WO2022102747A1 - 植物における環境ストレス診断装置、及び、環境ストレス診断方法 - Google Patents
植物における環境ストレス診断装置、及び、環境ストレス診断方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022102747A1 WO2022102747A1 PCT/JP2021/041742 JP2021041742W WO2022102747A1 WO 2022102747 A1 WO2022102747 A1 WO 2022102747A1 JP 2021041742 W JP2021041742 W JP 2021041742W WO 2022102747 A1 WO2022102747 A1 WO 2022102747A1
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- environmental stress
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Classifications
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- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
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- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6486—Measuring fluorescence of biological material, e.g. DNA, RNA, cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/04—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth
- A01G7/045—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth with electric lighting
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- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
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- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
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- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an improved technique of an apparatus for measuring photosynthetic activity, particularly an apparatus for grasping and diagnosing an environmental stress state in a plant by measuring photosynthetic activity (environmental stress diagnostic apparatus).
- chlorophyll fluorescence measurement has been used as a means for knowing the photosynthetic activity of plants.
- This chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a technique for detecting the activity of Photosystem II, which is mainly the first stage of photosynthesis.
- chlorophyll fluorescence measurement by monitoring the small amount of light energy (chlorophyll fluorescence) emitted from chlorophyll, it is possible to quantitatively grasp how many electrons are generated from water molecules in a photochemical reaction.
- ROS active oxygen
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- cucumber which is a model plant of Cucurbitaceae crops and is known as a low temperature sensitive crop, suffers from growth disorders due to ROS under low temperature stress. Therefore, especially in winter house cultivation, temperature control is very costly.
- Patent Document 1 in the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity change curve with time, the minimum minimum point s (defined as S) that occurs after the maximum point p at which the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity is maximum, and the first that occurs after the minimum point s.
- S the minimum minimum point s
- M the maximum point m
- Patent Document 1 it is possible to detect the health state of a plant at an early stage by performing an analysis under predetermined conditions using chlorophyll fluorescence measurement.
- chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a technique for detecting the activity of Photosystem II, which is mainly the initial stage of photosynthesis. In other words, it is not possible to know how electrons due to photochemical reactions are used downstream of electron transfer (photosystem I) only by chlorophyll fluorescence measurement.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and an object thereof is to be able to diagnose the environmental stress state of a plant more accurately and earlier than before in a non-destructive manner, and it can be used outdoors.
- the purpose is to realize an environmental stress diagnosis device and an environmental stress diagnosis method for various plants.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus is used.
- a measurement light source that irradiates the plant sample with the measurement light
- an induction light source that irradiates the plant sample with the photosynthesis-guided light
- a hermetic seal that accommodates the plant sample and allows the measurement light and the photosynthesis-guided light to enter inside.
- the plant sample includes a chamber, a transmitted light detector that detects the measured light transmitted through the plant sample as transmitted light, and a control unit that receives the transmitted light detected by the transmitted light detector as a measurement signal.
- It is an environmental stress diagnostic device that diagnoses the environmental stress state of The measurement light source outputs two types of first measurement light and second measurement light having different wavelengths.
- the induction light source outputs two types of first photosynthetic induction light and second photosynthetic induction light having different wavelengths.
- the control unit has an analysis circuit that analyzes the detection result obtained by the transmitted light detector, and a control circuit that controls the measurement light source and the induction light source in correspondence with the plant sample.
- the control circuit adjusts and controls the first measurement light and the second measurement light in the first period to different output amplitudes, and controls the measurement light source so that the first measurement light and the second measurement light form a rectangular wave having opposite phases.
- Control and The control circuit controls the measurement light source so as to output the first measurement light and the second measurement light in synchronization, and outputs the first measurement light and the second measurement light at 5 kHz to 30 kHz including a DC component.
- the transmitted light detector detects the synthetic square wave measurement light transmitted through the plant sample as the synthetic square wave transmitted light, and detects it.
- the analysis circuit calculates the light absorption difference between the first measurement light and the second measurement light transmitted through the plant sample by using the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light, and uses the light absorption difference in the photochemical system in photosynthesis.
- Y (ND) which is the oxidized state of P700 of I, was calculated as a ROS marker, which is an index for suppressing active oxygen in plants.
- the analysis circuit is characterized in that the environmental stress state of the plant sample is diagnosed by utilizing the ROS marker.
- the environmental stress diagnostic device is provided with a communication unit for network connection, and the environmental stress diagnostic device is network-connected to the communication terminal via the communication unit.
- the communication terminal is used for operating the environmental stress diagnosis device, and the ROS marker as the measurement result and the environmental stress diagnosis result are displayed.
- the communication terminal is network-connected to a data server in which environmental stress diagnosis data is stored, and is characterized in that the environmental stress diagnosis data is compared with the ROS marker to diagnose the environmental stress state of the plant sample.
- the control circuit synchronizes the first measurement light and the second measurement light output from the measurement light source by PWM control.
- the control circuit compares the timing of the falling edge of the square wave in the first measurement light and the second measurement light with the reference signal waveform as the command frequency.
- the control circuit adjusts the fall timing in units of 0.25 ⁇ s. It is characterized by maintaining synchronization.
- the induction light source constantly irradiates the first photosynthetic induction light as continuous irradiation, and after the steady irradiation, pulse-irradiates the irradiation as a higher output irradiation than the constant irradiation without providing a rest period, and then pauses.
- the second photosynthetic induction light is constantly irradiated with a period, and after the steady irradiation, pulse irradiation is performed without a rest period.
- the irradiation time of the pulse irradiation is 1 ms to 300 ms.
- the closed chamber is provided with an oxygen concentration detector that measures the oxygen evolution rate of the plant sample inside the closed chamber.
- the analysis circuit is characterized in that the environmental stress state of the plant sample is diagnosed by utilizing the correlation between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate (photosynthesis rate).
- the closed chamber is provided with all or any of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a barometric pressure sensor as environmental sensors.
- the analysis circuit is characterized in that the oxygen evolution rate detected by the oxygen concentration detector is corrected based on the detection result obtained by the environment sensor.
- the oxygen concentration detector is characterized by being a galvanic cell type oxygen concentration detector.
- the closed chamber is characterized by being provided with an exhaled air introduction port for introducing exhaled air from the outside and an air output port for exchanging air inside the closed chamber.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus is provided with a fluorescence detector that detects chlorophyll fluorescence from the plant sample.
- the analysis circuit is based on the chlorophyll fluorescence detection result (in a saturated CO2 state) obtained by the fluorescence detector, Y (II) as the photosynthesis rate, Y (NPQ) as the light energy that cannot be used for photosynthesis, and a photochemical system.
- Y (NO) as the basic heat dissipation ability in II and 1-pL as the plastoquinone reduction rate were calculated.
- the analysis circuit uses the light absorption difference to calculate Y (I), which is the ground state of P700, and Y (NA), which is the state in which P700 is absorbing light energy.
- the analysis circuit comprises all or any of the Y (II), Y (NPQ), Y (NO), 1-pL, Y (I), Y (NA), and ROS marker Y (ND). It is characterized by diagnosing a deficiency state of inorganic nutrients in the plant sample by utilizing it.
- the analysis circuit creates a sample diagnostic graph in which the passage of time is represented in a circle and the values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) by Y (II) are plotted.
- the analysis circuit compares N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, B, which are essential nutrients in the plant sample, by comparing the basic diagnostic graph showing the plant in which the inorganic nutrient is controlled with the sample diagnostic graph. , Zn, Mo, Cu, Fe, Mn, and all or any of them are deficient.
- the closed chamber is provided with a temperature control unit for controlling the temperature of the plant sample located inside the closed chamber.
- the method for diagnosing environmental stress in plants is The plant sample is housed in a closed chamber, and the first measurement light and the second measurement light output from the measurement light source are adjusted by the control circuit, and the first photosynthesis induction light and the second photosynthesis induction light are output from the induction light source.
- the process of adjustment and The measurement light source is controlled by the control circuit so that the second measurement light has a higher output than the first measurement light and the first measurement light and the second measurement light are rectangular waves having opposite phases.
- the measurement light source is controlled so that the first measurement light and the second measurement light are output in synchronization with the control circuit, and the first measurement light and the second measurement light are 5 kHz to 30 kHz including a DC component.
- the control circuit outputs the second measurement light slightly higher than the first measurement light, and uses a measurement light source so that the first measurement light and the second measurement light form a rectangular wave having opposite phases. Control. Furthermore, the control circuit controls the measurement light source so that the first measurement light and the second measurement light are output in synchronization, and the first measurement light and the second measurement light are simulated at 5 kHz to 30 kHz including a DC component. It is formed as one synthetic rectangular wave measurement light. Then, the ROS marker is calculated using the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light transmitted through the plant sample, and the environmental stress diagnosis using the obtained ROS marker is performed, so that the ROS marker can be measured more accurately and earlier than the conventional chlorophyll fluorescence measurement. It is possible to provide an environmental stress diagnostic device capable of diagnosing the environmental stress state of a plant.
- the ROS marker (or the correlation between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate, etc.) measured (and calculated) by the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus according to the present invention can be used, for example, as a selection marker for low temperature stress resistant varieties.
- the ROS marker (or the correlation between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate and, in addition, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter) can also be used for diagnosing the deficiency state of inorganic nutrients in plants (diagnosis of inorganic nutritional stress).
- the schematic block diagram of the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus which concerns on embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the schematic image figure of the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus which concerns on embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the schematic operation explanatory drawing of the induction light source which concerns on embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the schematic image figure of the P700 absorption change obtained by the irradiation of the photosynthesis induction light in this embodiment is shown.
- the schematic explanatory view of the exhaled breath introduction port and the air output port which concerns on embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the schematic image diagram of the exhaled breath introduction port and the air output port which concerns on embodiment of this invention is shown.
- a modification of the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- An example of the environmental stress correlation according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the correlation image diagram of the ROS marker and the photosynthesis rate by the actual measurement in the embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the schematic image diagram of the environmental stress diagnosis using the data server in this embodiment is shown.
- An example of the display screen in the mobile terminal according to this embodiment is shown.
- the schematic explanatory diagram of the measurement light irradiation which concerns on this embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the schematic image figure of the duty ratio in the synthetic square wave measurement light which concerns on this embodiment is shown.
- the schematic image figure of the synthetic square wave transmitted light which concerns on embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the schematic explanatory diagram of the synchronous control which concerns on embodiment of this invention is shown.
- a schematic explanatory diagram of the induction principle of the ROS marker (Y (ND)) is shown.
- FIG. 1 An example of the relationship between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate in this embodiment is shown.
- the correlation image diagram between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate in this embodiment is shown.
- a measurement example of Y (ND), Y (I), Y (NA), and V (O 2 ) is shown.
- a comparative image diagram of a plant in a normal state of inorganic nutrients (control) and a plant in a state of lack of inorganic nutrients (free) is shown.
- a comparative image diagram of a plant in a normal state of inorganic nutrients (control) and a plant in a state of lack of inorganic nutrients (free) is shown.
- the schematic block diagram at the time of performing chlorophyll fluorescence measurement in the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 which concerns on this embodiment is shown.
- a schematic image diagram of each parameter in chlorophyll fluorescence detection is shown.
- a schematic image diagram of each parameter in Photosystem I is shown.
- An example of a measurement result graph in which Y (I), Y (ND), Y (NA), and Y (II) are plotted by expressing the passage of time in a circle is shown.
- An example of a measurement result graph showing values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) by Y (II) is shown.
- An example of a measurement result graph in which the passage of time is represented in a circle and Y (I), Y (ND), Y (NA), Y (II), Y (NO), Y (NPQ), and 1-qL are plotted. Is shown.
- An example of a measurement result graph showing values obtained by dividing Y (ND), Y (NA), Y (NPQ), and 1-qL by Y (II) is shown.
- the measurement result graph that represents the magnitude of each value of Y (I), Y (ND), Y (NA), Y (II), Y (NO), Y (NPQ), 1-qL in a circle.
- An example is shown.
- An example of the Y (ND) -Y (II) diagnostic plot according to the present embodiment is shown.
- a schematic image of how the sunflowers grew two months after sowing is shown.
- the schematic diagram of the diagnostic image by the sample diagnostic graph in this embodiment is shown.
- the schematic block diagram which added the temperature control unit in the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus which concerns on this embodiment is shown.
- An example of the measurement result using the temperature control unit in this embodiment is shown.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration diagram of the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment is mainly used outdoors. That is, the environmental stress diagnosis device 10 is a portable device that can be taken out to the field environment, and is also brought to the site to directly measure plants (fresh leaves) to perform environmental stress diagnosis.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment can be driven by using a 5V to 20V power supply battery (for example, a 12V power supply battery).
- an operation display unit is provided in a part of the housing of the environmental stress diagnosis device 10, and the operation display unit can operate the device and display the diagnosis result (see FIG. 2A). ).
- the environmental stress diagnosis device 10 is not provided with an operation display unit (see FIG. 2B), and the operation of the device and the diagnosis result display are performed by a communication terminal (mobile terminal) such as a smartphone or a tab red. Is also good.
- a communication terminal mobile terminal
- the communication between the communication terminal and the environmental stress diagnosis device 10 can be performed by wireless communication (in this case, the environmental stress diagnosis device is provided with a communication unit).
- the environmental stress diagnosis device 10 is a portable device, a battery and other electrical parts are actually required, but in FIG. 1, parts other than the main configuration required for the environmental stress diagnosis are not included. Illustration is omitted.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes a measurement light source 12 that irradiates the plant sample S with the measurement light ML, an induction light source 14 that irradiates the plant sample S with the photosynthetic induction light PL, and the plant sample S.
- a closed chamber 16 that is accommodated and allows the measurement light ML and the photosynthesis-guided light PL to enter the inside, a light detector 18 that detects the measurement light ML that has passed through the plant sample S as transmitted light, and the light detector. It is configured to include a control unit 20 that receives the transmitted light detected in 18 as a measurement signal (electrical signal).
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 uses a ROS marker as an active oxygen suppression index by irradiating a plant sample S (fresh leaves of a plant) housed in a closed chamber 16 with characteristic measurement light. It is to measure.
- the measurement light source 12 outputs two types of first measurement light ML1 and second measurement light ML2 having different wavelengths.
- the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 are used to perform characteristic measurement light irradiation and two-wavelength light absorption difference measurement.
- the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 irradiate the plant sample S as one synthesized measurement light ML3 (referred to as a synthetic square wave measurement light; details will be described later). Will be done.
- the measurement light source 12 is configured to include, for example, two types of LEDs.
- the wavelength of the first measurement light ML1 in the present embodiment is 810 nm or 830 nm, and the wavelength of the second measurement light ML2 is 880 nm or 910 nm.
- the wavelengths of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 can be appropriately changed according to the type and measurement of the plant sample S.
- the first measurement light ML1 is obtained by passing through the plant sample S from the waveform data of the transmitted light TL obtained by passing the second measurement light ML2 through the plant sample S.
- a light absorption difference waveform having two wavelengths can be obtained.
- the P700 to be measured includes P700 (Y (ND)) in the ground state, P700 (Y (NA)) in the excited state, and P700 + (Y (ND)) in the oxidized state.
- the wavelength region is selected as the second measurement light ML2
- the difference between the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 is obtained.
- the ROS marker or the like can be calculated using this light absorption difference waveform.
- the background in the measurement can be corrected by performing the above-mentioned two-wavelength light absorption difference measurement. That is, the two-wavelength absorption difference measurement in the present embodiment cancels the change over time in the background, so that accurate measurement can be realized.
- the second measurement light ML2 of the present embodiment adopts 880 nm or 910 nm as a wavelength having a small absorption change and being close to the wavelength (810 nm or 830 nm) of the first measurement light ML1.
- the induction light source 14 irradiates the plant sample S with two types of first photosynthetic induction light FR and second photosynthesis induction light AL having different wavelengths.
- the induction light source 14 is configured to include, for example, two types of LEDs.
- the wavelength of the first photosynthetic guided light FR in the present embodiment is 740 nm
- the wavelength of the second photosynthetic guided light AL is 640 nm.
- the wavelengths of the first photosynthetic guided light FR and the second photosynthetic guided light AL can be appropriately changed according to the type and measurement of the plant sample S.
- the wavelength of the second photosynthetic induced light AL can be appropriately changed in the range of 400 nm to less than 700 nm.
- a filter can be provided between the LED for outputting the first photosynthetic induced light FR and the closed chamber 16. By providing the filter, it is possible to suppress the interference between the measurement light ML and the first photosynthesis induced light FR. Further, in the present embodiment, an optical filter for blocking the first photosynthetic induced light FR and AL can be provided between the closed chamber 16 and the photodetector 18 (in front of the photodetector 18).
- the first photosynthetic guided light FR and the second photosynthetic guided light AL are continuous irradiation (called constant irradiation) and pulsed irradiation (pulse irradiation) which is higher output irradiation than the constant irradiation.
- the SP portion of FIG. 3 is combined and irradiated to the plant sample S.
- the induction light source 14 constantly irradiates the first photosynthetic induced light FR as continuous irradiation, and after the steady irradiation, pulse irradiation is performed as irradiation with a higher output than the constant irradiation without providing a rest period.
- a second photosynthetic induction light AL is constantly irradiated with a rest period, and after the steady irradiation, pulse irradiation is performed without a rest period.
- the second photosynthesis-induced light AL is applied to the plant sample S.
- the irradiation of the first photosynthetic induced light FR can also be performed, for example, at the end of the induced light irradiation.
- the steady irradiation in the present embodiment is performed for about 5 to 60 seconds for both the first photosynthesis-guided light FR and the second photosynthesis-guided light AL.
- the time of this steady irradiation may be 60 seconds or more depending on the type of the plant sample S to be measured.
- the irradiation of the first photosynthetic induced light FR may be performed twice or more.
- the idling state of the plant sample S which will be described later, can be obtained more stably.
- the amount of light (photon bundle density) of the first photosynthetic induced light FR in the present embodiment by constant irradiation is about 30 ⁇ molm -2 s -1 to 70 ⁇ mol m -2 s -1 .
- the amount of light (photon bundle density) due to constant irradiation of the second photosynthetic induced light AL is about 100 ⁇ molm -2 s -1 to 2000 ⁇ molm -2 s -1 .
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic image diagram of the P700 absorption change obtained by irradiation with photosynthetic induced light in the present embodiment.
- the steady irradiation of the first photosynthetic induced light FR is performed in order to put the photosystem I in the plant sample S into a steady operating state (idling state) (since the inside of the closed chamber 16 is a dark place).
- the pulse irradiation of the first photosynthetic induced light FR is for grasping the total amount of P700 in the photosystem I (the total amount of Y (I), Y (NA), Y (ND) indicating each state in P700 described later). It is done in.
- the photosystem I in the plant sample S is in a steady operating state by steady irradiation of FR.
- P700 is in a state of complete oxidation. That is, P700 is in a state of complete oxidation before the photosynthetic cycle in Photosystem I operates, and by measuring this state, the total amount of P700 in Photosystem I can be grasped.
- the wavelength of the first photosynthetic induced light FR is 700 nm or more, only Photosystem I can be driven.
- the total amount of P700 can be appropriately grasped by driving only the photosystem I by the pulse irradiation of FR.
- the steady irradiation of the second photosynthetic induced light AL puts the photosynthetic cycle (photosynthetic cycle in which both photosystem II and photosystem I operate) in the plant sample S into an idling state and Y (ND) in which P700 is oxidized. ) Is done to grasp. That is, the second photosynthetic synthetic induced light AL plays a role of pseudo solar irradiation.
- P700 * (Y (NA)) which is a state of absorbing light energy, is obtained by calculating the difference between the total amount of P700 by FR pulse irradiation and Y (I) + Y (ND) that can be grasped by AL irradiation. Can be grasped.
- the irradiation time of the pulse irradiation SP is preferably 1 ms to 300 ms, more preferably 50 ms to 250 ms, and even more preferably 200 ms.
- the amount of light (photon flux density) of AL pulse irradiation in this embodiment is about 5000 ⁇ molm -2 s -1 to 15000 ⁇ molm -2 s -1 .
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment can accurately measure the oxidation state (ROS marker) of P700 in Photosystem I by this characteristic induced light irradiation technique.
- the closed chamber 16 accommodates the plant sample S as a measurement target.
- fresh leaves cut into pieces of about 8 to 16 mm square can be used as the plant sample S (the plant sample S is measured non-destructively).
- the measurement light ML (ML3) from the measurement light source 12 and the photosynthetic guided light PL (FR, AL) from the induction light source 14 can penetrate into the closed chamber 16.
- a light source window is provided at the position.
- a light guide can be provided between the measurement light source 12 and the induction light source 14 to the closed chamber 16.
- the measurement light ML and the photosynthesis induced light AL can be irradiated in the same optical path, and uniform irradiation to the measurement sample S (the surface of S) can be realized.
- a light guide can be provided between the closed chamber 16 and the photodetector 18.
- the transmitted light TL can be efficiently detected.
- the transmitted light detector 18 can detect the transmitted light TL by 20% to 30% more than the conventional one.
- the volume of the closed chamber 16 in the present embodiment is preferably about 2 ml to 20 ml, more preferably 5 ml to 10 ml, and particularly preferably 8 ml.
- the saturated CO 2 state in the present specification means a state in which the carbon dioxide concentration is about 1% to 4%.
- the measurement is performed with the carbon dioxide concentration inside the closed chamber 16 set to about 1% to 4%.
- the closed chamber 16 according to the present embodiment has a cylindrical shape, but may have another shape such as a quadrangular prism shape or a hemispherical shape.
- an exhaled breath introduction port 30a can also be provided.
- the closed chamber 16 can easily create a saturated CO 2 state inside the closed chamber 16 by introducing human breath through the breath introduction port 30a (FIG. 6 (b)).
- the maximum photosynthetic capacity can be measured at the time of measurement (especially at the time of outdoor measurement). That is, since the maximum photosynthetic ability can be evaluated in this embodiment, it is possible to perform highly accurate measurement (measurement of ROS marker and oxygen concentration measurement described later) with high reproducibility and easy comparative evaluation regardless of the state of pores. ..
- carbon dioxide can be generated in the closed chamber 16 by, for example, putting a sodium bicarbonate solution in the closed chamber 16.
- the oxygen concentration can be measured by impregnating a cloth or felt with a sodium bicarbonate solution and putting the cloth or felt in the closed chamber 16.
- the closed chamber 16 can maintain the closed state, and as a result, a low CO 2 state can be created and the minimum photosynthetic capacity can be measured.
- the closed chamber 16 may be provided with an air output port 30b.
- the air output port 30b by providing the air output port 30b, the air inside the closed chamber 16 can be easily replaced even when the plant sample S is housed inside the closed chamber 16.
- the positions where the exhaled breath introduction port 30a and the air output port 30b are provided are not particularly limited.
- the transmitted light detector 18 detects the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3 (ML1 and ML2) transmitted through the plant sample S as the synthetic square wave transmitted light TL.
- ML3 synthetic square wave measurement light
- ML2 synthetic square wave transmitted light
- a PIN photodiode can be used for the transmitted photodetector 18 according to the present embodiment.
- the control unit 20 includes an analysis circuit 20a for analyzing the detection result obtained by the transmitted light detector 18, and a control circuit 20b for controlling the measurement light source 12 and the induction light source 14 in correspondence with the plant sample S. are doing.
- a microprocessor or FPGA can be used for the analysis circuit 20a and the control circuit 20b.
- characteristic data analysis and environmental stress diagnosis of plants in this embodiment will be performed.
- the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 output from the measurement light source 12 reach the plant sample S located inside the closed chamber 16.
- the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 output from the measurement light source 12 are pseudo one measurement light (synthetic rectangular wave measurement light ML3) by the characteristic control by the control circuit 20b. ) Will be irradiated on the plant sample S. Further, the intensity of the measurement light ML (ML1 and ML2) output from the measurement light source 12 is automatically adjusted by the control unit 20 (control circuit 20b) according to the type of the plant sample S so that the signal intensity is the same. (The measurement light ML is automatically adjusted so that proper transmission measurement can be performed).
- the photosynthetic induced light PL (FR, AL) is not irradiated to the plant sample S, and the measurement is performed in a dark state. In this embodiment, the measurement in the dark state can be omitted. Then, the plant sample S is irradiated with the first photosynthetic induced light FR and the second photosynthetic induced light AL together with the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3 (ML1 and ML2).
- the plant sample S is in a state of photosynthetic activity (photochemical reaction) when it is irradiated with photosynthetic induced light PL (FR, AL). Then, the synthetic rectangular wave measurement light ML3 irradiated to the plant sample S is transmitted through the plant sample S, and the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light TL transmitted through the plant sample S is detected by the transmitted light detector 18. The detected combined rectangular wave transmitted light TL is sent to the analysis circuit 20a of the control unit 20 as a measurement signal (electrical signal).
- the analysis circuit 20a analysis is performed based on the above detection result.
- the analysis circuit 20a calculates the light absorption difference between the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 transmitted through the plant sample S by using the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light TL (two-wavelength absorption difference measurement).
- the analysis circuit 20a uses this light absorption difference to calculate Y (ND), which is a state in which P700 of the photosystem I in photosynthesis is oxidized, as a ROS marker which is an index for suppressing active oxygen in plants. Then, the analysis circuit 20a performs an environmental stress diagnosis in the plant using the ROS marker. By using this ROS marker, it is possible to perform environmental stress diagnosis more accurately and earlier than before.
- ND a state in which P700 of the photosystem I in photosynthesis is oxidized
- FIG. 7 shows a modified example of the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the closed chamber 16 of the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment has an oxygen concentration detector that measures the oxygen evolution rate (also referred to as an oxygen concentration change) of the plant sample S inside the closed chamber 16. 22 and an environment sensor 24 for grasping the environmental state inside the closed chamber 16 are provided.
- the oxygen concentration detector 22 provided in the closed chamber 16 measures the photosynthetic activity of the plant sample S inside the closed chamber as the oxygen evolution rate.
- the oxygen concentration detector 22 is preferably, for example, a galvanic cell type oxygen concentration detector.
- the galvanic cell type also referred to as the oxygen electrode type
- the drive power source of the oxygen concentration detector 22 becomes unnecessary when used outdoors, and the effect of improving maintainability is also obtained. You can expect it.
- the galvanic cell type oxygen concentration detector detects oxygen by voltage, there is no detection limit depending on the concentration, and the CO 2 concentration can be set under higher conditions (about 40,000 ppm). If the CO 2 concentration can be set to a high condition, CO 2 can be quickly supplied to the inside of the leaf (inside the plant sample S) regardless of the open / closed state of the stomata, and rapid steady-state photosynthetic activity measurement is possible. Become.
- a constant flow rate of air must be continuously flowed into the closed chamber 16.
- air is constantly injected into the plant sample S. That is, in a plant such as an aquatic plant that is vulnerable to desiccation, water may be lost due to continuous injection of air during the gas exchange measurement, and the plant sample S may be damaged.
- oxygen measurement is performed even in a state where no light is irradiated, and this is looking at the dark respiration rate (oxygen consumption).
- the total photosynthesis rate (photosynthesis activity ability) including the oxygen concentration change rate (apparent photosynthesis rate) and the dark respiration rate during photosynthesis-induced light irradiation is observed.
- Y (II) When looking at the photosynthetic ability from chlorophyll fluorescence, Y (II) is used, but the value in the saturated CO 2 state is used. This is because Y (II) in the non-saturated CO 2 state does not correctly represent the photosynthetic ability. Further, when the photosynthetic ability from the oxygen concentration change rate (photosynthetic activity ability) is converted into Y (II) and evaluated by a Y (ND) -Y (II) graph or a Y (ND) / Y (II) value. However, the dark breathing rate is also added to the oxygen concentration change rate (photosynthetic activity).
- the advantage of converting the oxygen concentration change rate (photosynthetic ability) to Y (II) is that the dimension can be unified with Y (ND). From the oxygen evolution rate V (O 2 ) to Y (II), it is calculated by the following formula.
- the inside of the closed chamber 16 can be kept in a closed state and a felt soaked in water can be installed inside the chamber, so that the inside of the closed chamber 16 can be maintained in a highly wet state.
- the water content of the plant sample S is not lost during the oxygen concentration measurement.
- the environmental sensor 24 is provided to measure the environmental state (environmental information) inside the closed chamber 16.
- the environment sensor 24 for example, all or any of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a barometric pressure sensor can be used. Further, the environmental sensor 24 is not limited to the temperature sensor, the humidity sensor, and the atmospheric pressure sensor, and may be a sensor for measuring other environmental parameters.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 is mainly used outdoors. As a matter of course, in an outdoor field site, each condition such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure will differ depending on the area and environment.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 in FIG. 7 corrects (corrects) the oxygen evolution rate of the plant sample S inside the closed chamber 16 by detecting the temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure inside the closed chamber 16 when used outdoors in different environments. Processing) can be performed.
- the oxygen concentration O 2 can be calculated by the following formula by using this correction coefficient ⁇ .
- oxygen evolution rate V (O 2 ) can be calculated by the following formula.
- V (O 2 ) [ ⁇ mol O 2 / m 2 ⁇ s] 10 4 / A ⁇ K (t 0 ) ⁇ d / dt ⁇ Vs (t) ⁇ ⁇ (t) ⁇ A: Leaf area [cm 2 ]
- the analysis circuit 20a in FIG. 7 calculates the light absorption difference between the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 transmitted through the plant sample S by using the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light TL (two-wavelength absorption difference measurement). After that, the analysis circuit 20a calculates Y (ND), which is a state in which P700 of the photosystem I in photosynthesis is oxidized, as a ROS marker which is an index for suppressing active oxygen in plants by utilizing this light absorption difference.
- the measurement light is adjusted in irradiation intensity by controlling the constant current of the LED light source, and the drive current can be changed linearly.
- the waveform after passing through the sample and passing through the photodetector becomes one synthetic square wave waveform.
- the sample and setting the photodetection signals of the two measurement lights are set to the same value as much as possible, the two spectral characteristics can be made the same.
- the difference between the two light absorptions can be calculated accurately.
- the sample is set first so that the signal intensities of the two wavelengths of the measurement light are the same, but in reality there is a noise width, and the same signal is used for the DC signal. It is difficult to make it strong.
- the lock-in amplifier processing is performed by the signal processing by forming one synthetic square wave waveform.
- the signal intensity difference below the noise width can be calculated, and the signal strength of the two-wavelength measurement light can be reduced. The characteristic can be canceled.
- the lock-in amplifier processing since the frequency is not locked unless the two signals have irregularities, the irregularities are created to the extent that they can be detected, but the difference between the irregularities can be identified by about 1 to 2%. Since this unevenness difference is usually less than or equal to the noise width, it does not affect the actual measurement.
- the intensities of the two wavelength measurement lights are adjusted as follows.
- the signal intensity of one of the measurement lights is measured through the sample, and the supply current to the ML2 light source (LED) is adjusted so as to obtain a desired signal intensity.
- the other measurement light ML1 is irradiated, the signal intensity is measured through the sample, and the ML1 is subjected to lock-in amplifier processing so that the signal intensity difference from the ML2 is about 1 to 2% of the desired signal intensity.
- the oxygen concentration detector 22 detects the oxygen evolution rate of the plant sample S inside the closed chamber 16, and the obtained detection result is sent to the analysis circuit 20a.
- the environmental sensor 24 detects environmental information (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, etc.) inside the closed chamber 16, and the obtained detection result is sent to the analysis circuit 20a.
- the analysis circuit 20a corrects the oxygen generation rate obtained by the oxygen concentration detector 22 based on the environmental information obtained by the environmental sensor 24. This oxygen evolution rate correction process is particularly effective during outdoor measurement where various environmental conditions are assumed.
- the analysis circuit 20a analyzes the correlation between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate (also called a correlation analysis result or a correlation analysis graph), and makes an environmental stress diagnosis in a plant using the obtained correlation analysis result.
- This correlation analysis result is compared with the environmental stress correlation data (also called an oxidative disorder diagnosis manual) stored in advance in the analysis circuit 20a as shown in FIG. 8, for example, to obtain the environmental stress state (environmental stress) in the plant. Whether or not you are receiving it, or the degree of environmental stress, etc.) can be diagnosed accurately and early.
- environmental stress correlation data also called an oxidative disorder diagnosis manual
- the environmental stress diagnosis device in the present embodiment can also perform environmental stress diagnosis of plants by using, for example, a data server on a network.
- FIG. 10 shows a schematic image diagram of environmental stress diagnosis using a data server.
- the environmental stress diagnostic device 10 can connect to the Internet to a communication terminal such as a smartphone or a tablet terminal.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 is provided with a communication unit (not shown) for connecting to a network.
- the environmental stress diagnostic device 10 is network-connected to the communication terminal via this communication unit (by wireless communication in FIG. 10).
- the network connection can also be made by a wired connection.
- the environmental stress diagnostic device 10 is operated by using a communication terminal. Further, for example, the ROS marker as the measurement result and the environmental stress diagnosis result are displayed on the communication terminal.
- the screen of the mobile terminal can display a real-time measurement display, a diagnostic plot screen, and the like in addition to the setting screen.
- the measurement result and the environmental stress diagnosis result may be displayed by using, for example, an application.
- the communication terminal is connected to a network, for example, a data server in which environmental stress diagnosis data and the like are stored.
- the data server stores past measurement data (ROS markers, other measurement results measured by the device, etc.), weather information, other growth information, etc. as a database (collectively, environmental stress diagnosis). Also called data).
- the environmental stress diagnostic device 10 can also compare the environmental stress diagnostic data stored in the data server with the measurement results (ROS markers, etc.) to diagnose the environmental stress state of the plant sample.
- ROI markers the measurement results
- classification prediction by machine learning and environmental stress diagnosis may be performed.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus of the present embodiment by using the ROS marker, it is possible to accurately and early diagnose the environmental stress of the plant sample without selecting the place where the plant is measured (even outdoors).
- the environmental stress diagnosis in the present embodiment is carried out as described above.
- FIG. 12 shows a schematic explanatory view of the measurement light irradiation according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the operation (control) of the control circuit 20b in FIG. 1 (and FIG. 7).
- the control circuit 20b performs constant current control using PWM control (ON / OFF switching control in PWM control) in order to form the combined square wave measurement light. As shown in FIG. 12, the control circuit 20b has CH1 for controlling the first measurement light ML1 and CH2 for controlling the second measurement light ML2. CH1 and CH2 output a digital signal as a control command.
- PWM control ON / OFF switching control in PWM control
- the digital signals from the control circuits 20b are converted into predetermined current values (analog signals) by the D / A converter 1 (DAC1) and the D / A converter 2 (DAC2), respectively, and the conversion is performed.
- the analog signal is input to the constant current driver 1 and the constant current driver 2.
- the control circuit 20b outputs a PWM signal (on / off signal) for PWM control to the constant current driver 1 and the constant current driver 2.
- a PWM signal on / off signal
- the constant current driver 1 and the constant current driver 2 operate according to the PWM signal.
- PWM signals are sequentially input to the constant current driver 1 and the constant current driver 2 so that the ML1 and the ML2 are square waves having opposite phases.
- control circuit 20b controls the constant current driver 1 and the constant current driver 2 so that the second measurement light ML2 has a higher output than the first measurement light ML1.
- the control circuit 20b can also control the constant current driver 1 and the constant current driver 2 so that the first measurement light ML1 has a higher output than the second measurement light ML2.
- the constant current driver 1 causes the measurement light source 12 to output the first measurement light ML1
- the constant current driver 2 causes the measurement light source 12 to output the second measurement light ML2.
- the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 from the measurement light source 12 are each controlled as a rectangular wave having opposite phases, as shown in FIG. 12, one pseudo rectangle containing a DC component.
- a wave composite rectangular wave measurement light ML3 is formed.
- the frequency of the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3 is preferably 5 kHz to 30 kHz, and particularly preferably 8 kHz to 20 kHz in order to perform a good light absorption difference measurement for obtaining a ROS marker.
- the frequency of the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3 in the present embodiment is controlled to 10 kHz.
- the control circuit 20b can adjust and control the output amplitudes of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2.
- the second measurement light ML2 has a higher output than the first measurement light ML1, and the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 are rectangular waves having opposite phases.
- the measurement light source 12 is controlled. Further, the control circuit 20b controls the measurement light source 12 so that the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 are output in synchronization, and the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 are 5 kHz including a DC component. It is formed as one pseudo synthetic rectangular wave measurement light ML3 of about 30 kHz.
- feedback control is performed while monitoring with the transmitted light detector 18 so that the output value of the first measurement light ML1 and the output value of the second measurement light ML2 have the same output value, and the plant sample S is transmitted.
- the control circuit 20b controls the measurement light source 12 so that the difference between the output values (output amplitudes) of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 is within 1% to 5% or 1% to 2%. (This number is close to the actual noise level). However, if the difference between the output values becomes 0 (same output value), the lock-in amplifier signal processing described later cannot be performed. That is, since the synthetic rectangular wave measurement light ML3 containing the AC component cannot be obtained, the output value of the first measurement light ML1 and the output value of the second measurement light ML2 are controlled so as to be slightly different.
- the output value of the second measurement light ML2 when the output value (current value or voltage value) of the first measurement light ML1 is 100%, the output value of the second measurement light ML2 is about 101% to 105%, or 101%. It will be about 102%. By adjusting the output values of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 within this range, accurate measurement can be realized.
- the phase difference may be 90 degrees and the duty ratio may be 50% (duty ratio 5: 5) for each of ML1 and ML2.
- the phase difference may be 90 degrees, the duty ratio may be 80% for ML1 and 20% for ML2 (duty ratio 8: 2).
- the duty ratio of ML1 and ML2 is not limited to that shown in FIG. 10, and may be appropriately set according to the measurement.
- the phase difference is 90 degrees and the duty ratio is 50% for each of ML1 and ML2 in consideration of the ease of the waveform forming technique and the convenience of analysis.
- the duty ratio can be set to 48:48 or 47:47 to create an interval between the overlap times.
- the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3 obtained by the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 is obtained as a pseudo square wave having a DC component and an AC component.
- the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3 transmitted through the plant sample S is detected as the synthetic square wave transmitted light TL by the transmitted light detector 18 (see FIG. 1) (see FIG. 14).
- the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light TL contains a DC component and an AC component.
- the AC component of this synthetic square wave transmitted light TL corresponds to the two-wavelength light absorption difference between the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 transmitted through the plant sample S.
- the stress diagnostic apparatus 10 can reduce the number of components as compared with the conventional product, and thus can be miniaturized.
- the transmitted light detector 18 detects the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light TL as a 10 kHz square wave having a slight unevenness (AC component) on the DC component (FIG. 14).
- AC component an AC coupling
- the DC component can be removed and only the AC component can be detected.
- amplifying this AC component with an amplification amplifier, a sufficient dynamic range can be secured (even a minute signal change can be sufficiently magnified and measured).
- two-wavelength light is used by using the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 as before.
- a noise reduction effect can be expected as compared with the case of detecting the absorption difference.
- the difference in minute changes in two-wavelength absorption can be increased by performing lock-in amplifier signal processing using the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3. It can be calculated by the S / N ratio.
- the output of the second measurement light ML2 is higher than that of the first measurement light ML1 (specifically, the output is slightly higher in the range of about 1% to 5%) and the first measurement is performed.
- the combined rectangular wave measurement light ML3 can be obtained by synchronously controlling the optical ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 as rectangular waves having opposite phases.
- very high-speed control of the light source output waveform (frequency 5 kHz to 30 kHz) is performed, and the LED control currents of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 are controlled due to the difference in absorption of the sample to be measured. It is variably adjusted.
- the settling time differs depending on the set current (LED control current)
- the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 may overlap (synchronization of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2). May shift or the composite waveform may collapse).
- the settling time (falling time) is tens to hundreds of nsec. In the case of such high-speed control, if the synchronization is shifted even a little, the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3 cannot be obtained.
- control circuit 20b simultaneously controls (synchronous control) for the synchronization deviation between the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2, in addition to the control for forming the synthetic square wave measurement light ML3. ing.
- FIG. 15 shows a schematic explanatory diagram of the synchronization control according to the present embodiment.
- the control circuit 20b adjusts the timing of the rise and fall of the rectangular wave in the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2, and the reference signal as the command frequency at the time of adjusting the light source for measurement at the start of measurement. I'm watching. Then, the control circuit 20b compares the timing of the falling edge of the rectangular wave in ML1 and ML2 with the reference signal waveform.
- the control circuit 20b can synchronize the rising timings of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2.
- the fall timing of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 may be deviated due to the output (output current, etc.) of the measurement light source 12 due to the transmittance of the sample or the like (actually). The way the square wave descends differs depending on the output value).
- the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 may have different fall timings.
- the control circuit 20b sets the fall timing in units of 0.25 ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0.25 ⁇ s to +0.25 ⁇ s). ) To maintain synchronization. Specifically, the control circuit 20b compares the timing of the falling edge of the square wave in the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 with the reference signal waveform as the command frequency. When the fall timing of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 is deviated due to the output from the measurement light source 12, the control circuit 20b sets the fall timing in units of 0.25 ⁇ s. Adjust and keep in sync.
- the control circuit 20b synchronizes the rising timings of the square waves in the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 output from the measurement light source 12 by PWM control so as to delay each other by half a cycle.
- the fall timing of the first measurement light ML1 and the second measurement light ML2 is such that the timing difference (the degree of overlap of the two measurement lights) due to the difference in the fall time caused by the difference in the measurement light intensity is in units of 0.25 ⁇ s. Can be adjusted with.
- stable synthetic square wave measurement light can be obtained by dealing with the synchronization deviation that can always occur in the control of the measurement light. As a result, it is possible to realize an accurate environmental stress diagnosis.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 utilizes the correlation between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate (or the photosynthetic rate Y (II) calculated from V (O 2 )) to make the plant more accurate and earlier than before. It diagnoses environmental stress. That is, conventionally, the environmental stress diagnosis of plants was performed only by the photosynthetic activity in Photosystem II, but in this embodiment, in addition to Photosystem II (or oxygen evolution rate), the state of P700 in Photosystem I is also analyzed. And make a diagnosis.
- FIG. 16 shows a schematic explanatory diagram of the induction principle of the ROS marker (Y (ND)) according to the present embodiment.
- Y ROS marker
- FIG. 16 shows a schematic explanatory diagram of the induction principle of the ROS marker (Y (ND)) according to the present embodiment.
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- P700 of Photosystem I also called PSI
- P700 + P700 +
- Y (ND) the danger of ROS generation due to a decrease in photosynthesis can be detected at an early stage.
- this (Y (ND)) is called an ROS marker as an active oxygen suppression index.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 includes the oxygen concentration detector 22 together with the transmitted light detector 18, and the analysis circuit 20a calculates the correlation between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate to obtain a plant.
- the environmental stress diagnosis in Japan is performed more accurately and earlier than before.
- FIG. 17 shows an example of the relationship between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate.
- FIG. 17 shows field A (growing a plant (wheat) under environmental stress, A in FIG. 17), field B (growing a plant (wheat) not under environmental stress, B in FIG. 17), field C. (Growing a plant (wheat) that has not been subjected to environmental stress, C in FIG. 17) It is a result of measuring and analyzing a plant sample in each field.
- the value of Y (ND) / V (O 2 ) is large in the field A where the plants under environmental stress are grown.
- this value is smaller than that in the field A.
- FIG. 18 shows a correlation image diagram between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate in the present embodiment.
- A, B, and C in FIG. 18 indicate A (field A), B (field B), and C (field C) in FIG.
- the straight line located in the center of FIG. 18 is a discriminant straight line for discriminating whether or not the plant is under environmental stress.
- FIG. 18 shows that an accurate environmental stress diagnosis result can be obtained by using the correlation between the ROS marker and the oxygen evolution rate.
- the combined rectangular wave measurement light ML3 is formed by the control circuit 20b (ML2 has a higher output than ML1 and ML1 and ML2 are synchronously controlled as opposite-phase square waves) and transmitted.
- the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light TL (ROS marker is calculated by the analysis circuit 20a) and the oxygen generation rate of the plant sample S housed in the closed chamber 16 are simultaneously measured. ..
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 capable of diagnosing the environmental stress state of plants more accurately and earlier than the conventional chlorophyll fluorescence measurement. Can be obtained.
- the environmental stress diagnosis device for plants has been described, but for example, by performing the same process as this device, the environmental stress diagnosis can be performed more accurately and earlier than before.
- the plant sample is housed in a closed chamber, and the first measurement light and the second measurement light output from the measurement light source are adjusted by the control circuit, and the first photosynthesis guided light and the first photosynthetic guided light output from the induction light source are adjusted.
- the step of adjusting the second photosynthesis-induced light is performed.
- the second measurement light is output higher than the first measurement light, and the measurement light source is controlled by a control circuit so that the first measurement light and the second measurement light become rectangular waves having opposite phases.
- the control circuit controls the measurement light source so that the first measurement light and the second measurement light are output in synchronization, and the first measurement light and the second measurement light are of 5 kHz to 30 kHz including a DC component.
- a step of forming the pseudo synthetic rectangular wave measurement light as one pseudo synthetic rectangular wave measurement light and irradiating the plant sample with the synthetic rectangular wave measurement light together with the first photosynthesis induction light and the second photosynthesis induction light is performed.
- a step of detecting the synthetic square wave measurement light transmitted through the plant sample as synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light by a transmitted light detector is performed. Then, the light absorption difference between the first measurement light and the second measurement light transmitted through the plant sample is calculated by the analysis circuit using the synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light, and the analysis circuit utilizes the light absorption difference.
- Y (ND) which is a state in which P700 of the photochemical system I is oxidized, is calculated as a ROS marker which is an index for suppressing active oxygen in plants.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 can also calculate Y (I) and Y (NA) together with Y (ND) and the oxygen evolution rate V (O2), for example, as shown in FIG.
- Optimal analysis can be performed by combining these other parameters.
- FIG. 20 and 21 show comparative image diagrams of a plant in a normal state of inorganic nutrients (contol) and a plant in a state of lack of inorganic nutrients (free).
- Inorganic nutrients as used herein mean other elements of essential nutrients of plants except C, O and H.
- FIG. 20 shows a comparative image of N, P, K, S, Mg, and Ca, which are essential nutrients of plants.
- FIG. 21 shows a comparative image of B, Zn, Mo, Cu, Fe, and Mn.
- FIGS. 20 and 21 are comparisons of the growth of sunflowers. Specifically, sunflowers are cultivated for 2 weeks, after which the concentration of each inorganic nutrient is changed. Then, one week after that, each growth comparison was performed. Hereinafter, the measurement results and the like using the fresh leaves of sunflower as the plant sample S will be shown.
- the lack of inorganic nutrients has a great influence on the growth of plants.
- the deficiency state of inorganic nutrients can be detected at an early stage by detecting various parameters of Photosystem I and Photosystem II. Diagnosis of inorganic vegetative stress in plants can be expected to have the effect of reducing, for example, the mismatch of topdressing timing, and as a result, ensuring a stable plant yield.
- FIG. 22 shows a schematic configuration diagram when chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is performed by the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment.
- the configuration common to the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 7 will be described with the same reference numerals.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus 10 is provided with a fluorescence detector 40 for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence in addition to a transmitted light detector 18 and an oxygen concentration detector 22 (and an environmental sensor 24). ..
- a 450 nm LED can be used as a light source for performing chlorophyll fluorescence measurement.
- a 450 nm LED can be added to the induction light source 14.
- the analysis circuit 20a in FIG. 22 uses the chlorophyll fluorescence detection result obtained by the fluorescence detector 40 to form Y (II) as a photosynthesis rate, Y (NPQ) as photoenergy that cannot be used for photosynthesis, and a photochemical system.
- Y (NO) as the basic heat dissipation ability in II and 1-pL as the plastoquinone reduction rate can be calculated (FIG. 23).
- the analysis circuit 20a utilizes the light absorption difference to form Y (I), which is the ground state of P700, Y (NA), which is the state in which P700 is absorbing light energy, and the ROS marker.
- Y (ND) can be calculated as (FIG. 24).
- FIG. 25 shows a measurement result graph (also called RFM Original Plot) in which the passage of time is represented in a circle (pie chart) and Y (I), Y (ND), Y (NA), and Y (II) are plotted. An example is shown. In FIG. 25, one round of the pie chart is represented as the passage of time for 10 minutes. In FIG. 25, it cannot be said that the change in the locus shape due to the difference in the deficient element clearly appears even when the loci (trajectory shape) of the plots are compared.
- FIG. 26 shows an example of a measurement result graph (also referred to as RFM Diagnosis Plat) showing values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) in FIG. 25 by Y (II). ..
- RFM Diagnosis Plat shows values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) in FIG. 25 by Y (II). ..
- FIG. 26 shows an example of a measurement result graph (also referred to as RFM Diagnosis Plat) showing values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) in FIG. 25 by Y (II). ..
- RFM Diagnosis Plat shows values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) in FIG. 25 by Y (II).
- the diagnosis of inorganic nutritional stress in a plant is made by comparing the locus shapes of the basic diagnostic graph obtained by the plant in which the inorganic nutrient is controlled and the sample diagnostic graph obtained by the plant sample S. (Diagnosis of inorganic nutrient deficiency) can be performed. Further, the comparison between the locus shape in the basic diagnostic graph and the locus shape in the sample diagnostic graph can be performed by automatically recognizing the locus shape pattern by using, for example, machine learning of AI.
- FIG. 27 shows the passage of time in a circle, and Y (I), Y (ND), Y (NA), Y (II), Y (NO), Y (NPQ), and 1-qL are shown.
- An example of the plotted measurement result graph (also called Diagnosis Plot) is shown.
- FIG. 28 shows an example of a measurement result graph (also referred to as Original Plot) showing values obtained by dividing Y (ND), Y (NA), Y (NPQ), and 1-qL by Y (II). .. Comparing FIGS. 27 and 28, it is difficult to understand the difference in the locus shape in FIG. 27, while in FIG. 28, the difference in the locus shape due to the deficient element can be grasped relatively easily.
- FIG. 29 the magnitudes of the respective values of Y (I), Y (ND), Y (NA), Y (II), Y (NO), Y (NPQ), and 1-qL are shown in a circle.
- An example of the expressed measurement result graph (also called Radar chart) is shown.
- the measurement result of FIG. 29 can also be used for the diagnosis of the inorganic nutritional stress according to the present embodiment.
- the analysis circuit 20a when the measurement results of FIGS. 25 to 29 are examined, the analysis circuit 20a according to the present embodiment has Y (II), Y (NPQ), Y (NO), 1-pL, Y (I), Y ( NA) and all or any of the ROS marker Y (ND) can be used to diagnose inorganic nutritional stress in plants (diagnosis of inorganic nutrient deficiency).
- the analysis circuit 20a creates a sample diagnostic graph in which the passage of time is represented in a circle and the values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) by Y (II) are plotted.
- N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, B, Zn, Mo, Cu which are essential nutrients in plants.
- a deficiency state of all or any of Fe and Mn can be diagnosed.
- the field C (region C) is a healthy field with good growth (region where the generation of ROS markers is small), and the growth prediction based on the results of this example is C> B.
- > A> D is predicted (the growth of the region where the photosynthetic activity decreases and the generation of ROS markers tends to increase is poor).
- FIG. 31 shows a schematic image of how the sunflowers grew two months after sowing. As shown in the figure, the growth order was C>B>A> D as in the growth prediction of FIG. 30. As described above, by using the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus according to the present embodiment, the growth condition of the plant can be predicted from the correlation between the ROS marker and the photosynthetic activity (Y (II) or V (O 2 )). ..
- a sample diagnostic graph in which the passage of time is represented in a circle and the values obtained by dividing Y (I), Y (ND), and Y (NA) by Y (II) are plotted (for example, FIG. 26). From the plot shape of FIG. 28), the deficiency state of essential nutrients in plants can be predicted or diagnosed in more detail.
- the temperature control unit 42 can be provided in the closed chamber 16 as shown in FIG. 33.
- the internal leaf temperature (temperature of the plant sample S) can be controlled by providing the temperature control unit 42 in the closed chamber 16.
- environmental stress diagnosis in plants is performed using the measurement information of Photosystem II or Photosystem I.
- the measurement information and analysis results obtained by the environmental stress diagnosis device 10 according to this embodiment can be used. It can also be used for other purposes such as plant growth diagnosis and variety improvement.
- the environmental stress diagnostic apparatus has a structure in which a plant sample is placed inside a closed chamber. For example, by adopting a structure in which leaves are sandwiched and measured (measurement without cutting the leaves). It is also possible to realize non-destructive monitoring over time.
- a plurality of environmental stress diagnostic devices by using a mobile terminal, a data server, or the like, it is possible to collectively measure a plurality of samples at the same time.
- Environmental stress diagnostic device 12 Measurement light source 14 Induction light source 16 Sealed chamber 18 Transmitted light detector 20 Control unit 20a Analysis circuit 20b Control circuit 22 Oxygen concentration detector 24 Environmental sensor 30a Breath introduction port 30b Air output port 40 Fluorescence detector 42 Temperature control unit ML Measurement light ML1 1st measurement light ML2 2nd measurement light ML3 Synthetic rectangular wave measurement light PL Photosynthesis induction light FR 1st photosynthesis guided light AL 2nd photosynthesis guided light TL Synthetic rectangular wave transmitted light
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Abstract
Description
植物試料へ測定光を照射する測定用光源と、前記植物試料へ光合成誘導光を照射する誘導用光源と、前記植物試料が収容されるとともに前記測定光および光合成誘導光が内部へ進入可能な密閉チャンバと、前記植物試料を透過した測定光を透過光として検出する透過光検出器と、該透過光検出器で検出された透過光を測定信号として受信する制御ユニットと、を含み、前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断する環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記測定用光源は、波長が異なる2種類の第1測定光および第2測定光を出力し、
前記誘導用光源は、波長が異なる2種類の第1光合成誘導光および第2光合成誘導光を出力し、
前記制御ユニットは、前記透過光検出器で得られた検出結果を解析する解析回路と、前記測定用光源および誘導用光源を前記植物試料に対応させて制御する制御回路と、を有し、
前記制御回路は、前期第1測定光と第2測定光とを異なる出力振幅に調整制御するとともに前記第1測定光と第2測定光とが逆位相の矩形波となるよう前記測定用光源を制御し、
前記制御回路は、前記第1測定光と第2測定光を同期して出力させるよう前記測定用光源を制御して該第1測定光と第2測定光をDC成分が含まれる5kHz~30kHzの疑似的な1つの合成矩形波測定光として形成し、
前記透過光検出器は、前記植物試料を透過した前記合成矩形波測定光を合成矩形波透過光として検出し、
前記解析回路は、前記合成矩形波透過光を利用して前記植物試料を透過した第1測定光および第2測定光の光吸収差を算出し、該光吸収差を利用して光合成において光化学系IのP700が酸化された状態であるY(ND)を植物の活性酸素抑制指標であるROSマーカーとして算出し、
前記解析回路は、前記ROSマーカーを利用して前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断することを特徴とする。
当該環境ストレス診断装置にはネットワーク接続するための通信部が設けられ、該通信部を介して当該環境ストレス診断装置は通信端末にネットワーク接続され、
前記通信端末は当該環境ストレス診断装置の操作に利用され、且つ、測定結果としてのROSマーカーおよび環境ストレス診断結果が表示され、
前記通信端末は環境ストレス診断データが蓄積されたデータサーバーにネットワーク接続され、該環境ストレス診断データと前記ROSマーカーとを比較して前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断することを特徴とする。
前記制御回路は、PWM制御によって前記測定用光源から出力される前記第1測定光および第2測定光を同期させ、
前記制御回路は、前記第1測定光および第2測定光における矩形波の立ち下がりのタイミングを指令周波数としてのリファレンス信号波形と比較し、
前記制御回路は、前記測定用光源からの出力に起因して前記第1測定光および第2測定光における立ち下りのタイミングがずれた場合には該立ち下がりのタイミングを0.25μs単位で調整して同期を維持することを特徴とする。
前記誘導用光源は、前記第1光合成誘導光を連続的な照射として定常照射し、該定常照射した後に休止期間を設けずに該定常照射よりも高出力な照射としてパルス照射し、その後に休止期間を設けて前記第2光合成誘導光を定常照射し、該定常照射した後に休止期間を設けずにパルス照射し、
前記パルス照射の照射時間は、1ms~300msであることを特徴とする。
前記密閉チャンバには、該密閉チャンバ内部における植物試料の酸素発生速度を測定する酸素濃度検出器が設けられ、
前記解析回路は、前記ROSマーカーと前記酸素発生速度(光合成速度)との相関を利用して前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断することを特徴とする。
前記密閉チャンバには、温度センサー、湿度センサー、気圧センサーの全部ないしいずれかが環境センサーとして設けられ、
前記解析回路は、前記環境センサーで得られた検出結果に基づいて前記酸素濃度検出器で検出された酸素発生速度を補正処理することを特徴とする。
前記酸素濃度検出器は、ガルバニ電池式の酸素濃度検出器であることを特徴とする。
前記密閉チャンバには、外部から呼気を導入するための呼気導入ポートおよび当該密閉チャンバ内部のエアーを入れ替えるためのエアー出力ポートが設けられていることを特徴とする。
当該環境ストレス診断装置には、前記植物試料からのクロロフィル蛍光を検出する蛍光検出器が設けられ、
前記解析回路は、前記蛍光検出器で得られたクロロフィル蛍光検出結果(飽和CO2状態時)から光合成速度としてのY(II)と、光合成に利用できない光エネルギーとしてのY(NPQ)と、光化学系IIにおける基礎的熱散逸能としてのY(NO)と、プラストキノン還元率としての1-pLと、を算出し、
前記解析回路は、前記光吸収差を利用してP700の基底状態であるY(I)と、P700が光エネルギーを吸収している状態であるY(NA)と、を算出し、
前記解析回路は、前記Y(II)、Y(NPQ)、Y(NO)、1-pL、Y(I)、Y(NA)、およびROSマーカーであるY(ND)の全部ないしいずれかを利用して前記植物試料における無機栄養素の欠乏状態を診断することを特徴とする。
前記解析回路は、時間経過を円状に表現してY(I)、Y(ND)、Y(NA)をY(II)で除した値がプロットされたサンプル診断グラフを作成し、
前記解析回路は、無機栄養素がコントロールされた植物を示した基本診断グラフと前記サンプル診断グラフとを比較することで前記植物試料における必須栄養素であるN,P,K,S,Mg,Ca,B,Zn、Mo,Cu,Fe,Mnの全部ないしいずれかの欠乏状態を診断することを特徴とする。
前記密閉チャンバには、該密閉チャンバ内部に位置する前記植物試料の温度を制御するための温調ユニットが設けられることを特徴とする。
植物試料を密閉チャンバへ収容し、制御回路により測定用光源から出力される第1測定光および第2測定光を調整するとともに誘導用光源から出力させる第1光合成誘導光および第2光合成誘導光を調整する工程と、
前記第1測定光よりも前記第2測定光を高出力にするとともに前記第1測定光と第2測定光とが逆位相の矩形波となるよう前記制御回路により前記測定用光源を制御し、且つ、前記制御回路により前記第1測定光と第2測定光を同期して出力させるよう前記測定用光源を制御して前記第1測定光と第2測定光をDC成分が含まれる5kHz~30kHzの疑似的な1つの合成矩形波測定光として形成し、該合成矩形波測定光を前記第1光合成誘導光および第2光合成誘導光とともに前記植物試料へ照射する工程と、
前記植物試料を透過した前記合成矩形波測定光を透過光検出器で1つの周波数の合成矩形波透過光として検出する工程と、
前記合成矩形波透過光を利用して前記植物試料を透過した第1測定光および第2測定光の光吸収差を解析回路により算出し、該解析回路が該光吸収差を利用して光合成において光化学系IのP700が酸化された状態であるY(ND)を植物の活性酸素抑制指標であるROSマーカーとして算出する工程と、
前記ROSマーカーを利用して前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断する工程と、を含むことを特徴とする。
次に本実施形態に係る環境ストレス診断装置の変形例について説明する。図7には、本実施形態に係る環境ストレス診断装置の変形例を示す。なお、図7では、図1に示した環境ストレス診断装置10と共通する構成については同一の符号を付して説明する。同図に示すように本実施形態に係る環境ストレス診断装置10の密閉チャンバ16には、該密閉チャンバ16内部における植物試料Sの酸素発生速度(酸素濃度変化とも呼ぶ)を測定する酸素濃度検出器22と、該密閉チャンバ16内部の環境状態を把握するための環境センサー24が設けられている。
なお、本発明において光を照射しない状態でも酸素測定を行っており、これは暗呼吸速度(酸素消費)を見ている。
本実施形態の解析では、光合成誘導光照射時の酸素濃度変化速度(見かけの光合成速度)と暗呼吸速度を加えた総合光合成速度(光合成活性能)を見ている。
また、クロロフィル蛍光から光合成能を見るときにはY(II)を使用するが、飽和CO2状態のときの値を用いる。飽和CO2状態でないときのY(II)は、光合成能を正しく表していないためである。
また、酸素濃度変化速度(光合成活性能)からの光合成能をY(II)に変換して、Y(ND)-Y(II)グラフやY(ND)/Y(II)値で評価する場合も、酸素濃度変化速度(光合成活性能)には暗呼吸速度も加えている。酸素濃度変化速度(光合成能)をY(II)に変換する利点は、次元をY(ND)と統一できる点である。
酸素発生速度V(O2)からY(II)は、以下の式により算出される。
Y(II) = 4 / (α × PFD) × {V’(t) + |V’O(t)|}
= 4 / (α × PFD) × {V(O2)}
α:定数 0.42~0.48
PFD : 光量子束密度(Photon Flux Density):光合成誘導光AL[μmol/m2/s]
V’(t) : 見かけの酸素発生速度(見かけの光合成速度)
V’0(t) : 暗呼吸速度 (光照射前の安定状態の値:酸素センサ消費速度を引いた値)
γ=P(t)/ P(t0)×[{(-4×10-7)×T2(t) - (2×10-6)×T(t)}×H(t)+1]
H(t):計測時間tの時の湿度センサ値 [%]
T(t):計測時間tの時の温度センサ値 [℃]
P(t):計測時間tの時の気圧センサ値 [hPa]
t0 :キャリブレーション時の時間
O2[μmol O2] = K(t0)×Vs(t)×γ(t)
Vs(t):計測時間tの時の酸素センサの電圧信号[V]
K(t0):キャリブレーション時における酸素濃度と電圧信号との変換係数
V(O2)[μmol O2/m2・s] = 104/ A × K(t0)× d/dt {Vs(t)×γ(t)}
A:葉面積[cm2]
本実施形態において、測定光はLED光源の定電流制御により照射強度調整を行っており、ドライブ電流をリニアに変更することができる。
本実施形態において、サンプルを透過して光検知器を経たのちの波形が、一つの合成矩形波波形となることが特徴的である。サンプルをセットして、2つの測定光の光検出信号はできるだけ同じ値とすることで、2つの分光特性を同じにすることができる。
この状態で光照射(光合成誘導光)を行うことで、2つの光吸収差を精度よく算出することができる。
具体的には、二波長吸収差測定では、初めにサンプルをセットして、測定光の2波長の信号強度が同等になるようにするが、実際にはノイズ幅があり、DC信号では同じ信号強度にすることは困難である。本実施形態においては、一つの合成矩形波波形にすることで、信号処理でロックインアンプ処理を行う。このロックインアンプ処理でノイズ幅以下の信号強度差を算出し、2波長測定光の信号さを小さくすることができ、サンプルや光学系を透過させたときの光吸収、光検知器の分光感度特性をキャンセルすることができる。
なお、ロックインアンプ処理では、2つの信号の凹凸がないと周波数ロックされないので、検出できる程度に凹凸を作るが、その凹凸の差は約1~2%程度で識別可能である。この凹凸差は、通常ノイズ幅以下であるため、実測定に影響はない。
本実施形態において、二波長の測定光の各強度は、以下のように調整される。
まず、いずれか一方の測定光(ここではML2)を、サンプルを介して信号強度測定し、所望の信号強度となるようにML2光源(LED)への供給電流を調整する。
次に、他方の測定光(ML1)を照射し、サンプルを介して信号強度測定し、ロックインアンプ処理によりML2との信号強度差が前記所望信号強度の約1~2%となるようにML1光源(LED)への供給電流を調整する。
これらは、サンプル設置後に自動的に実行され、ML1、ML2ともに所望信号強度で、且つ強度差が2%以下に調整されることになる。
次に合成矩形波測定光について詳しく説明する。本実施形態では、ROSマーカーを精度良く測定するために合成矩形波測定光を利用した測定光照射が行われている。図12には本実施形態に係る測定光照射の概略説明図を示す。図12は、図1(および図7)における制御回路20bの動作(制御)を示したブロック図である。
ここで、本実施形態におけるROSマーカーについて説明する。本実施形態に係る環境ストレス診断装置10は、ROSマーカーと酸素発生速度(またはV(O2)から算出した光合成速度Y(II))の相関を利用して従来よりも精度良く早期に植物の環境ストレスを診断するものである。すなわち、従来は光化学系IIにおける光合成活性等のみにより植物の環境ストレス診断を行っていたが、本実施形態では光化学系II(または酸素発生速度)に加えてさらに光化学系IにおけるP700の状態も解析して診断を行っている。
次に本実施形態に係るROSマーカー(Y(ND))と酸素発生速度(光合成速度)の相関関係について説明する。上述したように、本実施形態に係る環境ストレス診断装置10は、透過光検出器18とともに酸素濃度検出器22を備え、解析回路20aによってROSマーカーと酸素発生速度との相関を算出することで植物における環境ストレス診断を従来よりも精度良く早期に行うものである。
上記のとおり本実施形態では、光化学系Iの測定情報(主にROSマーカー)と酸素発生速度(または光合成速度)を利用して環境ストレス診断を行っている。これに加えて本発明者らは、光化学系Iの測定情報とともに光化学系IIにおける他の測定情報も合わせて利用することで、植物における無機栄養ストレスの診断ができることを見出した。
12 測定用光源
14 誘導用光源
16 密閉チャンバ
18 透過光検出器
20 制御ユニット
20a 解析回路
20b 制御回路
22 酸素濃度検出器
24 環境センサー
30a 呼気導入ポート
30b エアー出力ポート
40 蛍光検出器
42 温調ユニット
ML 測定光
ML1 第1測定光
ML2 第2測定光
ML3 合成矩形波測定光
PL 光合成誘導光
FR 第1光合成誘導光
AL 第2光合成誘導光
TL 合成矩形波透過光
Claims (12)
- 植物試料へ測定光を照射する測定用光源と、前記植物試料へ光合成誘導光を照射する誘導用光源と、前記植物試料が収容されるとともに前記測定光および光合成誘導光が内部へ進入可能な密閉チャンバと、前記植物試料を透過した測定光を透過光として検出する透過光検出器と、該透過光検出器で検出された透過光を測定信号として受信する制御ユニットと、を含み、前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断する環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記測定用光源は、波長が異なる2種類の第1測定光および第2測定光を出力し、
前記誘導用光源は、波長が異なる2種類の第1光合成誘導光および第2光合成誘導光を出力し、
前記制御ユニットは、前記透過光検出器で得られた検出結果を解析する解析回路と、前記測定用光源および誘導用光源を前記植物試料に対応させて制御する制御回路と、を有し、
前記制御回路は、前期第1測定光と第2測定光とを異なる出力振幅に調整制御するとともに前記第1測定光と第2測定光とが逆位相の矩形波となるよう前記測定用光源を制御し、
前記制御回路は、前記第1測定光と第2測定光を同期して出力させるよう前記測定用光源を制御して該第1測定光と第2測定光をDC成分が含まれる5kHz~30kHzの疑似的な1つの合成矩形波測定光として形成し、
前記透過光検出器は、前記植物試料を透過した前記合成矩形波測定光を合成矩形波透過光として検出し、
前記解析回路は、前記合成矩形波透過光を利用して前記植物試料を透過した第1測定光および第2測定光の光吸収差を算出し、該光吸収差を利用して光合成において光化学系IのP700が酸化された状態であるY(ND)を植物の活性酸素抑制指標であるROSマーカーとして算出し、
前記解析回路は、前記ROSマーカーを利用して前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断することを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項1に記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
当該環境ストレス診断装置にはネットワーク接続するための通信部が設けられ、該通信部を介して当該環境ストレス診断装置は通信端末にネットワーク接続され、
前記通信端末は当該環境ストレス診断装置の操作に利用され、且つ、測定結果としてのROSマーカーおよび環境ストレス診断結果が表示され、
前記通信端末は環境ストレス診断データが蓄積されたデータサーバーにネットワーク接続され、該環境ストレス診断データと前記ROSマーカーとを比較して前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断することを特徴とする。 - 請求項1または請求項2に記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記制御回路は、PWM制御によって前記測定用光源から出力される前記第1測定光および第2測定光を同期させ、
前記制御回路は、前記第1測定光および第2測定光における矩形波の立ち下がりのタイミングを指令周波数としてのリファレンス信号波形と比較し、
前記制御回路は、前記測定用光源からの出力に起因して前記第1測定光および第2測定光における立ち下りのタイミングがずれた場合には該立ち下がりのタイミングを0.25μs単位で調整して同期を維持することを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれかに記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記誘導用光源は、前記第1光合成誘導光を連続的な照射として定常照射し、該定常照射した後に休止期間を設けずに該定常照射よりも高出力な照射としてパルス照射し、その後に休止期間を設けて前記第2光合成誘導光を定常照射し、該定常照射した後に休止期間を設けずにパルス照射し、
前記パルス照射の照射時間は、1ms~300msであることを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれかに記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記密閉チャンバには、該密閉チャンバ内部における植物試料の酸素発生速度を測定する酸素濃度検出器が設けられ、
前記解析回路は、前記ROSマーカーと前記酸素発生速度との相関を利用して前記植物試料の環境ストレス状態を診断することを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項5に記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記密閉チャンバには、温度センサー、湿度センサー、気圧センサーの全部ないしいずれかが環境センサーとして設けられ、
前記解析回路は、前記環境センサーで得られた検出結果に基づいて前記酸素濃度検出器で検出された酸素発生速度を補正処理することを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項5または請求項6に記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記酸素濃度検出器は、ガルバニ電池式の酸素濃度検出器であることを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項1ないし請求項7のいずれかに記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記密閉チャンバには、外部から呼気を導入するための呼気導入ポートおよび当該密閉チャンバ内部のエアーを入れ替えるためのエアー出力ポートが設けられていることを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項1ないし請求項8のいずれかに記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
当該環境ストレス診断装置には、前記植物試料からのクロロフィル蛍光を検出する蛍光検出器が設けられ、
前記解析回路は、前記蛍光検出器で得られたクロロフィル蛍光検出結果から光合成速度としてのY(II)と、光合成に利用できない光エネルギーとしてのY(NPQ)と、光化学系IIにおける基礎的熱散逸能としてのY(NO)と、プラストキノン還元率としての1-pLと、を算出し、
前記解析回路は、前記光吸収差を利用してP700の基底状態であるY(I)と、P700が光エネルギーを吸収している状態であるY(NA)と、を算出し、
前記解析回路は、前記Y(II)、Y(NPQ)、Y(NO)、1-pL、Y(I)、Y(NA)、およびROSマーカーであるY(ND)の全部ないしいずれかを利用して前記植物試料における無機栄養素の欠乏状態を診断することを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項9に記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記解析回路は、時間経過を円状に表現してY(I)、Y(ND)、Y(NA)をY(II)で除した値がプロットされたサンプル診断グラフを作成し、
前記解析回路は、無機栄養素がコントロールされた植物を示した基本診断グラフと前記サンプル診断グラフとを比較することで前記植物試料における必須栄養素であるN,P,K,S,Mg,Ca,B,Zn、Mo,Cu,Fe,Mnの全部ないしいずれかの欠乏状態を診断することを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 請求項9または請求項10に記載の環境ストレス診断装置であって、
前記密閉チャンバには、該密閉チャンバ内部に位置する前記植物試料の温度を制御するための温調ユニットが設けられることを特徴とする環境ストレス診断装置。 - 植物における環境ストレス診断方法であって、
植物試料を密閉チャンバへ収容し、制御回路により測定用光源から出力される第1測定光および第2測定光を調整するとともに誘導用光源から出力させる第1光合成誘導光および第2光合成誘導光を調整する工程と、
前記第1測定光よりも前記第2測定光を高出力にするとともに前記第1測定光と第2測定光とが逆位相の矩形波となるよう前記制御回路により前記測定用光源を制御し、且つ、前記制御回路により前記第1測定光と第2測定光を同期して出力させるよう前記測定用光源を制御して前記第1測定光と第2測定光をDC成分が含まれる5kHz~30kHzの疑似的な1つの合成矩形波測定光として形成し、該合成矩形波測定光を前記第1光合成誘導光および第2光合成誘導光とともに前記植物試料へ照射する工程と、
前記植物試料を透過した前記合成矩形波測定光を透過光検出器で1つの周波数の合成矩形波透過光として検出する工程と、
前記合成矩形波透過光を利用して前記植物試料を透過した第1測定光および第2測定光の光吸収差を解析回路により算出し、該解析回路が該光吸収差を利用して光合成において光化学系IのP700が酸化された状態であるY(ND)を植物の活性酸素抑制指標であるROSマーカーとして算出する工程と、
前記ROSマーカーを利用して植物の環境ストレス状態を診断する工程と、を含むことを特徴とする植物における環境ストレス診断方法。
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MATTILA HETA; SOTOUDEHNIA POONEH; KUUSLAMPI TELMA; STRACKE RALF; MISHRA KUMUD B; TYYSTJÄRVI ESA: "Singlet oxygen, flavonols and photoinhibition in green and senescing silver birch leaves", TREES, vol. 35, no. 4, 16 March 2021 (2021-03-16), DE , pages 1267 - 1282, XP037512414, ISSN: 0931-1890, DOI: 10.1007/s00468-021-02114-x * |
RIU FURUTANI, KENTARO IFUKU, YUJI SUZUKI, KO NOGUCHI, GINGA SHIMAKAWA, SHINYA WADA, AMANE MAKINO, TAKAYUKI SOHTOME, CHIKAHIRO MIYA: "P700 oxidation suppresses the production of reactive oxygen species in photosystem I", ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH, vol. 96, 1 January 2020 (2020-01-01), GB , pages 151 - 176, XP009536684, ISSN: 0065-2296, DOI: 10.1016/bs.abr.2020.08.001 * |
SEJIMA, TAKEHIRO: "Establishment of pulse method for the purpose of endogenous active oxygen generation and application to cultivation environment diagnosis. Practical application of active oxygen (ROS) diagnosis based on P700 oxidation system.", ABSTRACTS OF THE 2018 ANNUAL MEETING KANAGAWA MEETING OF JAPANESE SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION; 2018/08/29 --2018/08/31, vol. 64, 29 August 2018 (2018-08-29), JP , pages 205, XP009536427, ISSN: 0288-5840, DOI: 10.20710/dohikouen.64.0_205 * |
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JPWO2022102747A1 (ja) | 2022-05-19 |
US20230408478A1 (en) | 2023-12-21 |
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