WO2022086625A2

WO2022086625A2 - Modular conducted electrical weapon

Info

Publication number: WO2022086625A2
Application number: PCT/US2021/047457
Authority: WO
Inventors: Michael E. GISH; Mark J. Eastwood; Nathan A. PATULSKI
Original assignee: Axon Enterprise, Inc.
Priority date: 2020-08-25
Filing date: 2021-08-25
Publication date: 2022-04-28
Also published as: WO2022086625A3; TW202217223A

Abstract

A modular conducted electrical weapon ("MCEW") may interface with a deployment unit configured to deploy a projectile. The MCEW may include a deployment end, a rear end, and a housing defining a bay. The bay may be configured to receive the deployment unit. A shuttle mechanism may be provided to transfer the deployment unit within and out of the bay. The MCEW may include a rear conversion connector and a second housing removably attached to the rear conversion connector. The second housing may contain additional deployment units. The second housing may be attached to the bottom of the housing or the rear of the housing.

Description

TITLE: MODULAR CONDUCTED ELECTRICAL WEAPON

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[1] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”).

BACKGROUND

[2] Conducted electrical weapons (“CEWs”) provide and deliver an electrical current through tissue of a human or animal target. The current may interfere with the voluntary locomotion, for example, walking, running, moving, etc., of the target. The current may cause pain or other discomfort that encourages the target to stop voluntary locomotion. The current may cause neuromuscular incapacitation by causing skeletal muscles of the target to become stiff, lock up, and/or freeze so as to disrupt voluntary control of the muscles. This incapacitation interferes with voluntary locomotion by the target. Typical CEW’s launch two or more electrodes to remotely deliver the current through tissue of the target. The two or more electrodes are electrically coupled to the CEW with wire-tethers, and remain coupled to the CEW before, during, and after deployment of the electrodes.

SUMMARY

[3] In various embodiments, a deployment housing for a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) is disclosed. The deployment housing may comprise a deployment end defining a front opening; a conversion end defining a rear opening; and a body defining a bay between the deployment end and the conversion end, wherein the bay is capable of receiving a deployment unit from either the deployment end or the conversion end, and wherein the deployment end is configured to transfer the deployment unit out of the bay and away from the MCEW.

[4] In various embodiments, the conversion end may further define a bottom opening in fluid communication with the bay. The bay may be configured to receive the deployment unit from at least one of the rear opening or the bottom opening of the conversion end. The body may further define an accessory port proximate the bottom opening. The accessory port may be in fluid communication with the bottom opening. The accessory port may be sized and shaped to enable an accessory to interface with the deployment unit in response to the deployment unit being received within the body. The body may comprise a first sidewall and a second sidewall opposite the first sidewall, and wherein at least one of the first sidewall or the second sidewall defines a guide channel. The primary housing may further comprise a mounting surface coupled to the body, wherein the mounting surface is configured to couple the body to an object. The primary housing may further comprise a shuttle mechanism disposed within the bay. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a lever at least partially exposed external the body, wherein the lever is configured to operate the shuttle mechanism.

[5] In various embodiments, a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) is disclosed. The MCEW may comprise a housing defining a bay, a front opening, a rear opening, and a bottom opening. Each of the front opening, the rear opening, and the bottom opening may be configured to accommodate transfer of a deployment unit. The bay may be configured to receive the deployment unit through at least one of the rear opening and the bottom opening. The MCEW may comprise a shuttle mechanism disposed within the bay, wherein the shuttle mechanism is configured to move the deployment unit into a firing position in the bay and eject the deployment unit out of the housing through the front opening.

[6] In various embodiments, the bay may be configured to accommodate a rear deployment unit and a forward deployment unit; the shuttle mechanism may be configured to force the rear deployment unit forward; and forward movement of the rear deployment unit may be configured to force the forward deployment unit forward and out of the front opening. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a pair of arms configured to engage the rear deployment unit to force the rear deployment unit forward. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a forward cartridge stop configured to retain the forward deployment unit within the bay. The shuttle mechanism may comprise an external lever, wherein the external lever is configured to facilitate movement of the shuttle mechanism. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a shuttle slidably disposed within the bay; and an external lever connected to the shuttle, wherein the external lever is configured to operatively slide the shuttle within the bay. The shuttle mechanism may further comprise a spring configured to bias the shuttle and the deployment unit towards the firing position. [7] In various embodiments, a method of operating a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) is disclosed. The method may comprise operations comprising: operating a shuttle mechanism to a first position in a housing, wherein in the first position the shuttle mechanism positions a first deployment unit into a firing position; operating the shuttle mechanism to a second position in the housing, wherein in the second position the shuttle mechanism engages a second deployment unit positioned behind the first deployment unit; and operating the shuttle mechanism back to the first position in the housing, wherein back in the first position the shuttle mechanism ejects the first deployment unit from the housing and positions the second deployment unit into the firing position.

[8] In various embodiments, in the firing position the first deployment unit or the second deployment unit is configured to activate to launch a projectile through a front opening in the housing. The shuttle mechanism may eject the first deployment unit from the housing by forcing the second deployment unit forward against the first deployment unit, and wherein the second deployment unit ejects the first deployment unit out of the housing through the front opening.

[9] The forgoing features and elements may be combined in various combinations without exclusivity, unless expressly indicated herein otherwise. These features and elements as well as the operation of the disclosed embodiments will become more apparent in light of the following description and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[10] The subject matter of the present disclosure is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. A more complete understanding of the present disclosure, however, may best be obtained by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. In the following figures, like reference numbers refer to similar elements and steps throughout the figures.

[11] Figure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a conducted electrical weapon, in accordance with various embodiments;

[12] Figures 2A-2D illustrates stages of deploying projectiles and ejecting a deployment unit from a of a modular conducted electrical weapon, in accordance with various embodiments;

[13] Figure 3 illustrates an exploded, perspective view of a modular conducted electrical weapon comprising a shuttle mechanism, in accordance with various embodiments; [14] Figure 4A and 4B illustrate perspective views of a modular housing for a modular conducted electrical weapon, in accordance with various embodiments;

[15] Figure 5 A illustrates a perspective view of a conversion adaptor for a modular conducted electrical weapon, in accordance with various embodiments;

[16] Figure 5B illustrates a perspective view of a conversion adaptor having a conversion plate for a modular conducted electrical weapon, in accordance with various embodiments;

[17] Figure 6A illustrates an exploded, perspective view of a modular conducted electrical weapon comprising a bottom-feed magazine, in accordance with various embodiments;

[18] Figure 6B illustrates an end view of Figure 6A, in accordance with various embodiments;

[19] Figure 6C illustrates a cross-section view of Figure 6B taken along the line H, in accordance with various embodiments;

[20] Figure 7A illustrates a side view of a modular conducted electrical weapon with a bottom-feed magazine installed in a first position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[21] Figure 7B illustrates a top, cross-section view of a modular conducted electrical weapon with a bottom-feed magazine installed in a first position, taken along the line A, in accordance with various embodiments;

[22] Figure 8A illustrates a front end view of a modular conducted electrical weapon with a bottom-feed magazine installed in a first position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[23] Figure 8B illustrates a side, cross-section view of Figure 8A of a modular conducted electrical weapon with a bottom-feed magazine installed in a first position, with a forward cartridge stop biased downwardly taken along the line D, in accordance with various embodiments;

[24] Figure 8C illustrates an enlarged, side, cross-section view of detail F of Figure 8B including a modular conducted electrical weapon with a cartridge stop biased downwardly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[25] Figure 9A illustrates a side view of a modular conducted electrical weapon without a bottom-feed magazine installed in a second position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[26] Figure 9B illustrates a top, cross-section view of Figure 9A of a modular conducted electrical weapon in a second position, taken along the line B, in accordance with various embodiments; [27] Figure 10A illustrates a front end view of a modular conducted electrical weapon without a bottom-feed magazine installed in a second position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[28] Figure 10B illustrates a side, cross-section view of Figure 10A of a modular conducted electrical weapon in a second position, with a forward cartridge stop biased upwardly taken along the line E, in accordance with various embodiments;

[29] Figure 10C illustrates an enlarged, side, cross-section view of detail G of Figure 10B including a modular conducted electrical weapon with a forward cartridge stop biased upwardly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[30] Figure 11 A illustrates a side view of a modular conducted electrical weapon without a bottom-feed magazine installed in a first position, racked forward to expel a deployment unit, in accordance with various embodiments;

[31] Figure 1 IB illustrates a top, cross-section view of Figure 11 A of a modular conducted electrical weapon in a first position, racked forward, taken along line C, in accordance with various embodiments;

[32] Figure 12A illustrates a perspective view of a modular conducted electrical weapon comprising a buttstock magazine in a closed, operating position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[33] Figure 12B illustrates a perspective view of a modular conducted electrical weapon comprising a buttstock magazine in an open, loading position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[34] Figure 13 A illustrates an exploded perspective view of a modular conducted electrical weapon comprising a buttstock magazine in an open, loading position, with deployment units loaded within a modular housing, a deployment unit remaining within the buttstock magazine, and the modular housing separated from a conversion adaptor, in accordance with various embodiments;

[35] Figure 13B illustrates a front, end view of a modular conducted electrical weapon of Figure 13 A, in accordance with various embodiments;

[36] Figure 13C illustrates a partial, cross section view of Figure 13B along the line B with a forward cartridge stop biased downwardly and a deployment unit remaining within a buttstock magazine, in accordance with various embodiments; [37] Figure 14A illustrates a front end view of a modular conducted electrical weapon with a buttstock magazine installed, in accordance with various embodiments;

[38] Figure 14B illustrates a side, cross-section view of Figure 14A of a modular conducted electrical weapon in a first position, with a forward cartridge stop biased upwardly taken along line A, in accordance with various embodiments;

[39] Figure 15A illustrates a deployment unit for a modular conducted electrical weapon, in accordance with various embodiments;

[40] Figure 15B illustrates a deployment unit for a modular conducted electrical weapon with deployed projectiles, in accordance with various embodiments;

[41] Figure 16 illustrates a perspective view of a modular conducted electrical weapon having an action style grip, in accordance with various embodiments; and

[42] Figure 17 illustrates a perspective view of a modular conducted electrical weapon with a handle, in accordance with various embodiments.

[43] Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence. For example, steps that may be performed concurrently or in different order are illustrated in the figures to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[44] The detailed description of exemplary embodiments herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments by way of illustration. While these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosures, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical changes and adaptations in design and construction may be made in accordance with this disclosure and the teachings herein. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation.

[45] The scope of the disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents rather than by merely the examples described. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process descriptions may be executed in any order and are not necessarily limited to the order presented. Furthermore, any reference to singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component or step may include a singular embodiment or step. Also, any reference to attached, fixed, coupled, connected, or the like may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, full, and/or any other possible attachment option. Additionally, any reference to without contact (or similar phrases) may also include reduced contact or minimal contact. Surface shading lines may be used throughout the figures to denote different parts but not necessarily to denote the same or different materials.

[46] Systems, methods, and apparatuses may be used to interfere with voluntary locomotion (e.g., walking, running, moving, etc.) of a target. For example, a CEW may be used to deliver a current (e.g., stimulus signal, pulses of current, pulses of charge, etc.) through tissue of a human or animal target. Although typically referred to as a conducted electrical weapon, as described herein a “CEW” may refer to a conducted electrical weapon, a conducted energy weapon, an electronic control device, and/or any other similar device or apparatus configured to provide a stimulus signal through one or more deployed projectiles (e.g., electrodes).

[47] A stimulus signal carries a charge into target tissue. The stimulus signal may interfere with voluntary locomotion of the target. The stimulus signal may cause pain. The pain may also function to encourage the target to stop moving. The stimulus signal may cause skeletal muscles of the target to become stiff (e.g., lock up, freeze, etc.). The stiffening of the muscles in response to a stimulus signal may be referred to as neuromuscular incapacitation (“NMI”). NMI disrupts voluntary control of the muscles of the target. The inability of the target to control its muscles interferes with locomotion of the target.

[48] A stimulus signal may be delivered through the target via terminals coupled to the CEW. Delivery via terminals may be referred to as a local delivery (e.g., a local stun, a drive stun, etc.). During local delivery, the terminals are brought close to the target by positioning the CEW proximate to the target. The stimulus signal is delivered through the target’s tissue via the terminals. To provide local delivery, the user of the CEW is generally within arm’s reach of the target and brings the terminals of the CEW into contact with or proximate to the target.

[49] A stimulus signal may be delivered through the target via one or more (typically at least two) wire-tethered electrodes. Delivery via wire-tethered electrodes may be referred to as a remote delivery (e.g., a remote stun). During a remote delivery, the CEW may be separated from the target up to the length (e.g., 15 feet, 20 feet, 30 feet, etc.) of the wire tether. The CEW launches the electrodes towards the target. As the electrodes travel toward the target, the respective wire tethers deploy behind the electrodes. The wire tether electrically couples the CEW to the electrode. The electrode may electrically couple to the target thereby coupling the CEW to the target. In response to the electrodes connecting with, impacting on, or being positioned proximate to the target’s tissue, the current may be provided through the target via the electrodes (e.g., a circuit is formed through the first tether and the first electrode, the target’s tissue, and the second electrode and the second tether).

[50] Terminals or electrodes that contact or are proximate to the target’s tissue deliver the stimulus signal through the target. Contact of a terminal or electrode with the target’s tissue establishes an electrical coupling (e.g., circuit) with the target’s tissue. Electrodes may include a spear that may pierce the target’s tissue to contact the target. A terminal or electrode that is proximate to the target’s tissue may use ionization to establish an electrical coupling with the target’s tissue. Ionization may also be referred to as arcing.

[51] In use (e.g., during deployment), a terminal or electrode may be separated from the target’s tissue by the target’s clothing or a gap of air. In various embodiments, a signal generator of the CEW may provide the stimulus signal (e.g., current, pulses of current, etc.) at a high voltage (e.g., in the range of 40,000 to 100,000 volts) to ionize the air in the clothing or the air in the gap that separates the terminal or electrode from the target’s tissue. Ionizing the air establishes a low impedance ionization path from the terminal or electrode to the target’s tissue that may be used to deliver the stimulus signal into the target’s tissue via the ionization path. The ionization path persists (e.g., remains in existence, lasts, etc.) as long as the current of a pulse of the stimulus signal is provided via the ionization path. When the current ceases or is reduced below a threshold (e.g., amperage, voltage), the ionization path collapses (e.g., ceases to exist) and the terminal or electrode is no longer electrically coupled to the target’s tissue. Lacking the ionization path, the impedance between the terminal or electrode and target tissue is high. A high voltage in the range of about 50,000 volts can ionize air in a gap of up to about one inch.

[52] A CEW may provide a stimulus signal as a series of current pulses. Each current pulse may include a high voltage portion (e.g., 40,000 - 100,000 volts) and a low voltage portion (e.g., 500 - 6,000 volts). The high voltage portion of a pulse of a stimulus signal may ionize air in a gap between an electrode or terminal and a target to electrically couple the electrode or terminal to the target. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically coupled to the target, the low voltage portion of the pulse delivers an amount of charge into the target’s tissue via the ionization path. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically coupled to the target by contact (e.g., touching, spear embedded into tissue, etc.), the high portion of the pulse and the low portion of the pulse both deliver charge to the target’s tissue. Generally, the low voltage portion of the pulse delivers a majority of the charge of the pulse into the target’s tissue. In various embodiments, the high voltage portion of a pulse of the stimulus signal may be referred to as the spark or ionization portion. The low voltage portion of a pulse may be referred to as the muscle portion.

[53] In various embodiments, a signal generator of the CEW may provide the stimulus signal (e.g., current, pulses of current, etc.) at only a low voltage (e.g., less than 2,000 volts). The low voltage stimulus signal may not ionize the air in the clothing or the air in the gap that separates the terminal or electrode from the target’s tissue. A CEW having a signal generator providing stimulus signals at only a low voltage (e.g., a low voltage signal generator) may require deployed electrodes to be electrically coupled to the target by contact (e.g., touching, spear embedded into tissue, etc.).

[54] A CEW may include at least two terminals at the face of the CEW. A CEW may include two terminals for each bay that accepts a deployment unit (e.g., cartridge). The terminals are spaced apart from each other. In response to the electrodes of the deployment unit in the bay having not been deployed, the high voltage impressed across the terminals will result in ionization of the air between the terminals. The arc between the terminals may be visible to the naked eye. In response to a launched electrode not electrically coupling to a target, the current that would have been provided via the electrodes may arc across the face of the CEW via the terminals.

[55] The likelihood that the stimulus signal will cause NMI increases when the electrodes that deliver the stimulus signal are spaced apart at least 6 inches (15.24 centimeters) so that the current from the stimulus signal flows through the at least 6 inches of the target’s tissue. In various embodiments, the electrodes preferably should be spaced apart at least 12 inches (30.48 centimeters) on the target. Because the terminals on a CEW are typically less than 6 inches apart, a stimulus signal delivered through the target’s tissue via terminals likely will not cause NMI, only pain.

[56] A series of pulses may include two or more pulses separated in time. Each pulse delivers an amount of charge into the target’s tissue. In response to the electrodes being appropriately spaced (as discussed above), the likelihood of inducing NMI increases as each pulse delivers an amount of charge in the range of 55 microcoulombs to 71 microcoulombs per pulse. The likelihood of inducing NMI increases when the rate of pulse delivery (e.g., rate, pulse rate, repetition rate, etc.) is between 11 pulses per second (“pps”) and 50 pps. Pulses delivered at a higher rate may provide less charge per pulse to induce NMI. Pulses that deliver more charge per pulse may be delivered at a lesser rate to induce NMI. In various embodiments, a CEW may be hand-held and use batteries to provide the pulses of the stimulus signal. In response to the amount of charge per pulse being high and the pulse rate being high, the CEW may use more energy than is needed to induce NMI. Using more energy than is needed depletes batteries more quickly.

[57] Empirical testing has shown that the power of the battery may be conserved with a high likelihood of causing NMI in response to the pulse rate being less than 44 pps and the charge per a pulse being about 63 microcoulombs. Empirical testing has shown that a pulse rate of 22 pps and 63 microcoulombs per a pulse via a pair of electrodes will induce NMI when the electrode spacing is at least 12 inches (30.48 centimeters).

[58] In various embodiments, a CEW may include a handle and one or more deployment units. The handle may include one or more bays for receiving the deployment units. Each deployment unit may be removably positioned in (e.g., inserted into, coupled to, etc.) a bay. Each deployment unit may releasably electrically, electronically, and/or mechanically couple to a bay. A deployment of the CEW may launch one or more electrodes toward a target to remotely deliver the stimulus signal through the target.

[59] In various embodiments, a deployment unit may include two or more electrodes that are launched at the same time. In various embodiments, a deployment unit may include two or more electrodes that may be launched individually at separate times. Launching the electrodes may be referred to as activating (e.g., firing) a deployment unit. After use (e.g., activation, firing), a deployment unit may be removed from the bay and replaced with an unused (e.g., not fired, not activated) deployment unit to permit launch of additional electrodes.

[60] In various embodiments, and with reference to Figure 1, a CEW 1 is disclosed. CEW 1 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any CEW discussed herein. CEW 1 may comprise a housing 10 and one or more deployment units 20 (e.g., cartridges). It should be understood by one skilled in the art that Figure l is a schematic representation of CEW 1, and one or more of the components of CEW 1 may be located in any suitable position within, or external to, housing 10.

[61] Housing 10 may be configured to house various components of CEW 1 that are configured to enable deployment of deployment units 20, provide an electrical current to deployment units 20, and otherwise aid in the operation of CEW 1, as discussed further herein. Although depicted as a firearm in Figure 1, housing 10 may comprise any suitable shape and/or size. Housing 10 may comprise a handle end 12 opposite a deployment end 14. Deployment end 14 may be configured, and sized and shaped, to receive one or more deployment units 20. Handle end 12 may be sized and shaped to be held in a hand of a user. For example, handle end 12 may be shaped as a handle to enable hand-operation of the CEW by the user. In various embodiments, handle end 12 may also comprise contours shaped to fit the hand of a user, for example, an ergonomic grip. Handle end 12 may include a surface coating, such as, for example, a non-slip surface, a grip pad, a rubber texture, and/or the like. As a further example, handle end 12 may be wrapped in leather, a colored print, and/or any other suitable material, as desired.

[62] In various embodiments, housing 10 may comprise various mechanical, electronic, and/or electrical components configured to aid in performing the functions of CEW 1. For example, housing 10 may comprise one or more triggers 18, control interfaces 30, processing circuits 35, power supplies 40, and/or signal generators 45. Housing 10 may include a guard 16. Guard 16 may define an opening formed in housing 10. Guard 16 may be located on a center region of housing 10 (e.g., as depicted in Figure 1), and/or in any other suitable location on housing 10. Trigger 18 may be disposed within guard 16. Guard 16 may be configured to protect trigger 18 from unintentional physical contact (e.g., an unintentional activation of trigger 18). Guard 16 may surround trigger 18 within housing 10.

[63] In various embodiments, trigger 18 be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10, and may be configured to move, slide, rotate, or otherwise become physically depressed or moved upon application of physical contact. For example, trigger 18 may be actuated by physical contact applied to trigger 18 from within guard 16. Trigger 18 may comprise a mechanical or electromechanical switch, button, trigger, or the like. For example, trigger 18 may comprise a switch, a pushbutton, and/or any other suitable type of trigger. Trigger 18 may be mechanically and/or electronically coupled to processing circuit 35. In response to trigger 18 being activated (e.g., depressed, pushed, etc. by the user), processing circuit 35 may enable deployment of one or more deployment units 20 from CEW 1, as discussed further herein.

[64] In various embodiments, power supply 40 may be configured to provide power to various components of CEW 1. For example, power supply 40 may provide energy for operating the electronic and/or electrical components (e.g., parts, subsystems, circuits, etc.) of CEW 1 and/or one or more deployment units 20. Power supply 40 may provide electrical power. Providing electrical power may include providing a current at a voltage. Power supply 40 may be electrically coupled to processing circuit 35 and/or signal generator 45. In various embodiments, in response to control interface 30 comprising electronic properties and/or components, power supply 40 may be electrically coupled to control interface 30. In various embodiments, in response to trigger 18 comprising electronic properties or components, power supply 40 may be electrically coupled to trigger 18. Power supply 40 may provide an electrical current at a voltage. Electrical power from power supply 40 may be provided as a direct current (“DC”). Electrical power from power supply 40 may be provided as an alternating current (“AC”). Power supply 40 may include a battery. The energy of power supply 40 may be renewable or exhaustible, and/or replaceable. For example, power supply 40 may comprise one or more rechargeable or disposable batteries. In various embodiments, the energy from power supply 40 may be converted from one form (e.g., electrical, magnetic, thermal) to another form to perform the functions of a system.

[65] Power supply 40 may provide energy for performing the functions of CEW 1. For example, power supply 40 may provide the electrical current to signal generator 45 that is provided through a target to impede locomotion of the target (e.g., via deployment unit 20). Power supply 40 may provide the energy for a stimulus signal. Power supply 40 may provide the energy for other signals, including an ignition signal and/or an integration signal, as discussed further herein.

[66] In various embodiments, processing circuit 35 may comprise any circuitry, electrical components, electronic components, software, and/or the like configured to perform various operations and functions discussed herein. For example, processing circuit 35 may comprise a processing circuit, a processor, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device, logic circuitry, state machines, MEMS devices, signal conditioning circuitry, communication circuitry, a computer, a computer-based system, a radio, a network appliance, a data bus, an address bus, and/or any combination thereof. In various embodiments, processing circuit 35 may include passive electronic devices (e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) and/or active electronic devices (e.g., op amps, comparators, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, programmable logic, SRCs, transistors, etc.). In various embodiments, processing circuit 35 may include data buses, output ports, input ports, timers, memory, arithmetic units, and/or the like. [67] Processing circuit 35 may be configured to provide and/or receive electrical signals whether digital and/or analog in form. Processing circuit 35 may provide and/or receive digital information via a data bus using any protocol. Processing circuit 35 may receive information, manipulate the received information, and provide the manipulated information. Processing circuit 35 may store information and retrieve stored information. Information received, stored, and/or manipulated by processing circuit 35 may be used to perform a function, control a function, and/or to perform an operation or execute a stored program.

[68] Processing circuit 35 may control the operation and/or function of other circuits and/or components of CEW 1. Processing circuit 35 may receive status information regarding the operation of other components, perform calculations with respect to the status information, and provide commands (e.g., instructions) to one or more other components. Processing circuit 35 may command another component to start operation, continue operation, alter operation, suspend operation, cease operation, or the like. Commands and/or status may be communicated between processing circuit 35 and other circuits and/or components via any type of bus (e.g., SPI bus) including any type of data/address bus.

[69] In various embodiments, processing circuit 35 may be mechanically and/or electronically coupled to trigger 18. Processing circuit 35 may be configured to detect an activation, actuation, depression, input, etc. (collectively, an “activation event”) of trigger 18. In response to detecting the activation event, processing circuit 35 may be configured to perform various operations and/or functions, as discussed further herein. Processing circuit 35 may also include a sensor (e.g., a trigger sensor) attached to trigger 18 and configured to detect an activation event of trigger 18. The sensor may comprise any suitable sensor, such as a mechanical and/or electronic sensor capable of detecting an activation event in trigger 18 and reporting the activation event to processing circuit 35.

[70] In various embodiments, processing circuit 35 may be mechanically and/or electronically coupled to control interface 30. Processing circuit 35 may be configured to detect an activation, actuation, depression, input, etc. (collectively, a “control event”) of control interface 30. In response to detecting the control event, processing circuit 35 may be configured to perform various operations and/or functions, as discussed further herein. Processing circuit 35 may also include a sensor (e.g., a control sensor) attached to control interface 30 and configured to detect a control event of control interface 30. The sensor may comprise any suitable mechanical and/or electronic sensor capable of detecting a control event in control interface 30 and reporting the control event to processing circuit 35.

[71] In various embodiments, processing circuit 35 may be electrically and/or electronically coupled to power supply 40. Processing circuit 35 may receive power from power supply 40. The power received from power supply 40 may be used by processing circuit 35 to receive signals, process signals, and transmit signals to various other components in CEW 1. Processing circuit 35 may use power from power supply 40 to detect an activation event of trigger 18, a control event of control interface 30, or the like, and generate one or more control signals in response to the detected events. The control signal may be based on the control event and the activation event. The control signal may be an electrical signal.

[72] In various embodiments, processing circuit 35 may be electrically and/or electronically coupled to signal generator 45. Processing circuit 35 may be configured to transmit or provide control signals to signal generator 45 in response to detecting an activation event of trigger 18. Multiple control signals may be provided from microprocessor 35 to signal generator 45 in series. In response to receiving the control signal, signal generator 45 may be configured to perform various functions and/or operations, as discussed further herein.

[73] In various embodiments, signal generator 45 may be configured to receive one or more control signals from processing circuit 35. Signal generator 45 may provide an ignition signal to deployment unit 20 based on the control signals. Signal generator 45 may be electrically and/or electronically coupled to processing circuit 35 and/or deployment unit 20. Signal generator 45 may be electrically coupled to power supply 40. Signal generator 45 may use power received from power supply 40 to generate an ignition signal. For example, signal generator 45 may receive an electrical signal from power supply 40 that has first current and voltage values. Signal generator 45 may transform the electrical signal into an ignition signal having second current and voltage values. The transformed second current and/or the transformed second voltage values may be different from the first current and/or voltage values. The transformed second current and/or the transformed second voltage values may be the same as the first current and/or voltage values. Signal generator 45 may temporarily store power from power supply 40 and rely on the stored power entirely or in part to provide the ignition signal. Signal generator 45 may also rely on received power from power supply 40 entirely or in part to provide the ignition signal, without needing to temporarily store power. [74] Signal generator 45 may be controlled entirely or in part by processing circuit 35. In various embodiments, signal generator 45 and processing circuit 35 may be separate components (e.g., physically distinct and/or logically discrete). Signal generator 45 and processing circuit 35 may be a single component. For example, a control circuit within housing 10 may at least include signal generator 45 and processing circuit 35. The control circuit may also include other components and/or arrangements, including those that further integrate corresponding function of these elements into a single component or circuit, as well as those that further separate certain functions into separate components or circuits.

[75] Signal generator 45 may be controlled by the control signals to generate an ignition signal having a predetermined current value or values. For example, signal generator 45 may include a current source. The control signal may be received by signal generator 45 to activate the current source at a current value of the current source. An additional control signal may be received to decrease a current of the current source. For example, signal generator 45 may include a pulse width modification circuit coupled between a current source and an output of the control circuit. A second control signal may be received by signal generator 45 to activate the pulse width modification circuit, thereby decreasing a non-zero period of a signal generated by the current source and an overall current of an ignition signal subsequently output by the control circuit. The pulse width modification circuit may be separate from a circuit of the current source or, alternatively, integrated within a circuit of the current source. Various other forms of signal generators 45 may alternatively or additionally be employed, including those that apply a voltage over one or more different resistances to generate signals with different currents. In various embodiments, signal generator 45 may include a high-voltage module configured to deliver an electrical current having a high voltage. In various embodiments, signal generator 45 may include a low-voltage module configured to deliver an electrical current having a lower voltage, such as, for example, 2,000 volts.

[76] Responsive to receipt of a signal indicating activation of trigger 18 (e.g., an activation event), a control circuit provides an ignition signal to deployment unit 20. For example, signal generator 45 may provide an electrical signal as an ignition signal to deployment unit 20 in response to receiving a control signal from processing circuit 35. In various embodiments, the ignition signal may be separate and distinct from a stimulus signal. For example, a stimulus signal in CEW 1 may be provided to a different circuit within deployment unit 20, relative to a circuit to which an ignition signal is provided. Signal generator 45 may be configured to generate a stimulus signal. In various embodiments, a second, separate signal generator, component, or circuit (not shown) within housing 10 may be configured to generate the stimulus signal. Signal generator 45 may also provide a ground signal path for deployment unit 20, thereby completing a circuit for an electrical signal provided to deployment unit 20 by signal generator 45. The ground signal path may also be provided to deployment unit 20 by other elements in housing 10, including power supply 40.

[77] In various embodiments, a deployment unit 20 may comprise a propulsion system 25 and a plurality of projectiles, such as, for example, a first projectile 27 and a second projectile 28. Deployment unit 20 may comprise any suitable or desired number of projectiles, such as, for example two projectiles, three projectiles, nine projectiles, twelve projectiles, eighteen projectiles, and/or any other desired number of projectiles. Further, housing 10 may be configured to receive any suitable or desired number of deployment units 20, such as, for example, one deployment unit, two deployment units, three deployment units, etc.

[78] In various embodiments, propulsion system 25 may be coupled to, or in communication with, each projectile in deployment unit 20. In various embodiments, deployment unit 20 may comprise a plurality of propulsion systems 25, with each propulsion system 25 coupled to, or in communication with, one or more projectiles. Propulsion system 25 may comprise any device, propellant (e.g., air, gas, etc.), primer, or the like capable of providing a propulsion force in deployment unit 20. The propulsion force may include an increase in pressure caused by rapidly expanding gas within an area or chamber. The propulsion force may be applied to projectiles 27, 28 in deployment unit 20 to cause the deployment of projectiles 27, 28. Propulsion system 25 may provide the propulsion force in response to deployment unit 20 receiving the ignition signal.

[79] In various embodiments, the propulsion force may be directly applied to one or more projectiles 27, 28. For example, the propulsion force may be provided directly to first projectile 27 or second projectile 28. Propulsion system 25 may be in fluid communication with projectiles 27, 28 to provide the propulsion force. For example, the propulsion force from propulsion system 25 may travel within a housing or channel of deployment unit 20 to one or more projectiles 27, 28. The propulsion force may travel via a manifold in deployment unit 20.

[80] In various embodiments, the propulsion force may be provided indirectly to first projectile 27 and/or second projectile 28. For example, the propulsion force may be provided to a secondary source of propellant within propulsion system 25. The propulsion force may launch the secondary source of propellant within propulsion system 25, causing the secondary source of propellant to release propellant. A force associated with the released propellant may in turn provide a force to one or more projectiles 27, 28. A force generated by a secondary source of propellant may cause projectiles 27, 28 to be deployed from the deployment unit 20 and CEW 1.

[81] In various embodiments, each projectile 27, 28 may comprise any suitable type of projectile. For example, one or more projectiles 27, 28 may be or include an electrode (e.g., an electrode dart). An electrode may include a spear portion configured to to pierce or attach proximate a tissue of a target in order to provide a conductive electrical path between the electrode and the tissue, as previously discussed herein. For example, projectiles 27, 28 may each include a respective electrode. Projectiles 27, 28 may be deployed from deployment unit 20 at the same time or substantially the same time. Projectiles 27, 28 may be launched by a same propulsion force from a common propulsion system 25. Projectiles 27, 28 may also be launched by one or more propulsion forces received from one or more propulsion systems 25. Deployment unit 20 may include an internal manifold configured to transfer a propulsion force from propulsion system 25 to one or more projectiles 27, 28. As a further example, one or more projectiles disclosed herein may be or include an electrode (e.g., an electrode dart), an entangling projectile (e.g., a tetherbased entangling projectile, a net, etc.), a payload projectile (e.g., comprising a liquid or gas substance), or the like.

[82] Control interface 30 may comprise, or be similar to, any control interface disclosed herein. In various embodiments, control interface 30 may be configured to control selection of firing modes in CEW 1. Controlling selection of firing modes in CEW 1 may include disabling firing of CEW 1 (e.g., a safety mode, etc.), enabling firing of CEW 1 (e.g., an active mode, a firing mode, an escalation mode, etc.), controlling deployment of deployment units 20, and/or similar operations, as discussed further herein.

[83] Control interface 30 may be located in any suitable location on or in housing 10. For example, control interface 30 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10. Control interface 30 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10 proximate trigger 18 and/or guard 16. Control interface 30 may be electrically, mechanically, and/or electronically coupled to processing circuit 35. In various embodiments, in response to control interface 30 comprising electronic properties or components, control interface 30 may be electrically coupled to power supply 40. Control interface 30 may receive power (e.g., electrical current) from power supply 40 to power the electronic properties or components.

[84] Control interface 30 may be electronically or mechanically coupled to trigger 18. For example, and as discussed further herein, control interface 30 may function as a safety mechanism. In response to control interface 30 being set to a “safety mode,” CEW 1 may be unable to launch projectiles 27, 28 from deployment unit 20. For example, control interface 30 may provide a signal (e.g., a control signal) to processing circuit 35 instructing processing circuit 35 to disable deployment of deployment units 20. As a further example, control interface 30 may electronically or mechanically prohibit trigger 18 from activating (e.g., prevent or disable a user from depressing trigger 18; prevent trigger 18 from launching a projectile 27, 28; etc.).

[85] Control interface 30 may comprise any suitable electronic or mechanical component capable of enabling selection of firing modes. For example, control interface 30 may comprise a fire mode selector switch, a safety switch, a safety catch, a rotating switch, a selection switch, a selective firing mechanism, and/or any other suitable mechanical control. As a further example, control interface 30 may comprise a slide, such as a handgun slide, a reciprocating slide, or the like. As a further example, control interface 30 may comprise a touch screen or similar electronic component.

[86] The safety mode may be configured to prohibit deployment of an electrode or other projectile 27, 28 from deployment unit 20 in CEW 1. For example, in response to a user selecting the safety mode, control interface 30 may transmit a safety mode instruction to processing circuit 35. In response to receiving the safety mode instruction, processing circuit 35 may prohibit deployment of an electrode from deployment unit 20. Processing circuit 35 may prohibit deployment until a further instruction is received from control interface 30 (e.g., a firing mode instruction). As previously discussed, control interface 30 may also, or alternatively, interact with trigger 18 of CEW 1 to prevent activation of trigger 18. In various embodiments, the safety mode may also be configured to prohibit deployment of a stimulus signal from signal generator 45 of CEW 1, such as, for example, a local delivery.

[87] The firing mode may be configured to enable deployment of one or more electrodes or other projectiles 27, 28 from deployment unit 20 in CEW 1. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, in response to a user selecting the firing mode, control interface 30 may transmit a firing mode instruction to processing circuit 35. In response to receiving the firing mode instruction, processing circuit 35 may enable deployment of an electrode from deployment unit 20. In that regard, in response to trigger 18 being activated, processing circuit 35 may cause the deployment of one or more electrodes. Processing circuit 35 may enable deployment until a further instruction is received from control interface 30 (e.g., a safety mode instruction). As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, in response to a user selecting the firing mode, control interface 30 may also mechanically (or electronically) interact with trigger 18 of CEW 1 to enable activation of trigger 18.

[88] In various embodiments, a CEW may comprise a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”). A MCEW may allow for the deployment of projectiles using a variety of platforms, systems, apparatuses, attachments, handles, and/or the like, as discussed further herein. A MCEW may be removably coupled to one or more platforms, systems, apparatuses, attachments, handles, and/or the like, as discussed further herein. In that respect, a MCEW may be movable and interoperable between platforms, systems, apparatuses, attachments, handles, and/or the like configured to receive a MCEW. For example, a MCEW may be removably coupled to a weapon (e.g., a firearm, a weapon comprising a rail interface system, etc.), a dedicated launcher, a secondary housing, a vehicle, an unmanned vehicle (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), an unmanned surface vessel (USV), etc.), a robot, or the like. As a further example, a MCEW may be removably coupled to a handle, a stock (e.g., a gunstock, a shoulder stock, a buttstock, etc.), a grip, an ergonomic handle, or the like. A stock may include any suitable or desired stock, such as, for example, a straight grip stock, a full pistol grip stock, a semi-grip stock, a thumbhole grip stock, an ergonomic grip stock, or the like.

[89] In various embodiments, a MCEW may comprise a plurality of attachment points or ends such that the MCEW may removably couple to a plurality of platforms, systems, apparatuses, attachments, handles, and/or the like at a same time.

[90] In various embodiments, a MCEW may comprise a rail interface system, an accessory rail, or the like (e.g., a MCEW rail interface), such as a Weaver rail, a Picatinny rail (e.g., MIL- STD-1913 rail, STANAG 2324 rail, etc.), or the like. The MCEW rail interface may be configured to interface with a corresponding rail interface system, accessory rail, or the like on a platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like. The MCEW rail interface may be configured to interface with the corresponding rail interface system, accessory rail, or the like to removably couple the MCEW to the platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like.

[91] In various embodiments, a MCEW may comprise various modular components configured to enable customization and coupling to a variety of attachments and housings. For example, a MCEW may comprise a primary housing (e.g., a first housing, a modular housing, etc.) configured to provide one or more components capable of causing deployment of a projectile. The primary housing may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from a second housing (e.g., a deployment unit housing, a magazine housing, a buttstock housing, etc.). The second housing may be coupled to the primary housing. The primary housing may be configured to deploy one or more projectiles provided by the second housing. In various embodiments, a second housing may provide a first deployment unit to the primary housing. The primary housing may receive and house the first deployment unit in response to receiving the first deployment unit from the second housing. The second housing may house a next deployment unit while the primary housing houses the first deployment unit. The primary housing may eject the first deployment unit and receive the next deployment unit from the second housing.

[92] In various embodiments, a deployment unit for a MCEW (e.g., a MCEW deployment unit) may include all the components needed to launch projectiles, provide a stimulus signal through the projectiles, and continue to provide the stimulus signal in response to the deployment unit being ejected from the MCEW. For example, a deployment unit for a MCEW may include a power supply and a signal generator. The components of the deployment unit may be held (e.g., contained) on or in a housing. The projectiles may be launched from the housing. The housing may be ejected from the MCEW to launch, serially, components of the deployment unit. The power supply and the signal generator may be configured to provide the stimulus signal through the projectiles after deployment of the one or more projectiles and before, during, and after ejection of the deployment unit from the MCEW.

[93] A deployment unit for a MCEW may be launched in stages. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, one or more projectiles of the deployment unit may be launched in advance of ejection of the deployment unit. The deployment unit may include all components for launching one or more projectiles and/or providing one or more stimulus signals through a target. The projectiles of the deployment unit may be wire-tethered to the housing of the deployment unit. [94] In various embodiments, the projectiles may be launched toward a target, followed by the ejection of at least a portion of the housing of the deployment unit or other portion of the deployment unit. For example, the projectiles may be launched from the housing at (or during) a first launch. The housing, or a portion of the housing or the deployment unit, may be ejected from the MCEW at (or during) a second launch.

[95] In various embodiments, a first launch may include one or more projectiles deployed from the housing (e.g., the deployment unit housing). A second launch (and subsequent launches) may include one or more additional projectiles deployed from the housing. A last launch may include ejection of the deployment unit from the primary housing of the MCEW.

[96] In various embodiments, in response to the deployment unit being ejected from the primary housing of the MCEW, the primary housing may load (e.g., ready, move, position, etc.) a second deployment unit. The second deployment unit may similarly be deployed in stages (e.g., electrode deployment, housing ejection, etc.). The (first) deployment unit and the second deployment unit may be provided to the primary housing by a second housing.

[97] In various embodiments, launch stages of the MCEW may be controlled at the primary housing of the MCEW. For example, a trigger of the primary housing (or coupled to the primary housing, in communication with the primary housing, etc.) may be configured to cause deployment of one or more projectiles from the deployment unit housed in the primary housing (e.g., the first launch).

[98] A second trigger (e.g., a latch, a lever, a switch, etc.) may be configured to cause ejection of the deployment unit from the primary housing (e.g., the second launch).

[99] In various embodiments, a single activation of the second trigger may cause ejection of the deployment unit and loading of a second deployment unit. For example, in response to the single activation, the primary housing may eject the deployment unit from the primary housing and retrieve and load the second deployment unit from the second housing.

[100] In various embodiments, the second trigger may be translated into a first position and a second position. During deployment of the projectiles, the second trigger may be in the first position. A first action of the second trigger into the second position may eject the deployment unit. The first action of the second trigger into the second position may also enable loading (or at least partial loading) of the second deployment unit. A second action of the second trigger back into the first position may load the second deployment unit and enable deployment of subsequent projectiles from the second deployment unit loaded in the primary housing.

[101] In other embodiments, a MCEW may comprise a single trigger configured to cause deployment of one or more projectiles from the deployment unit housed in the primary housing. After deployment, an automated or electronic module may cause ejection of the deployment unit from the primary housing. Alternatively, after deployment of the projectiles the deployment unit may be manually removed from the primary housing.

[102] In various embodiments, Figures 2A-2D depict an example sequence or stages of deploying projectiles and ejecting a deployment unit from a MCEW. Although Figures 2A-2D depict one exemplary deployment and ejection from a MCEW comprising a firearm-shaped handle, the principles illustrated by Figures 2A-2D and the accompanying description may also be applied to a deployment and ejection using a MCEW in any suitable arrangement and/or with any desired number of projectiles, sequence of deployment of projectiles, MCEW configuration, MCEW modular setup, or the like discussed herein.

[103] With specific reference to Figure 2 A, a MCEW 100 may be aimed or oriented toward a target 105. A first deployment unit 120-1 may be loaded (e.g., housed) in MCEW 100 and ready for deployment. First deployment unit 120-1 may comprise any suitable or desired number of projectiles, such as, for example, a first projectile 127-1 and a second projectile 128-1.

[104] With specific reference to Figure 2B, a first activation of MCEW 100 may be received to deploy one or both of first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1 (e.g., a first launch). The first activation may be received responsive to an activation of a first trigger of MCEW 100. In response to receiving the first activation, MCEW 100 may deploy one or both of first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1 toward target 105. In various embodiments, responsive to the first activation, a signal generator of first deployment unit 120-1 may provide a stimulus signal through first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1. The circuitry (e.g., power supply, signal generator, processing circuit, etc.) of first deployment unit 120-1 operates to provide the stimulus signal through target 105 via first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1. A stimulus signal includes any type of electrical signal that impedes locomotion of a target, including a pulsed current. The circuitry of first deployment unit 120-1 may provide one or more stimulus signals, as discussed further herein. [105] In one embodiment, as first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1 travel toward target 105, wire tethers deploy behind first deployment unit 120-1 and first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1, so that first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1 remain electrically coupled to the first deployment unit 120-1. In response to the first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1 coupling to target 105 (e.g., electrically coupling, forming a circuit, etc.), the stimulus signal may travel from first deployment unit 120-1, through the wire tethers, through first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1, and through target 105.

[106] With specific reference to Figure 2C, at some period after the launch of first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1, first deployment unit 120-1 may be ejected from MCEW 100 (e.g., a second launch). MCEW 100 may receive a second activation to eject first deployment unit 120-1. The second activation may be received responsive to an activation of a second trigger of MCEW 100. In response to receiving the second activation, MCEW 100 may cause ejection of first deployment unit 120-1. Ejecting first deployment unit 120-1 may result in first deployment unit 120-1 traveling away from MCEW 100 and/or toward target 105. First deployment unit 120-

1 may land on the ground or proximate surface within the length of the wire tethers coupled to target 105.

[107] The circuitry of first deployment unit 120-1 may continue to provide the stimulus signal to first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1 before, during, and/or after ejection of first deployment unit 120-1. In various embodiments, the circuitry of first deployment unit 120-1 may be configured to continue to provide the stimulus signal for any suitable period of time, including a fixed period of time such as 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 30 seconds, etc.

[108] With specific reference to Figure 2D, MCEW 100 may load (e.g., engage, prepare, ready to fire, etc.) a second deployment unit 120-2. MCEW 100 may load second deployment unit 120-

2 in response to ejecting first deployment unit 120-1. MCEW 100 may load second deployment unit 120-2 in response to the second activation (e.g., activation of the second trigger). MCEW 100 may load second deployment unit 120-2 in response to a third activation (e.g., a second activation of the second trigger). Second deployment unit 120-2 may comprise any suitable or desired number of projectiles, such as, for example, a third projectile 127-2 and a fourth projectile 128-2.

[109] In various embodiments, first deployment unit 120-1 may continue to provide the stimulus signal to first projectile 127-1 and second projectile 128-1 before, during, and/or after loading of second deployment unit 120-2, or for any other period of time as previously discussed. MCEW 100 may subsequently cause deployment of third projectile 127-2 and fourth projectile 128-2 (e.g., a third launch), a provision of a second stimulus signal from second deployment unit 120-2 to third projectile 127-2 and fourth projectile 128-2, and ejection of second deployment unit 120-2 from MCEW 100 (e.g., a fourth launch). The deployment of projectiles, provision of stimulus signal, and ejection of deployment unit may be similar to the deployment of projectiles, provision of stimulus signal, and ejection of deployment unit previously discussed with reference to first deployment unit 120-1, first projectile 127-1, and second projectile 128-1.

[HO] In various embodiments, and with reference to Figure 3, an exemplary MCEW 200 is disclosed. MCEW 200 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any CEW or MCEW discussed herein, including without limitation CEW 1, MCEW 100, and MCEW 900. For the sake of brevity, redundant characteristics or elements of a CEW previously described herein may be omitted (in part or in full) in describing MCEW 200.

[Hl] In various embodiments, MCEW 200 may comprise one or more of a modular housing 210, a shuttle mechanism 234, a conversion adaptor 222, a handle 270, and/or a foregrip 216. MCEW 200 may comprise or contain one or more deployment units. MCEW 200 may further comprise a second housing configured to provide one or more deployment units to modular housing 210, as discussed in further detail herein. Shuttle mechanism 234 may be at least partially disposed within modular housing 210. Conversion adaptor 222 may be coupled to modular housing 210 and may be configured to allow modular housing 210 to interface with different second housings to receive one or more deployment units. Handle 270 may be coupled directly to modular housing 210, or may be coupled to modular housing 210 via conversion adaptor 222. Foregrip 216 may be coupled to modular housing 210.

[112] In various embodiments, with reference to Figures 4A and 4B and continued reference to Figure 3, modular housing 210 (e.g., a deployment housing, a primary housing, a main housing, etc.) may be configured to receive and house one or more deployment units. Modular housing 210 may be configured to allow a deployment unit to deploy one or more projectiles from the deployment unit. Modular housing 210 may be configured to allow the deployment unit to be ejected from modular housing 210. Modular housing 210 may be configured to allow a next deployment unit to be received and allowed to deploy one or more next projectiles. Modular housing 210 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any housing discussed herein. [113] Modular housing 210 may comprise a body (e.g., housing) having a conversion end 212 (e.g., a rear end) opposite a deployment end 214 (e.g., a front end). Deployment end 214 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any deployment end discussed herein. Conversion end 212 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any handle end discussed herein. Deployment end 214 may define a front opening in the body of modular housing 210. Conversion end 212 may define a rear opening in the body of modular housing 210. Conversion end 212 may define a bottom opening in the body of modular housing 210. Conversion end 212 may define both a rear opening and a bottom opening in the body of modular housing 210.

[114] In various embodiments, modular housing 210 may comprise a generally octagonal shape with a pair of opposed sidewalls 211. While modular housing 210 is shown as comprising a generally octagonal shape, any suitable shape may be used and contemplated.

[115] Deployment end 214 and conversion end 212 may define abay 213. Bay 213 may define an opening through the body of modular housing 210 (e.g., deployment end 214 may be in fluid communication with conversion end 212). The body of modular housing 210 may define bay 213 between deployment end 214 and conversion end 212. Bay 213 may be configured to receive and load (e.g., prepare for deployment of projectiles, ejection of the deployment unit, etc.) one or more deployment units. In that regard, bay 213 (and the general shape of modular housing 210) may be sized and shaped to receive and house one or more deployment units.

[116] Bay 213 may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from outside modular housing 210. Bay 213, and modular housing 210, may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from a variety of different inputs and means. Bay 213 may receive deployment units from deployment end 214 and/or conversion end 212. Bay 213 may receive one or more deployment units from a manual insertion. Bay 213 may also receive one or more deployment units from a second housing configured to provide the one or more deployment units.

[117] As an example, and in accordance with various embodiments, bay 213 may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from deployment end 214. One or more deployment units may be inserted into deployment end 214 and loaded in bay 213. The one or more deployment units may be manually inserted into deployment end 214. A deployment unit may deploy one or more projectiles from deployment end 214. A deployment unit may be ejected from deployment end 214. In that respect, deployment end 214 may be configured to receive a deployment unit, allow for deployment of projectiles from the deployment unit, and allow for ejection of the deployment unit.

[118] As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, bay 213 may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from conversion end 212. Bay 213 may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from a bottom portion of conversion end 212 or a rear portion of conversion end 212. One or more deployment units may be inserted into conversion end 212 and loaded in bay 213. The one or more deployment units may be manually inserted into conversion end 212. The one or more deployment units may be provided to conversion end 212 from a second housing. For example, the second housing may comprise a bottom feed magazine configured to provide one or more deployment units from a bottom portion of conversion end 212. For example, the second housing may comprise a side feed magazine, a rear feed magazine, a buttstock magazine, or the like configured to provide one or more deployment units from a rear portion of conversion end 212.

[119] In various embodiments, one or both of opposed sidewalls 211 may comprise a guide channel 218. Guide channel 218 may define an opening in the respective opposed sidewall 211, generally along the length of modular housing 210. In that regard, guide channel 218 may be in fluid communication with bay 213 and/or one or more of deployment end 214 and/or conversion end 212. Guide channel 218 may be sized and shaped to receive a lever of a shuttle mechanism (e.g., lever 254 of shuttle mechanism 234). Guide channel 218 may be sized and shaped to enable a lever of a shuttle mechanism to be operated (e.g., translated) into a first position and a second position, as discussed in further detail herein.

[120] In various embodiments, one or both of opposed sidewalls 211 may comprise guide channel 218 based on a deployment orientation. For example, a right-handed user may typically hold a handle of MCEW 200 using the user’s dominant right hand and may operate the lever in guide channel 218 using the user’s non-dominant left hand. In that regard, only one of opposed sidewalls 211 (e.g., a first opposed sidewall, a left opposed sidewall, etc.) may comprise guide channel 218 (e.g., a right-handed orientation).

[121] As a further example, a left-handed user may typically hold a handle of MCEW 200 using the user’ s dominant left hand and may operate the lever in guide channel 218 using the user’ s non-dominant right hand. In that regard, only one of the opposed sidewalls 211 (e.g., a second opposed sidewall, a right opposed sidewall, etc.) may comprise guide channel 218 (e.g., a lefthanded orientation).

[122] As a further example, MCEW 200 may comprise an ambidextrous orientation. In that regard, each of opposed sidewalls 211 may comprise guide channel 218 (e.g., a first opposed sidewall comprises a first guide channel and a second opposed sidewall comprises a second guide channel). In that regard, MCEW 200 may be operated by a user using either hand (or both hands) of the user.

[123] In various embodiments, modular housing 210 may comprise a mounting surface 204. Mounting surface 204 may be configured to at least partially couple (or aid in coupling) modular housing 210 to a platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like (collectively, “an object”). For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, mounting surface 204 may comprise a rail interface system, an accessory rail, or the like (e.g., a MCEW rail interface), such as a Weaver rail, a Picatinny rail (e.g., MIL-STD-1913 rail, STANAG 2324 rail, etc.), or the like. In that regard, mounting surface 204 may be configured to interface with a corresponding rail interface system, accessory rail, or the like on a platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like. Mounting surface 204 may be configured to interface with the corresponding rail interface system, accessory rail, or the like to removably couple the MCEW to the platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like. As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, mounting surface 204 may be configured to couple to a rail interface system, an accessory rail, or the like.

[124] In various embodiments, modular housing 210 may comprise an accessory port 215 (e.g., a forward interface). Accessory port 215 may define an opening in the body of modular housing 210. Accessory port 215 may define an opening in the body of modular housing 210 on a bottom portion of modular housing 210, opposite mounting surface 204. Accessory port 215 may define an opening in the body of modular housing 210 on a bottom portion of modular housing 210 between each opposed sidewall 211. In that regard, accessory port 215 may be in fluid communication with bay 213 and/or one or more of conversion end 212 and deployment end 214.

[125] Accessory port 215 may be sized and shaped to receive an accessory, attachment, trigger assembly, or the like, as discussed further herein. In that regard, accessory port 215 may be configured to receive, or removably attach to, a plurality of interchangeable elements (e.g., accessories, forward elements, etc.). Accessory port 215 may comprises structural features to enable modular housing 210 to couple to an accessory, attachment, trigger assembly, or the like. In various embodiments, accessory port 215 may be positioned on modular housing 210 proximate a location of a deployment unit loaded and ready for deployment. In that regard, accessory port 215 may enable an accessory, attachment, trigger assembly, or the like to interface with the deployment unit via accessory port 215.

[126] In various embodiments, modular housing 210 (or MCEW 200) may comprise a system or apparatus (e.g., an aiming system, an aiming apparatus, etc.) to aid in accurately deploying projectiles from a deployment unit. For example, and as depicted in Figures 4 A and 4B, modular housing 210 may comprise an aiming apparatus 207. Aiming apparatus 207 may be coupled to an outer surface of modular housing 210. For example, aiming apparatus 207 may be coupled to a top surface of modular housing 210. Aiming apparatus 207 may be coupled to a top surface of modular housing 210 proximate deployment end 214. Aiming apparatus 207 may be at least partially coupled to mounting surface 204. Aiming apparatus 207 may be coupled to a top surface of modular housing 210 proximate mounting surface 204. Aiming apparatus 207 may comprise a sight, a pair of sights (e.g., a front sight and a rear sight), a telescopic sight (e.g., a scope, an optical sighting device, etc.), a red-dot sight, a holographic sight, a night vision sight, a fiber-optic sight, and/or any other suitable or desired system or apparatus to aid in aiming MCEW 200.

[127] In various embodiments, aiming apparatus 207 may comprise a plurality of aiming apparatuses coupled to different structures of MCEW 200. For example, aiming apparatus 207 may comprise a front sight 207-1 and a rear sight 207-2 (e.g., as depicted in Figure 3). Front sight 207-1 may be coupled to an outer surface of modular housing 210, such as, for example, a top portion of modular housing 210 proximate deployment end 214 and opposite conversion end 212. Rear sight 207-2 may be coupled to an outer surface of a second structure distal modular housing 210, such as handle 270. Front sight 207-1 may be collinear with rear sight 207-2 (e.g., in response to modular housing 210 being coupled to the second structure). For example, rear sight 207-2 may define a “U” shaped void, a “V” shaped void, or a similar rectangular shaped void. In operation of MCEW 200, a user may visually align front sight 207-1 within the void of rear sight 207-2 to ensure projectiles are accurately deployed.

[128] In various embodiments, modular housing 210 may comprise a rear conversion connector (e.g., conversion adaptor 222). The rear conversion connector may comprise a portion of conversion end 212. For example, the rear conversion connector may comprise or define a rear opening of conversion end 212 and/or a bottom opening of conversion end 212. The rear conversion connector may be configured to removably attach to a plurality of interchangeable grips. The rear conversion connector may be configured to removably attach to a plurality of interchangeable second housings.

[129] In various embodiments, and with reference again to Figure 3, foregrip 216 may be configured to couple to a forward region of modular housing 210 proximate deployment end 214 and/or in any other suitable location on modular housing 210. For example, foregrip 216 may be configured to couple to modular housing 210 via accessory port 215. Coupling to modular housing 210 may include foregrip 216 being at least partially inserted within accessory port 215.

[130] In various embodiments, foregrip 216 may be contacted, held, operated, or the like by a user during operation of MCEW 200. In that regard, foregrip 216 may comprise contours shaped to fit the hand of a user, for example, an ergonomic grip. Foregrip 216 may also comprise any suitable coating, cover, or the like. For example, foregrip 216 may comprise a non-slip surface, grip pad, or the like. As a further example, foregrip 216 may be wrapped in leather, a colored print, and/or any other suitable material, as desired. As a further example, foregrip 216 may comprise a series of ridges or similar structures configured to aid a user in operating, holding, gripping, etc. foregrip 216.

[131] In various embodiments, foregrip 216 may comprise one or more components configured to enable a user to interact with MCEW 200. For example, foregrip 216 may comprise a trigger 217, a laser sight 219, and/or any other suitable or desired mechanical or electronic components.

[132] Trigger 217 may be disposed within foregrip 216. Foregrip 216 may be configured to protect trigger 217 from unintentional physical contact (e.g., an unintentional activation of trigger 217). Trigger 217 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any trigger discussed herein. Trigger 217 be coupled to an outer surface of foregrip 216, and may be configured to move, slide, rotate, or otherwise become physically depressed or moved upon application of physical contact. For example, trigger 217 may be actuated by physical contact applied to trigger 217 by a user. Trigger 217 may comprise a mechanical or electromechanical switch, button, trigger, or the like. For example, trigger 217 may comprise a switch, a pushbutton, and/or any other suitable type of trigger. Trigger 217 may be mechanically, electronically, or electrically coupled to a deployment unit (e.g., a deployment unit loaded in bay 213 of modular housing 210 and ready for deployment). For example, trigger 217 may be coupled to, or in communication with, the deployment unit via accessory port 215. In response to trigger 217 being activated (e.g., depressed, pushed, etc. by the user), trigger 217 may communicate with the deployment unit to cause deployment of one or more projectiles from the deployment unit and/or the provision of a stimulus signal through the projectiles. In response to a next deployment unit being loaded in bay 213 of modular housing 210, trigger 217 may be mechanically, electronically, or electrically coupled to the next deployment unit (e.g., via accessory port 215).

[133] Laser sight 219 may be disposed within foregrip 216. Laser sight 219 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any other laser or laser sight discussed herein. Laser sight 219 may be configured to aid in accurately aligning deployment of projectiles from a deployment unit in modular housing 210 towards a target. Laser sight 219 may comprise any suitable or desired number of laser sights. Laser sight 219 may be disposed through an outer surface of foregrip 216. Laser sight 219 may be oriented in a direction at least partially aligned with deployment end 214 of modular housing 210, in response to foregrip 216 being coupled to modular housing 210. Laser sight 219 may be configured to activate to produce an aiming laser. For example, laser sight 219 may comprise a trigger, switch, button, or the like configured to activate laser sight 219. As a further example, foregrip 216 may comprise a pressure switch configured to activate laser sight 219 in response to a user applying pressure or holding foregrip 216. Laser sight 219 may comprise any suitable laser-output component. In various embodiments, laser sight 219 may comprise a tactical flashlight, strobe light, or similar light-emitting component.

[134] In various embodiments, modular housing 210 may be configured to receive, house, load, cause deployment of projectiles from, and/or eject one or more deployment units, as discussed further herein. For example, and with reference to Figures 15A and 15B, a deployment unit for a MCEW may comprise a deployment unit 220. Deployment unit 220 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any deployment unit discussed herein (e.g., deployment unit 20 with brief reference to Figure 1, deployment unit 120-1 or 120-2 with brief reference to Figures 2A-2D, etc.).

[135] Deployment unit 220 may comprise a housing 221 (e.g., a deployment unit housing 221). Housing 221 may be configured to at least partially enclose one or more components of deployment unit 220. Housing 221 may define one or more bores 223. Each bore 223 may define an opening on a forward surface of housing 221 and may be configured to at least partially house a projectile 227 prior to deployment of the projectile 227.

[136] Deployment unit 220 may include all the components needed to launch projectiles, provide a stimulus signal through the projectiles, and/or continue to provide the stimulus signal in response to the deployment unit being ejected from the MCEW. For example, deployment unit 220 may include a power supply, a signal generator, and circuitry (not depicted). The power supply, the signal generator, and the circuitry may be similar to any power supply, signal generator, or circuity described herein. Deployment unit 220 may also comprise one or more propulsion systems (not depicted) and a plurality of projectiles 227 (e.g., depicted in Figure 15B as including at least a first projectile 227-1 and a second projectile 227-2). The propulsion system may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any propulsion system discussed herein (e.g., propulsion system 25, with brief reference to Figure 1). The propulsion system may be coupled to, or in communication with, the one or more projectiles 227. The propulsion system may be configured to provide a propulsion force to deploy one or more projectiles 227. Activation of the propulsion system may be controlled by operation of trigger 217 (with brief reference to Figure 3), as discussed herein. For example, in response to a trigger activation, the one or more propulsion systems may cause deployment of one or more projectiles 227 from deployment unit 220 (e.g., as depicted in Figure 15B). In response to the trigger activation or deployment of the one or more projectiles 227, the signal generator of deployment unit 220 may provide a stimulus signal through the one or more projectiles 227, as previously discussed herein.

[137] Projectiles 227 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any projectile, electrode, dart, or similar apparatus discussed herein (e.g., projectiles 27, 28, with brief reference to Figure 1). Deployment unit 220 may comprise any suitable or desired number of projectiles 227, such as, for example two projectiles, three projectiles, nine projectiles, twelve projectiles, eighteen projectiles, and/or the like. Each projectile 227 may comprise any suitable type of projectile. For example, one or more projectiles 227 may be or include an electrode (e.g., an electrode dart). An electrode may include a spear portion configured to pierce or attach proximate a tissue of a target in order to provide a conductive electrical path between the electrode and the tissue, as previously discussed herein. Projectiles 227 may be launched by one or more propulsion forces received from one or more propulsion systems of deployment unit 220. [138] In various embodiments, deployment unit 220 may comprise one or more structural features configured to aid in deployment unit 220 being received by a MCEW (e.g., a modular housing of a MCEW), loaded in a MCEW (e.g., prepared for deployment of projectiles), ejected from a MCEW, and/or the like. For example, housing 221 may be sized and shaped to be received and housed in a modular housing of a MCEW. Housing 221 may comprise one or more grooves 252. Each groove 252 may define a channel disposed generally along the length of housing 221. Groove 252 may be configured to interact with a shuttle mechanism in a MCEW. Interaction between the shuttle mechanism and one or more grooves 252 of deployment unit 220 may allow the shuttle mechanism to retrieve, load, and/or eject deployment unit 220, as discussed further herein. In that regard, each groove 252 may be sized and shaped to receive at least a portion of the shuttle mechanism to allow the shuttle mechanism to interface with deployment unit 220.

[139] Groove 252 may comprise one or more portions having different dimensions. For example, groove 252 may comprise one or more portions having different depths (e.g., as measured from an outer surface of housing 221 to an inner surface of the respective groove portion). For example, groove 252 may comprise a first groove portion 252-1 and a second groove portion 252-2. Second groove portion 252-2 may comprise a greater depth than first groove portion 252-1.

[140] In various embodiments, each groove portion 252-1, 252-2 may be configured to interface with a shuttle mechanism differently. For example, and as discussed further herein, first groove portion 252-1 may be sized and shaped to interface with (e.g., receive, engage, etc.) a spring arm of a shuttle mechanism. A “left” spring arm of a shuttle mechanism may interface with a “left” first groove portion 252-1 and a “right” spring arm of the shuttle mechanism may interface with a “right” first groove portion 252-1. The interfacing between the spring arm(s) and one or more first groove portions 252-1 may enable the shuttle mechanism to retrieve, load, and eject deployment unit 220. The interfacing between the spring arm(s) and one or more first groove portions 252-1 may also at least partially orient deployment unit 220 within a modular housing of the MCEW. At least partially orienting deployment unit 220 within the modular housing may enable deployment unit 220 to accurately deploy projectiles 227 from deployment unit 220 and enable deployment unit 220 to be ejected from the modular housing.

[141] As a further example, and as discussed further herein, second groove portion 252-2 may be sized and shaped to interface with (e.g., receive, engage, etc.) a spring arm and a catch of a shuttle mechanism. A “left” spring arm of the shuttle mechanism and a “right” spring arm of the shuttle mechanism may each comprise a mechanical structure extending radially inward (e.g., a “left” catch and a “right” catch), defining the catch. Each mechanical structure of the catch may engage with an associated second groove portion 252-2 (e.g., the left catch engages a “left” second groove portion 252-2 and the right catch engages a “right” second groove portion 252-2). The interfacing between the catch and one or more second groove portions 252-2 may enable the shuttle mechanism to engage and move deployment unit 220 within the modular housing of the MCEW.

[142] In various embodiments, the differences in depth between first groove portion 252-1 and second groove portion 252-2 may create a ledge or similar physical structure between first groove portion 252-1 and second groove portion 252-2. The catch may abut against (e.g., contact, engage, etc.) the ledge to complete the interface of the catch with the one or more second groove portions 252-2. In that regard, the catch may abut against the ledge to retain deployment unit 220 from moving in a rearward direction from the catch. Second groove portion 252-2 may be open opposite the ledge (e.g., as depicted in Figure 15) such that deployment unit 220 may move in a forward direction without the catch contacting the ledge (e.g., during ejection of deployment unit 220 from a MCEW).

[143] In various embodiments, and with reference again to Figure 3, shuttle mechanism 234 may be disposed within modular housing 210 (e.g., within bay 213 of modular housing 210). Shuttle mechanism 234 may be in communication with bay 213. Shuttle mechanism 234 may be configured to move deployment units within modular housing 210. For example, shuttle mechanism 234 may retrieve a deployment unit, move the deployment unit into a firing position, and/or eject the deployment unit from deployment end 214 of modular housing 210. Shuttle mechanism 234 may be configured to move (e.g., operate, translate, etc.) from a first position to a second position. In the first position, shuttle mechanism 234 may be racked forward (e.g., as shown in Figures 6A-6C, 7A and 7B, 8A and 8B, andl lA and 1 IB). In the first position, shuttle mechanism 234 may be engaged with a first (or front) deployment unit. In the second position, shuttle mechanism 234 may be racked backward (e.g., as shown in Figures 9A and 9B, and 10A- 10C). In the second position, shuttle mechanism 234 may be disengaged from the first (or front) deployment unit, and engaged with a second (or rear) deployment unit.

[144] As discussed further herein, bay 213 may be configured to accommodate (e.g., receive, store, house, etc.) one or more deployment units, such as a forward deployment unit (e.g., first deployment unit) and a rear deployment unit (e.g., second deployment unit). Shuttle mechanism 234 may be configured to engage the forward deployment unit during deployment of projectiles from the forward deployment unit. Shuttle mechanism 234 may be configured to engage the rear deployment unit and force the rear deployment forward. The forward movement of the rear deployment unit may force the forward deployment unit forward and out deployment end 214 of modular housing 210 (e.g., eject the forward deployment unit).

[145] In various embodiments, shuttle mechanism 234 may comprise a shuttle 236, a forward ramp 239, a shuttle spring 240, and a shuttle rod 242. Shuttle mechanism 234 may reside within the housing 210. In various embodiments, shuttle 236 may comprise an upper portion 244 and a pair of arms 246 defining a lower portion of shuttle 236. Upper portion 244 and arms 246 may be configured to guide shuttle mechanism 234 within modular housing 210.

[146] Forward ramp 239 is located proximate a forward surface of upper portion 244. For example, forward ramp 239 may comprise a structure extending forward from the forward surface of upper portion 244. Forward ramp 239 may comprise a wedge or triangular shape, and/or any other suitable shape. During operation of shuttle mechanism 234, forward ramp 239 may be configured to control operation of a forward cartridge stop. The forward cartridge stop serves to contain a deployment unit within shuttle mechanism 234 during operation of MCEW 200. For example, the forward cartridge stop may be configured to contact (e.g., interface with, engage, etc.) a forward surface of the deployment unit. In that regard, the forward cartridge stop may be configured to prevent the deployment unit from moving in a forward direction in response to the forward cartridge stop being positioned to contact the deployment unit.

[147] For example, in accordance with various embodiments and with reference to Figures 3, 8A-8C, and 10A-10C, forward ramp 239 may be configured to contact and/or control a forward cartridge stop 238 disposed within modular housing 210. Forward cartridge stop 238 may comprise a structure coupled to and extending radially inward from an inner surface of modular housing 210. Forward cartridge stop 238 may be coupled to an inner surface of modular housing 210 proximate deployment end 214. Forward cartridge stop 238 may comprise a pivot point 237. Forward cartridge stop 238 may pivot (e.g., rotate, bias upwardly, bias downwardly, etc.) about pivot point 237. Forward cartridge stop 238 and/or pivot point 237 may be spring loaded. In an undisturbed state (e.g., no contact with forward ramp 239, in response to shuttle mechanism 234 being in the second position), forward cartridge stop 238 may be biased upwardly (e.g., as depicted in Figures 10A-10C). In the undisturbed state, forward cartridge stop 238 may contact a pivot stop 241. Pivot stop 241 may extend radially inward from an inner surface of modular housing 210. Pivot stop 241 may be sized and shaped to contact forward cartridge stop 238 in the undisturbed state to at least partially stop forward cartridge stop 238 from pivoting in a further upward direction. Pivot stop 241 may also be configured to position forward cartridge stop 238 in a position to receive forward ramp 239.

[148] In a disturbed state (e.g., contact and/or forward bias from forward ramp 239, in response to shuttle mechanism 234 being in the first position), forward cartridge stop 238 may be biased downwardly (e.g., as depicted in Figures 8A-8C). For example, pivot point 237 may comprise a wedge or triangular shape having a complimentary surface for forward ramp 239. In response to forward ramp 239 contacting or providing a forward bias against the complimentary surface of pivot point 237, forward cartridge stop 238 may pivot in a downward direction to contact a forward surface of a deployment unit. Forward cartridge stop 238 may comprise a latch or similar component configured to contact and/or at least partially retain a deployment unit.

[149] With specific reference again to Figure 3, arms 246 of shuttle mechanism 234 may each comprise a spring arm 248 that extends rearwardly. Spring arms 248 may be biased inwardly and may comprise (or define) a catch 250. Spring arms 248 and/or catch 250 may be configured to engage grooves in the sides of a deployment unit (e.g., as shown in Figures 7B, 9B, and 1 IB). For example, spring arms 248 may each engage or interface with a groove or a first groove portion on either side of the deployment unit. Spring arms 248 may be configured to retain and orient the deployment unit within shuttle mechanism 234 and/or modular housing 210. For example, arms 246 and/or spring arms 248 may define a cavity configured to receive a deployment unit.

[150] Catch 250 may comprise a mechanical structure extending inward (or biased inward) on each spring arm 248. Catch 250 may be configured to engage or interface with a groove, a second groove portion, or a ledge of the groove on the deployment unit to aid in retaining the deployment unit within shuttle mechanism 234 and/or modular housing 210. Catch 250 may be configured to engage or interface with a groove on the deployment unit to prevent (at least partially) the deployment unit from moving in an upward, downward, or backward direction.

[151] In that respect, in response to a forward cartridge stop contacting a forward surface of a deployment unit and catch 250 contacting a groove of the deployment unit, the deployment unit may be fully retained within shuttle mechanism 234. [152] In various embodiments, one or more levers 254 (e.g., external levers) may be coupled to, or depend outwardly from, one or more of arms 246 of shuttle mechanism 234. Levers 254 may be attached to shuttle 236 by any suitable attachment method. In one embodiment, levers 254 are attached to shuttle 236 by a pair of screws 256. Levers 254 serve to guide shuttle 236 during operation when shuttle 236 is moved from a first position, racked forward, to a second position, racked backward. In that respect, levers 254 may be configured to facilitate movement of shuttle mechanism 234.

[153] Levers 254 may be received within guide channels 218 in housing 210. A number of levers 254 coupled to arms 246 may depend on a deployment orientation of MCEW 200, as previously discussed. For example, in a right-handed orientation only one of opposed sidewalls 211 (e.g., a first opposed sidewall, a left opposed sidewall, etc.) may comprise guide channel 218 (e.g., a right-handed orientation). Shuttle mechanism 234 may comprise an associated lever 254 configured to be received through that guide channel 218 (e.g., a left-handed lever, a right-handed orientation MCEW, etc.). As a further example, in a left-handed orientation only one of opposed sidewalls 211 (e.g., a first opposed sidewall, a left opposed sidewall, etc.) may comprise guide channel 218 (e.g., a right-handed orientation). Shuttle mechanism 234 may comprise an associated lever 254 configured to be received through that guide channel 218 (e.g., a right-handed lever, a left-handed orientation MCEW, etc.). As a further example, in an ambidextrous orientation each of opposed sidewalls 211 may comprise guide channel 218 (e.g., a first opposed sidewall comprises a first guide channel and a second opposed sidewall comprises a second guide channel). Shuttle mechanism 234 may comprise two associated levers 254, each lever 254 configured to be received through a respective guide channel 218 (e.g., a first lever received in a first guide channel and a second lever received in a second guide channel). In that regard, MCEW 200 may be operated by a user using either hand (or both hands) of the user.

[154] Lever 254 may be sized, shaped, and/or configured to be operated by a user. For example, lever 254 may comprise a grip, a non-slip surface or coating, a knurled surface, or the like to aid a user in holding and operating lever 254.

[155] In various embodiments, a forward end of shuttle rod 242 may be inserted through an aperture 258 located on an aft surface of upper portion 244 of shuttle 236. The forward end of shuttle rod 242 may contact a forward stop located in an interior of modular housing 210 proximate deployment end 214 (not depicted). An aft end of shuttle rod 242 may contact an aft stop. The aft stop may be located in the interior of modular housing 210 proximate conversion end 212 (not depicted). In other embodiments, the aft stop may be located in a conversion adaptor, a handle, or other attachment.

[156] Shuttle 236 may be configured to translate forward and backward on shuttle rod 242. In that respect, shuttle rod 242 may function similar to a track configured to allow shuttle 236 to move from the first position to the second position during operation of MCEW 200. Shuttle spring 240 may be positioned on shuttle rod 242 between the forward end and the aft end of shuttle rod 242. Shuttle spring 240 may be biased against upper portion 244 of shuttle 236, proximate aperture 258. In that regard, shuttle spring 240 may apply a force against shuttle 236 to bias shuttle mechanism 234 forward (e.g., into the first position) during operation of the MCEW 200, while still allowing the shuttle mechanism 234 to be operated into the second position during operation.

[157] In various embodiments, a conversion adaptor may be configured to allow modular housing 210 to receive deployment units from a variety of different sources (e.g., second housings) in different orientations, as discussed further herein. In that respect, the conversion adaptor may be configured to allow modular housing 210 to receive deployment units from different sources or orientations without changes needing to be made to modular housing 210. The conversion adaptor may be coupled at a first end to modular housing 210 adjacent the conversion end 212 of modular housing 210. The conversion adaptor may be coupled at a second end to a handle or grip, such as handle 270. The conversion adaptor may be configured to convert conversion end 212 to receive deployment units from a rear opening in conversion end 212, from a bottom opening in conversion end 212, and/or from both the rear opening and the bottom opening in conversion end 212. For example, a conversion adaptor may be configured to convert conversion end 212 to receive deployment units from a bottom-feed magazine, a buttstock magazine, and/or any other suitable or desired second housing.

[158] For example, in accordance with various embodiments and with reference to Figures 3 and 5 A, conversion adaptor 222 may be configured to allow modular housing 210 to receive deployment units from a bottom-feed magazine. Conversion adaptor 222 may comprise a handle end 225 configured to couple conversion adaptor 222 to a handle or a second object or structure, such as handle 270. A forward end of conversion adaptor 222, opposite handle end 225, may be configured to couple to conversion end 212 of modular housing 210. [159] In various embodiments, conversion adaptor 222 may comprise a mag well adaptor 224. Mag well adaptor 224 may comprise structures and openings configured to receive a bottom-feed magazine. For example, mag well adaptor 224 and conversion end 212 of the modular housing 210, when coupled, cooperate to form a mag well 226 (with brief reference to Figure 9 A). Mag well 226 may define an opening on an underside of MCEW 200, comprising collectively an opening in the underside of modular housing 210 and an opening in the underside of conversion adaptor 222. Mag well 226 may be sized and shaped to receive deployment units via mag well 226. Mag well 226 may be configured to accept a bottom feed magazine and receive one or more deployment units from the bottom-feed magazine.

[160] For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, mag well 226 may be configured to accept a bottom-feed magazine such as a bottom-feed magazine 228 (e.g., with reference to Figures 6A-6C, 7A and 7B, and 8A-8C). Bottom-feed magazine 228 may couple to mag well 226 such that at least a portion of bottom-feed magazine 228 is inserted into conversion adaptor 222. Conversion adaptor 222 may comprise a magazine release 232-1 and a magazine latch 232-2 configured to releasably retain bottom-feed magazine 228. Magazine latch 232-2 may comprise a latch, or similar retention feature, configured to interfere with or engage an outer surface of bottom-feed magazine 228, in response to bottom-feed magazine 228 being inserted into mag well 226. Magazine release 232-1 may comprise a switch, button, spring-loaded mechanism, or the like in connection with magazine latch 232-2. In response to magazine release 232-1 being activated (e.g., depressed, switched, pulled, pressed, etc.), magazine latch 232-2 may cease engagement or interference with bottom-feed magazine 228 to allow bottom-feed magazine 228 to releasably disengage from conversion adaptor 222.

[161] Bottom-feed magazine 228 may be configured to provide one or more deployment units to modular housing 210. Bottom-feed magazine 228 may be configured to receive any suitable or desired number of deployment units 220, such as, for example, one deployment unit, two deployment units, three deployment units, etc. Bottom-feed magazine 228 may comprise a spring 230 configured to bias the deployment units upwardly and/or vertically into mag well 226 in modular housing 210 proximate conversion end 212. For example, in response to bottom-feed magazine 228 being positioned in mag well 226, spring 230 may bias a first deployment unit into mag well 226 such that the first deployment unit is housed at least partially in modular housing 210 and conversion adaptor 222. The first deployment unit may be at least partially housed in modular housing 210 in a position where shuttle mechanism 234 may engage the first deployment unit to load the first deployment unit, as discussed further herein (e.g., ready the first deployment unit for deployment of one or more projectiles).

[162] In various embodiments, and with reference again Figure 3, handle 270 may be configured to allow a user to hold and/or operate MCEW 200. Handle 270 may be coupled to conversion adaptor 222. Any type of grip, handle, extension, etc. may be used to vary the layout of MCEW 200 to allow for a user to customize MCEW 200. For example, handle 270 may comprise any suitable or desired handles, grips, attachments, and/or coupling mechanisms that are typically found on handguns, rifles, semi-automatics weapons, and the like.

[163] In various embodiments, shuttle mechanism 234 may be configured to move from a first position, racked forward, shown in Figures 6A-6C, 7A and 7B, 8A and 8B, andl 1 A and 1 IB, to a second position, racked backward, shown in Figures 9A and 9B, and 10A-10C.

[164] In operation, bottom-feed magazine 228 may be loaded into mag well 226. Upon loading bottom -feed magazine 228, spring 230 automatically biases a first deployment unit vertically or upwardly into mag well 226. Shuttle mechanism 234 may be operated into the second position, racked backward. In the second position, spring arms 248 and/or catches 250 engage the grooves on the sides of the deployment unit. Shuttle mechanism 234 may be operated into the first position, racked forward. In the first position, the deployment unit is ready for firing. Upon movement of the first deployment unit forwardly into modular housing 210 when shuttle mechanism 234 is in the first position, racked forward, spring 230 in bottom-feed magazine 228 biases a second deployment unit vertically or upwardly into mag well 226 (e.g., as depicted in Figure 8B).

[165] An activation of trigger 217 may cause deployment unit 220 to deploy one or more projectiles. The one or more projectiles may be deployed when shuttle mechanism 234 is in the first position, racked forward. Forward cartridge stop 238 may be biased downwardly, when shuttle mechanism 234 is in the first position and forward ramp 239 is in contact with forward cartridge stop 238, to retain deployment unit 220 within modular housing 210. Trigger 217 may receive subsequent activations to deploy further projectiles based on the number of available projectiles in the deployment unit. In response to shuttle mechanism 234 being operated to the second position, rack backward, the first deployment unit may be ejected from deployment end 214 of modular housing 210. For example, as shown in Figures 9A and 9B, in response to shuttle mechanism 234 being operated to the second position, spring arms 248 and/or catches 250 may disengage from the grooves on the first deployment unit and may engage the grooves on the sides of the second deployment unit. As shown in Figures 10A-10C, once shuttle mechanism 234 is in the second position, racked backward, forward cartridge stop 238 disengages from the front of the first deployment unit. In response to operation of shuttle mechanism 234 back to the first position, racked forward, shown in Figures 11 A and 1 IB, the second deployment unit may contact the first deployment unit to cause the second deployment unit to be ejected from deployment end 214 of modular housing 210. Spring arms 248 and/or catch 250 may be engaged with grooves of the second deployment unit. Forward ramp 239 may be in contact with forward cartridge stop 238 to cause forward cartridge stop 238 to bias downwardly to contact a forward surface of the second deployment unit. In that regard, the second deployment unit is ready for deployment, and a next deployment unit from bottom-feed magazine 228 may be biased into mag well 226.

[166] In various embodiments, and with reference to Figures 12A-14B, an exemplary MCEW 900 is disclosed. MCEW 900 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any CEW discussed herein, including without limitation CEW 1, MCEW 100, and MCEW 200 (with brief references to Figures 1, 2A-2D, and 3). For the sake of brevity, redundant characteristics or elements of a CEW previously described herein may be omitted (in part or in full) in describing MCEW 900 below. While not all shown in Figures 12A-14B, MCEW 900 contains components similar to those described above with CEW 1, MCEW 100, and/or MCEW 200.

[167] In various embodiments MCEW 900 may comprise one or more of a modular housing 910, a shuttle mechanism (not depicted), a conversion adaptor 922, a foregrip 916, and/or a buttstock magazine 928. MCEW 900 may comprise or contain one or more deployment units. The shuttle mechanism may be at least partially disposed within modular housing 910. Conversion adaptor 922 may be coupled to modular housing 910, and may be configured to allow modular housing 910 to interface with buttstock magazine 928 to receive one or more deployment units. Foregrip 916 may be coupled to modular housing 910.

[168] In various embodiments, modular housing 910 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any housing discussed herein. Modular housing 910 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with modular housing 210. Modular housing 910 (e.g., a deployment housing, a primary housing, etc.) may be configured to receive and house one or more deployment units. Modular housing 910 may be configured to allow a deployment unit to deploy one or more projectiles from the deployment unit. Modular housing 910 may be configured to allow the deployment unit to be ejected from modular housing 910. Modular housing 910 may be configured to allow a next deployment unit to be received and allowed to deploy one or more next projectiles.

[169] Modular housing 910 may comprise a body having a conversion end 912 opposite a deployment end 914. Deployment end 914 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any deployment end discussed herein. Conversion end 912 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any conversion end discussed herein. Deployment end 914 may define a forward opening in the body of modular housing 910. Conversion end 912 may define a rear opening in the body of modular housing 910. Conversion end 912 may define a bottom opening in the body of modular housing 910. Conversion end 912 may define both a rear opening and a bottom opening in the body of modular housing 910.

[170] In various embodiments, modular housing 910 may comprise a generally octagonal shape with a pair of opposed sidewalls 911. While modular housing 910 is shown as comprising a generally octagonal shape, it should be appreciated that any suitable shape may be used and contemplated.

[171] Deployment end 914 and conversion end 912, separated by opposed sidewalls 911, may define a bay 913. Bay 913 may define an opening through the body of modular housing 910 (e.g., deployment end 914 may be in fluid communication with conversion end 912). Bay 913 may be configured to receive and load (e.g., prepare for deployment of projectiles, ejection of the deployment unit, etc.) one or more deployment units. In that regard, bay 913 (and the general shape of modular housing 910) may be sized and shaped to receive and house one or more deployment units. Bay 913 may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from outside modular housing 910, such as, for example, from buttstock magazine 928.

[172] In various embodiments, one or both of opposed sidewalls 911 may comprise a guide channel 918. Guide channel 918 may be similar to any other guide channel described herein (e.g., guide channel 218). Guide channel 918 may define an opening in the respective opposed sidewall 911, generally along the length of modular housing 910. Guide channel 918 may be sized and shaped to receive a lever of a shuttle mechanism (e.g., lever 954 of a shuttle mechanism). Guide channel 918 may be sized and shaped to enable a lever of a shuttle mechanism to be operated (e.g., translated) into a first position and a second position, as discussed in further detail herein. [173] In various embodiments, one or both of opposed sidewalls 911 may comprise guide channel 918 based on a deployment orientation, as discussed further herein.

[174] In various embodiments, modular housing 910 may comprise a mounting surface 904. Mounting surface 904 may be configured to at least partially couple (or aid in coupling) modular housing 910 to a platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, mounting surface 904 may comprise (or be coupled to) a rail interface system 974. Rail interface system 974 may comprise a rail interface system, an accessory rail, or the like (e.g., a MCEW rail interface), such as a Weaver rail, a Picatinny rail (e.g., MIL-STD-1913 rail, STANAG 2324 rail, etc.), or the like. In that regard, mounting surface 904 may be configured to interface with a corresponding rail interface system, accessory rail, or the like on a platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like. Mounting surface 904 may be configured to interface with the corresponding rail interface system, accessory rail, or the like to removably couple MCEW 900 to the platform, system, apparatus, attachment, handle, and/or the like.

[175] In various embodiments, modular housing 910 may comprise an accessory port (not depicted). The accessory port may be similar to any other accessory port described herein (e.g., accessory port 215, with brief reference to Figure 3). The accessory port may define an opening in the body of modular housing 910 and may be sized and shaped to receive an accessory, attachment, trigger assembly, or the like, as discussed further herein.

[176] In various embodiments, modular housing 910 (or MCEW 900) may comprise a system or apparatus (e.g., an aiming system, an aiming apparatus, etc.) to aid in accurately deploying projectiles from a deployment unit. For example, modular housing 910 may comprise an aiming apparatus. The aiming apparatus may be similar to any other aiming apparatus described herein (e.g., aiming apparatus 207, with brief reference to Figure 3). The aiming apparatus may be coupled to an outer surface of modular housing 910 and/or MCEW 900. The aiming apparatus may comprise a sight, a pair of sights (e.g., a front sight and a rear sight), a telescopic sight (e.g., a scope, an optical sighting device, etc.), a red-dot sight, a holographic sight, a night vision sight, a fiber optic sight, and/or any other suitable or desired system or apparatus to aid in aiming MCEW 900. For example, the aiming apparatus may comprise a front sight 907-1 and a rear sight 907-2. Front sight 907-1 may be coupled to an outer surface of modular housing 910, such as, for example, a top portion of modular housing 910 proximate deployment end 914. Rear sight 907-2 may be coupled to an outer surface of a second structure distal modular housing 910, such as buttstock magazine 928. Front sight 907-1 may be collinear with rear sight 907-2 (e.g., in response to modular housing 910 being coupled to the second structure). For example, rear sight 907-2 may define a “U” shaped void, a “V” shaped void, or a similar rectangular shaped void. In operation of MCEW 900, a user may visually align front sight 907-1 within the void of rear sight 907-2 to ensure projectiles are accurately deployed.

[177] In various embodiments, foregrip 916 may be configured to couple to a forward region of modular housing 910 proximate deployment end 914 and/or in any other suitable location on modular housing 910. Foregrip 916 may be similar to any other foregrip described herein (e.g., foregrip 916, with brief reference to Figure 3). Foregrip 916 may be configured to couple to modular housing 910 via the accessory port of modular housing 910.

[178] In various embodiments, foregrip 916 may comprise one or more components configured to enable a user to interact with MCEW 900. For example, foregrip 916 may comprise a trigger 917, a laser sight 919, and/or any other suitable or desired mechanical or electronic components.

[179] Trigger 917 may be disposed within foregrip 916. Trigger 917 may be similar to any other trigger discussed herein (e.g., trigger 217, with brief reference to Figure 3). Trigger 917 be coupled to an outer surface of foregrip 916, and may be configured to move, slide, rotate, or otherwise become physically depressed or moved upon application of physical contact. Trigger 917 may comprise a mechanical or electromechanical switch, button, trigger, or the like. For example, trigger 917 may comprise a switch, a pushbutton, and/or any other suitable type of trigger. Trigger 917 may be mechanically, electronically, or electrically coupled to a deployment unit. In response to trigger 917 being activated (e.g., depressed, pushed, etc. by the user), trigger 917 may communicate with the deployment unit to cause deployment of one or more projectiles from the deployment unit and/or the provision of a stimulus signal through the projectiles. In response to a next deployment unit being loaded in bay 913 of modular housing 910, trigger 917 may be mechanically, electronically, or electrically coupled to the next deployment unit.

[180] Laser sight 919 may be disposed within foregrip 916. Laser sight 919 may be similar to any other laser or laser sight discussed herein (e.g., laser sight 219, with brief reference to Figure 3). Laser sight 919 may be disposed through an outer surface of foregrip 916. Laser sight 919 may be oriented in a direction at least partially aligned with deployment end 914 of modular housing 910, in response to foregrip 916 being coupled to modular housing 910. Laser sight 919 may be configured to activate to produce an aiming laser. For example, laser sight 919 may comprise a trigger, switch, button, or the like configured to activate laser sight 919. As a further example, foregrip 916 may comprise a pressure switch configured to activate laser sight 919 in response to a user applying pressure or holding foregrip 916. Laser sight 919 may comprise any suitable laseroutput component. In various embodiments, laser sight 919 may comprise a tactical flashlight, strobe light, or similar light-emitting component.

[181] In various embodiments, modular housing 910 may be configured to receive any suitable or desired number of deployment units, such as, for example a deployment unit 220 as previously disclosed with reference to Figures 15A and 15B.

[182] In various embodiments, while not shown in Figures 12A-14B, MCEW 900 may comprise a shuttle mechanism, similar to the shuttle mechanism 234 discussed above, configured to move deployment units into firing position and to eject deployment units, such as from deployment end 914 of modular housing 910. The shuttle mechanism may be configured to move from a first position, racked forward, to a second position, racked backward, as described in detail above.

[183] In various embodiments, the shuttle mechanism may comprise a shuttle, a forward ramp, a shuttle spring, and/or a shuttle rod. The shuttle mechanism may reside within modular housing 910. In various embodiments, the shuttle may comprise an upper portion and a pair of arms defining a lower portion of the shuttle. The upper portion and the arms may be configured to guide the shuttle mechanism within modular housing 910.

[184] The forward ramp is located proximate a forward surface of the upper portion. For example, the forward ramp may comprise a structure extending forward from the forward surface of the upper portion. The forward ramp may comprise a wedge or triangular shape, and/or any other suitable shape. During operation of shuttle mechanism, the forward ramp may be configured to control operation of a forward cartridge stop. The forward cartridge stop serves to contain a deployment unit within the shuttle mechanism during operation of MCEW 900. For example, the forward cartridge stop may be configured to contact (e.g., interface with, engage, etc.) a forward surface of the deployment unit. In that regard, the forward cartridge stop may be configured to prevent the deployment unit from moving in a forward direction in response to the forward cartridge stop being positioned to contact the deployment unit. [185] For example, the forward ramp may be configured to contact and/or control a forward cartridge stop disposed within modular housing 910. The forward cartridge stop may comprise a structure coupled to and extending radially inward from an inner surface of modular housing 910. The forward cartridge stop may be coupled to an inner surface of modular housing 910 proximate deployment end 914. The forward cartridge stop may comprise a pivot point. The forward cartridge stop may pivot (e.g., rotate, bias upwardly, bias downwardly, etc.) about the pivot point. The forward cartridge stop and/or pivot point may be spring loaded. In an undisturbed state (e.g., no contact with the forward ramp, in response to the shuttle mechanism being in the second position), the forward cartridge stop may be biased upwardly. In the undisturbed state, the forward cartridge stop may contact a pivot stop. The pivot stop may extend radially inward from an inner surface of modular housing 910. The pivot stop may be sized and shaped to contact the forward cartridge stop in the undisturbed state to at least partially stop the forward cartridge stop from pivoting in a further upward direction. The pivot stop may also be configured to position the forward cartridge stop in a position to receive the forward ramp.

[186] In a disturbed state (e.g., contact and/or forward bias from the forward ramp, in response to the shuttle mechanism being in the first position), the forward cartridge stop may be biased downwardly. For example, the pivot point may comprise a wedge or triangular shape having a complimentary surface for the forward ramp. In response to the forward ramp contacting or providing a forward bias against the complimentary surface of the pivot point, the forward cartridge stop may pivot in a downward direction to contact a forward surface of a deployment unit. The forward cartridge stop may comprise a latch or similar component configured to contact and/or at least partially retain a deployment unit.

[187] In various embodiments, the arms of the shuttle mechanism may each comprise a spring arm that extends rearward. The spring arms may be biased inward and may comprise (or define) a catch. The spring arms and/or catch may be configured to engage grooves in the sides of a deployment unit. For example, the spring arms may each engage or interface with a groove or a first groove portion on either side of the deployment unit. The spring arms may be configured to retain and orient the deployment unit within the shuttle mechanism and/or modular housing 910. For example, the arms and/or spring arms may define a cavity configured to receive a deployment unit. [188] The catch may comprise a mechanical structure extending inward (or biased inward) on each spring arm. The catch may be configured to engage or interface with a groove, a second groove portion, or a ledge of the groove on the deployment unit to aid in retaining the deployment unit within the shuttle mechanism and/or modular housing 910. The catch may be configured to engage or interface with a groove on the deployment unit to prevent (at least partially) the deployment unit from moving in an upward, downward, or backward direction.

[189] In that respect, in response to a forward cartridge stop contacting a forward surface of a deployment unit and the catch contacting a groove of the deployment unit, the deployment unit may be fully retained within the shuttle mechanism.

[190] In various embodiments, one or more levers 954 may be coupled to, or extend outward from, one or more of the arms of the shuttle mechanism. Levers 954 may be attached to the shuttle by any suitable attachment method. Levers 954 serve to guide the shuttle during operation when the shuttle is moved from a first position, racked forward, to a second position, racked backward. Levers 954 may be received within guide channels 918 in modular housing 910. A number of levers 954 coupled to the arms may depend on a deployment orientation of MCEW 200, as previously discussed (e.g., a right-handed orientation, a left-handed orientation, an ambidextrous orientation, etc.).

[191] In various embodiments, a forward end of the shuttle rod may be inserted through an aperture located on an aft surface of the upper portion of the shuttle. The forward end of the shuttle rod may contact a forward stop located in an interior of modular housing 910 proximate deployment end 914. An aft end of the shuttle rod may contact an aft stop. The aft stop may be located in the interior of modular housing 910 proximate conversion end 912 (not depicted). In other embodiments, the aft stop may be located in conversion adaptor 922, a handle, or other attachment.

[192] The shuttle may be configured to translate forward and backward on the shuttle rod. In that respect, the shuttle rod may function similar to a track configured to allow the shuttle to move from the first position to the second position during operation of MCEW 900. The shuttle spring may be positioned on the shuttle rod between the forward end and the aft end of the shuttle rod. The shuttle spring may be biased against the upper portion of the shuttle, proximate the aperture. In that regard, the shuttle spring may apply a force against the shuttle to bias the shuttle mechanism forward (e.g., into the first position) during operation of MCEW 900, while still allowing the shuttle mechanism to be operated into the second position during operation.

[193] In various embodiments, conversion adaptor 922 may be configured to allow modular housing 910 to receive deployment units from buttstock magazine 928. Conversion adaptor 922 may be coupled at a first end to modular housing 910 adjacent the conversion end 912 of modular housing 910. Conversion adaptor 922 may be coupled at a second end to buttstock magazine 928. Conversion adaptor 922 may be configured to convert conversion end 912 to receive deployment units from a rear opening in conversion end 912.

[194] In various embodiments, and with reference to Figure 5B and continued reference to Figures 12A-14B, conversion adaptor 922 may comprise a body defining a conversion well 925. Conversion well 925 may be configured to receive one or more deployment units from a buttstock magazine 928, and provide the one or more deployment units to modular housing 910. The body of conversion adaptor 922 may also comprise a first hinge 960-1. First hinge 960-1 may be configured to interface with a second hinge 960-2 of buttstock magazine 928 to form a hinge 960, as discussed further herein.

[195] Conversion adaptor 922 may comprise a conversion plate 995 extending forward the body of the conversion adaptor 922. Conversion plate 995 may be configured to at least partially seal a bottom portion of conversion end 912 of modular housing 910. For example, conversion plate 995 may at least partially seal the bottom portion of conversion end 912 such that deployment units may be received from a rear end of conversion end 912. In that regard, the conversion plate 995 may be sized and shaped to align with the bottom portion of conversion end 912 and at least partially seal the bottom portion of conversion end 912 in response to conversion adaptor 922 being coupled to modular housing 910.

[196] In various embodiments, conversion plate 995 may define a channel 996. Channel 996 may define a forward-to-aft groove in conversion plate 995. Channel 996 may be sized and shaped to receive a deployment unit from buttstock magazine 928. In that regard, channel 996 may be configured to provide one or more deployment units from buttstock magazine 928 to modular housing 910.

[197] In various embodiments, and with specific reference again to Figures 12A-14B, buttstock magazine 928 may be configured to provide one or more deployment units to modular housing 910. Buttstock magazine 928 may be configured to receive any suitable or desired number of deployment units 220, such as, for example, one deployment unit, two deployment units, three deployment units, etc. Buttstock magazine 928 may comprise a spring 930 configured to bias the deployment units in a forward direction (or horizontally) towards an opening of buttstock magazine 928. In that regard, in response to buttstock magazine 928 being coupled to conversion adaptor 922 and/or modular housing 910, spring 930 may bias the deployment units forward towards modular housing 910. For example, in response to buttstock magazine 928 being coupled to conversion adaptor 922 and/or modular housing 910, spring 930 may bias a first deployment unit into modular housing 910 and conversion adaptor 922. The first deployment unit may be at least partially housed in modular housing 910 in a position where the shuttle mechanism may engage the first deployment unit to load the first deployment unit, as discussed further herein (e.g., ready the first deployment unit for deployment of one or more projectiles).

[198] Buttstock magazine 928 may comprise a first end opposite a second end. The first end of buttstock magazine 928 may comprise a buttstock adaptor 924. Buttstock adaptor 924 may comprise a portion of buttstock magazine 928 configured to interface with conversion adaptor 922 and/or modular housing 910. For example, buttstock adaptor 924 may comprise a second hinge 960-2. Second hinge 960-2 may be configured to engage with first hinge 960-1 of conversion adaptor 922 to couple buttstock magazine 928 to conversion adaptor 922. The teeth of first hinge 960-1 may engage the teeth of second hinge 960-2 and a hinge pin 961 may be inserted through the engagement to complete hinge 960 (e.g., a hinged connection). In that regard, hinge 960 may be attached to a lateral side of modular housing 910 and a lateral side of buttstock magazine 928.

[199] Coupling buttstock magazine 928 to conversion adaptor 922 using hinge 960 may enable MCEW 900 to be opened on a side of MCEW 900 (e.g., opened in a horizontal configuration), instead of being opened on a top or bottom as is typically found in firearms, such as shotguns (e.g., opened in a vertical configuration). Hinge 960 may allow MCEW 900 to selectable expose buttstock magazine 928 (e.g., an opening of buttstock magazine 928). For example, MCEW 900 may be configured to be operated from a closed position to an open position. Figure 12A shows MCEW 900 in a closed position while Figures 12B and 13 A show MCEW 900 in an open position. In the open position, one or more deployment units may be loaded into buttstock magazine 928.

[200] Buttstock adaptor 924 may comprise a release latch 962. Release latch 962 may be configured to engage conversion adaptor 922 to lock MCEW 900 in the closed position. Release latch 962 may be operated (e.g., pushed, pulled, translated, etc.) to release the engagement with conversion adaptor 922 to unlock MCEW 900 into the open position.

[201] Buttstock adaptor 924 may comprise a magazine release 932, which is configured to control forward movement of deployment units 920 from buttstock magazine 928 into modular housing 910. Magazine release 932 may comprise a latch or similar component configured to pivot from a locked position to a release position. In the locked position, magazine release 932 may engage a forward surface of a deployment unit disposed within buttstock magazine 928. Magazine release 932 may engage the forward surface of the deployment unit to prevent the deployment unit from moving in a forward direction. In the release position, magazine release 932 may disengage from the forward surface of the deployment unit to allow the deployment unit to move in the forward direction. In the locked position, and as depicted in Figure 12B, magazine release 932 may also allow MCEW 900 to move into the open position without having a deployment unit interfering with the opening (e.g., a deployment unit stuck in between conversion adaptor 922 and buttstock magazine 928 may otherwise at least partially prevent MCEW 900 from opening).

[202] For example, and as shown in Figure 13C, once deployment units 220 are loaded within buttstock magazine 928, magazine release 932 maintains deployment unit 220 therein (e.g., in the locked position). If the user requires deployment units 220 to load within modular housing 910, the user engages (e.g., presses) magazine release 932, which causes magazine release 932 to disengage from the forward surface of deployment unit 220 (e.g., in the release position). In response to magazine release 932 being in the release position, spring 930 provides a forward bias to deployment units 220 to move deployment units 220 forwardly and/or horizontally into conversion end 912 of modular housing 910.

[203] In various embodiments, and with specific reference again to Figures 12A-14B, MCEW 900 may comprise a butt attachment 976. Butt attachment 976 may be coupled to an aft end (e.g., second end) of buttstock magazine 928 opposite a forward end (e.g., first end) where buttstock magazine 928 is coupled to the conversion adaptor 922. Butt attachment 976 may be configured to rest against (e.g., contact) a user’s shoulder or chest during operation. In various embodiments, butt attachment 976 may comprise a pad, shock absorption features or structures, or the like to aid in user comfort during operation.

[204] In various embodiments, MCEW 900 may comprise a handle 970. Handle 970 may be similar to any handle disclosed herein. Handle 970 may be coupled to an underside of buttstock magazine 928. Any type of grip, handle, extension, etc. may be used to vary the layout of the MCEW 900 to allow for a user to customize the MCEW 900.

[205] In various embodiments, MCEW 900 may operate in a similar manner to any other MCEW disclosed herein, such as MCEW 200. A shuttle mechanism of MCEW 900 may operate the same or similar to shuttle mechanism 234 of MCEW 200.

[206] For example, MCEW 900 may be operated into an open position (e.g., as shown in Figure 12B). One or more deployment units 220 may be loaded into buttstock magazine 928. In response to receiving one or more deployment units 220, spring 930 may bias deployment units 220 horizontally or forwardly against magazine release 932.MCEW 900 may be operated into the closed position (e.g., as shown in Figure 12A). Magazine release 932 may be operated to release one or more deployment units 220 into conversion adaptor 922 and modular housing 910.

[207] The shuttle mechanism of MCEW 900 may be operated to move from a first position, racked forward, to a second position, racked backward. In the second position, the spring arms and/or the catches of the shuttle mechanism engage the grooves on the sides of a first deployment unit. The shuttle mechanism may be operated back into the first position, racked forward. In the first position, the first deployment unit is ready for firing. Upon movement of the first deployment unit forward into modular housing 910 when the shuttle mechanism is in the first position, racked forward, spring 230 in buttstock magazine 928 biases a second deployment unit forward or horizontally into a next position.

[208] Activation of trigger 917may cause the first deployment unit to deploy one or more projectiles. The one or more projectiles may be deployed when the shuttle mechanism is in the first position, racked forward. The forward cartridge stop of modular housing 910 may be biased downwardly, when the shuttle mechanism is in the first position and the forward ramp of the shuttle mechanism is in contact with the forward cartridge stop, to retain the first deployment unit within modular housing 910. Trigger 917 may receive subsequent activations to deploy further projectiles based on the number of available projectiles in the first deployment unit.

[209] In response to the shuttle mechanism being operated to the second position, racked backward, the first deployment unit may be ejected from deployment end 914 of modular housing 910. For example, in response to the shuttle mechanism being operated to the second position, the spring arms and/or the catches may disengage from the grooves on the first deployment unit and may engage the grooves on the sides of a second (or next) deployment unit. Once the shuttle mechanism is in the second position, racked backward, the forward cartridge stop disengages from the front of the first deployment unit. In response to operation of the shuttle mechanism back to the first position, racked forward, the second deployment unit may contact the first deployment unit to cause the first deployment unit to be ejected from the deployment end 914 of the modular housing 910. The spring arms and/or catch may engage with grooves of the second deployment unit. The forward ramp may be in contact with the forward cartridge stop to cause the forward cartridge stop to bias downwardly to contact a forward surface of the second deployment unit. In that regard, the second deployment unit is ready for deployment, and a next deployment unit from buttstock magazine 928 may be biased into conversion adaptor 922 and/or modular housing 910 (if magazine release 932 is open).

[210] In various embodiments, and with reference to Figure 16, an MCEW 1600 may comprise an action style grip 1672 configured to perform similar operations as a lever for a shuttle mechanism (e.g., lever 254, lever 954, etc.). MCEW 1600 may be similar to any other MCEW disclosed herein, such as MCEW 200, MCEW 300, and/or MCEW 900. Components of a MCEW already discussed herein may not be discussed with reference to MCEW 1600 for the sake of brevity. MCEW 1600 may comprise one or more of a modular housing 1610, a shuttle mechanism (not depicted), and/or the action style grip 1672.

[211] In various embodiments, modular housing 1610 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any housing discussed herein (e.g., modular housing 210, modular housing 910, etc.).

[212] Modular housing 1610 may comprise a body having a conversion end 1612 opposite a deployment end 1614. Deployment end 1614 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any deployment end discussed herein. Conversion end 1612 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and/or components with, any conversion end discussed herein. Deployment end 1614 may define a forward opening in the body of modular housing 1610. Conversion end 1612 may define both a rear opening and a bottom opening in the body of modular housing 1610. In other embodiments, conversion end 1612 may comprise a closed surface of modular housing 1610, and MCEW 1600 may be configured to only receive deployment units via deployment end 1614. Deployment end 1614 and conversion end 1612may define abay 1613. Bay 1613 may define an opening through the body of modular housing 1610. Bay 1613 may be configured to receive and load (e.g., prepare for deployment of projectiles, ejection of the deployment unit, etc.) one or more deployment units.

[213] In various embodiments, one or both of opposed sidewalls 1611 may comprise a guide channel 1618. Guide channel 1618 may be similar to any other guide channel described herein (e.g., guide channel 218). Guide channel 1618 may define an opening in each respective opposed sidewall 1611, generally along the length of modular housing 1610. Guide channel 1618 may be sized and shaped to enable operation between the shuttle mechanism of MCEW 1600 and the action style grip 1672. Guide channel 1618 may be sized and shaped to enable action style grip 1672 to operate (e.g., translate) the shuttle mechanism into a first position and a second position, as discussed in further detail herein.

[214] In various embodiments, modular housing 1610 may comprise a mounting surface 1604. Mounting surface 1604 may be similar to any mounting surface described herein. Mounting surface 1604 may comprise or be coupled to any suitable rail interface system described herein, such as a Weaver rail, a Picatinny rail, or the like.

[215] In various embodiments, action style grip 1672 may be coupled to the shuttle mechanism of MCEW 1600. Action style grip 1672 may function similar to a lever of a shuttle mechanism (e.g., as previously discussed), and may be configured to operate the shuttle mechanism into a first position, racked forward, and a second position, racked backward. Action style grip 1672 may be similar to the lever action grip utilized on a standard pump shotgun. Action style grip 1672 may be located on an outer surface or underside of modular housing 1600. In various embodiments, action style grip 1672 may be directly coupled to one or more levers of a shuttle mechanism. In various embodiments, the levers of a shuttle mechanism disclosed herein may be removed, and action style grip 1672 may be directly coupled to the shuttle of the shuttle mechanism.

[216] Action style grip 1672 may include a trigger 1673. Trigger 1673 may be similar to any trigger disclosed herein, such as trigger 217, trigger 917, or the like. Trigger 1673 may be disposed within action style grip 1672. Trigger 1673 be coupled to an outer surface of action style grip 1672, and may be configured to move, slide, rotate, or otherwise become physically depressed or moved upon application of physical contact. For example, trigger 1673 may be actuated by physical contact applied to trigger 1673 by a user. In response to trigger 1673 being activated (e.g., depressed, pushed, etc. by the user), trigger 1673 may communicate with a deployment unit loaded in modular housing 1610 to cause deployment of one or more projectiles from the deployment unit and/or the provision of a stimulus signal through the projectiles.

[217] As stated above, a MCEW may comprise various handles, grips, attachments, and/or coupling mechanisms. The various handles, grips, attachments, and/or coupling mechanisms may be similar to those found on handguns, rifles, semi-automatics weapons, and the like, each of which may be coupled to the MCEW for any number of combinations for use.

[218] In various embodiments, and with reference to Figure 17, MCEW 1600 may be coupled to a handle 1670. MCEW 1600 in Figure 17 may comprise a lever 1654 configured to operate the shuttle mechanism of MCEW 1600 (e.g., in contrast to the action style grip 1672 shown in Figure 16). MCEW 1600 in Figure 17 may also comprise a foregrip 1616 having a trigger 1617. Foregrip 1616 and trigger 1617 may each be similar to any foregrip and/or trigger disclosed herein.

[219] Handle 1670 may be coupled directly to conversion end 1612 (e.g., without the use of a conversion adaptor). In that regard, MCEW 1600 as depicted in Figure 17 may be configured to only receive deployment units from deployment bay 1614 of MCEW 1600. Handle 1670 may be similar to any handle disclosed herein. For example, handle 1670 may comprise any suitable or desired handles, grips, attachments, and/or coupling mechanisms that are typically found on handguns, rifles, semi-automatic weapons, and the like. Handle 1670 may comprise a honeycomb structure or any other similar structure or characteristic configured to at least one of reduce weight of handle 1670, increase stability of handle 1670, increase shock absorption of handle 1670, and/or the like.

[220] In various embodiments, a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) is disclosed. The MCEW may comprise a deployment end defining a front opening; a conversion end defining a rear opening; and a housing defining a bay between the deployment end and the conversion end, wherein the bay is configured to receive a deployment unit from either the deployment end or the conversion end, and wherein the deployment end is configured to transfer the deployment unit out of the bay and away from the MCEW.

[221] The MCEW may further comprise a shuttle mechanism in communication with the bay, wherein: the bay accommodates a rear deployment unit and a forward deployment unit; the shuttle mechanism forces the rear deployment unit forward; and a forward movement of the rear deployment unit forces the forward deployment unit forward out of the deployment end. The shuttle mechanism may comprise an external lever, wherein the external lever facilitates movement of the shuttle mechanism. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a pair of arms configured to engage the rear deployment unit to force the rear deployment unit forward. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a forward cartridge stop configured to retain the forward deployment unit within the bay. The bay may include a mag well and a shuttle mechanism in communication with the bay, wherein the shuttle mechanism is configured to eject the deployment unit through the front opening and load the deployment unit through the mag well. The mag well may be formed in a rear of the bay. The mag well may be formed in a bottom of the bay. The front opening may be configured to transfer the deployment unit into the bay.

[222] In various embodiments, a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) may comprise a housing defining a bay, a front opening, a rear opening, and a bottom opening. Each of the front opening, the rear opening, and the bottom opening may be configured to accommodate transfer of a deployment unit. The bay may be configured to receive the deployment unit through at least one of the rear opening and the bottom opening, A shuttle mechanism may be disposed within the bay, wherein the shuttle mechanism is configured to eject the deployments unit out of the housing through the front opening and move the deployment unit into a firing position in the bay.

[223] The bay may accommodate a rear deployment unit and a forward deployment unit; the shuttle mechanism may force the rear deployment unit forward; and forward movement of the rear deployment unit may force the forward deployment unit forward and out of the front opening. The shuttle mechanism may comprise an external lever, wherein the external lever facilitates movement of the shuttle mechanism. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a pair of arms configured to engage the rear deployment unit to force the rear deployment unit forward. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a forward cartridge stop configured to retain the forward deployment unit within the bay.

[224] In various embodiments, a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) may comprise a main housing comprising and defining: a bay, wherein the bay is configured to receive at least one deployment unit; a front opening, wherein the at least one deployment unit is ejected through the front opening; and at least one of a rear opening and a bottom opening. The MCEW may comprise a second housing removably attached to the main housing and housing additional deployment units. The MCEW may comprise a shuttle mechanism in communication with the bay, wherein the shuttle mechanism ejects the at least one deployment unit through the front opening; and moves the additional deployment units from the second housing into a firing position in the bay.

[225] The shuttle mechanism may comprise a shuttle slidably disposed within the bay; and an external lever connected to the shuttle, wherein the external lever is configured to operatively slide the shuttle within the bay. The shuttle mechanism may further comprise a spring biasing the shuttle and the at least one deployment unit towards the firing position. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a pair of arms configured to engage the at least one deployment unit. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a forward cartridge stop configured to retain the at least one deployment unit within the bay.

[226] In various embodiments, a method of operating a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) is disclosed. The method may include the operations of activating a first deployment unit in a housing, wherein the first deployment unit launches a projectile through a front opening in the housing; and ejecting the first deployment unit out of the housing through the front opening.

[227] The operation of ejecting the first deployment unit may comprise operating a shuttle mechanism to a second position wherein the shuttle mechanism engages a second deployment unit positioned behind the first deployment unit; and operating the shuttle mechanism to a first position, wherein the shuttle mechanism forces the second deployment unit forward against the first deployment unit, and wherein the second deployment unit forces the first deployment unit out of the housing through the front opening. The shuttle mechanism may comprise an external lever, and wherein the external lever facilitates movement of the shuttle mechanism to the first position or the second position. The shuttle mechanism may comprise a pair of arms configured to engage the second deployment unit to force the second deployment unit forward.

[228] In various embodiments, a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) may comprise a main housing comprising a rear conversion connector. The main housing may define: a bay, wherein the bay is configured to receive at least one deployment unit; a front opening, wherein the at least one deployment unit is ejected through the front opening; and a bottom opening. The MCEW may comprise a second housing removably attached to the rear conversion connector and configured to house additional deployment units.

[229] The rear conversion connector may comprise a conversion adaptor removably attached over the bottom opening. The conversion adaptor may define at least a portion of a mag well; the second housing may define a second housing opening adjacent the mag well; and the additional deployment units may be transferred into the bay from the second housing through the second housing opening and the mag well. The bottom opening may define at least a portion of the mag well; and the second housing may be attached to the bottom of at least one of the main housing and the conversion adaptor. The second housing may be removably attached to the rear conversion connector; the second housing may define a second housing opening adjacent the bottom opening; and the additional deployment units may be transferred into the bay from the second housing through the second housing opening and the bottom opening. The second housing may comprise a handle. The first housing may comprise an action style grip. The rear conversion connector may removably attach to a plurality of interchangeable grips. The rear conversion connector may removably attach to a plurality of interchangeable second housings. The main housing may further comprise a forward interface that removably attaches to a plurality of interchangeable elements. The plurality of interchangeable elements may include a foregrip. The foregrip may include a trigger. The MCEW may further comprise a rail interface attached to an upper surface of the main housing.

[230] In various embodiments, a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) for launching projectiles from deployment units may comprise a main housing. The main housing may comprise a rear conversion connector. The main housing may define: a bay configured to receive at least one deployment unit; a front opening, wherein the projectiles and the deployment units are ejected through the front opening; and a rear opening. The MCEW may comprise a second housing removably attached to the rear conversion connector and configured to house additional deployment units.

[231] The rear conversion connector may comprise a conversion adaptor removably attached over the rear opening. The conversion adaptor may define at least a portion of a mag well; the second housing may define a second housing opening adjacent the mag well; and the additional deployment units may be transferred into the bay from the second housing through the second housing opening and the mag well. The second housing may be removably attached to the rear conversion connector; the second housing may define a second housing opening adjacent the rear opening; and the additional deployment units may be transferred into the bay from the second housing through the second housing opening and the rear opening. The MCEW may further comprise a hinged connection between the main housing and the second housing, wherein the hinged connection selectably exposes the second housing opening. The hinged connection may include a hinge attached to a first lateral side of the main housing and a second lateral side of the second housing. The second housing may comprise a buttstock magazine. The rear conversion connector may removably attach to a plurality of interchangeable second housings. The main housing may further comprise a forward interface, wherein the forward interface removably attaches to a plurality of interchangeable elements. The plurality of interchangeable elements may include a foregrip. The foregrip may include a trigger.

[232] In various embodiments, a method of operating a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) is disclosed. The method may include operations comprising: selecting a second housing for housing deployment units from a plurality of different interchangeable second housings; attaching a selected second housing to a rear conversion connector of a main housing; transferring a first deployment unit into a firing position in a bay defined by the main housing; firing a projectile from the first deployment unit though a front opening defined in the main housing; ejecting the first deployment unit through the front opening; and transferring a second deployment unit into the firing position.

[233] The method may also include operations comprising transferring the second deployment unit into the bay from the selected second housing. The operation of attaching the selected second housing may comprise: removably attaching a conversion adaptor over at least one of a rear opening and a bottom opening defined in the main housing; and removably attaching the selected second housing to the conversion adaptor. The conversion adaptor may define at least a portion of a mag well; the selected second housing may define an opening adjacent the mag well, and the operations may further comprise transferring the second deployment unit into the bay from the selected second housing through the selected second housing opening and the mag well. The bottom opening may define at least a portion of the mag well; and the operation of attaching the selected second housing may comprise attaching the selected second housing to the bottom of at least one of the main housing and the conversion adaptor. The main housing may define a rear opening; the selected second housing may define an opening; the operation of attaching the selected second housing may comprise attaching the selected second housing to the conversion connector and substantially aligning the rear opening and the selected second housing opening; and the operations may further comprise transferring the second deployment unit into the bay from the selected second housing through the selected second housing opening and the rear opening. The operations may further comprise selectably exposing the second housing opening via a hinged connection between the main housing and the selected second housing; and transferring deployment units into the selected second housing. The hinged connection may include a hinge attached to a first lateral side of the main housing and a second lateral side of the selected second housing. The selected second housing may comprise a buttstock magazine. The selected second housing may comprise a handle. The operations may further comprise removably attaching the rear conversion connector to a selected grip selected from a plurality of interchangeable grips. The operations may further comprise selecting a forward element from a plurality of interchangeable forward elements; and removably attaching the selected forward element to a forward interface of the main housing. The plurality of interchangeable forward elements may include a foregrip. The foregrip may include a trigger.

[234] In various embodiments, a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) for launching projectiles from at least one deployment unit is disclosed. The MCEW may comprise a main housing comprising a rear conversion connector. The main housing may define: a bay, wherein the bay is configured to receive at least one deployment unit; a front opening, wherein the at least one deployment unit is ejected through the front opening; and a handle attached to the rear conversion connector.

[235] Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described herein with regard to specific embodiments. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of the disclosures. The scope of the disclosure is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims and their legal equivalents, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. [236] Systems, methods, and apparatus are provided herein. In the detailed description herein, references to “various embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A deployment housing for a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) comprising: a deployment end defining a front opening; a conversion end defining a rear opening; and a body defining a bay between the deployment end and the conversion end, wherein the bay is capable of receiving a deployment unit from either the deployment end or the conversion end, and wherein the deployment end is configured to transfer the deployment unit out of the bay and away from the MCEW.

2. The deployment housing of claim 1, wherein the conversion end further defines a bottom opening in fluid communication with the bay.

3. The deployment housing of claim 2, wherein the bay is configured to receive the deployment unit from at least one of the rear opening or the bottom opening of the conversion end.

4. The deployment housing of claim 2, wherein the body further defines an accessory port proximate the bottom opening.

5. The deployment housing of claim 4, wherein the accessory port is in fluid communication with the bottom opening.

6. The deployment housing of claim 4, wherein the accessory port is sized and shaped to enable an accessory to interface with the deployment unit in response to the deployment unit being received within the body.

7. The deployment housing of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a first sidewall and a second sidewall opposite the first sidewall, and wherein at least one of the first sidewall or the second sidewall defines a guide channel.

8. The deployment housing of claim 1, further comprising a mounting surface coupled to the body, wherein the mounting surface is configured to couple the body to an object.

9. The deployment housing of claim 1, further comprising a shuttle mechanism disposed within the bay.

10. The deployment housing of claim 9, wherein the shuttle mechanism comprises a lever at least partially exposed external the body, wherein the lever is configured to operate the shuttle mechanism.

11. A modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”) comprising: a housing defining a bay, a front opening, a rear opening, and a bottom opening, wherein: each of the front opening, the rear opening, and the bottom opening is configured to accommodate transfer of a deployment unit, and the bay is configured to receive the deployment unit through at least one of the rear opening and the bottom opening; and a shuttle mechanism disposed within the bay, wherein the shuttle mechanism is configured to move the deployment unit into a firing position in the bay and eject the deployment unit out of the housing through the front opening.

12. The MCEW of claim 11, wherein: the bay is configured to accommodate a rear deployment unit and a forward deployment unit; the shuttle mechanism is configured to force the rear deployment unit forward; and forward movement of the rear deployment unit is configured to force the forward deployment unit forward and out of the front opening.

13. The MCEW of claim 12, wherein the shuttle mechanism comprises a pair of arms configured to engage the rear deployment unit to force the rear deployment unit forward.

14. The MCEW of claim 12, wherein the shuttle mechanism comprises a forward cartridge stop configured to retain the forward deployment unit within the bay.

15. The MCEW of claim 11, wherein the shuttle mechanism comprises an external lever, and wherein the external lever is configured to facilitate movement of the shuttle mechanism.

16. The MCEW of claim 11, wherein the shuttle mechanism comprises: a shuttle slidably disposed within the bay; and an external lever connected to the shuttle, wherein the external lever is configured to operatively slide the shuttle within the bay.

17. The MCEW of claim 16, wherein the shuttle mechanism further comprises a spring configured to bias the shuttle and the deployment unit towards the firing position.

18. A method of operating a modular conducted electrical weapon (“MCEW”), comprising: operating a shuttle mechanism to a first position in a housing, wherein in the first position the shuttle mechanism positions a first deployment unit into a firing position; operating the shuttle mechanism to a second position in the housing, wherein in the second position the shuttle mechanism engages a second deployment unit positioned behind the first deployment unit; and operating the shuttle mechanism back to the first position in the housing, wherein back in the first position the shuttle mechanism ejects the first deployment unit from the housing and positions the second deployment unit into the firing position.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein in the firing position the first deployment unit or the second deployment unit is configured to activate to launch a projectile through a front opening in the housing.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the shuttle mechanism ejects the first deployment unit from the housing by forcing the second deployment unit forward against the first deployment unit, and wherein the second deployment unit ejects the first deployment unit out of the housing through the front opening.