WO2022139710A1 - Digital soil texture analyzer based on ultrasound penetration - Google Patents

Digital soil texture analyzer based on ultrasound penetration Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022139710A1
WO2022139710A1 PCT/TR2020/051497 TR2020051497W WO2022139710A1 WO 2022139710 A1 WO2022139710 A1 WO 2022139710A1 TR 2020051497 W TR2020051497 W TR 2020051497W WO 2022139710 A1 WO2022139710 A1 WO 2022139710A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ultrasound
microcomputer
soil
texture analyzer
soil texture
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/TR2020/051497
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Umut ORHAN
Emre KILINC
Ferhat ALBAYRAK
Original Assignee
Cukurova Universitesi Rektorlugu
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Application filed by Cukurova Universitesi Rektorlugu filed Critical Cukurova Universitesi Rektorlugu
Publication of WO2022139710A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022139710A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/223—Supports, positioning or alignment in fixed situation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/32—Arrangements for suppressing undesired influences, e.g. temperature or pressure variations, compensating for signal noise
    • G01N29/326—Arrangements for suppressing undesired influences, e.g. temperature or pressure variations, compensating for signal noise compensating for temperature variations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/023—Solids
    • G01N2291/0231—Composite or layered materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/024—Mixtures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/024—Mixtures
    • G01N2291/02458—Solids in solids, e.g. granules
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/102—Number of transducers one emitter, one receiver

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an automated measuring device based on the principle of sedimentation, in which measurements and analyzes are carried out under the control of a microcomputer and using ultrasound sensors.
  • soil has been a vital asset for human beings to survive.
  • geology, mining, and especially agriculture its structure needs to be analyzed before any action is taken.
  • This process also called soil texture analysis, is based on the proportional determination of sand, silt and clay inorganic substances in the soil.
  • the largest particles between 0.2mm - 2mm
  • the smallest particles between 0.002mm - 0.02mm
  • clay between 0.002mm - 0.02mm
  • silt hydrometer method is often used to determine the percentage of sand, silt and clay contents in the soil sample to be analyzed.
  • the invention is an automated measuring device using ultrasound sensors, which works on the principle of sedimentation, just like the hydrometer method, but where measurements and analyzes are carried out under the control of a microcomputer.
  • the device determines the sand, silt and clay content of the soil by interpreting the change in the penetration intensity of the signal between the ultrasound sensors as the sand, silt and clay particles -which are initially suspended in water- settle at different speeds over time.
  • these devices are large, industrial and quite expensive devices.
  • the measured waves are analyzed with the smart learning system integrated to the microcomputer on the device.
  • the intelligent learning method can be changed or improved.
  • the smart panel With the smart panel on it, it can show the rates of sand, silt and clay as a percentage at the end of the measurement.
  • ultrasound sensors are used according to two basic approaches: reflection and penetration methods.
  • the reflection method which is generally used for distance detection
  • a pair of ultrasound sensors, the transmitter and the receiver are positioned adjacent and facing the same direction. After the transmitter sensor sends the ultrasound waves, some of the ultrasound waves are reflected back from the objects and the receiver sensor measures these reflected waves.
  • the penetration method used for density measurement a pair of ultrasound sensors are positioned facing each other, this time with a short distance between them.
  • the ultrasound waves produced by the transmitter sensor reach the receiver sensor by passing through the medium between the sensors. While some of the ultrasound waves used with this method disappear in the medium between the sensors, some of them pierce the environment.
  • the receiver sensor measures ultrasound waves that can penetrate the environment.
  • the aim is to learn the density of the environment between the sensors, and there is no application in the literature that interprets the change in the density of this environment with time.
  • the invention consists of a cylindrical main body (2) where the soil-water mixture is placed, a screw-tight cap (1 ) for penetration purposes (without touching the soil-water mixture), a pair of transmitter and receiver ultrasound sensors (3) placed on both sides of the cylindrical main body (2), a microcomputer (5) measuring and analyzing the sound intensity read by the sensors, an LCD panel (4) showing notification-warning and results, a temperature sensor (7) and a start button (6) for starting the device.
  • the analyzer features a screw-tight cap (1 ) design that can be swiveled open and closed to prevent leakage issues while shaking the soil-water mixture inside.
  • the cylindrical main body (2) of the invention is produced from a plastic derivative material of at least 4mm thickness (which cannot transfer ultrasound waves through its outer wall) and has a base of 65mm diameter and an inner volume of 100mm height.
  • the ultrasound sensor pair (3) with a frequency of 1 MHz was preferred in the invention.
  • the center of the circular surface of the ultrasound sensor pair (3) is placed on the cylindrical main body (2) at a height of 45mm from the base (according to the internal volume). Thus, sedimentation in the soil-water mixture can be followed better.
  • the position of the ultrasound sensor pair (3) is placed lower than this specified position, it becomes difficult to determine the sand and silt ratios, and when it is placed higher, it becomes difficult to detect the starting moment of the analysis recording.
  • the LCD panel (4) used in the invention in addition to various notificationwarnings coming from the microcomputer (5) from the beginning to the end of the analysis, shows the user the percentage ratio of soil components determined as a result of the soil texture analysis, which is the main purpose of the invention.
  • the microcomputer (5) used in the invention has; an electrical circuit to generate 1 MHz and 5V electrical square waves required for the transmitter of the pair of ultrasound sensors (3), another electrical circuit to determine the maximum of the analog waves that the receiver of the pair of ultrasound sensors (3) measures every half second, a memory that stores the maximum of every half second of the digital signals coming from the receiver of both the temperature sensor (7) and the ultrasound sensor pair (3), the software for processing these digital signals and a processor to manage all these.
  • the start key (6) of the invention is used by the user to operate the entire system after agitation.
  • the analysis process to be made by means of invention can be exemplified as follows; The process starts with filling the cylindrical main body (2) with 250 ml of water and 12.5 g of dry soil.
  • the flip-sealed cap (1 ) is tightly closed by turning it.
  • the soil-water mixture is shaken thoroughly for 2 minutes with firm oscillations.
  • the cylindrical main body (2) is turned upside down in such a way that the flip-sealed cap (1 ) is downward and the vertically up-and-down agitation at medium intensity continues for a few seconds.
  • the start button (6) is pressed and at this moment the transmitter and receiver ultrasound sensor pair (3) starts to operate.
  • the electrical square waves produced at 1 MHz frequency and 5V amplitude reach the transmitter from the ultrasound sensor pair (3), thus the produced ultrasound waves passing through the soil-water mixture are received by the ultrasound sensor pair (3). Then the change in sound waves that can reach the receiver begins to be measured. As soon as the agitation is completed, the cylindrical main body (2) is flipped back and left on a flat surface so that the screw-tight cap (1 ) is up again. At this very moment, the smallest value is reached in digital signals coming from the receiver sensor pair (3) and processed through the circuit in the microcomputer (5) (the maximum calculated value of the analog electrical waves collected in every half second is converted to digital).
  • the digital signal recording to be interpreted by the microcomputer (5) starts at that moment. This moment of initiation is detected by another function in the microcomputer (5). After the recording starts, the cylindrical main body (2) is kept in a way that no external contact and vibration effect occurs and this recording process continues for 1 hour. According to the amount of sand, silt and clay in the analyzed soil sample, obtained digital signal is similar to the curves in Figure 4.
  • the microcomputer (5) used for collecting this digital signal captures the maximum value of every halfsecond analog wave coming from the ultrasound sensor pair (3) to the receiver, and converts it into a digital value, by another electronic circuit it contains.

Abstract

The invention relates to an automated measuring device based on the principle of sedimentation, in which measurements and analyzes are carried out under the control of a microcomputer and using ultrasound sensors.

Description

DIGITAL SOIL TEXTURE ANALYZER BASED ON ULTRASOUND PENETRATION
TECHNICAL AREA
The invention relates to an automated measuring device based on the principle of sedimentation, in which measurements and analyzes are carried out under the control of a microcomputer and using ultrasound sensors.
BACKGROUND
Throughout history, soil has been a vital asset for human beings to survive. In the field of construction, geology, mining, and especially agriculture, its structure needs to be analyzed before any action is taken. This process, also called soil texture analysis, is based on the proportional determination of sand, silt and clay inorganic substances in the soil. The largest particles (between 0.2mm - 2mm) are called sand, the smallest particles (between 0.002mm - 0.02mm) are called clay, and other particles (between 0.02mm - 0.2mm) are called silt. Hydrometer method is often used to determine the percentage of sand, silt and clay contents in the soil sample to be analyzed. Although the hydrometer method is widely used, it has disadvantages such as being dependent on a laboratory with complete equipment, environmental conditions and on an expert due to manual intervention and interpretation requirements. On the other hand, it can be said that it is a very cumbersome method, considering that even the measurement of a single soil sample takes at least one and a half days (2-hour experiments repeated several times in addition to 1 day preparation).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention is an automated measuring device using ultrasound sensors, which works on the principle of sedimentation, just like the hydrometer method, but where measurements and analyzes are carried out under the control of a microcomputer.
The device determines the sand, silt and clay content of the soil by interpreting the change in the penetration intensity of the signal between the ultrasound sensors as the sand, silt and clay particles -which are initially suspended in water- settle at different speeds over time. Although there are different technological devices that analyze the distribution of particles in the soil in the literature, these devices are large, industrial and quite expensive devices. There is no particularly easy-to-use, affordable and inexpensive device that focuses solely on determining the sand, silt and clay content of the soil. The main features of the invention are:
- Thanks to its compact structure, analysis can be done independently from the laboratory environment.
- By sending a sound wave from one of the ultrasound sensors and receiving it from the other (which are placed opposite to each other), it determines the ratio of sand, silt and clay in the soil by measuring the change in the intensity of the wave passing through the soil-water mixture.
- The measured waves are analyzed with the smart learning system integrated to the microcomputer on the device.
- Since it carries a programmable microcomputer, the intelligent learning method can be changed or improved.
- Since it is an automated system, it does not require expert control.
- With the smart panel on it, it can show the rates of sand, silt and clay as a percentage at the end of the measurement.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 . Soil Texture Analyzer Front View
Figure 2. Soil Texture Analyzer Side View
Figure 3. Soil Texture Analyzer Rear Vertical Section View
Figure 4. 2-Hour Measurement Graph of Three Different Soil Samples
The part numbers shown in the figures are given below.
1 . Screw-tight cap
2. Cylindrical main body
3. Ultrasound sensor pair
4. LCD panel
5. Microcomputer
6. Start button
7. Temperature meter DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In engineering applications, ultrasound sensors are used according to two basic approaches: reflection and penetration methods. In the reflection method, which is generally used for distance detection, a pair of ultrasound sensors, the transmitter and the receiver, are positioned adjacent and facing the same direction. After the transmitter sensor sends the ultrasound waves, some of the ultrasound waves are reflected back from the objects and the receiver sensor measures these reflected waves. In the penetration method used for density measurement, a pair of ultrasound sensors are positioned facing each other, this time with a short distance between them. The ultrasound waves produced by the transmitter sensor reach the receiver sensor by passing through the medium between the sensors. While some of the ultrasound waves used with this method disappear in the medium between the sensors, some of them pierce the environment. The receiver sensor measures ultrasound waves that can penetrate the environment. In engineering applications where the penetration method is used, the aim is to learn the density of the environment between the sensors, and there is no application in the literature that interprets the change in the density of this environment with time.
The invention consists of a cylindrical main body (2) where the soil-water mixture is placed, a screw-tight cap (1 ) for penetration purposes (without touching the soil-water mixture), a pair of transmitter and receiver ultrasound sensors (3) placed on both sides of the cylindrical main body (2), a microcomputer (5) measuring and analyzing the sound intensity read by the sensors, an LCD panel (4) showing notification-warning and results, a temperature sensor (7) and a start button (6) for starting the device.
The analyzer features a screw-tight cap (1 ) design that can be swiveled open and closed to prevent leakage issues while shaking the soil-water mixture inside. The cylindrical main body (2) of the invention is produced from a plastic derivative material of at least 4mm thickness (which cannot transfer ultrasound waves through its outer wall) and has a base of 65mm diameter and an inner volume of 100mm height.
Since it produces more consistent results in the experiments performed, the ultrasound sensor pair (3) with a frequency of 1 MHz was preferred in the invention. The center of the circular surface of the ultrasound sensor pair (3) is placed on the cylindrical main body (2) at a height of 45mm from the base (according to the internal volume). Thus, sedimentation in the soil-water mixture can be followed better. When the position of the ultrasound sensor pair (3) is placed lower than this specified position, it becomes difficult to determine the sand and silt ratios, and when it is placed higher, it becomes difficult to detect the starting moment of the analysis recording.
The LCD panel (4) used in the invention, in addition to various notificationwarnings coming from the microcomputer (5) from the beginning to the end of the analysis, shows the user the percentage ratio of soil components determined as a result of the soil texture analysis, which is the main purpose of the invention. The microcomputer (5) used in the invention has; an electrical circuit to generate 1 MHz and 5V electrical square waves required for the transmitter of the pair of ultrasound sensors (3), another electrical circuit to determine the maximum of the analog waves that the receiver of the pair of ultrasound sensors (3) measures every half second, a memory that stores the maximum of every half second of the digital signals coming from the receiver of both the temperature sensor (7) and the ultrasound sensor pair (3), the software for processing these digital signals and a processor to manage all these.
For the preparation of the software for processing the digital signals in the microcomputer (5), at least 50 soil samples, which were previously analyzed with hydrometer method, were provided. Digital signals of these soils were subjected to at least 2 consistent (overlapping curves) measurements and transferred to a traditional computer. In the studies conducted on the computer, it has been determined that the most successful method according to the lowest mean square error value is support vector regression. Therefore, a training was made by giving the measurement values of at least 50 soil samples in the invention as an input to the support vector regression method on a computer and the particle ratios in the hydrometer experiment as an output. Then, this trained system was loaded into the microcomputer (5) of the invention.
The start key (6) of the invention is used by the user to operate the entire system after agitation.
In the hydrometer method inspired by the invention, a temperature correction is made since it is known that the temperature change in water affects the results. In the experiments, it was determined that the temperature change in the water also affects the measured ultrasound wave amplitudes. Therefore, in the invention, measurement is made during the experiment with a temperature sensor (7) and the measured ultrasound waves are normalized according to the 25°C standard. Ultrasound sensor pair (3) with a frequency of 1 MHz reaches the maximum amplitude at 25°C according to the experiments performed with distilled water between 7°C and 38°C and reveals a lower and fluctuating normalization curve if it is above or below this temperature. This temperature curve obtained is kept as a function in the microcomputer (5) and used to correct the ultrasound wave amplitudes recorded in the analysis.
The analysis process to be made by means of invention can be exemplified as follows; The process starts with filling the cylindrical main body (2) with 250 ml of water and 12.5 g of dry soil. The flip-sealed cap (1 ) is tightly closed by turning it. Before pressing the start button (6), the soil-water mixture is shaken thoroughly for 2 minutes with firm oscillations. Afterwards, the cylindrical main body (2) is turned upside down in such a way that the flip-sealed cap (1 ) is downward and the vertically up-and-down agitation at medium intensity continues for a few seconds. The start button (6) is pressed and at this moment the transmitter and receiver ultrasound sensor pair (3) starts to operate. In other words, thanks to the circuit in the microcomputer (5), the electrical square waves produced at 1 MHz frequency and 5V amplitude reach the transmitter from the ultrasound sensor pair (3), thus the produced ultrasound waves passing through the soil-water mixture are received by the ultrasound sensor pair (3). Then the change in sound waves that can reach the receiver begins to be measured. As soon as the agitation is completed, the cylindrical main body (2) is flipped back and left on a flat surface so that the screw-tight cap (1 ) is up again. At this very moment, the smallest value is reached in digital signals coming from the receiver sensor pair (3) and processed through the circuit in the microcomputer (5) (the maximum calculated value of the analog electrical waves collected in every half second is converted to digital). Technically, the digital signal recording to be interpreted by the microcomputer (5) starts at that moment. This moment of initiation is detected by another function in the microcomputer (5). After the recording starts, the cylindrical main body (2) is kept in a way that no external contact and vibration effect occurs and this recording process continues for 1 hour. According to the amount of sand, silt and clay in the analyzed soil sample, obtained digital signal is similar to the curves in Figure 4. The microcomputer (5) used for collecting this digital signal captures the maximum value of every halfsecond analog wave coming from the ultrasound sensor pair (3) to the receiver, and converts it into a digital value, by another electronic circuit it contains. From this digital signal, which contains 7200 samples of 1 -hour recording, among all values found around the samples (5 samples before and 5 samples after) at certain seconds (10s, 20s, 40s, 80s, 160s, 320s, 640s, 1280s, 2560s, 3600s) limited number of values are selected for the noise-free ultrasound wave by taking a group-by-group of median values. The same process is also applied to the time series measured from the temperature sensor (7). These ultrasound wave values, which are selected by using the temperature correction function in the microcomputer (5), are corrected according to the temperature value they match. The corrected ultrasound wave values are given as input to the function, which is also available in the microcomputer (5) and previously trained with support vector regression. The sand, silt and clay values produced by this function are sent to the LCD panel (4) from the microcomputer (5) and written on the screen in percentage terms.

Claims

CLAIMS A soil texture analyzer characterized in that comprising a screw-tight cap (1 ), a 100mm high and 65mm base diameter cylindrical main body (2), a pair of ultrasound sensors (3) operating at 1 MHz frequency placed opposite to each other in order to follow the change in ultrasound wave penetration in the soilwater mixture, an LCD panel (4) for displaying various notification-warning and results to the user, a support vector regression that determines sand, silt and clay ratios from digital signals measured by electronic circuits required in the generation and measurement of ultrasound waves and a microcomputer (5) that contains software and normalizes the measured ultrasound wave values during the experiment with the temperature sensor (7) according to the 25°C standard.
7
PCT/TR2020/051497 2020-12-23 2020-12-31 Digital soil texture analyzer based on ultrasound penetration WO2022139710A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TR2020/21472 2020-12-23
TR2020/21472A TR202021472A2 (en) 2020-12-23 2020-12-23 DIGITAL SOIL TEXTURE ANALYZER BASED ON ULTRASES PENETRATION

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2022139710A1 true WO2022139710A1 (en) 2022-06-30

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Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114018761A (en) * 2021-11-26 2022-02-08 重庆壤科农业数据服务有限公司 Automatic measuring device for soil mechanical composition

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102226750A (en) * 2011-03-31 2011-10-26 湖南科技大学 Online pressure differential granular soil analyzer and analytical method thereof
WO2017034493A1 (en) * 2015-08-24 2017-03-02 Orhan Umut Soil texture analyzer
CN108508178A (en) * 2017-02-24 2018-09-07 浙江科技学院 The hot consolidation tester and its test method of a kind of saturated soil inside heating
US20200381081A1 (en) * 2019-06-03 2020-12-03 Trace Genomics, Inc. Microbial Quantitation

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102226750A (en) * 2011-03-31 2011-10-26 湖南科技大学 Online pressure differential granular soil analyzer and analytical method thereof
WO2017034493A1 (en) * 2015-08-24 2017-03-02 Orhan Umut Soil texture analyzer
CN108508178A (en) * 2017-02-24 2018-09-07 浙江科技学院 The hot consolidation tester and its test method of a kind of saturated soil inside heating
US20200381081A1 (en) * 2019-06-03 2020-12-03 Trace Genomics, Inc. Microbial Quantitation

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