WO2022084865A1 - Procédé, système et identification pour l'authentification de produits revêtus - Google Patents

Procédé, système et identification pour l'authentification de produits revêtus Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022084865A1
WO2022084865A1 PCT/IB2021/059639 IB2021059639W WO2022084865A1 WO 2022084865 A1 WO2022084865 A1 WO 2022084865A1 IB 2021059639 W IB2021059639 W IB 2021059639W WO 2022084865 A1 WO2022084865 A1 WO 2022084865A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
image
particles
randomly distributed
authentication
materials
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PCT/IB2021/059639
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Alexis Zounek
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Alexis Zounek
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Publication of WO2022084865A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022084865A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching
    • G07D7/2033—Matching unique patterns, i.e. patterns that are unique to each individual paper
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
    • G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
    • G07D7/1205—Testing spectral properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching
    • G07D7/206—Matching template patterns

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for optical product authentication with the steps of a) equipping a product, a packaging of a product and/or a product or packaging label with at least one identifier that contains randomly distributed particles; b) recording one or more reference images of a product equipped with at least one identifier in accordance with a); and c) authentication of a product registered according to b), comprising
  • the invention relates to a system for optical product authentication, comprehensive
  • At least one authentication system arranged and configured to digitally compare recognition images with reference images; wherein the registration system, the secondary image acquisition systems, the authentication system and the database are set up and configured to transmit and receive digital data via the communication system and/or bidirectional data lines.
  • the invention relates to an identifier for optical product authentication, which contains randomly distributed particles.
  • US 4,218,674 discloses a system and method for checking the authenticity of a document, wherein binary output signals generated on the basis of the document are compared with previously stored binary signals.
  • the document contains a security feature in the form of randomly distributed strands of magnetic or magnetizable material. To read the security feature, the document is scanned along a predetermined track with a detector that registers magnetic fields and emits an electrical pulse when crossing the magnetic or magnetized fibers.
  • DE 103 04805 A1 describes a method for producing security identifiers in which a random pattern present on or applied to an object to be marked is used.
  • the random pattern is read into a computer with a reader and a fingerprint is extracted, which contains individual characteristics of the pattern.
  • an identification number is applied to the object.
  • the extracted fingerprint is stored in a machine data storage device.
  • the random pattern is read from the object, the fingerprint is extracted and compared with the fingerprint stored in the data memory.
  • DE 60 2004007 850 T2 discloses a method, a computer program and an electronic device for determining the authenticity of an object, the object having a three-dimensional pattern of randomly distributed particles.
  • the method works with a first and second code.
  • the second code is determined by two-dimensional data acquisition on the pattern of randomly distributed particles.
  • the object is illuminated with white scattered light and the light reflected and transmitted by the object is detected.
  • the object comprising a pattern of randomly distributed particles is preferably a label.
  • the security mark is an inherent part of the product, which arises accidentally during manufacture or is produced by specific measures. here are Due to the material composition, surface structure and shape of the product, there are strict limits on the type and quality of the security label. Optically detectable random surface patterns formed from scratches or fibers or precisely defined isotope admixtures in polymer materials are known as product-inherent security features. Product-inherent security labels have a very limited area of application and are unsuitable for food, medicines, cosmetics and clothing textiles.
  • the safety mark is designed as a label and is attached to the product.
  • Labels have the disadvantage that they have a limited area and make it easier to locate and identify the security feature.
  • the physico-chemical nature and the functional principle of the security label can usually be determined quickly. If the nature and the functional principle are known, copy protection may prevent copying. Two methods for creating copy protection are described in the prior art, with the two methods also being combined. On the one hand, an "invisible" and on the other hand a non-reproducible security identifier or one that can only be reproduced with disproportionate effort is proposed.
  • a security label should not be reproducible if possible.
  • the term "reproducible” is not to be understood in the sense of an exact physical replica, but refers to the metrological detection of certain patterns present in the security identifier.
  • known security features are mostly spatial - usually two-dimensional pattern such.
  • smart codes are used, which are detected by means of optical or magnetic detectors. Holograms are a prime example of three-dimensional patterns.
  • Less common security features include chemical markers such as isotopes that are detected using spectroscopic measurement methods.
  • the pattern In order to reproduce a security mark, the pattern must first be identified. Identifying a pattern can be made difficult in a number of ways, including: using a pattern that is invisible to the human eye. Hidden (so-called covert) patterns are proposed in the prior art. However, most of the known invisible patterns can be identified with little effort using measurement methods available today.
  • the pattern After identification, the pattern must be recreated or reproduced in such a way that the reproduction cannot be distinguished from the original when it is recorded by measurement. In principle, any pattern identified can be reproduced, but the required effort is of crucial importance. If the expense of reproduction exceeds the resulting economic benefit, then the reproduction is not worthwhile and is not carried out.
  • the expense of reproduction is closely related to the metrological recording of the sample. The simpler the metrological recording is designed, the less effort is generally required for the reproduction.
  • information content of security signs is important.
  • information content is to be understood here as a synonym for the number of structural details, such as points or lines.
  • the information content is limited by the area ratio of the security marking to the size of the detailed structures. The larger the area of the security label and the smaller the detailed structures, the greater the maximum possible information content.
  • the metrological recording of security signs usually takes place at two or more places and/or times, e.g. at the producer of a product, possibly in a freight warehouse or during transport as well as at a dealer or a consumer.
  • a product is first provided with a security label in a labeling step.
  • the security mark or the pattern contained therein is usually not known a priori, but is recorded by measurement and the measurement signal is recorded in encrypted or unencrypted form as an identity code.
  • a security identifier on a product is recorded by measurement in a manner similar to the identification step, and the measurement signal is compared in encrypted or unencrypted form with existing identity codes.
  • the product provided with a security label is positioned under a detector or guided past a detector.
  • the latter is the case, for example, with laser scanners, magnetic reading heads or cameras with line sensors, as are common in industrial image processing.
  • the product is positioned or moved relative to the detector manually or by means of a mechanical device such as a conveyor belt. Due to product-technical or logistical circumstances, certain specifications must be observed. It is often necessary or desirable for the measurement technology to be recorded without contact, whereby the working distance between the product and a detector must not be less than a minimum distance of a few cm to a few meters. If the working distance is to be more than a few cm, optical, in particular imaging, methods are preferably used for the metrological detection.
  • the metrological recording of security signs must meet various, sometimes conflicting requirements; which includes:
  • sensitivity primarily means high lateral resolution and contrast, i.e. the optical measurement system used must have an optimized modulation transfer function.
  • the data volume used for coding is essentially determined by the information content of the security label in connection with the resolution of the measurement technology. In the optical recording of two-dimensional patterns, the data volume is limited by the product of the number of picture elements (resolution pixels) resolved by measurement and the number of color or contrast levels per resolution pixel. Detailed structures of the security identifier that are smaller than the resolution pixel cannot be detected and therefore cannot be encoded.
  • the present invention aims to overcome the above disadvantages and to provide a simple and robust method for optical product authentication.
  • a method for optical product authentication comprising the steps of a) equipping a product, a packaging of a product and/or a product or packaging label with at least one identifier that contains randomly distributed particles; b) recording one or more reference images of a product equipped with at least one identifier in accordance with a); and c) authentication of a product registered according to b), comprising
  • each of the randomly distributed particles consists of one of a plurality of materials, the one or more materials independently having spectrally selective absorption and/or diffusely scattering light having wavelengths in the range from 380 to 780 nm.
  • Expedient embodiments of the method according to the invention are characterized by the following additional features in any combination, provided that the combined features do not conflict: one or more of the materials each have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) independently of one another in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials independently in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 - 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm each have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1 , 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m -1 , 0.05 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.15 ⁇ m -1 or
  • 500 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) with and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1 , 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m -1 , 0.05 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.15 ⁇ m -1 or
  • 500 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) with
  • 580 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) with and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials in a wavelength range of 500 to 580 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1 , 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m -1 , 0.05 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.15 ⁇ m -1 or
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1
  • one or more of the materials have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm)
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from the optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials independently of one another have a specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) with 0.4 ⁇ ⁇ in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or 0.7 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.95 ; one or more of the materials independently of one another have a specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) with 0.4 ⁇ ⁇ in wavelength
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm
  • ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or 0.7 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.95 ; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from the optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm
  • ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or 0.7 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.95 ; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9 or 0.5 ⁇ have T m ⁇ 0.8;
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.4, 0.3 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.5, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9;
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9 or 0.5 ⁇ have T m ⁇ 0.8;
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.4, 0.3 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.5, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials diffusely scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CI E brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99 ;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CI E brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 92 or 90 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CIE brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 84 , 82 ⁇ L* ⁇ 86 ; 84 ⁇ L* ⁇ 88 , 86 ⁇ L* ⁇ 90 , 88 ⁇ L* ⁇ 92 , 90 ⁇ L* ⁇ 94 , 92 ⁇ L* ⁇ 96 , 94 ⁇ L* ⁇ 98 or 95 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99 ;
  • one or more of the materials independently comprises 60 to 100% by weight colored polymer;
  • one or more of the materials independently comprise 60 to 100% by weight colored polymer, the polymer being selected from the group comprising polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polycycloolefins,
  • one or more of the materials independently contain one or more organic dyes; one or more of the materials independently contain one or more organic dyes selected from the group comprising anthraquinone dyes, azo dyes, dioxazine dyes, indigoid dyes, metal complex dyes, formazan dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, methine dyes, nitro and nitroso dyes, sulfur dyes; one or more of the materials independently contain one or more inorganic colorants; one or more of the materials independently contain one or more polymer-soluble dyes; one or more of the materials contain a yellow dye; one or more of the materials contain a dye which absorbs light
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene with nanoscale morphology;
  • one or more of the materials contain 60 to 100% by weight of nanoscale particles made of polytetrafluoroethylene with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 500 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm;
  • nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm include;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, with the exception of phosphors based on yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and yttrium aluminum gallium garnet (YAGG);
  • YAG yttrium aluminum garnet
  • YAGG yttrium aluminum gallium garnet
  • One or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, the polymers being selected from the group comprising polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polycycloolefins, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol , polyvinyl acetate, poly(ether ketone ketone), poly(ether ether ether ketone), poly(ether ether ketone ketone), poly(ether ketone ketone ketone), cellulose, chitosan;
  • One or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, the nanoscale inorganic substances being selected from the group comprising titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 500 nm; one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm; - One or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of a second polymer with spherical diameters of 5 to 500 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of a second polymer with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm;
  • the materials 60 to 100 wt include nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical diameters of 5 to 500 nm;
  • One or more of the materials 60 to 100 wt .-% of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm include;
  • One or more of the materials 60 to 100 wt .-% of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical equivalent diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm ;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 60 ⁇ m, 40 to 100 ⁇ m, 80 to 140 ⁇ m, 120 to 180 ⁇ m or 140 to 200 ⁇ m; the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, 5 to 15 ⁇ m or 10 to 20 ⁇ m; - the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 10 to 30 ⁇ m, 20 to 40 ⁇ m, 30 to 50 ⁇ m, 40 to 60 ⁇ m, 50 to 70 ⁇ m, 60 to 80 ⁇ m, 70 to 90 ⁇ m, 80 to 100 ⁇ m, 90 to 110 ⁇ m, 100 to 120 ⁇ m, 110 to 130 ⁇ m, 120 to 140 ⁇ m, 130 to 150 ⁇ m, 140 to 160 ⁇ m, 150 to 170 ⁇ m, 160 to 180 ⁇ m, 170 to 190 ⁇ m or 180 to 200 ⁇ m ;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have mean spherical diameters of 1 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have mean spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 60 ⁇ m, 40 to 100 ⁇ m, 80 to 140 ⁇ m, 120 to 180 ⁇ m or 140 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have an average spherical equivalent diameter of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, 5 to 15 ⁇ m or 10 to 20 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently mean spherical equivalent diameters of 10 to 30 ⁇ m, 20 to 40 ⁇ m, 30 to 50 ⁇ m, 40 to 60 ⁇ m, 50 to 70 ⁇ m, 60 to 80 ⁇ m, 70 to 90 ⁇ m, 80 to 100 ⁇ m , 90 to 110 ⁇ m , 100 to 120 ⁇ m , 110 to 130 ⁇ m , 120 to 140 ⁇ m , 130 to 150 ⁇ m , 140 to 160 ⁇ m , 150 to 170 ⁇ m , 160 to 180 ⁇ m , 170 to 190 ⁇ m or 180 to 200 ⁇ m to have;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical-equivalent diameters d i with a standard deviation d s around a mean value d m with and 1 ⁇ m ⁇ d s ⁇ 50 ⁇ m, where N is the
  • the randomly distributed particles independently of one another have spherical-equivalent diameters d i with a standard deviation d s around a mean value d m with
  • the at least one identifier comprises an embedding body in which the randomly distributed particles are embedded
  • the embedding body is made of a polymeric material
  • the embedding body is made of paper; the embedding body is made of glass; the embedding body is in the form of a film, film area, label, coating, container, packaging or article of daily use;
  • the embedding body is designed as a foil, foil area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 1000 ⁇ m;
  • the embedding body is designed as a foil, foil area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 600 ⁇ m or 400 to 1000 ⁇ m;
  • the embedding body is designed as a film, film area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 100 ⁇ m, 50 to 150 ⁇ m, 100 to 200 ⁇ m, 150 to 250 ⁇ m
  • the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 100 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ;
  • the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 15000 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ;
  • the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 15000 to 6-10 5 particles/cm 3 or 4-10 5 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 1 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 150 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 150 to 6000 particles/cm 2 or 4000 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body 150 to 2000 particles/cm 2 , 1000 to 3000 particles/cm 2 , 2000 to 4000 particles/cm 2 , 3000 to 5000 particles/cm 2 , 4000 to 6000 particles/cm 2 , is 5000 to 7000 particles/cm 2 , 6000 to 8000 particles/cm 2 , 7000 to 9000 particles/cm 2 or 8000 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the embedding body is transparent
  • the embedding body is transparent and has a medium transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9;
  • the embedding body is transparent and has an average transmission T m
  • the embedding body is transparent and has an average transmission T m
  • a reference composite image is calculated by linear combination of color channels of a reference image; reference composite images are calculated from a plurality of reference images by linear combination of respectively associated color channels;
  • Reference composite images are calculated according to the formula v R ⁇ red channel + v G ⁇ green channel + v B ⁇ blue channel with weighting factors v R , v G , v B of which one > 0 and two ⁇ 0;
  • a recognition composite image is calculated by linear combination of color channels of a recognition image
  • - recognition composite images are calculated from a plurality of recognition images by linear combination of respectively associated color channels;
  • - recognition composite images are calculated according to the formula w R ⁇ red channel + w G ⁇ green channel + w B ⁇ blue channel with weighting factors w R , w G , w B of which one > 0 and two ⁇ 0;
  • - recognition composite images are calculated according to the formula w Y ⁇ yellow channel + w M ⁇ magenta channel + w c ⁇ cyan channel with weighting factors w Y , w M , w c of which one > 0 and two ⁇ 0;
  • Products, product packaging, foils, product packaging foils or labels have a multi-layer structure and one layer contains the randomly distributed particles
  • Products, product packaging, films, product packaging films or labels are equipped with alphanumeric characters, a digital code, a barcode and/or a QR code;
  • image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles are determined in the one or more recognition images using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center point coordinates;
  • image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles are determined using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center point coordinates using unweighted averaging over blob pixel coordinates;
  • image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center point coordinates based on gray value-weighted averaging over blob pixel coordinates the blob pixel gray values are determined;
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a digital thresholding algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a digital pixel gray level thresholding algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a blob grayscale algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a recursive Grassfire algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a sequential grassfire algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a watershed algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a priority watershed algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolution with Sobel operators
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolution with Scharr operators
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolution with Prewitt operators
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises an image segmentation algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises an image segmentation based on the MSER algorithm (Maximally Stable Extremal Regions);
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises an image segmentation based on the SLIC algorithm (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering);
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a SIFT (Scale-Invariant Feature Transforms) algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a SURF (Speeded-Up Robust Features) algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises a DAISY (Efficient Dense Descriptors) algorithm
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolutions with DoG operators (difference-of-Gaussians);
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolutions with Marr-Hildreth operators
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolutions with LoG operators (Laplacian of Gaussians);
  • step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolutions with Monge-Ampere operators
  • - the blob detection used in step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolutions with DoH operators based on normalized Hessian matrix determinants;
  • - the blob detection used in step (b) and/or step (c) comprises image convolutions with Hesse-Laplacian operators in conjunction with normalized Hesse matrix determinants;
  • step (b) and/or step (c) are filtered according to their size
  • step (b) and/or step (c) are filtered according to their number of pixels;
  • step (b) and/or step (c) are filtered according to their shape
  • the reference key includes the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the respective reference image
  • the reference key is composed of the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the respective reference image
  • the one or more reference keys are stored in a database
  • the one or more reference keys and the serial number or the digital code are linked in the database by means of a database-technical relation;
  • the product is arranged on a horizontal surface when the one or more reference images are recorded;
  • the one or more reference images are recorded with a camera equipped with a CCD image sensor; during the registration b) the one or more reference images are recorded with a camera equipped with a CMOS image sensor; upon registration b) the one or more reference images are recorded with a camera equipped with a BSI image sensor; during the registration b) the camera is aligned during the recording of the one or more reference images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 5 degrees; during the registration b) the camera is aligned during the recording of the one or more reference images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 2 degrees; during the registration b) the camera is aligned during the recording of the one or more reference images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 1 degree; during registration b) at least one first digital reference image recorded with
  • a positive authentication is indicated if a mean distance d m between affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image and coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image assumes a value of 0, 5 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 200 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 300 ⁇ m,
  • a positive authentication is indicated if a mean distance d m between affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image and coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image assumes a value of 0, 5 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 40 ⁇ m , 20 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 60 ⁇ m , 40 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 80 ⁇ m , 60 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 100 ⁇ m , 80 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 120 ⁇ m , 100 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 140 ⁇ m, 120 ⁇ m ⁇ dm ⁇ 160 ⁇ m, 140 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 180 ⁇ m or 160 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 200 ⁇ m;
  • a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention comprises digital methods for enhancing the one or more recognition images of the randomly distributed particles.
  • the digital amplification is carried out according to one of the methods described below or according to a combination of two or more of these methods:
  • the term "azimuthal angle” (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelkoordinaten) describes the angle of a rotation about a direction parallel to gravity, i. H. called vertical spatial axis.
  • polar angle (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelkoordinaten) designates an angle of inclination which is parallel to, d. H. vertical spatial axis and an axis inclined thereto.
  • blob detection refers to the detection and extraction of binary large objects (Binary Large Objects) that are used to identify areas in a digital image that differ from their surroundings by properties such as brightness or color (https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Blob_detection).
  • a "blob” - also known as a "point of interest” in the technical literature - is an area of an image in which some properties are constant or nearly constant. All pixels in a blob are similar in terms of certain properties.
  • a method that is frequently used in the context of blob detection is image convolution with Gaussian functions with a graduated half-width.
  • Blob detection includes or relates to:
  • a reference key and based on the at least one recognition or combination image a recognition key is calculated and the recognition key is compared with the one or more reference keys.
  • Imaging-related deviation between the at least one recognition or combination image and the one or more reference images can result in an authentic product not being recognized as such.
  • such a test result is sometimes referred to as "false negative”.
  • Imaging-related deviations between the at least one identification or combination image and the one or more reference images are caused, for example, by different camera perspectives when recording the one or more reference images and the at least one identification image.
  • method (i) is also referred to as “perspective library method”.
  • the perspective library method is based on the idea of anticipating the camera perspectives that are probable when recording the at least one recognition image and of creating a reference library for direct and rapid comparison without computationally intensive or with simplified image registration.
  • the terms "register”, “image registration” and “registration” refer to digital methods in which an image transformation is determined using a reference image and a recognition or combination image such that when the image transformation is applied to the recognition or combination image image that is as similar as possible to the reference image is obtained.
  • Image registration is required for calculating a measure of deviation between a recognition or combination image and one or more reference images. Without image registration is a comparison between a recognition or combination image and one or more Reference images are faulty and do not allow reliable assignment and authentication.
  • the electronic or digital image registration represents only one of several options for compensating for image-related deviations between one or more identification images or a combination image and one or more reference images.
  • Alternative methods that are also well suited are based on artificial neural networks, in particular Deep Neural Nets (DNN) or Convolutional Neural Nets (CNN), which are available as free or commercial software (https://www.tensorflow.org/; MATLAB® PatternNet). stand. Methods are also proposed in which nearest-neighbor algorithms (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nownste-Nachbarn-Klasstechnische) are used.
  • a serial number, a digital code, barcode or QR code which is shown on the product, on a packaging film or on a label, is used in the authentication to add one or more reference images to the recognition or combination image and to avoid a computationally intensive search or a computationally intensive comparison with reference images of a priori not identical products.
  • the serial number or the digital code acts as a quick sorting or search index.
  • Advantageous embodiments of the method according to the invention include methods for correcting imaging-related deviations between the at least one recognition or combination image and the one or more reference images of the randomly distributed particles.
  • imaging-related deviations between the recognition image and the reference image are compensated for by means of digital image registration.
  • a method based on orientation marks or a direct method is used for image registration.
  • a method based on landmarks includes the following steps:
  • the one or more landmarks can be designed as geometric patterns such as letters, numbers, lines, crosshairs or striped patterns.
  • the one or more orientation marks are preferably in the form of printing or laser inscription on a label or a packaging film.
  • orientation marks In contrast to randomly distributed particles, orientation marks have a known shape, which considerably simplifies the identification and association between a first and second image of an orientation mark recorded from different camera perspectives in a reference and recognition image. In the specialist literature, orientation marks are sometimes also referred to as "landmarks".
  • an image or correction transformation is determined using iterative optimization methods in such a way that when the correction transformation is applied to the identification image, a corrected identification image is obtained whose deviation from the reference image is minimal.
  • the image transformation T forms each pixel (i,j) of the recognition image into one pixel (i F , j F ) from.
  • Various mappings can be considered for the image transformation F, such as:
  • a specific image transformation F comprises, for example, a rotation R by an angle ⁇ about a vertical axis or about the axis of gravity, a scaling factor s and a displacement or translation vector (t 1; t 2 ), ie a total of four parameters.
  • Such an image transformation F corresponds to a mapping of the form:
  • the above simple image transformation F already represents a good approximation for deviations between the camera perspective when recording recognition images from the camera perspective when recording a reference image if the respective angles ⁇ E and ⁇ R between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity are smaller than 10 degrees ( ⁇ E ⁇ 10 degrees , ⁇ R ⁇ 10 degrees).
  • the metric M provides a measure of the deviation of the transformed recognition image from the reference image.
  • measures such as Mean Squared Difference (MSD), Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NCC), Mutual Information (Ml), Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) and Kappa Statistics (KS).
  • a two- dimensional summation over selected image coordinates for example, superlattice-like equidistantly distributed or randomly selected image coordinates can be used.
  • the initially unknown parameters of the image transformation F are determined by means of iterative non-linear optimization in such a way that the metric function M has a value which is smaller than a given bound.
  • the iterative non-linear optimization is based on quasi-Newton (QN), non-linear conjugate gradients (NCG), gradient descent (GD) or Robbins-Monro (RM) methods or algorithms.
  • strategies with stepwise increasing complexity of the image data (multiresolution) and/or the image transformation F are preferably used.
  • the resolution of the reference and deviation image is reduced by convolution with a Gaussian function (down-sampling) and increased in subsequent stages with an increasingly refined (narrower) Gaussian function up to the original resolution.
  • the complexity or the number of parameters of the image transformation to be adjusted is gradually increased. The above strategies speed up the computation and improve the numerical reliability or probability of finding the global minimum of the metric function M in the nonlinear optimization.
  • a well-known problem of image registration, in particular direct image registration, is that the correction transformation found is not optimal, i. H. in terms of the deviation between the corrected recognition image and the reference image, there is only a local instead of a global minimum.
  • an optional grid search for an approximation for the global minimum, preceding the iterative optimization method is proposed within the scope of the present invention.
  • the multi-dimensional parameter space of the correction transformation is subdivided into equidistant nodes, the correction transformation associated with each node is calculated and the recognition image corrected in this way is compared with the reference image.
  • the support point in the parameter space for which the deviation between the corrected recognition image and the reference image is minimal is used as an approximation for the global minimum.
  • a statistical search with support points randomly distributed in the parameter space is also considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • the invention has the object of providing a system for the optical authentication of products.
  • each of the randomly distributed particles consists of one of a plurality of materials, the one or more materials independently having spectrally selective absorption and/or diffusely scattering light having wavelengths in the range from 380 to 780 nm.
  • one or more of the materials independently of one another have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from the optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials independently of one another have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm
  • 500 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) with and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m -1 0.05 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.15 ⁇ m -1 or 0.1 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ m -1 ; one or more of the materials have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range
  • 580 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) with and 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) where ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials in a wavelength range of 500 to 580 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1 , 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m -1 , 0.05 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.15 ⁇ m -1 or 0.1 ⁇ m - 1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1
  • one or more of the materials have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm)
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials independently of one another have a specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) with 0.4 ⁇ ⁇ in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials independently of one another have a specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) with 0.4 ⁇ ⁇ in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.5 , 0.45 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.55 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.6 ,
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm with and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm 0.4 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or 0.7 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.95 ; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm
  • ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or 0.7 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.95 ; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from the optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9; one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9 or 0.5 ⁇ T have m ⁇ 0.8; one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.4 , 0.3 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.5 , 0.4 ⁇ T m 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9; - one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9 or 0.5 ⁇ have T m ⁇ 0.8;
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.4, 0.3 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.5, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials diffusely scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CI E brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99 ;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CI E brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 92 or 90 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CIE brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 84 , 82 ⁇ L* ⁇ 86 ; 84 ⁇ L* ⁇ 88 , 86 ⁇ L* ⁇ 90 , 88 ⁇ L* ⁇ 92 , 90 ⁇ L* ⁇ 94 , 92 ⁇ L* ⁇ 96 , 94 ⁇ L* ⁇ 98 or 95 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99 ;
  • one or more of the materials independently comprise from 60 to 100% by weight of colored polymer
  • one or more of the materials independently comprise 60 to 100% by weight colored polymer, the polymer being selected from the group comprising polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polycycloolefins, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate , poly(ether ketone ketone), poly(ether ether ether ketone), poly(ether ether ketone ketone), poly(ether ketone ether ketone ketone), cellulose, chitosan;
  • one or more of the materials independently contain one or more organic dyes
  • one or more of the materials independently contain one or more organic dyes selected from the group comprising anthraquinone dyes, azo dyes, dioxazine dyes, indigoid dyes, metal complex dyes, formazan dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, methine dyes, nitro and nitroso dyes, sulfur dyes; one or more of the materials independently contain one or more inorganic colorants; one or more of the materials independently contain one or more polymer-soluble dyes;
  • one or more of the materials contain a yellow dye
  • one or more of the materials contain a dye which absorbs light with wavelengths in the range from 450 to 490 nm;
  • one or more of the materials contain a violet or magenta dye
  • one or more of the materials contain a dye which absorbs light with wavelengths in the range from 490 to 560 nm;
  • one or more of the materials contain a blue-green or cyan dye
  • one or more of the materials contain a dye which absorbs light with wavelengths in the range from 630 to 700 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of colored glass
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene with nanoscale morphology;
  • one or more of the materials contain 60 to 100% by weight of nanoscale particles made of polytetrafluoroethylene with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 500 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm;
  • nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm include;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, with the exception of phosphors based on yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and yttrium aluminum gallium garnet (YAGG); one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100 wt.
  • YAG yttrium aluminum garnet
  • YAGG yttrium aluminum gallium garnet
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, the nanoscale inorganic substances being selected from the group comprising titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate; one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 500 nm; one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm; one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical-equivalent diameter
  • One or more of the materials 60 to 100 wt .-% of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm ;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 60 ⁇ m, 40 to 100 ⁇ m, 80 to 140 ⁇ m, 120 to 180 ⁇ m or 140 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, 5 to 15 ⁇ m or 10 to 20 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 10 to 30 ⁇ m, 20 to 40 ⁇ m, 30 to 50 ⁇ m, 40 to 60 ⁇ m, 50 to 70 ⁇ m, 60 to 80 ⁇ m, 70 to 90 ⁇ m, 80 to 100 ⁇ m, 90 to 110 ⁇ m, 100 to 120 ⁇ m, 110 to 130 ⁇ m, 120 to 140 ⁇ m, 130 to 150 ⁇ m, 140 to 160 ⁇ m, 150 to 170 ⁇ m, 160 to 180 ⁇ m, 170 to 190 ⁇ m or 180 to 200 ⁇ m ;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have mean spherical diameters of 1 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have mean spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 60 ⁇ m, 40 to 100 ⁇ m, 80 to 140 ⁇ m, 120 to 180 ⁇ m or 140 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have an average spherical equivalent diameter of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, 5 to 15 ⁇ m or 10 to 20 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently mean spherical equivalent diameters of 10 to 30 ⁇ m, 20 to 40 ⁇ m, 30 to 50 ⁇ m, 40 to 60 ⁇ m, 50 to 70 ⁇ m, 60 to 80 ⁇ m, 70 to 90 ⁇ m, 80 to 100 ⁇ m , 90 to 110 ⁇ m , 100 to 120 ⁇ m , 110 to 130 ⁇ m , 120 to 140 ⁇ m , 130 to 150 ⁇ m , 140 to 160 ⁇ m , 150 to 170 ⁇ m , 160 to 180 ⁇ m , 170 to 190 ⁇ m or 180 to 200 ⁇ m to have; -
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical-equivalent diameters d i with a standard deviation d s around a mean value d m with and 1 ⁇ m ⁇ d s ⁇ 50 ⁇ m, where N is the
  • the randomly distributed particles independently of one another have spherical-equivalent diameters d i with a standard deviation d s around a mean value d m with
  • the at least one identifier comprises an embedding body in which the randomly distributed particles are embedded
  • the embedding body is made of a polymeric material
  • the embedding body is made of paper
  • the embedding body is made of glass
  • the embedding body is designed as a film, film area, label, coating, container, packaging or article of daily use;
  • the embedding body is designed as a foil, foil area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 1000 ⁇ m;
  • the embedding body is designed as a foil, foil area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 600 ⁇ m or 400 to 1000 ⁇ m;
  • the embedding body is designed as a film, film area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 100 ⁇ m, 50 to 150 ⁇ m, 100 to 200 ⁇ m, 150 to 250 ⁇ m
  • the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 100 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ; the volume density of the random particles in the embedding body is 15000 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ; - the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 15000 to 6-10 5 particles/cm 3 or 4-10 5 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 1 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 150 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 150 to 6000 particles/cm 2 or 4000 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body 1 to 100 particles/cm 2 , 50 to 150 particles/cm 2 , 100 to 300 particles/cm 2 , 200 to 400 particles/cm 2 , 300 to 500 particles/cm 2 , 400 to 600 particles/cm 2 , 500 to 700 particles/cm 2 , 600 to 800 particles/cm 2 , 700 to 900 particles/cm 2 or 800 to 1000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the embedding body is transparent
  • the embedding body is transparent and has a medium transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9;
  • the embedding body is transparent and has an average transmission T m
  • the embedding body is transparent and has an average transmission T m
  • the secondary image acquisition system is designed as a smartphone and includes a digital camera
  • the system comprises one or more digital image processing systems
  • the system is set up and configured to digitally compensate for imaging-related deviations between the at least one identification image and the at least one reference image;
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate a reference composite image by linearly combining color channels of a reference image
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate reference composite images from a plurality of reference images by linear combination of respectively associated color channels;
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate reference composite images according to the formula v R ⁇ red channel + v G ⁇ green channel + v B ⁇ blue channel with weighting factors v R , v G , v B of which one > 0 and two ⁇ 0;
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate reference composite images as an amount according to the formula
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate reference composite images according to the formula v Y ⁇ yellow channel + v M ⁇ magenta channel + v c ⁇ cyan channel with weighting factors v Y , v M , v c one > 0 and two ⁇ 0;
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate reference composite images as an amount according to the formula
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate a recognition composite image by linearly combining color channels of a recognition image
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate recognition composite images from a plurality of recognition images by linear combination of respectively associated color channels;
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate recognition composite images according to the formula w R ⁇ red channel + w G ⁇ green channel + w B ⁇ blue channel with weighting factors w R , w G , w B one of which are > 0 and two are ⁇ 0;
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate recognition composite images as an amount according to the formula
  • the system is set up and configured to calculate recognition composite images according to the formula w Y x yellow channel + w M x magenta channel + w c x cyan channel with weighting factors w Y , w M , w c , one > 0 and two ⁇ 0; - the system is set up and configured to calculate recognition composite images as an amount according to the formula
  • Products, product packaging, foils, product packaging foils or labels have a multi-layer structure and one layer contains the randomly distributed particles
  • Products, product packaging, films, product packaging films or labels are equipped with alphanumeric characters, a digital code, a barcode and/or a QR code;
  • the registration system comprises a digital processing unit (microprocessor), electronic memory and software;
  • the registration system comprises a digital processing unit (microprocessor), electronic memory and software for the control of the primary image acquisition system;
  • the registration system includes a digital processing unit (microprocessor), electronic memory and software for data processing and data transmission;
  • the registration system is connected to the database
  • the registration system is connected to the communication system
  • the registration system is connected to the database via the communication system;
  • the at least one authentication system includes a digital processing unit (microprocessor), electronic memory and software for digital image processing; - the at least one authentication system is connected to the registration system;
  • the at least one authentication system is connected to the database
  • the at least one authentication system is connected to the communication system
  • the at least one authentication system is connected to the database via the communication system;
  • the database is connected to the communication system
  • the primary imaging system comprises a camera with a CCD image sensor
  • the primary imaging system comprises a camera with a CMOS image sensor
  • the primary imaging system comprises a camera with a BSI image sensor
  • the registration system is set up and configured to record two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more reference images of a product bearing a license plate under defined, different camera perspectives;
  • the registration system is set up and configured for 11 to 30, 20 to 40, 30 to 50, 40 to 60, 50 to 70, 60 to 80 or 70 to 100 reference images of a product equipped with a license plate under defined, different camera perspectives to record;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to record two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more reference images of the randomly distributed particles under defined, mutually different camera perspectives;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to record 11 to 30, 20 to 40, 30 to 50, 40 to 60, 50 to 70, 60 to 80 or 70 to 100 reference images of the randomly distributed particles under defined, mutually different camera perspectives;
  • the registration system includes an automatically driven turntable for a product
  • the registration system is set up and configured to record several reference images of the randomly distributed particles under defined, different camera perspectives, with a product being arranged on a turntable and between the recording of two consecutive reference images, the turntable with the product is rotated by a predetermined azimuthal difference angle;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to record a plurality of reference images of the randomly distributed particles under defined, different camera perspectives and to tilt the camera by a predetermined polar difference angle between the recording of two consecutive reference images;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to record several reference images of the randomly distributed particles under defined, different camera perspectives and to tilt the camera between the recording of two consecutive reference images by a predetermined polar difference angle in such a way that a polar tilt angle between one optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity takes a predetermined value;
  • the registration system includes a 3d scanner
  • the registration system is set up and configured to detect the shape of a product using a 3D scanner and to use the determined three-dimensional shape coordinates for a digital calibration of the one or more reference images;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to map one or more visual features of a product, such as contours, edges, inscriptions, barcodes, QR codes or label edges in the at least one reference image simultaneously with the randomly distributed particles;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to image one or more orientation marks in the at least one reference image simultaneously with the randomly distributed particles;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to store the one or more reference images of the randomly distributed particles in the database;
  • the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to use the one or more reference images of the randomly distributed particles to calculate a respective reference key; the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more reference images;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more reference images using a blob detection algorithm
  • the registration system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more reference images using a blob detection algorithm in connection with the calculation of blob center coordinates;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to assign image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles to the one or more reference images using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center coordinates using unweighted averaging over blob pixel coordinates determine;
  • the registration system is set up and configured for this purpose, in which one or more reference images each have image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center coordinates using gray value-weighted averaging over blob pixel determine coordinates based on the blob pixel gray values;
  • the authentication system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images using a blob detection algorithm
  • the authentication system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center coordinates;
  • the authentication system is set up and configured to assign image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles to the one or more detection images using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center coordinates using unweighted averaging over blob pixel coordinates determine;
  • the authentication system is set up and configured for this purpose, in which one or more recognition images each have image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles using a blob detection algorithm in conjunction with the calculation of blob center coordinates using gray value-weighted averaging over blob pixels determine coordinates based on the blob pixel gray values;
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a digital threshold algorithm
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a blob gray value algorithm
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a recursive Grassfire algorithm
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a sequential Grassfire algorithm
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a watershed algorithm
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a priority watershed algorithm
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises image convolution with Sobel operators
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises image convolution with Scharr operators
  • the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises image convolution with Prewitt operators; the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises an image segmentation algorithm; the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises an image segmentation based on the MSER (Maximally Stable Extremal Regions) algorithm; the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises an image segmentation based on the SLIC (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) algorithm; the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a SIFT (Scale-Invariant Feature Transforms) algorithm; the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a SURF (Speeded-Up Robust Features) algorithm; the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system comprises a DAISY (Efficient Dense Descriptors) algorithm; the blob detection used in the registration system and/or the authentication system
  • the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to generate a reference key which includes the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the respective reference image;
  • the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to generate a reference key which is composed of the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the respective reference image;
  • the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to store one or more reference keys in the database
  • the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to store the serial number or the digital code in the database
  • the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to associate one or more reference keys and the serial number or the digital code in the database;
  • the registration system and/or the authentication system is set up and configured to link one or more reference keys and the serial number or the digital code in the database by means of a database-technical relation;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to support a product on a horizontal surface when recording the one or more reference images
  • the registration system is set up and configured to place a product on a horizontal surface when recording the one or more reference images
  • the registration system is set up and configured to align the camera when recording the one or more reference images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 5 degrees;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to align the camera when recording the one or more reference images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 2 degrees;
  • the registration system is set up and configured to align the camera when recording the one or more reference images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 1 degree;
  • each authentication system is equipped with a secondary image capture system
  • each authentication system includes a digital processing unit (microprocessor), electronic memory and software for controlling the secondary image acquisition system;
  • the at least one authentication system includes a digital processing unit (microprocessor), electronic memory and software for data processing and data transmission;
  • the at least one authentication system includes a digital processing unit (microprocessor), electronic memory and software for digital pattern recognition;
  • the at least one authentication system comprises a software-implemented neural network
  • the at least one authentication system comprises a hardware-implemented neural network
  • the at least one authentication system comprises one or more graphics processing units (GPU);
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to digitally compensate for imaging-related deviations between the at least one identification image or a combination image created from a plurality of identification images and the at least one reference image;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to align the camera when recording the one or more identification images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 5 degrees; the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to enable the camera to record the one or more identification images in such a way align so that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 2 degrees;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to align the camera when recording the one or more identification images in such a way that an angle between the optical axis of the camera and the axis of gravity is ⁇ 1 degree;
  • each secondary image acquisition system comprises a camera equipped with a CCD sensor
  • each secondary image acquisition system comprises a camera equipped with a CMOS sensor
  • each secondary imaging system includes a camera equipped with a BSI sensor
  • each secondary image acquisition system comprises a camera equipped with a color CCD sensor
  • each secondary image acquisition system comprises a camera equipped with a color CMOS sensor
  • each secondary imaging system includes a camera equipped with a color BSI sensor
  • the secondary image acquisition systems are each designed as a smartphone equipped with a digital camera;
  • one or more of the secondary image acquisition systems are each designed as a smartphone equipped with a tilt sensor;
  • one or more of the secondary image acquisition systems are each designed as a smartphone equipped with a digital camera and an inclination sensor;
  • one or more of the secondary image capturing systems are arranged and configured to measure an angle 0 between the optical axis of the digital camera and the axis of gravity using the tilt sensor simultaneously with the recording of the one or more recognition images;
  • - one or more of the secondary image acquisition systems are each designed as a smartphone equipped with a digital camera and a 3-axis acceleration sensor; - one or more of the secondary image capturing systems are arranged and configured to measure an angle 0 between the optical axis of the digital camera and the axis of gravity using the 3-axis acceleration sensor simultaneously with the recording of the one or more recognition images;
  • one or more of the secondary image capture systems are set up and configured to record one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more recognition images;
  • one or more of the secondary image capture systems are arranged and configured to record two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more recognition images under the same camera perspective;
  • one or more of the secondary image capture systems are set up and configured to record two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more recognition images under different camera perspectives;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to digitally enhance the one or more recognition images
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to enhance the one or more recognition images using digital image processing in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to digitally overlay or add two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more recognition images;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to digitally calculate a combination image based on two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more recognition images;
  • one or more of the secondary imaging systems are arranged and configured to simultaneously image a serial number located on a product, packaging film or label with the randomly distributed particles;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to digitize an image of a serial number using character recognition; the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to compare a serial number with serial numbers stored in a database; - one or more of the secondary imaging systems are set up and configured to simultaneously image a digital code, barcode and/or QR code arranged on a product, packaging film or label with the randomly distributed particles;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to decode a digital code
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to compare a digital code with digital codes stored in a database
  • one or more of the secondary image capture systems are set up and configured to image one or more visual features of a product, such as contours, edges, inscriptions, barcodes, QR codes or label edges simultaneously with the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images ;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to use one or more visual features of a product, such as contours, edges, labels, barcodes, QR codes or label edges, for digital image registration between the at least one recognition image and the one or more perform reference images;
  • one or more of the secondary imaging systems are arranged and configured to image one or more landmarks simultaneously with the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to carry out a digital image registration between the at least one identification image and the one or more reference images on the basis of the one or more orientation marks;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to digitally compare the at least one recognition image and the one or more reference images;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to carry out a digital image registration between the combination image and the one or more reference images using the one or more orientation marks; the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to digitally compare the combination image and the one or more reference images; - the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to use an angle 0 between the optical axis of the digital camera and the axis of gravity, measured by means of the inclination sensor, in the digital comparison of the at least one identification image or the combination image with the one or more reference images ;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured for this purpose, in the digital comparison of the at least one identification image or the combination image with the one or more reference images, an angle 0 measured by means of the 3-axis acceleration sensor between the optical axis of the digital camera and to use the axis of gravity;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images by means of threshold separation;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images by means of gray value threshold separation;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to convert the one or more recognition images into a gray value image file and to binarize by means of gray value threshold separation;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images using a recursive grass-fire algorithm
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to determine image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the one or more recognition images using a sequential grass-fire algorithm
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to calculate an identification key based on the at least one identification image
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to calculate an identification key based on the combination image
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to use an angle 0 between the optical axis of the camera of the smartphone and the axis of gravity, measured by the inclination sensor, when calculating the identification key;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to use an angle ⁇ between the optical axis of the smartphone's camera and the axis of gravity, measured by means of the 3-axis acceleration sensor, when calculating the identification key;
  • the recognition key comprises the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the respective recognition image
  • the recognition key is composed of the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the respective recognition image
  • the recognition key comprises the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the combination image
  • the recognition key is composed of the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles in the combination image
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to compare the identification key with a reference key stored in the database
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to compare the identification key with a number of reference keys stored in the database;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to display a positive authentication if the identification key and a reference key stored in the database sufficiently match;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image sufficiently match coordinates of 5 to 100% of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image with coordinates of 5 to 60% or 40 to 100% of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image agree sufficiently;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image with coordinates of 5 to 20%, 10 to 30%, 20 to 40%, 30 to 50%, 40 to 60%, 50 to 70%, 60 to 80%, 70 to 90% or 90 to 100% of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image correspond sufficiently;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if an average distance d m between affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image and coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image is 0, is 5 to 5000 ⁇ m (0.5 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 5000 ⁇ m);
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if an average distance d m between affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image and coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image has a value assumes with 0.5 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 2000 ⁇ m, 1000 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 3000 ⁇ m, 2000 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 4000 ⁇ m or 3000 ⁇ m ⁇ d m 5000 ⁇ m;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if an average distance d m between affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image and coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image has a value assumes with 0.5 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 600 ⁇ m or 400 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 1000 ⁇ m;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if an average distance d m between affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image and coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image has a value accepts with
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a positive authentication if an average distance d m between affinely transformed coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a recognition image and coordinates of a subset of randomly distributed particles detected in a reference image has a value assumes with 0.5 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 40 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 60 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m ⁇ d m ⁇ 80 ⁇ m
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to indicate a negative authentication if one of the above conditions for a positive authentication is not met;
  • the at least one authentication system is set up and configured to display a negative authentication if the identification key and a reference key stored in a database differ sufficiently from one another.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a visually imperceptible identifier for product authentication that is recognizable using a digital camera and image processing.
  • a tag for optical product authentication that contains randomly distributed particles, each of the randomly distributed particles consisting of one of a plurality of materials, the one or more materials independently having a spectrally selective absorption and/or light with wavelengths in the range scatter diffusely from 380 to 780 nm.
  • one or more of the materials independently of one another have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from the optical transmission; one or more of the materials each have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) independently of one another in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 - 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm
  • one or more of the materials independently of one another have a mean absorption coefficient ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) of 0 001 ⁇ m -1 in the wavelength range from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm ⁇ ⁇ m ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.04 ⁇ m -1 ,
  • 500 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) with and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1
  • one or more of the materials have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (420 nm, 500 nm) in
  • 580 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) with and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m -1 0.05 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.15 ⁇ m -1 or 0.1 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ m -1 ; one or more of the materials in a wavelength range of 500 to 580 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission
  • one or more of the materials in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm) with 0.001 ⁇ m -1 ⁇ ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm) ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ m -1
  • 660 nm have an average absorption coefficient ⁇ m (580 nm, 660 nm) with
  • one or more of the materials each have a specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) independently of one another in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from the optical transmission; one or more of the materials independently of one another have a specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) with 0.4 ⁇ ⁇ in wavelength ranges from ⁇ 0 — 40 nm to ⁇ 0 + 40 nm with 420 nm ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 700 nm s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s ( ⁇ 0 ⁇ 40 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm and 0.4 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.95 where ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm
  • ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or 0.7 ⁇ ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) ⁇ 0.95 ; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (420 nm, 500 nm) in a wavelength range from 420 to 500 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm
  • ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.8 or 0.7 ⁇ ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) ⁇ 0.95 ; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (500 nm, 580 nm) in a wavelength range from 500 to 580 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm and
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) denotes the absorption coefficients determined from optical transmission; one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm
  • one or more of the materials have a specific absorption ⁇ s (580 nm, 660 nm) in a wavelength range from 580 to 660 nm
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9; one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9 or 0.5 ⁇ T have m ⁇ 0.8; one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 100 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.4 , 0.3 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.5 , 0.4 ⁇ T m 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9;
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9 or 0.5 ⁇ have T m ⁇ 0.8;
  • one or more of the materials are partially transparent and 20 ⁇ m thick films made of the respective material have an average transmission T m with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.4, 0.3 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.5, 0.4 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.6 , 0.5 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.7 , 0.6 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.8 or
  • one or more of the materials diffusely scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CI E brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99 ;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CI E brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 92 or 90 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99;
  • one or more of the materials scatter light with wavelengths in the range from 380 to 720 nm and have a CIE brightness L* with 80 ⁇ L* ⁇ 84 , 82 ⁇ L* ⁇ 86 ; 84 ⁇ L* ⁇ 88 , 86 ⁇ L* ⁇ 90 , 88 ⁇ L* ⁇ 92 , 90 ⁇ L* ⁇ 94 , 92 ⁇ L* ⁇ 96 , 94 ⁇ L* ⁇ 98 or 95 ⁇ L* ⁇ 99 ;
  • one or more of the materials independently comprise from 60 to 100% by weight of colored polymer
  • one or more of the materials independently comprise 60 to 100% by weight of colored polymer, the polymer being selected from the group comprising polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polycycloolefins,
  • one or more of the materials independently contain one or more organic dyes; - one or more of the materials independently contain one or more organic dyes selected from the group comprising anthraquinone dyes, azo dyes, dioxazine dyes, indigoid dyes, metal complex dyes, formazan dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, methine dyes, nitro and nitroso dyes, sulfur dyes;
  • one or more of the materials independently contain one or more inorganic colorants
  • one or more of the materials independently contain one or more dyes soluble in polymers
  • one or more of the materials contain a yellow dye
  • one or more of the materials contain a dye which absorbs light with wavelengths in the range from 450 to 490 nm;
  • one or more of the materials contain a violet or magenta dye
  • one or more of the materials contain a dye which absorbs light with wavelengths in the range from 490 to 560 nm;
  • one or more of the materials contain a blue-green or cyan dye
  • one or more of the materials contain a dye which absorbs light with wavelengths in the range from 630 to 700 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of colored glass
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene with nanoscale morphology;
  • one or more of the materials contain 60 to 100% by weight of nanoscale particles made of polytetrafluoroethylene with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 500 nm; one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm; - one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of nanoscale particles made of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical-equivalent diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, with the exception of phosphors based on yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and yttrium aluminum gallium garnet (YAGG);
  • YAG yttrium aluminum garnet
  • YAGG yttrium aluminum gallium garnet
  • One or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, the polymers being selected from the group comprising polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polycycloolefins, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol , polyvinyl acetate, poly(ether ketone ketone), poly(ether ether ether ketone), poly(ether ether ketone ketone), poly(ether ketone ketone ketone), cellulose, chitosan;
  • One or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic substances, the nanoscale inorganic substances being selected from the group comprising titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 500 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm;
  • One or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of polymers and nanoscale inorganic particles with spherical diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of a second polymer with spherical diameters of 5 to 500 nm; one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of a second polymer with spherical diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm; - one or more of the materials 60 to 100 wt include nm;
  • one or more of the materials comprise 60 to 100% by weight of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with spherical diameters of 5 to 500 nm;
  • One or more of the materials 60 to 100 wt .-% of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 300 nm or 200 to 500 nm include;
  • One or more of the materials 60 to 100 wt .-% of a composite of a first matrix polymer and nanoscale particles of polytetrafluoroethylene with sphere-equivalent diameters of 5 to 200 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 200 to 400 nm or 300 to 500 nm ;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 60 ⁇ m, 40 to 100 ⁇ m, 80 to 140 ⁇ m, 120 to 180 ⁇ m or 140 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, 5 to 15 ⁇ m or 10 to 20 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical equivalent diameters of 10 to 30 ⁇ m, 20 to 40 ⁇ m, 30 to 50 ⁇ m, 40 to 60 ⁇ m, 50 to 70 ⁇ m, 60 to 80 ⁇ m, 70 to 90 ⁇ m, 80 to 100 ⁇ m, 90 to 110 ⁇ m, 100 to 120 ⁇ m, 110 to 130 ⁇ m, 120 to 140 ⁇ m, 130 to 150 ⁇ m, 140 to 160 ⁇ m, 150 to 170 ⁇ m, 160 to 180 ⁇ m, 170 to 190 ⁇ m or 180 to 200 ⁇ m ;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have mean spherical diameters of 1 to 200 ⁇ m;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have mean spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 60 ⁇ m, 40 to 100 ⁇ m, 80 to 140 ⁇ m, 120 to 180 ⁇ m or 140 to 200 ⁇ m; the randomly distributed particles independently have mean spherical equivalent diameters of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, 5 to 15 ⁇ m or 10 to 20 ⁇ m; - the randomly distributed particles independently mean spherical equivalent diameters of 10 to 30 ⁇ m, 20 to 40 ⁇ m, 30 to 50 ⁇ m, 40 to 60 ⁇ m, 50 to 70 ⁇ m, 60 to 80 ⁇ m, 70 to 90 ⁇ m, 80 to 100 ⁇ m , 90 to 110 ⁇ m , 100 to 120 ⁇ m , 110 to 130 ⁇ m , 120 to 140 ⁇ m , 130 to 150 ⁇ m , 140 to 160 ⁇ m , 150 to 170 ⁇ m , 160 to 180 ⁇ m , 170 to 190 ⁇ m or 180 to 200 ⁇ m to have;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently have spherical-equivalent diameters d i with a standard deviation d s around a mean value d m with and 1 ⁇ m ⁇ d s ⁇ 50 ⁇ m, where N is the denotes the number of particles in a measured sample and is 100 ⁇ N ⁇ 10 6 ;
  • the randomly distributed particles independently of one another have spherical-equivalent diameters d i with a standard deviation d s around a mean value d m with
  • the tag comprises an embedding body in which the randomly distributed particles are embedded
  • the embedding body is made of a polymeric material
  • the embedding body is made of paper
  • the embedding body is made of glass
  • the embedding body is designed as a film, film area, label, coating, container, packaging or article of daily use;
  • the embedding body is designed as a foil, foil area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 1000 ⁇ m;
  • the embedding body is designed as a foil, foil area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 600 ⁇ m or 400 to 1000 ⁇ m;
  • the embedding body is designed as a film, film area, label or coating and has a thickness of 15 to 100 ⁇ m, 50 to 150 ⁇ m, 100 to 200 ⁇ m, 150 to 250 ⁇ m
  • the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 100 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ;
  • the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 15000 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ;
  • the volume density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 15000 to 6-10 5 particles/cm 3 or 4-10 5 to 10 6 particles/cm 3 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 1 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 150 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the areal density of the randomly distributed particles in the embedding body is 150 to 6000 particles/cm 2 or 4000 to 10000 particles/cm 2 ;
  • the embedding body is transparent;
  • - the embedding body is transparent and has a medium transmission with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9;
  • the embedding body is transparent and has an average transmission T m
  • the embedding body is transparent and has an average transmission T m
  • the marker according to the invention consists of a foil, a foil area, a coating, a label or a surface area of a product with randomly distributed particles of colored, transparent materials and/or diffusely scattering, opaque materials.
  • the particles are added to a film material, a coating material, a painter's paint, a printing paint, a spray paint or a polymer material for injection molding or blow molding.
  • Products are equipped with the mark according to the invention in a wide variety of ways, such as:
  • particles can be configured in such a way that they are not visually perceptible, but can be imaged with sufficient accuracy using a digital camera of an ordinary smartphone and are suitable for the production of identifiers that offer reliable protection against counterfeiting and product piracy.
  • This surprising and counterintuitive result cannot be explained conclusively at this time.
  • psychophysical aspects of human vision play a significant role. These include, among other things:
  • the near point or minimum object distance for focusing which for the human eye - depending on age - is at least 25 cm, in connection with the pupil opening of usually 2 to 3 mm and the diffraction limitation caused by this;
  • method step b) is also referred to as "registration”.
  • a digital composite image is calculated for a registration or recognition image by linearly combining the respective red, green and blue channels.
  • structured background signals such as alphanumeric characters, barcodes or QR codes to be effectively suppressed and significantly improves the segmentation and classification of the particle signals.
  • colored-transparent particles produce a colored optical modulation (see explanations in connection with FIGS. 2 to 6). In contrast, colored transparent particles cannot be detected on a black or dark background.
  • the characteristic according to the invention also includes randomly distributed particles made of diffusely scattering, essentially white materials, such as polytetrafluoroethylene with nanoscale morphology or composites made of a polymer and nanoscale titanium dioxide or nanoscale silicon dioxide. Diffusely scattering, white particles can be detected on a black or dark background, such as printed characters or barcode lines, but not on a white or light background.
  • the colored-transparent or diffusely scattering, white particles according to the invention provide complementary optical contrasts and, when used together on an alternately dark and light background, allow the production of a mark that can be detected over the entire surface.
  • to determine the image coordinates of the randomly distributed particles both in reference images, ie in the Registration, as well as in recognition images, ie in authentication uses the same image processing algorithms. This procedure reduces the disturbing influence of any image artifacts, which are analyzed in the same way when evaluating reference and recognition images and have practically identical signatures.
  • the invention therefore enables products, packaging films and labels to be equipped in a cost-effective and versatile manner with covered identifiers that can be authenticated using a conventional smartphone and offer a high level of security against imitation and counterfeiting.
  • the identifier and authentication method according to the invention are characterized by a low error rate.
  • the identifier can be equipped with differently colored and white particles, which makes replication considerably more difficult and at the same time improves the error tolerance of the authentication.
  • the particles used for the identifier according to the invention consist of at least one material based on one or more polymers or based on glass.
  • the particles consist of colored, partially transparent materials, with a film made of the respective material with a reference thickness of 20 or 100 ⁇ m having average transmission for visible light with 0.2 ⁇ T m ⁇ 0.9.
  • the polymeric materials used to produce the particles preferably have a melting temperature in the range from 180 to 400° C., so that the particles remain intact during processing in a polymer melt, for example in a melt extruder or in a kneading unit.
  • the particle size can be adjusted or adapted in a range from up to 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the term “absorption coefficient” refers to the linear attenuation coefficient of a substance for electromagnetic radiation in the visible wavelength range Light from 380 to 780 nm (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ absorption coefficient).
  • the absorption coefficient is denoted by the Greek letter "a” in accordance with the usual terminology.
  • optical density or abbreviated "OD” (cf. https:/ /de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_(optics) ).
  • the linear absorption coefficient a is usually given according to the formula calculated based on the measured wavelength-dependent reflection R( ⁇ ) and transmission T( ⁇ ).
  • the molar extinction coefficient e is usually given in units of L-mol -1 ⁇ cm -1 instead of the linear absorption coefficient a.
  • ⁇ 2.3 ⁇ 10 -7 e • c ⁇ m -1 applies.
  • the term “specific absorption ⁇ s” refers to the quotient of the integral absorption (or optical density) in a given wavelength range [ ⁇ a , ⁇ b ] and the integral absorption (or optical density) over the visible spectrum from 380 to 780 nm
  • the "specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ a , ⁇ b )" quantifies the spectrally selective absorption of a material used for the production of the particles according to the invention and supplements the usual qualitative designation using a color that is complementary to the wavelength range [ ⁇ a , ⁇ b ] (https: //de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary Color).
  • the absorption coefficient ⁇ ( ⁇ ) and the specific absorption ⁇ s ( ⁇ a , ⁇ b ) are determined using the optical reflection R( ⁇ ) and transmission T( ⁇ ).
  • the optical reflection R( ⁇ ) and transmission T( ⁇ ) as a function of the wavelength ⁇ are measured according to DIN EN ISO 13468-2:2006-07 using a spectrophotometer (here a Shimadzu UV-3600 Plus instrument).
  • a collimated beam of incident light with intensity I 0 ( ⁇ ) is directed in a normal direction onto a surface of a foil and the directly transmitted intensity I D ( ⁇ ) in the beam direction and diffusely scattered intensity I FS ( ⁇ ) (forward scatter) measured.
  • the incident light beam is partially reflected on both surfaces of the foil.
  • I R ( ⁇ ) The sum of the reflected intensities, which is typically around 8% to 10% for polymer films, is referred to as I R ( ⁇ ).
  • the surface of polymer films has a low level of roughness, so that diffuse forward scattering I FS ( ⁇ ) and diffuse backward scattering I BS ( ⁇ ) are negligible.
  • An integrating integrating sphere is used to measure the optical transmission T( ⁇ ) and the forward scattering I FS ( ⁇ ) is thus detected. Accordingly, the following relationship applies to the optical transmission T( ⁇ ): where c denotes a factor determined by instrument calibration, preferably by measuring a reference transmission T ref ( ⁇ ) with no foil in the beam path.
  • I A ( ⁇ ) denotes the intensity absorbed in the film.
  • absorption, reflection and scattering are shown as summands in the above equation. However, in a physically adequate way, absorption, reflection and scattering are described as multipliers with magnitude ⁇ 1. The description of absorption, reflection and scattering using multipliers takes into account the probability principle of quantum mechanics.
  • the mean transmission T m of a film of given thickness is determined by averaging the optical transmission T( ⁇ ) over the visible wavelength range from 380 to 780 nm according to the relationship obtain.
  • concentration of a dye or color additive is adjusted based on color measurements.
  • pre-made coloring additives are used instead of pure dyes.
  • Coloring additives comprise one or more dyes dissolved or dispersed in an organic or polymeric vehicle. Accordingly, coloring additives are used in the form of a solution, dispersion, pigment or a so-called masterbatch.
  • the proportion of a dye in such coloring additives is usually not quantified by the manufacturers of the coloring additives. Therefore, in industrial practice, the proportion of a coloring additive in a polymer material is determined empirically by spectrometric color measurement on an extrudate made from the material. This empirical method is useful because the coloring effect of dyes can vary due to different temperatures in the manufacturing process.
  • the absorption of the polymer material components in the visible wavelength range from 380 to 780 nm is usually negligible.
  • the person skilled in the art of plastics technology measures the spectral transmission of two or more films of the same thickness with and without coloring additive, the films otherwise being made of identical polymeric materials .
  • the person skilled in the art produces two films F 1 and F 2 with the same thickness d from a polymer, the first film F 1 containing no coloring additive and the second film F 2 containing a predetermined proportion of a coloring additive, measuring their spectral transmission T 1 ( ⁇ ), or T 2 ( ⁇ ) and calculates the absorption coefficient of the dye or coloring additive according to the relationship
  • the person skilled in the art produces a film with a specified proportion of a selected coloring additive and measures its thickness d as well as the spectral transmission T(d; ⁇ ) and optical density OD(d; ⁇ ).
  • the spectral transmission T(n ⁇ d; ⁇ ) and optical density OD(n ⁇ d; ⁇ ) are measured on each stack.
  • the absorption coefficient ⁇ ( ⁇ ) is determined by linear regression from the optical densities OD(j ⁇ d; ⁇ ) as a function of the thickness j ⁇ d with 1 ⁇ j ⁇ n.
  • PC Polycarbonate
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • the CIE brightness (lightness) or the CIE value L* in remission is also measured on films made of diffusely reflecting materials using a spectrophotometer in accordance with DIN EN ISO/CIE 11664-1:2020-03, DIN EN ISO 11664-2:2011-07 and DIN EN ISO/CIE 11664-3:2020-03 with standard light CIE D65, 10° field of view and sensitivity or tristimulus curves of the CIE standard valence system from 1931.
  • size refers to the equivalent diameter of a spherical particle of the same material composition which, depending on the measurement method used, has the same projection area (electron microscope) or the same light scattering as the particles examined.
  • the dimensions of microscale particles or agglomerates are determined using a scanning electron microscope or transmission electron microscope and image analysis software such as ImageJ (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij).
  • image analysis software such as ImageJ (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij).
  • at least 100, preferably at least 1000 particles or agglomerates are digitally measured using the image analysis software on the basis of digitized electron micrographs. Due to the high lateral resolution of electron microscopes of the prior art, which depends on the setting of the electron optics and the beam parameters in the area is from a few angstroms to 10 nm, the equivalent diameter of the particles or agglomerates can be determined with high reliability.
  • micro- or nanoscale particles or agglomerates are measured using light scattering in accordance with ISO 13320:2020-01.
  • a suitable measuring device for particle sizes from 0.01 to 5000 ⁇ m is available from Horiba Ltd. (Kyoto, Japan) under the product designation LA-300.
  • the terms “registration system” and “authentication system” refer to functional units that include one or more hardware components, such as electronic computers and data storage devices and one or more software programs that may be spatially separated from one another and via a communication network to transmit and receive data among themselves.
  • the secondary image capture systems and the authentication system are located in different locations and are connected to each other via the Internet and/or cellular networks.
  • one or more of secondary image acquisition systems each designed as a smartphone and the authentication system as a powerful computer equipped with one or more graphics processors (GPU), which is located at the same place as the database and/or the registration system.
  • GPU graphics processors
  • an authentication system and a secondary image capture system are components of a smartphone.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the recording of an identification image of a product label equipped with an identifier
  • Figure 2 is a schematic sectional view of two particles randomly distributed in a license plate
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the optical absorption of a particle in the case of asymmetrical incidence of light
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of the optical absorption of a particle with symmetrical incidence of light
  • FIG. 7 shows a representation of the geometric imaging ratios of a typical smartphone camera
  • Figure 10 is a flowchart for blob detection.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the recording of a digital identification image of a label provided with an identifier according to the invention.
  • Electric lamps as well as sunlight and daylight are equally suitable as light sources.
  • the distance between the object and the smartphone camera is less than 10 cm, the object will be shadowed by the smartphone. Even under unfavorable conditions, such as dull daylight, the image quality is sufficient to detect the randomly distributed particles in the license plate in a statistically sufficient number.
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a license plate 1 with an at least partially transparent polymeric matrix or film 3 and particles 4 and 5 randomly embedded therein.
  • the polymeric matrix / film 3 is loose on the surface of an article or on a product label 2 or arranged or fixed in a non-positive manner.
  • the randomly distributed particles (4, 5) preferably consist of a material selected from a coloured, transparent polymer or glass or from a nanoscale composite which strongly scatters visible light in a diffuse manner.
  • the colored transparent particle 4 or the diffusely scattering particle 5 produces a stronger optical modulation or a stronger optical contrast.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the formation of the image and the optical contrast profile using a spheroidal particle 4 made of colored transparent or spectrally selectively absorbing material under lateral incidence of light 100.
  • the reference symbols 2 and 3 have the same meaning as explained above in connection with FIG.
  • the spheroidal particle 4 has the radius "r".
  • the letter "h” denotes a distance between the particle's center of gravity and the surface of the article/label 2.
  • the particle 4 casts a graded shadow 4" in an observation plane 4' perpendicular to the direction of incidence, depending on the length of the path of a light beam the particle 4.
  • the curve 40 illustrates the optical modulation or the contrast profile that occurs during observation or image recording with the viewing direction or camera axis perpendicular to the surface and is reproduced on a larger scale in Fig. 4.
  • the one shown in Figs Contrast curve 40 includes the lateral shading 4" and a "central shading" of incident light that falls directly on the surface of the article/label 2, is diffusely reflected by it and traverses the absorbent particle 4 on its way to the observer.
  • FIG. 5 and 6 illustrate in a manner analogous to FIGS. 3 and 4 the course of contrast with illumination 100 of an absorbent particle 4 from both sides.
  • the reference symbols in FIG. 5 have the same meaning as explained above in connection with FIG.
  • the contrast curve 40 shown in FIGS. 3-6 is qualitatively described by the following mathematical formulas
  • T in , T out is the transmission of the incident and, respectively, diffusely scattered light rays from the surface of the article/label.
  • the contrast curves calculated according to the above equations are convolved with a Gaussian function or point spread function (PSF) with a width at half maximum of 22.3 ⁇ m in order to simulate the optical resolution of a standard smartphone camera.
  • PSF Gaussian function or point spread function
  • an optoelectronic image sensor such as a CCD, CMOS or BSI sensor, is shown schematically in FIG. 7 as a rectangle with a height of 3 mm.
  • Common image sensors for smartphones have pixel dimensions of around 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ m 2 , so that a vertical sensor dimension of 3 mm has a pixel count of around 3000 is equivalent to. Accordingly, the nominal pixel resolution is about 22 times smaller than the diffraction-limited optical resolution of 22 ⁇ m.
  • Fig. 8 shows the absorption coefficients of three exemplary commercial dyes for coloring thermoplastic polymers manufactured by Yamada Chemical Co.,Ltd. and Epolin of Chroma Color Corp.
  • the absorption of the dyes shown in FIG. 8 is particularly suitable for generating a high contrast in the blue, green and red channels of a smartphone camera.
  • Fig. 9 shows an exemplary flowchart for image acquisition and processing during the registration and authentication of a license plate according to the invention:
  • the digital image processing algorithms used in steps (202, 212), (203, 213) and (204, 214) in the evaluation of the reference and recognition image are preferably identical in each case in order to compensate or reduce the disruptive influence of any image artifacts that may be present. largely eliminated.
  • FIG. 10 shows an exemplary flow chart with details for blob detection (step or function block 203 and 213 in FIG. 9).
  • a morphological filter kernel such as a Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) filter kernel, to emphasize blobs and lines.
  • the filtered image is segmented to extract the image areas of maximum or minimum intensity resulting from randomly distributed particles.
  • a simple gray value threshold or an alternative method commonly used in the prior art, such as a watershed, Otsu or clustering algorithm is used.
  • the extracted segments are filtered according to their size and/or their shape in a further step 233 in order to separate segments that do not originate from randomly distributed particles.
  • the circularity or the isoperimetric quotient of the respective segment is preferably used for the shape filtering.
  • the isoperimetric quotient is calculated according to the formula calculated.
  • the number of pixels contained in the segment or the number of pixels delimiting the segment are used for the area and the perimeter. For example, only segments with an isoperimetric quotient in the range of 0.8 to 1.0 or 0.8 to 1.05 are considered in shape filtering.
  • 250 ml of ordinary acrylic clear coat are 15 mg of micronized polytetrafluoroethylene powder (emulsion polymerized with primary particle size ⁇ 400 nm) of the type MicroFLON® S- 203-RC from Shamrock Technologies Inc. with an average (secondary) particle size of 15 to 25 ⁇ m and the mixture stirred intensively for 10 min.
  • a small part of the acrylic clear coat with the PTFE particles it contains is then brushed onto a black plastic sheet (DIN A4 format, 210 mm ⁇ 297 mm) and left to dry overnight. After drying, the film coated with the clear lacquer is visually inspected by five test persons with normal vision or vision compensated by glasses under daylight (overcast sky, oblique incidence of light through windows). Apart from two insufficiently dispersed powder agglomerates, none of the five test persons could see PTFE particles.
  • a large number of gray spots are immediately visible when the digital images are enlarged on the computer screen.
  • the number or areal density of the spots is about 60 cm -2 .
  • a cursory analysis of some of the gray patches using the The image processing program ImageJ shows maximum gray values in the range from 20 to 60 for the spots on an average background of around 10 (based on a scale from 0 to 255). Accordingly, the light scattered by the PTFE particles provides a signal strong enough for digital image recognition.
  • a white plastic film DIN A4 format, 210 mm ⁇ 297 mm
  • each of the three white films coated with clear lacquer and glass pigments P1, P2, P3 contained therein is visually inspected by five test persons with normal vision or those with glasses compensated under daylight (overcast sky, oblique incidence of light through windows). None of the five test persons can perceive one of the glass pigments P1, P2, P3 on one of the three foils examined.
  • Pigment P1 Blue Channel minus 0.5 x [Red Channel + Green Channel]
  • Pigment P2 Green channel minus 0.5 x [Blue channel + Red channel]
  • Pigment P3 Red Channel minus 0.5 x [Green Channel + Blue Channel]
  • Pigment P2 ⁇ 80 cm' 2
  • Pigment P3 ⁇ 65 cm' 2
  • the gray values of the patches range from 170 to 210 on an average background of about 240 (based on a scale of 0 to 255). Accordingly, the light absorption of the glass pigments P1, P2 and P3 generates an optical modulation or contrast signal that is sufficiently strong for digital image recognition.
  • the linear combination of the red, green and blue channels of the respective digital images used in Examples 2, 3 and 4 eliminates or weakens image signals with approximately equal red, green and blue components and enables structured background signals to be effectively suppressed or weakened , such as alphanumeric characters, barcodes, or QR codes. This significantly improves the digital segmentation and classification of the pigment or particle signals.
  • composite particles with an average spherical diameter of 23 ⁇ m are produced from nanoscale PTFE and titanium dioxide powder.
  • the particles of PTFE-TiO 2 nanocomposite are dispersed in acrylic clear lacquer, the dispersion obtained is applied to a black plastic film and dried overnight. During the visual inspection, none of the five test persons could detect a particle.
  • microscale spheroidal particles are produced using established processes for the production of microgranules and powders, such as melt atomization in industrial volumes from conventional polymeric materials such as polyamide and PEEK or nanoscale composite materials with a polymeric matrix.
  • Industrial polymer additives such as color masterbatches, TiO 2 or SiO 2 masterbatches, are expediently used for the production of microscale particles or powder from colored polymeric materials or nanoscale composite materials with a polymeric matrix.
  • Monodisperse spheroidal particles made of colored polymer or colored glass with a diameter in the range from 50 nm to 100 ⁇ m are commercially available from various suppliers, such as microParticles GmbH (https://microparticles.de/), Mo-Sci Corp. (https://mo-sci.com/) and Cospheric LLC (https://www.cospheric.com/).
  • the prior art also includes numerous articles that describe processes for the emulsion or suspension polymerization of nano- and microscale spheroidal particles from a matrix of a natural or synthetic polymer and dyes or nanoscale additives such as titanium dioxide or silicon dioxide dissolved or dispersed therein, such as:

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un système d'authentification optique de produits, un produit étant caractérisé au moyen de particules qui réalisent une absorption optique spectralement sélective et/ou une diffusion optique diffuse et qui ont une taille de 1 à 200 µm, une étape d'enregistrement consistant à caractériser une image de référence, et une étape d'identification consistant à caractériser une image d'identification de la particule, et le produit étant authentifié par comparaison de données d'image ou d'un codage dérivé de données d'image.
PCT/IB2021/059639 2020-10-21 2021-10-20 Procédé, système et identification pour l'authentification de produits revêtus WO2022084865A1 (fr)

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