher layer signaling. Here, the shared TRS/CSI-RS is at least used for reception by the UE in the idle state and/or the UE in the inactive state, and may also be used for reception by the UE in the connected state.

The measurement indication information may indicate whether the shared TRS and/or CSI-RS configured by the signal configuration information can be used for wireless signal measurement. The measurement indication information may indicate whether the shared TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement with different values. For example, "0" is used to indicate that the shared TRS/CSI-RS cannot be used for wireless signal measurement, and "1" is used to indicate that the shared TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement; CSI-RS cannot be used for wireless signal measurement, and "0" is used to indicate that shared TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement;

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

or,

If the SSB index indicated by the measurement indication information is consistent with the index in the SSB in the beam currently tracked or detected by the UE, it can be determined that the TRS/CSI-RS can be used for wireless signal measurement in which the measurement of the current beam is relaxed. The UE may use the TRS/CSI-RS indicated by the measurement indication information to perform wireless signal measurement in which the measurement of the current beam is relaxed.

If the SSB index indicated by the measurement indication information is inconsistent with the index in the SSB of the beam currently tracked or detected by the UE, the UE may use the monitored SSB to perform wireless signal measurement in which the measurement of the current beam is relaxed.

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

determining the shared TRS/CSI-RS whose signal strength is not lower than the signal strength threshold as the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement;

or,

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

Receive and send measurement condition information;

In one embodiment, the method further includes:

For the shared TRS/CSI-RS that is not configured for measurement, the UE continues to use SSB to perform radio signal measurement. Here, the wireless signal measurement may include measuring a relaxed wireless signal measurement.

A specific example is provided below in conjunction with any of the above-mentioned embodiments:

1. The base station configures the TRS/CSI-RS signal configuration that can be used for reference in the idle state, and further configures whether the reference signal can be used for measurement relaxation.

2. It can be configured to meet the conditions for measurement relaxation, so that the UE can determine the screening.

3. The base station explicitly gives the configuration of the relaxed TRS/CSI-RS that can be used to measure, including beam information. In this way, measurement reliability can be improved.

4. For reference signals that are not configured for measurement, the UE continues to rely on the SSB for measurement relaxation.

5. For measurement with configuration, but the beam configuration must be consistent with the beam corresponding to the Index of the SSB tracked by idleUE, it will take effect.

6. The base station can also configure the reference signal EPRE threshold, which implicitly indicates the reference signal configuration that the UE can use to measure relaxation, that is, the TRS/CSI-RS sent by the EPRE below a certain threshold is not used by the UE to measure relaxation.

7. UE has a certain degree of power saving effect.

An embodiment of the present invention further provides an information transmission apparatus, which is applied to a base station of wireless communication. As shown in FIG. 4 , the information transmission apparatus 100 includes: a first sending module 110, wherein:

The first sending module 110 is configured to send the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, wherein the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information, wherein the measurement indication information, It is at least used to indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS for the idle state user equipment UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform radio signal measurement.

In one embodiment, the signal strength threshold includes: a threshold of energy EPRE per resource element.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 100 further includes:

The second sending module 120 is configured to send measurement condition information, wherein the measurement condition information is used to instruct the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform the measurement of the wireless signal in which the measurement is relaxed. Condition parameter.

An embodiment of the present invention further provides an information transmission apparatus, which is applied to an idle state user equipment UE and/or a non-active state UE of wireless communication. As shown in FIG. 5 , the information transmission apparatus 2000 includes: a first receiving module 2010 and the first determination module 2020, wherein,

The first receiving module 2010 is configured to receive the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, wherein the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information;

The first determining module 2020 is configured to determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for wireless signal measurement according to the measurement indication information.

In one embodiment, the first determining module 2010 includes:

The first determination sub-module 2011 is configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.

In one embodiment, the first determination sub-module 2011 includes:

The determining unit 20111 is configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, the beam configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 2000 further includes:

The first measurement module 2030 is configured to, in response to the index of the monitored SSB, be the same as the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information, and use the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information to perform the Wireless signal measurement;

or,

The second measurement module 2040 is configured to use the monitored SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to the index of the monitored SSB, which is different from the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 2000 further includes:

The second determining module 2050 is configured to determine the signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement according to the signal threshold information included in the signal configuration information.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 2000 further includes:

A third determining module 2060, configured to determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS whose signal strength is not lower than the signal strength threshold as the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement;

or,

The third measurement module 2070 is configured to use SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to the determined signal strength of the shared TRS/CSI-RS being lower than the signal strength threshold.

In one embodiment, the first determining module 2010 includes:

The second determination sub-module 2012 is configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement of measurement relaxation.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 200 further includes:

A second receiving module 2080, configured to receive and transmit measurement condition information;

The fourth determination module 2090 is configured to determine, according to the measurement condition information, a condition parameter for performing the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 2000 further includes:

The fourth measurement module 2100 is configured to use the determined shared TRS/CSI-RS to measure the wireless signal.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 2000 further includes:

The fifth measurement module 2110 is configured to use SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to not monitoring the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information.

In an exemplary embodiment, the first sending module 110, the second sending module 120, the first receiving module 2010, the first determining module 2020, the first measuring module 2030, the second measuring module 2040, the second determining module 2050, the first The third determination module 2060, the third measurement module 2070, the second receiving module 2080, the fourth determination module 2090, the fourth measurement module 2100, the fifth measurement module 2110, etc. can be controlled by one or more central processing units (CPU, Central Processing Unit). ), Graphics Processing Unit (GPU, Graphics Processing Unit), Baseband Processor (BP, baseband processor), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC, Application Specific Integrated Circuit), DSP, Programmable Logic Device (PLD, Programmable Logic Device), Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD, Complex Programmable Logic Device), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA, Field-Programmable Gate Array), General Purpose Processor, Controller, Microcontroller (MCU, Micro Controller Unit), Microprocessor (Microprocessor), or other electronic components to implement the aforementioned method.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an apparatus 3000 for information transmission according to an exemplary embodiment. For example, apparatus 3000 may be a mobile phone, computer, digital broadcast terminal, messaging device, game console, tablet device, medical device, fitness device, personal digital assistant, and the like.

6, the apparatus 3000 may include one or more of the following components: a processing component 3002, a memory 3004, a power supply component 3006, a multimedia component 3008, an audio component 3010, an input/output (I/O) interface 3012, a sensor component 3014, And the communication component 3016.

The processing component 3002 generally controls the overall operation of the device 3000, such as operations associated with display, phone calls, data communications, camera operations, and recording operations. The processing component 3002 can include one or more processors 3020 to execute instructions to perform all or some of the steps of the methods described above. Additionally, processing component 3002 may include one or more modules that facilitate interaction between processing component 3002 and other components. For example, processing component 3002 may include a multimedia module to facilitate interaction between multimedia component 3008 and processing component 3002.

Memory 3004 is configured to store various types of data to support operation at device 3000 . Examples of such data include instructions for any application or method operating on the device 3000, contact data, phonebook data, messages, pictures, videos, and the like. Memory 3004 may be implemented by any type of volatile or non-volatile storage device or combination thereof, such as static random access memory (SRAM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Magnetic Memory, Flash Memory, Magnetic or Optical Disk.

Power supply assembly 3006 provides power to various components of device 3000. Power supply components 3006 may include a power management system, one or more power supplies, and other components associated with generating, managing, and distributing power to device 3000.

Multimedia component 3008 includes a screen that provides an output interface between device 3000 and the user. In some embodiments, the screen may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) and a touch panel (TP). If the screen includes a touch panel, the screen may be implemented as a touch screen to receive input signals from a user. The touch panel includes one or more touch sensors to sense touch, swipe, and gestures on the touch panel. A touch sensor can sense not only the boundaries of a touch or swipe action, but also the duration and pressure associated with the touch or swipe action. In some embodiments, the multimedia component 3008 includes a front-facing camera and/or a rear-facing camera. When the apparatus 3000 is in an operation mode, such as a shooting mode or a video mode, the front camera and/or the rear camera may receive external multimedia data. Each of the front and rear cameras can be a fixed optical lens system or have focal length and optical zoom capability.

Audio component 3010 is configured to output and/or input audio signals. For example, audio component 3010 includes a microphone (MIC) that is configured to receive external audio signals when device 3000 is in operating modes, such as call mode, recording mode, and voice recognition mode. The received audio signal may be further stored in memory 3004 or transmitted via communication component 3016. In some embodiments, the audio component 3010 also includes a speaker for outputting audio signals.

The I/O interface 3012 provides an interface between the processing component 3002 and a peripheral interface module, which may be a keyboard, a click wheel, a button, and the like. These buttons may include, but are not limited to: home button, volume buttons, start button, and lock button.

Sensor assembly 3014 includes one or more sensors for providing status assessment of various aspects of device 3000 . For example, the sensor assembly 3014 can detect the open/closed state of the device 3000, the relative positioning of the components, such as the display and keypad of the device 3000, the sensor assembly 3014 can also detect the position change of the device 3000 or a component of the device 3000, the user The presence or absence of contact with the device 3000, the orientation or acceleration/deceleration of the device 3000 and the temperature change of the device 3000. Sensor assembly 3014 may include a proximity sensor configured to detect the presence of nearby objects in the absence of any physical contact. Sensor assembly 3014 may also include a light sensor, such as a CMOS or CCD image sensor, for use in imaging applications. In some embodiments, the sensor component 3014 may also include an acceleration sensor, a gyroscope sensor, a magnetic sensor, a pressure sensor, or a temperature sensor.

Communication component 3016 is configured to facilitate wired or wireless communication between apparatus 3000 and other devices. The apparatus 3000 may access a wireless network based on a communication standard, such as Wi-Fi, 2G or 3G, or a combination thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, the communication component 3016 receives broadcast signals or broadcast related information from an external broadcast management system via a broadcast channel. In an exemplary embodiment, the communication component 3016 also includes a near field communication (NFC) module to facilitate short-range communication. For example, the NFC module may be implemented based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, infrared data association (IrDA) technology, ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, Bluetooth (BT) technology and other technologies.

In an exemplary embodiment, apparatus 3000 may be implemented by one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable A gate array (FPGA), controller, microcontroller, microprocessor or other electronic component implementation is used to perform the above method.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is also provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructions, such as a memory 3004 including instructions, which are executable by the processor 3020 of the apparatus 3000 to perform the above method. For example, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may be ROM, random access memory (RAM), CD-ROM, magnetic tape, floppy disk, optical data storage device, and the like.

Other implementations of the embodiments of the invention will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, combinations, uses or adaptations of the various embodiments of the present invention that follow the general principles of the embodiments of the present invention and include those not disclosed by the embodiments of the present disclosure Common knowledge or conventional technical means in the technical field. The specification and examples are to be regarded as exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of embodiments of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

It should be understood that the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the precise steps and structures that have been described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and that various modifications, combinations and changes may be made to these steps and structures without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of embodiments of the present invention is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

An information transmission method, wherein, applied to a base station, the method includes:

Sending the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, where the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information, wherein the measurement indication information is at least used to indicate that the user equipment UE is in an idle state and/or the shared TRS/CSI-RS on which the inactive UE performs radio signal measurement.
The method according to claim 1, wherein the measurement indication information is used to instruct the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform the radio signal measurement of the shared TRS/CSI-RS Signal configuration.
The method according to claim 2, wherein the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS comprises: a beam configuration for the shared TRS/CSI-RS.
The method according to claim 3, wherein the beam configuration comprises: an index Index of the synchronization signal block SSB.
The method of claim 2, wherein the method further comprises:

The signal configuration information further includes: signal threshold information, where the signal threshold information is used to indicate a signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.
The method according to claim 5, wherein the signal strength threshold comprises: a threshold of energy per unit resource element (EPRE).
The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the measurement indication information is at least used to indicate the wireless signal measurement for the idle UE and/or the inactive UE to perform measurement relaxation of the shared TRS/CSI-RS.
The method of claim 7, wherein the method further comprises:

Sending measurement condition information, where the measurement condition information is used to indicate a condition parameter for the wireless signal measurement in which the measurement relaxation is performed by the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE.
An information transmission method, wherein, applied to an idle state user equipment UE and/or a non-active state UE, the method includes:

receiving signal configuration information of a shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, where the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information;

According to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for radio signal measurement is determined.
The method according to claim 9, wherein the determining the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing wireless signal measurement according to the measurement indication information comprises:

According to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement is determined.
The method according to claim 10, wherein the determining, according to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement comprises: according to the measurement indication information , determining the beam configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.
The method according to claim 11, wherein the beam configuration comprises: an index Index of the synchronization signal block SSB.
The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises:

In response to the index of the monitored SSB, which is the same as the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information, the wireless signal measurement is performed using the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information;

or,

In response to the index of the monitored SSB, which is different from the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information, the wireless signal measurement is performed using the monitored SSB.
The method of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises:

According to the signal threshold information contained in the signal configuration information, the signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement is determined.
The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises:

determining the shared TRS/CSI-RS whose signal strength is not lower than the signal strength threshold as the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement;

or,

In response to determining that the signal strength of the shared TRS/CSI-RS is lower than the signal strength threshold, the wireless signal measurement is performed using SSB.
The method according to claim 14, wherein the signal strength threshold value comprises: a threshold value of the energy per unit resource element (EPRE).
The method according to any one of claims 9 to 16, wherein the determining, according to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing wireless signal measurement comprises:

According to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement of measurement relaxation is determined.
The method of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises:

Receive and send measurement condition information;

According to the measurement condition information, a condition parameter for performing the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation is determined.
The method according to any one of claims 9 to 16, wherein the method further comprises:

The wireless signal measurement is performed using the determined shared TRS/CSI-RS.
The method according to any one of claims 9 to 16, wherein the method further comprises:

In response to not monitoring the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information, the wireless signal measurement is performed using the SSB.
An information transmission apparatus, wherein, applied to a base station, the apparatus comprises: a first sending module, wherein,

The first sending module is configured to send the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, wherein the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information, wherein the measurement indication information, at least It is used to indicate the shared TRS/CSI-RS for the idle state user equipment UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform radio signal measurement.
The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the measurement indication information is used to instruct the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform the shared TRS/CSI-RS of the radio signal measurement. Signal configuration.
The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS comprises: a beam configuration for the shared TRS/CSI-RS.
The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the beam configuration comprises: an index Index of a synchronization signal block SSB.
The apparatus of claim 22, wherein,

The signal configuration information further includes: signal threshold information, where the signal threshold information is used to indicate a signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.
The apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the signal strength threshold: comprises: a threshold of energy per unit resource element (EPRE).
The apparatus according to any one of claims 21 to 26, wherein the measurement indication information is at least used to indicate the wireless signal measurement for the idle UE and/or the inactive UE to perform measurement relaxation of the shared TRS/CSI-RS.
The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the apparatus further comprises:

The second sending module is configured to send measurement condition information, wherein the measurement condition information is used to indicate the condition for the idle state UE and/or the inactive state UE to perform the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation parameter.
An information transmission apparatus, which is applied to an idle state user equipment UE and/or an inactive state UE, the apparatus comprises: a first receiving module and a first determining module, wherein,

The first receiving module is configured to receive the signal configuration information of the shared tracking reference signal TRS/channel state information reference signal CSI-RS, wherein the signal configuration information at least includes: measurement indication information;

The first determining module is configured to determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for wireless signal measurement according to the measurement indication information.
The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the first determining module comprises:

The first determination submodule is configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, the signal configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS for performing the wireless signal measurement.
The apparatus according to claim 30, wherein the first determination submodule comprises:

A determining unit configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, a beam configuration of the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for performing the wireless signal measurement.
The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the beam configuration comprises: an index Index of a synchronization signal block SSB.
The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the apparatus further comprises:

A first measurement module, configured to use the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information to perform the wireless signal measurement;

or,

The second measurement module is configured to use the monitored SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to the index of the monitored SSB, which is different from the index of the SSB determined according to the measurement indication information.
The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the apparatus further comprises:

The second determination module is configured to determine the signal strength threshold of the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement according to the signal threshold information included in the signal configuration information.
The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the apparatus further comprises:

a third determining module, configured to determine the shared TRS/CSI-RS whose signal strength is not lower than the signal strength threshold as the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement;

or,

A third measurement module, configured to use the SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to the determined signal strength of the shared TRS/CSI-RS being lower than the signal strength threshold.
The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the signal strength threshold includes: a threshold of energy per unit resource element (EPRE).
The device according to any one of claims 29 to 36, wherein the first determining module comprises:

The second determination submodule is configured to determine, according to the measurement indication information, the shared TRS/CSI-RS used for the wireless signal measurement of measurement relaxation.
The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the apparatus further comprises:

a second receiving module, configured to receive and transmit measurement condition information;

The fourth determination module is configured to determine, according to the measurement condition information, a condition parameter for performing the wireless signal measurement of the measurement relaxation.
The apparatus of any one of claims 29 to 36, wherein the apparatus further comprises:

The fourth measurement module is configured to use the determined shared TRS/CSI-RS to measure the wireless signal.
The apparatus of any one of claims 29 to 36, wherein the apparatus further comprises:

A fifth measurement module, configured to use SSB to measure the wireless signal in response to not monitoring the shared TRS/CSI-RS determined according to the measurement indication information.
A communication equipment device, comprising a processor, a memory, and an executable program stored on the memory and executable by the processor, wherein the processor executes the execution according to claims 1 to 8 or when the executable program is executed. Steps of any one of 9 to 20 of the information transmission method.
A storage medium on which an executable program is stored, wherein when the executable program is executed by a processor, the steps of the information transmission method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or 9 to 20 are implemented.