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Definitions

• the present embodiments generally relate to a method and an apparatus for intra prediction with geometric partition in video encoding and decoding
• image and video coding schemes usually employ prediction and transform to leverage spatial and temporal redundancy in the video content.
• intra or inter prediction is used to exploit the intra or inter picture correlation, then the differences between the original block and the predicted block, often denoted as prediction errors or prediction residuals, are transformed, quantized, and entropy coded.
• the compressed data are decoded by inverse processes corresponding to the entropy coding, quantization, transform, and prediction.
• a method of video encoding or decoding comprising: splitting a block of a picture into at least two partitions by a straight line; performing intra prediction with a first intra prediction mode on a first partition of said at least two partitions to obtain prediction samples for said first partition; performing intra prediction with a second intra prediction mode on a second partition of said at least two partitions to obtain prediction samples for said second partition; and adjusting prediction sample values along said straight line using a blending process with adaptive weights.
• an apparatus for video encoding or decoding comprising one or more processors, wherein said one or more processors are configured to: split a block of a picture into at least two partitions by a straight line; perform intra prediction with a first intra prediction mode on a first partition of said at least two partitions to obtain prediction samples for said first partition; perform intra prediction with a second intra prediction mode on a second partition of said at least two partitions to obtain prediction samples for said second partition; and adjust prediction sample values along said straight line using a blending process with adaptive weights.
• an apparatus for video encoding or decoding comprising: means for splitting a block of a picture into at least two partitions by a straight line; means for performing intra prediction with a first intra prediction mode on a first partition of said at least two partitions to obtain prediction samples for said first partition; means for performing intra prediction with a second intra prediction mode on a second partition of said at least two partitions to obtain prediction samples for said second partition; and means for adjusting prediction sample values along said straight line using a blending process with adaptive weights.
• One or more embodiments also provide a computer program comprising instructions which when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to perform the encoding method or decoding method according to any of the embodiments described above.
• One or more of the present embodiments also provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to the methods described above.
• One or more embodiments also provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to the methods described above.
• One or more embodiments also provide a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving the bitstream generated according to the methods described above.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a system within which aspects of the present embodiments may be implemented.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a video encoder.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a video decoder.
• FIG. 4 illustrates Coding Tree Unit (CTU) and Coding Unit (CU) concepts to represent a compressed VVC picture.
• CTU Coding Tree Unit
• CU Coding Unit
• FIG. 5 illustrates reference samples for intra prediction in VVC.
• FIG. 6 illustrates intra prediction directions in VVC for a square target block.
• FIG. 7 illustrates 32 angles in Geometric mode for inter prediction in VVC.
• FIG. 8 illustrates geometric split description.
• FIG. 9 illustrates geometric partition with Angle 12 and distance between 0 to 3.
• FIG. 10 illustrates an non-rectangular partitioning example for a portion of a picture.
• FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a piecewise smooth image model.
• FIG. 12 illustrates diagonal partition based intra prediction.
• FIG. 13 illustrates a method of diagonal partition based intra prediction at the encoder, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 14 illustrates the generation process of the diagonal partition based intra predicted block, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 15 illustrates the proposed diagonal partition based intra prediction process at the decoder, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 16 illustrates how to decide Partition 0 according to the negative-directional intra prediction mode of the parent intra CU, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 17 illustrates an example where Partition 1 is a symmetric triangle-shaped partition.
• FIG. 18 illustrates examples where Partition 1 is an asymmetric triangle-shaped partition.
• FIG. 19 illustrates an example where cu sbp mode is implicit as Horizontal/Vertical mode when Partition 1 is an asymmetric triangle-shaped partition.
• FIG. 20 illustrates an example where both modes Left and Above are available.
• FIG. 21(a) illustrates an example where only Left neighboring mode is available
• FIG. 21(b) illustrates an example where only Above neighboring mode is available
• FIG. 21(c) illustrates an example where modes Left and Above are the same.
• FIG. 22 illustrates an example of a blending mask for the intra diagonal partition, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 23 illustrates another example of blending masks for the intra diagonal partition, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 24 illustrates another example of blending factors for the intra diagonal partition, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 25 illustrates an example where the split boundary is parallel to the intra prediction mode for the intra geometric partition, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 26 illustrates an example where the split boundary is indicated by cu sbp boundary for the intra geometric partition, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 27 illustrates three pre-defined splitting start positions for geometric partition based intra prediction, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 28 illustrates an arbitrary splitting start positions for geometric partition based intra prediction, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 29 illustrates an example to decide Partition 0 according to the area of these two child partitions, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 30 illustrates an example of geometric partition for the positive-directional intra prediction mode, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 31 illustrates an example where the split boundary is indicated by cu sbp boundary for the positive-directional intra prediction mode, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 32 illustrates an intra prediction mode searching process at the encoder, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a system in which various aspects and embodiments can be implemented.
• System 100 may be embodied as a device including the various components described below and is configured to perform one or more of the aspects described in this application. Examples of such devices, include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia settop boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers.
• Elements of system 100 singly or in combination, may be embodied in a single integrated circuit, multiple ICs, and/or discrete components.
• the processing and encoder/decoder elements of system 100 are distributed across multiple ICs and/or discrete components.
• system 100 is communicatively coupled to other systems, or to other electronic devices, via, for example, a communications bus or through dedicated input and/or output ports.
• system 100 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this application.
• the system 100 includes at least one processor 110 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, the various aspects described in this application.
• Processor 110 may include embedded memory, input output interface, and various other circuitries as known in the art.
• the system 100 includes at least one memory 120 (e.g., a volatile memory device, and/or a non-volatile memory device).
• System 100 includes a storage device 140, which may include non-volatile memory and/or volatile memory, including, but not limited to, EEPROM, ROM, PROM, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, flash, magnetic disk drive, and/or optical disk drive.
• the storage device 140 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device, and/or a network accessible storage device, as non-limiting examples.
• System 100 includes an encoder/decoder module 130 configured, for example, to process data to provide an encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder/decoder module 130 may include its own processor and memory.
• the encoder/decoder module 130 represents module(s) that may be included in a device to perform the encoding and/or decoding functions. As is known, a device may include one or both of the encoding and decoding modules. Additionally, encoder/decoder module 130 may be implemented as a separate element of system 100 or may be incorporated within processor 110 as a combination of hardware and software as known to those skilled in the art.
• Program code to be loaded onto processor 110 or encoder/decoder 130 to perform the various aspects described in this application may be stored in storage device 140 and subsequently loaded onto memory 120 for execution by processor 110.
• one or more of processor 110, memory 120, storage device 140, and encoder/decoder module 130 may store one or more of various items during the performance of the processes described in this application. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, the input video, the decoded video or portions of the decoded video, the bitstream, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from the processing of equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.
• memory inside of the processor 110 and/or the encoder/decoder module 130 is used to store instructions and to provide working memory for processing that is needed during encoding or decoding.
• a memory external to the processing device (for example, the processing device may be either the processor 110 or the encoder/decoder module 130) is used for one or more of these functions.
• the external memory may be the memory 120 and/or the storage device 140, for example, a dynamic volatile memory and/or a non-volatile flash memory.
• an external non-volatile flash memory is used to store the operating system of a television.
• a fast external dynamic volatile memory such as a RAM is used as working memory for video coding and decoding operations, such as for MPEG-2, HEVC, or VVC.
• the input to the elements of system 100 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 105.
• Such input devices include, but are not limited to, (i) an RF portion that receives an RF signal transmitted, for example, over the air by a broadcaster, (ii) a Composite input terminal, (iii) a USB input terminal, and/or (iv) an HDMI input terminal.
• the input devices of block 105 have associated respective input processing elements as known in the art.
• the RF portion may be associated with elements suitable for (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or band-limiting a signal to a band of frequencies), (ii) down converting the selected signal, (iii) bandlimiting again to a narrower band of frequencies to select (for example) a signal frequency band which may be referred to as a channel in certain embodiments, (iv) demodulating the down converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired stream of data packets.
• the RF portion of various embodiments includes one or more elements to perform these functions, for example, frequency selectors, signal selectors, bandlimiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers.
• the RF portion may include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down converting the received signal to a lower frequency (for example, an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband.
• the RF portion and its associated input processing element receives an RF signal transmitted over a wired (for example, cable) medium, and performs frequency selection by filtering, down converting, and filtering again to a desired frequency band.
• Adding elements may include inserting elements in between existing elements, for example, inserting amplifiers and an analog- to-digital converter.
• the RF portion includes an antenna.
• the USB and/or HDMI terminals may include respective interface processors for connecting system 100 to other electronic devices across USB and/or HDMI connections.
• various aspects of input processing for example, Reed-Solomon error correction, may be implemented, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 110 as necessary.
• aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented within separate interface ICs or within processor 110 as necessary.
• the demodulated, error corrected, and demultiplexed stream is provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 110, and encoder/decoder 130 operating in combination with the memory and storage elements to process the datastream as necessary for presentation on an output device.
• connection arrangement 115 for example, an internal bus as known in the art, including the I2C bus, wiring, and printed circuit boards.
• the system 100 includes communication interface 150 that enables communication with other devices via communication channel 190.
• the communication interface 150 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and to receive data over communication channel 190.
• the communication interface 150 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or network card and the communication channel 190 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and/or a wireless medium.
• Data is streamed to the system 100, in various embodiments, using a Wi-Fi network such as IEEE 802.11.
• the Wi-Fi signal of these embodiments is received over the communications channel 190 and the communications interface 150 which are adapted for Wi-Fi communications.
• the communications channel 190 of these embodiments is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to outside networks including the Internet for allowing streaming applications and other over-the-top communications.
• Other embodiments provide streamed data to the system 100 using a set-top box that delivers the data over the HDMI connection of the input block 105.
• Still other embodiments provide streamed data to the system 100 using the RF connection of the input block 105.
• the system 100 may provide an output signal to various output devices, including a display 165, speakers 175, and other peripheral devices 185.
• the other peripheral devices 185 include, in various examples of embodiments, one or more of a stand-alone DVR, a disk player, a stereo system, a lighting system, and other devices that provide a function based on the output of the system 100.
• control signals are communicated between the system 100 and the display 165, speakers 175, or other peripheral devices 185 using signaling such as AV.Link, CEC, or other communications protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention.
• the output devices may be communicatively coupled to system 100 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 160, 170, and 180.
• the output devices may be connected to system 100 using the communications channel 190 via the communications interface 150.
• the display 165 and speakers 175 may be integrated in a single unit with the other components of system 100 in an electronic device, for example, a television.
• the display interface 160 includes a display driver, for example, a timing controller (T Con) chip.
• the display 165 and speaker 175 may alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components, for example, if the RF portion of input 105 is part of a separate set-top box.
• the output signal may be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, HDMI ports, USB ports, or COMP outputs.
• FIG. 2 illustrates an example video encoder 200, such as a a VVC (Versatile Video Coding) encoder.
• FIG. 2 may also illustrate an encoder in which improvements are made to the VVC standard or an encoder employing technologies similar to VVC.
• VVC Very Video Coding
• the terms “reconstructed” and “decoded” may be used interchangeably, the terms “encoded” or “coded” may be used interchangeably, and the terms “image,” “picture” and “frame” may be used interchangeably.
• the term “reconstructed” is used at the encoder side while “decoded” is used at the decoder side.
• the video sequence may go through pre-encoding processing (201), for example, applying a color transform to the input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of the input picture components in order to get a signal distribution more resilient to compression (for instance using a histogram equalization of one of the color components).
• Metadata can be associated with the pre-processing, and attached to the bitstream.
• a picture is encoded by the encoder elements as described below.
• the picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units of, for example, CUs.
• Each unit is encoded using, for example, either an intra or inter mode.
• intra prediction 260
• inter mode motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed.
• the encoder decides (205) which one of the intra mode or inter mode to use for encoding the unit, and indicates the intra/inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag.
• Prediction residuals are calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.
• the prediction residuals are then transformed (225) and quantized (230).
• the quantized transform coefficients, as well as motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream.
• the encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the non-transformed residual signal.
• the encoder can bypass both transform and quantization, i.e., the residual is coded directly without the application of the transform or quantization processes.
• the encoder decodes an encoded block to provide a reference for further predictions.
• the quantized transform coefficients are de-quantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode prediction residuals.
• In-loop filters (265) are applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking/SAO (Sample Adaptive Offset) filtering to reduce encoding artifacts.
• the filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).
• FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example video decoder 300.
• a bitstream is decoded by the decoder elements as described below.
• Video decoder 300 generally performs a decoding pass reciprocal to the encoding pass as described in FIG. 2.
• the encoder 200 also generally performs video decoding as part of encoding video data.
• the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by video encoder 200.
• the bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other coded information.
• the picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned.
• the decoder may therefore divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partitioning information.
• the transform coefficients are de-quantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residuals.
• Combining (355) the decoded prediction residuals and the predicted block an image block is reconstructed.
• the predicted block can be obtained (370) from intra prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter prediction) (375).
• In-loop filters (365) are applied to the reconstructed image.
• the filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).
• the decoded picture can further go through post-decoding processing (385), for example, an inverse color transform (e.g. conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or an inverse remapping performing the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding processing (201).
• post-decoding processing can use metadata derived in the pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream.
• CTU Coding Tree Unit
• CU Coding Unit
• Prediction Info Intra or Inter prediction parameters
• a CU is spatially predicted from the causal neighbor CUs, i.e., the decoded CUs on the top and the left of the current CU.
• VVC uses simple spatial models called prediction modes.
• the encoder constructs different predictions for the target block and chooses the one that leads to the best RD performance.
• one is a planar mode (indexed as mode 0)
• one is a DC mode (indexed as mode 1)
• the remaining 93 (indexed as mode -14... -1, 2...80) are angular modes.
• the angular modes aim to model the directional structures of objects in a frame. Therefore, the decoded pixel values in the top and left CUs are simply repeated along the pre-defined directions to fill up the target CU.
• the angular prediction modes can describe image regions containing object structures with different directionalities.
• the PLANAR and DC modes describe constant and gradually changing regions without any particular directionality. But inside a frame there may be blocks which contain part of an object and the background, or parts of the same or multiple objects having different directionalities. Such blocks usually cannot be inadequately described by a single angular mode or a non-angular mode (i.e., the PLANAR and DC modes).
• CU intra prediction and geometric partition in VVC.
• block interchangeably throughout the text.
• the intra prediction process in VVC consists of three steps: (1) reference sample generation, (2) intra sample prediction, and (3) post-processing of predicted samples.
• the reference sample generation process is illustrated in FIG. 5.
• the reference pixel values at co-ordinates (x,y) are indicated in the figure by R(x,y).
• a row of 2W decoded samples on the top is formed from the previously reconstructed top and top-right pixels to the current CU.
• a column of 2H samples on the left is formed from the reconstructed left and below-left pixels.
• the corner pixel at the top-left position is also used to fill up the gap between the top row and the left column references.
• the next step i.e., the intra sample prediction, consists of predicting the pixels of the target CU based on the reference samples.
• VVC supports a range of prediction modes. Planar and DC prediction modes are used to predict smooth and gradually changing regions, whereas angular prediction modes are used to capture different directional structures.
• VVC supports 95 directional prediction modes which are indexed from -14 to -1 and from 2 to 80. For a square CU, only prediction modes 2-66 are used. These prediction modes correspond to different prediction directions from 45 degree to -135 degree in clockwise direction, as illustrated in FIG. 6. The number denotes the prediction mode index associated with the corresponding direction. Modes 2 to 33 indicate horizontal predictions and modes 34 to 66 indicate vertical predictions.
• the modes are defined by intraPredAngle (A), the offset of the predictor with respect to the (0, 0) position in horizontal/vertical direction as shown in Table 1.
• intraPredAngle (A) the prediction mode might be strictly horizontal mode (mode 18) or vertical mode (mode 50); when the value of intraPredAngle (A) is negative, the prediction mode is a negative direction, i.e., a mode in the range 19-49, and when the value of intraPredAngle (A) is positive, the prediction mode is a positive direction, i.e., any of the remaining angular modes.
• Table 1 mapping between intra prediction modes and intraPredAngle (A) in VVC.
• PDPC position dependent intra prediction combination
• the split boundary can be described by angle (p t and distance offset p .
• the angle (pt is quantized from 0 degree to 360 degrees with a step equal to 11.25 degrees. In total 32 angles are proposed as shown in FIG. 7.
• the description of a geometric split with angle (pt and distance pt is depicted in FIG. 8.
• the results of geometric partitioning using angle 12 and distance between 0 and 3 is depicted in FIG. 9. [73] As shown in FIG.
• non-rectangular partitioning in inter prediction e.g., diagonal partitioning (1010) and general geometric partitioning (1020) are quite useful for outlining the complicate shapes of objects from the background or other objects.
• VVC only rectangular (including square) partitioning is applied on intra frames, so the objects with very different features could be contained inside one intra-coded block. If any block has changing region along certain directions and constant changing region at the same time, or if any block has more than one changing regions along different directions, they usually cannot be inadequately described by either a single corresponding angular mode, or the PLANAR or the DC mode.
• Each geometric partition within the CU is intra-predicted using its own intra mode with its available reference samples, respectively.
• One sub-partition copies and uses the intra prediction mode from the parent CU; another sub-partition uses another implicit or explicit signaled intra prediction mode.
• the sample values along the split boundary are adjusted using a blending process with adaptive weights.
• the geometric partition based intra prediction could be applied for one angular intra prediction mode, or only for one negative-directional intra prediction mode, or only for one specific intra prediction mode (e.g., mode 34). 5.
• the Rate-Distortion (RD) cost of geometric partition based intra prediction could be checked after or before the optimal intra prediction mode is selected.
• this target CU could be split into two triangle-shaped partitions, using the diagonal split from the top-left position, as illustrated in FIG. 12. Specifically, a sub-partition flag cu sbp flag is signaled for an intra CU, and diagonal partition is further applied on this intra CU if cu sbp flag equals to 1.
• FIG. 13 illustrates a method (1300) of diagonal partition based intra prediction for an image block at the encoder, according to an embodiment.
• Method 1300 starts at step 1305.
• the most probable mode (MPM) candidate list is generated.
• the encoder checks all potential intra prediction modes, by generating prediction blocks P(n) and calculating the RD cost COST(n) for each potential intra prediction mode n.
• the optimal intra prediction mode m e.g., the one with smallest RD cost
• a sub-partition flag cu sbp flag to indicate whether the block is split into two sub-partitions diagonally or not, is initialized to 0.
• the block is diagonally split and the related RD cost with splitting is calculated. The RD cost with and without splitting is compared (1380). If the proposed diagonal partition based intra prediction has a smaller RD cost, diagonal partition is applied for the intra block, and the sub-partition flag cu sbp Jlag is encoded as 1 (1390). Method 1300 ends at step 1399.
• FIG. 14 illustrate the generation process 1400 of the diagonal partition based intra predicted block, according to an embodiment.
• Method 1400 can be used in step 1370 to apply intra diagonal partition.
• an intra CU is split into two triangle-shaped child partitions: Partition 0 and Partition 1 (1410).
• Partition 0 is inferred to use the negative-directional intra prediction mode of the parent CU.
• Another child Partition 1 is then intra-predicted using another default or signaled intra prediction mode.
• a partition position flag cu sbp pos is signaled to indicate which child partition is Partition 0 (1420). As shown in FIGs. 12(a) and 12(b) respectively, Partition 0 is the region located near the left boundary when cu sbp pos equals to 0; on the contrary, Partition 0 is the region located near the above boundary when cu sbp pos equals to 1. In order to further improve the coding efficiency and simplify the coding process, the partition position flag cu sbp pos could also be implicit under some conditions as described hereinafter, and the signaling could be skipped.
• the intra prediction mode of Partition 0 is directly copied from the current CU (1430).
• the intra prediction mode of Partition 1 could either be explicitly signaled, or be implicitly signaled as a default intra prediction mode (1440).
• Each child partition is intra predicted with its intra prediction mode and its available reference samples, respectively. After predicting each of the triangle partitions, the sample values along the diagonal edge/boundary are adjusted using a blending process with adaptive weighting masks or factors (1450). Further details for steps 1420, 1440 and 1450 will be described below.
• FIG. 15 illustrates a method (1500) for performing the diagonal partition based intra prediction at the decoder, according to an embodiment.
• Method 1500 starts at step 1505.
• the intra prediction mode m for a CU is decoded at step 1510. If this intra prediction mode is a negative-directional intra prediction mode (1520), a sub-partition flag cu sbp flag is decoded to indicate whether the block is split into two sub-partitions diagonally or not (1530). If the intra prediction mode m is not negative-directional, or cu sbp flag equals to 0, this CU will be intra predicted with its intra mode m (1570).
• a partition position flag cu sbp JJOS is explicitly or implicitly decoded to indicate which child partition is Partition 0 (1540).
• an additional intra prediction mode cu sbp mode is explicitly or implicitly decoded (1550), and it is used for the intra prediction of Partition 1 (1565); for Partition 0, it is intra predicted with the intra prediction mode m, which is directly copied from its parent CU (1560). After obtaining the predicted Partition 0 and Partition 1, they are blended to get the final predicted CU (1580).
• Method 1500 ends at step 1599.
• One reason for applying further diagonal partition only on negative-directional intra prediction modes is to make sure that there are reference samples available for predicting both triangle-shaped partitions.
• the proposed diagonal intra partition is enable only if the intra prediction mode 34 is selected.
• a partition position flag cu sbp JJOS is signaled to indicate which region of the parent intra CU is intra-predicted using the intra prediction mode copied from the parent CU (Partition 0).
• the remaining region (Partition 1) is intra-predicted using another default or signaled mode.
• Partition 0 is the region located near the left boundary when cu sbp JOS equals to 0; on the contrary, Partition 0 is the region located near the above boundary when cu sbp JJOS equals to 1.
• Partition 0 Rather than signalling the partition position flag cu sbp pos ⁇ the position of partition intra- predicted with the inferred mode (Partition 0) could be implicit under some conditions to further improve the coding efficiency and simplify the coding process.
• Partition 0 could be implicit according to the negative-directional intra prediction mode of the parent intra CU as shown in FIG. 16. If the intra prediction mode of the parent intra CU belongs to horizontal negative directions (e.g., modes 19 to 33 as shown in FIG. 6), Partition 0 is the region located near the left boundary; otherwise, for vertical negative directions (e.g., modes 34 to 49 as shown in FIG. 6), Partition 0 is the region located near the above boundary.
• Partition 0 which is a child partition of the target intra CU, is intra-predicted using the intra prediction mode from its parent CU; Partition 1, which is the remaining child partition of the target intra CU, is intra-predicted using 1) either a default intra prediction mode (i.e., the DC/Horizontal/Vertical mode), 2) or a signaled intra prediction mode out of remaining pre-defined intra prediction modes.
• a default intra prediction mode i.e., the DC/Horizontal/Vertical mode
• signaled intra prediction mode out of remaining pre-defined intra prediction modes.
• Partition 1 could be automatically intra-predicted using DC mode.
• cu sbp mode is set as 1 (DC mode).
• the sample values of current Partition 1 are predicted by computing average of the reference samples from left or/and above neighbors; and the top-left corner reference sample will not be used for its prediction if the DC mode is applied.
• This implementation could address the case that a block has a changing region along certain directions and a constant changing region at the same time.
• Partition 1 is a symmetric triangle-shaped partition as shown in FIG. 17 (reference samples used for Partition 1 are marked in dark gray).
• the reference samples used for the prediction of Partition 1 are marked in dark gray in this example.
• the target intra CU is a rectangular block, to avoid division operations for generating DC prediction, only the longer side along the left and above neighbors is used to compute the average for an asymmetric triangle-shaped partition as shown in FIG. 18.
• the intra-prediction p(x,y) is derived by averaging the reference samples from top neighbors along the length L according to the following equation:
• the intra-prediction p(x, y) is derived by averaging the reference samples from left neighbors along the length L according to the following equation:
• Horizontal mode (mode 18) is implicit as the intra prediction mode of Partition 1.
• Intra-prediction p(x,y) is derived by copying the reference samples in horizontal direction as shown in FIG. 19.
• Vertical mode (mode 50) is applied if the horizontal side of Partition 1 along the left and above neighbors is longer, intra-prediction p(x, y) is derived by copying the reference samples in vertical direction.
• the sample values of current Partition 1 can be predicted by using one mode selected from DC and Horizontal/Vertical modes.
• cu sbp mode is signalled with one additional bit into the bitstream.
• Partition 1 could be intra-predicted using a signaled intra prediction mode cu sbp mode out of remaining pre-defined modes based on the optimal RD cost.
• the mode cu sbp mode of Partition 1 belongs to DC or Horizontal/Vertical modes, the top-left comer reference sample will not be used for the prediction; if the mode cu sbp mode is one of other intra modes, the top-left corner reference sample could be used.
• the candidate number of intra prediction modes could be limited, or another most probable mode (MPM) list could be used for the intra prediction mode cu sbp mode of Partition 1.
• MPM most probable mode
• a list with 3 MPMs is generated by considering the intra modes of the left and above neighbouring block of Partition 1. Suppose the mode of the left is denoted as Left and the mode of the above block is denoted as Above.
• Partition l is a symmetric triangle-shaped partition
• Partition 1 is an asymmetric triangle-shaped partition, and horizontal side of Partition 1 along the left and above neighbors is longer
• the sample values on the splitting edge are adjusted using a blending process of the prediction pred P0 (x, y) for P0 and the prediction pred P1 (x, y) for Pl with an adaptive factor W using the following equation: where the weighting factor could be 1/2 or 3/4, or other values, as shown in FIG. 22.
• the proposed diagonal partition based intra prediction can operate using two intra prediction modes m and cu_sbp_mode to produce a final predicted block pred f inca (x, y) with two predictions pred Q (x, y) and pred (x, y) for the CU using the blending masks VF 0 and as in the following equation:
• the blending masks of the proposed intra diagonal partition VF 0 and 14 are derived from the distance between the sample position and the split boundary as shown in FIG. 23. In this example, the weights ⁇ 7/8, 6/8, 5/8, 4/8, 3/8, 2/8, 1/8 ⁇ are used in the blending process.
• the blending masks of the intra diagonal partition VF 0 and 1 4 could also be asymmetric around the diagonal edge as shown in FIG. 24.
• the prediction pred 0 (x, y), wherein the intra prediction mode of the partition is inferred from the intra mode of the block, could use larger weight for blending.
• the weights ⁇ 3/4, 2/4, 1/4 ⁇ are used in the blending process.
• the blending could only be processed at the diagonal edge with a weighting factor 1 / using the following equation:
• the weighting factor could be 1/2 or 3/4, or other values.
• a CU is split into two parts by a diagonal line. More generally, we propose to split an intra-predicted CU into two parts by a geometrically located straight line to better align the edge/boundary of the two regions.
• the splitting line could be parallel to the intra prediction mode or be selected from several specific partitions; and the splitting line could start from top-left position (0, 0) or with an offset.
• the proposed geometric partition based intra prediction could further split an intra-predicted CU into two partitions. Then each geometric partition within the CU, Partition 0 and Partition 1, is intra-predicted with its own intra mode using its available reference samples, respectively. After predicting each geometric partition, the sample values along the split boundary are adjusted using a blending process with adaptive weights. The weighting factors could be derived from the distance of the sample position and the split boundary.
• a geometric partition can split the target CU into two parts by a splitting line that is parallel to the direction associated with the intra prediction mode of this CU.
• the split boundary 2510
• the split boundary 2510
• the split boundary 2510
• the split boundary 2510
• the split boundary 2510
• the split boundary 2510
• the split boundary 2520
• the diagonal splitting 2530
• the 45 degree splitting which is parallel to the mode 34, is applied for rectangular block.
• the split boundary can be selected from several pre-defined partitions as shown in FIG. 26.
• a syntax element cu sbp boundary is signaled to indicate which splitting boundary is applied.
• the number of pre-defined split boundaries could be any other value than 7, and it could also be a different value adapting to the intra prediction mode. For example, if the intra prediction mode belongs to horizontal negative directions (modes 19 to 33 as shown in FIG. 6), then only half of the split boundaries that are close to the above part in FIG. 26 will be applied.
• a splitting line for geometric partition of the target CU can start from the top-left position (0, 0), or the splitting start position could be shifted with an offset to better align with the geometric edge/boundary of the two child partitions.
• a syntax element cu sbp start is signaled to indicate where the splitting start position locates.
• the 45-degree splitting line starts from the top-left position p(0, 0) when cu sbp start equals to 0. If cu sbp start equals to 1, the 45-degree splitting line will start from the middle of the left boundary p . Similarly, the 45-degree splitting line will start from the middle of the above boundary p (y , 0) if cu sbp start equals to 2. More splitting start positions could be pre-defined in the similar rule.
• the splitting start position could be located at one quarter of the left or above boundary p 0).
• a 45-degree splitting of the target CU can start from an arbitrary position at the left or above boundary whose coordinate information is signalled into the bitstream as illustrated in FIG. 28.
• a syntax flag cu sbp start left is signaled to indicate whether the splitting start position is located on the left boundary; and then another syntax element cu sbp start offset is signaled subsequently to indicate the distance between the splitting start position and the top-left position.
• the geometric partition will start from an arbitrary position at the left boundary p(0, y), and the distance y is signaled as cu sbp start offset into bitstream.
• the geometric partition will start from an arbitrary position at the above boundary p(x, 0) if cu sbp start left equals to 0, and the distance x is signaled as cu sbp start offset.
• This variant is more flexible to align with geometric edge/boundary, while the signaling of cu sbp start offset could be quite costly.
• Partition 0 could be implicit according to the area of these two child partitions of the target intra CU as shown in FIG. 29.
• the concept of this variant is to automatically set the region with the larger area among these two child partitions as Partition 0.
• the geometric partition based intra prediction could further split an intra-predicted CU into two partitions from a top-right position with an offset, or from a bottom-left position with an offset, after a positive-directional intra prediction mode is selected. More details are described below.
• a geometric partition can split the target CU into two parts by a splitting line which is parallel to the intra prediction mode of this CU.
• a geometric partition based intra prediction could further split an intra-predicted CU into two partitions by a splitting line which is parallel to the intra prediction mode of this CU.
• the splitting start position could be either from a top-right position with an offset, or from a bottom-left position with an offset.
• the splitting line could be parallel to the positivedirectional intra prediction mode of the target CU. If the intra prediction mode is mode 8, which belongs to horizontal positive direction, then the splitting line is parallel to a horizontal positive direction; or if the intra prediction mode is mode 60, one of the vertical positive directional modes, the splitting line is parallel to a vertical positive direction. If the intra prediction direction of the target intra CU is mode 2 or mode 66, then the 135-degree splitting is applied.
• the splitting line for the positive-directional intra prediction modes can also be selected from several pre-defined partitions as shown in the example of FIG. 31, to further increase the splitting flexibility.
• the four pre-defined splitting boundaries in FIG. 31(a) are used for horizontal positive directional modes, each of which represents an angle between 0 and 45 degrees with 11.25 degrees steps.
• Another four pre-defined splitting boundaries in FIG. 31(b) are used for vertical positive directional modes, which represents an angle between -45 and -90 degrees with 11.25 degrees steps.
• a syntax element cu sbp boundary is signaled to indicate which splitting boundary is applied.
• the proposed embodiments are all applied only after an angular intra prediction mode is selected via the recursive RDO search.
• One advantage is that it limits the search complexity for intra mode selection.
• the geometric/diagonal intra partition could be checked for angular intra prediction mode candidates during the recursive RDO search before the best intra prediction mode is selected. That is, the RD cost of some or all angular intra prediction modes with or without using geometric/diagonal intra partition could be both calculated, and the remaining intra prediction modes will only calculate the RD cost without splitting. The final intra prediction mode is selected from all these possible situations, which could lead to the best RD performance.
• a sub-partition flag cu sbp Jlag is signaled for an intra predicted CU with an angular intra prediction mode, which belongs to the modes needed to check splitting or not.
• the proposed geometric/diagonal intra partition is further applied on this intra CU if cu sbp flag equals to 1.
• FIG. 32 illustrate a method (3200) for performing intra prediction mode searching at the encoder, according to an embodiment.
• Method 3200 starts at step 3205.
• the most probable mode (MPM) candidate list is generated.
• the encoder checks a potential intra prediction mode m, by generating prediction blocks P(m) and calculating the RD cost COST(m).
• a sub-partition flag cu sbp flag to indicate whether the block is split into two sub-partitions diagonally or not, is initialized to 0 (3240), and the block is split into two sub-partitions and the RD cost COST(m sbp) is calculated (3250).
• the encoder checks whether all modes are checked. If not, the control returns to step 3220. Otherwise, the encoder encodes (3290) the current block using the optimal intra prediction mode. Method 3200 ends at step 3299.
• this embodiment Compared to method 1300, this embodiment (3200) increases the searching complexity and the signaling cost of cu sbp flag ⁇ while it optimizes the best intra prediction mode searching. In order to balance the complexity and coding efficiency, some searching speed-up schemes are described in the following variants. [140] According to a variant of this embodiment, only when one specific intra prediction mode (e.g., mode 34) is checked, the proposed geometric/diagonal intra partition can be enabled to be checked.
• one specific intra prediction mode e.g., mode 34
• the proposed geometric/diagonal intra partition can be enabled to be checked.
• the geometric/diagonal intra partition can only be enabled to be checked, when one of its left or above neighbouring block applies the geometric/diagonal intra partition.
• the geometric/diagonal intra partition can only be enabled to be checked, when both its left and above neighbouring blocks apply the geometric/diagonal intra partition.
• transform and quantization process will be applied to the whole CU as in other intra prediction modes.
• the transform selection could be adapted to the intra geometric partition in this embodiment.
• a Multiple Transform Selection (MTS) scheme is used for residual coding in both intra and inter coded blocks. It uses multiple selected transforms from the DCT8/DST7. Transform and signaling mapping table is shown in Table 2. The introduction of MTS improves the efficiency of transform in VVC while the exhaustive RDO search for the optimal transform candidates brings large computational burden to the WC encoder.
• MTS Multiple Transform Selection
• Table 2 transform and signaling mapping table.
• a CU level flag is signalled to indicate whether MTS is applied or not.
• the MTS CU level flag is not signalled but inferred, when the proposed intra geometric/diagonal partition is applied.
• Partition 0 and Partition 1 are smaller than a pre-defined threshold, or if Partition 1 is intra-predicted using the DC mode, then the MTS CU level flag is inferred as zero, where DCT2 is applied in both directions. For the remaining cases, whose contents are normally with very complex textures, only one single transform (DCT2) is not efficient to model the different statistical variations, then MTS is highly possible to apply.
• the MTS CU level flag is inferred as one, then two flags are directly signalled to indicate the transform type for the horizontal and vertical directions as shown in Table 3, respectively.
• the transform type for an intra CU using intra geometric partition can be implicitly derived from the intra prediction mode of the target intra CU.
• the same logics can be implemented differently in practice by using different coding parameters.
• the proposed geometric/diagonal intra partition can be enabled. For example, only after one intra prediction mode from modes 26-42 is selected, the proposed geometric/diagonal intra partition can be enabled.
• the target CU could be split into more than two parts.
• the intra sub-partition is not allowed when the proposed geometric/diagonal intra partition is applied for the current CU.
• each of the methods comprises one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the method, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as “first”, “second”, etc. may be used in various embodiments to modify an element, component, step, operation, etc., for example, a “first decoding” and a “second decoding”. Use of such terms does not imply an ordering to the modified operations unless specifically required. So, in this example, the first decoding need not be performed before the second decoding, and may occur, for example, before, during, or in an overlapping time period with the second decoding.
• FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 Various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify modules, for example, the intra prediction modules (260, 360), of a video encoder 200 and decoder 300 as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.
• the present aspects are not limited to VVC or HEVC, and can be applied, for example, to other standards and recommendations, and extensions of any such standards and recommendations. Unless indicated otherwise, or technically precluded, the aspects described in this application can be used individually or in combination.
• Decoding may encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence in order to produce a final output suitable for display.
• processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, for example, entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transformation, and differential decoding.
• a decoder for example, entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transformation, and differential decoding.
• encoding may encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on an input video sequence in order to produce an encoded bitstream.
• the implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or a process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (for example, discussed only as a method), the implementation of features discussed may also be implemented in other forms (for example, an apparatus or program).
• An apparatus may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware.
• the methods may be implemented in, for example, an apparatus, for example, a processor, which refers to processing devices in general, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, for example, computers, cell phones, portable/personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and other devices that facilitate communication of information between end-users.
• PDAs portable/personal digital assistants
• references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” or “one implementation” or “an implementation”, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment.
• the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” or “in one implementation” or “in an implementation”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
• this application may refer to “determining” various pieces of information. Determining the information may include one or more of, for example, estimating the information, calculating the information, predicting the information, or retrieving the information from memory.
• Accessing the information may include one or more of, for example, receiving the information, retrieving the information (for example, from memory), storing the information, moving the information, copying the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.
• this application may refer to “receiving” various pieces of information. Receiving is, as with “accessing”, intended to be a broad term. Receiving the information may include one or more of, for example, accessing the information, or retrieving the information (for example, from memory). Further, “receiving” is typically involved, in one way or another, during operations, for example, storing the information, processing the information, transmitting the information, moving the information, copying the information, erasing the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.
• such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C).
• This may be extended, as is clear to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items as are listed.
• the word “signal” refers to, among other things, indicating something to a corresponding decoder.
• the encoder signals a quantization matrix for de-quantization.
• the same parameter is used at both the encoder side and the decoder side.
• an encoder can transmit (explicit signaling) a particular parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same particular parameter.
• signaling can be used without transmitting (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select the particular parameter. By avoiding transmission of any actual functions, a bit savings is realized in various embodiments.
• signaling can be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, one or more syntax elements, flags, and so forth are used to signal information to a corresponding decoder in various embodiments. While the preceding relates to the verb form of the word “signal”, the word “signal” can also be used herein as a noun.
• implementations may produce a variety of signals formatted to carry information that may be, for example, stored or transmitted.
• the information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data produced by one of the described implementations.
• a signal may be formatted to carry the bitstream of a described embodiment.
• Such a signal may be formatted, for example, as an electromagnetic wave (for example, using a radio frequency portion of spectrum) or as a baseband signal.
• the formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier with the encoded data stream.
• the information that the signal carries may be, for example, analog or digital information.
• the signal may be transmitted over a variety of different wired or wireless links, as is known.
• the signal may be stored on a processor-readable medium.

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