WO2022081873A1 - Demandes d'enquêtes réduites à eht - Google Patents

Demandes d'enquêtes réduites à eht Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022081873A1
WO2022081873A1 PCT/US2021/055024 US2021055024W WO2022081873A1 WO 2022081873 A1 WO2022081873 A1 WO 2022081873A1 US 2021055024 W US2021055024 W US 2021055024W WO 2022081873 A1 WO2022081873 A1 WO 2022081873A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
circuitry
ssid
probe request
frame
request
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2021/055024
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Laurent Cariou
Daniel F. BRAVO
Ido Ouzieli
Original Assignee
Intel Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Intel Corporation filed Critical Intel Corporation
Priority to CN202180059547.7A priority Critical patent/CN116134900A/zh
Publication of WO2022081873A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022081873A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/002—Transmission of channel access control information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
    • H04W48/16—Discovering, processing access restriction or access information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]

Definitions

  • Embodiments relate to access points (AP) and non-AP stations (STAs) operating in accordance with wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Wi-Fi networks including networks operating in accordance with different versions or generations of the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Some embodiments relate to reduced probe requests in extremely high-throughput. (EHT) networks.
  • AP access points
  • STAs non-AP stations
  • WLANs wireless local area networks
  • Wi-Fi networks including networks operating in accordance with different versions or generations of the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.
  • EHT extremely high-throughput.
  • WLAN wireless local-area network
  • FIG. l is a, block diagram of a radio architecture in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a front-end module circuitry? for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a radio IC circuitry for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a baseband processing circuitry for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a WLAN in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may perform.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless device upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies or operations) discussed herein may perforin.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates multi-link devices (MLDs), in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a method for EHT reduced probe request, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a probe request frame, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a method for EHT reduced probe requests, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. I ss a block diagram of a radio architecture 100 m accordance with some embodiments.
  • Radio architecture 100 may include radio front-end module (FEM) circuitry 104, radio IC circuitry 106 and baseband processing circuitry 108.
  • FEM radio front-end module
  • Radio architecture 100 as shown includes both Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth (BT) functionality although embodiments are not so limited.
  • WLAN'’ and Wi-Fi are used interchangeably.
  • FEM circuitry 104 may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry 104 A and a Bluetooth (BT) FEM circuitry' 104B.
  • the WLAN FEM circuitry' I04A may include a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured to operate on WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 101, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 106A for further processing.
  • the BT FEM circuitry' 104B may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signals received from one or more antennas 101, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BT radio IC circuitry 106B for further processing.
  • FEM circuitry 104A may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry' configured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry' 106A for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 101.
  • FEM circuitry' 104B may also include a transmit, signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided by the radio IC circuitry/ 106B for wireless transmission by the one or more antennas.
  • FEM 104 A and FEM 104B are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of an Fl Al (not shown) that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least some of the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.
  • Radio IC circuitry 106 as shown may include WLAN radio IC circuitry/ 106A and BT radio IC circuitry’ 106B.
  • the WLAN radio IC circuitry 106A may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to downconvert WLA RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 104 A and provide baseband signals to WLAN baseband processing circuitry/ 108A.
  • circuitry 106B may m turn include a receive signal path which may include circuitry’ to down-convert BT RF signals received from the FEM circuitry' 104B and provide baseband signals to BT baseband processing circuitry 108B.
  • WLAN radio IC circuitry’ 106A may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry' to up-convert WL AN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry' I08A and provide WLAN RF output signals to the FEA4 circuitry 104A for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 101.
  • BT radio IC circuitry' 106B may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry' to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by the BT baseband processing circuitry' 108B and provide BT RF output signals to the FEM circuitry' 104B for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 101 .
  • radio IC circuitries 106A and 106B are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmit signal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some of the radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.
  • Baseband processing circuity 108 may include a WLAN baseband processing circuitry' 108 A and a BT baseband processing circuitry' 108B.
  • the WTAN baseband processing circuitry' I08A may include a memory, such as, for example, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform or Inverse Fast Fourier Transform block (not shown) of the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 108 A.
  • Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry' 108 A and the BT baseband circuitry 108B may further include one or more processors and control logic to process the signals received from the corresponding WLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry’ 106, and to also generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry’ 106.
  • Each of the baseband processing circuitries 108 A and 108B may further include physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry', and may further interface with application processor 111 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the radio IC circuitry/ 106.
  • PHY physical layer
  • MAC medium access control layer
  • WLAN-BT coexistence circuitry' 113 may include logic providing an interface between the WLAN baseband circuitry 108 A and the BT baseband circuitry 108B to enable use cases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence.
  • a switch 103 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry 104A and the BT FEM circuitry 104B to allow switching between the WLAN and BT radios according to application needs.
  • antennas 101 are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLAN FEM circuitry 104A and the BT FEM circuitry/ 104B, embodiments include within their scope the sharing of one or more antennas as between the WLAN and BT FEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected to each of FEM 104 A or 104B.
  • the front-end module circuitry 104, the radio IC circuitry 106, and baseband processing circuitry 108 may be provided on a single radio card, such as wireless radio card 102.
  • the one or more antennas 101, the FEM ⁇ circuitry 104 and the radio IC circuitry 106 may be provided on a single radio card.
  • the radio IC circuitry 106 and the baseband processing circuitry' 108 may be provided on a single chip or IC, such as IC 112.
  • the wireless radio card 102 may include a WLAN radio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the radio architecture 100 may be configured to receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication signals over a multicamer communication channel.
  • OFDM or OFDMA signals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.
  • radio architecture 100 m y be part of a Wi-Fi communication station (STA) such as a wireless access point (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fi device.
  • STA Wi-Fi communication station
  • AP wireless access point
  • radio architecture 100 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in accordance with specific communication standards and/or protocols, such as any of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards including, IEEE 802.1 In-2009, IEEE 802.1 1-2012, IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE 802.11ac, and/or IEEE 802.11ax standards and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scope of embodiments is not limited m this respect.
  • IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • Radio architecture 100 may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordance with other techniques and standards.
  • the radio architecture 100 may be configured for high-efficiency (HE) Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with the IEEE 802.1 lax standard.
  • the radio architecture 100 may be configured to communicate in accordance with an OFDMA technique, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the radio architecture 100 may be configured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • spread spectrum modulation e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)
  • TDM time-division multiplexing
  • FDM frequency-division multiplexing
  • the BT baseband circuitry 108B may be compliant with a Bluetooth (BT) connectivity standard such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth 5.0, or any other iteration of the Bluetooth Standard.
  • BT Bluetooth
  • the radio architecture 100 may be configured to establish a BT synchronous connection oriented (SCO) link and/or a BT low energy (BT LE) link.
  • SCO BT synchronous connection oriented
  • BT LE BT low energy
  • the radio architecture 100 may be configured to establish an extended SCO (eSCO) link for BT communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the radio architecture may be configured to engage in a BT Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • ACL Asynchronous Connection-Less
  • the functions of a BT radio card and WLAN radio card may be combined on a single wireless radio card, such as single wareless radio card 102, although embodiments are not. so limited, and include within their scope discrete WLAN and BT radio cards
  • the radio-architecture 100 may include other radio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 3 GPP such as LTE, LTE-Advanced or 5G communications).
  • a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 3 GPP such as LTE, LTE-Advanced or 5G communications).
  • the radio architecture 100 may be configured for communication over various channel bandwidths including bandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and bandwidths of about 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz, 16 MHz, 20 MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or 80+80MHz (160MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidths).
  • a 320 MHz channel bandwidth may be used. The scope of the embodiments is not limited with respect to the above center frequencies however.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates FEM circuitry' 200 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the FEM circuitry 200 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN and/or BT FEM circuitry 104A/104B (FIG. 1), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.
  • the FEM circuitry 200 may include a TX/RX switch 202 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation.
  • the FEM circuitry 200 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry- 200 may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 206 to amplify received RF signals 203 and provide the amplified received RF signals 207 as an output (e.g., to the radio IC circuitry 106 (FIG , 1)).
  • LNA low-noise amplifier
  • the transmit signal path of the circuitry 200 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals 209 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry' 106), and one or more filters 212, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low'-pass filters (LPFs) or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 215 for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the antennas 101 (FIG. I)).
  • PA power amplifier
  • filters 212 such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low'-pass filters (LPFs) or other types of filters
  • the FEM circuitry 200 may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum.
  • the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry/ 200 may include a receive signal path duplexer 204 to separate the signals from each spectrum as well as provide a separate LNA 206 for each spectrum as shown.
  • the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 200 may also include a power amplifier 210 and a filter 212, such as a BPF, a LPF or another type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmit signal path duplexer 214 to provide the signals of one of the different spectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by the one or more of the antennas 101 (FIG. 1 ).
  • BT communications may utilize the 2.4 GHZ signal paths and may utilize the same FEM circuitry 200 as the one used for WLAN communications.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates radio integrated circuit (IC) circuitry 300 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the radio IC circuitry' 300 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 106A/106B (FIG. 1), although other circuitry' configurations may also be suitable.
  • the radio IC circuitry 300 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry' 300 may include at least mixer circuitry' 302, such as, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry 306 and filter circuitry 308.
  • the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 300 may include at least filter circuitry' 312 and mixer circuitry' 314, such as, for example, up- conversion mixer circuitry/.
  • Radio IC circuitry 300 may also include synthesizer circuitry’ 304 for synthesizing a frequency 305 for use by the mixer circuitry' 302 and the mixer circuitry' 314.
  • the mixer circuitry 302 and/or 314 may each, according to some embodiments, be configured to provide direct conversion functionality.
  • the latter type of circuitry' presents a much simpler architecture as compared with standard super-heterodyne mixer circuitries, and any flicker noise brought about by the same may be alleviated for example through the use of OFDM modulation.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry/, and may include, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depicted circuitries may include more than one component.
  • mixer circuitry 320 and/or 314 may each include one or more mixers
  • filter circuitries 308 and/or 312 may each include one or more filters, such as one or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs.
  • mixer circuitries when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, they may each include two or more mixers.
  • mixer circuitry 302 may be configured to down-convert RF signals 207 received from the FEM circuitry 104 (FIG. 1) based on the synthesized frequency 305 provided by synthesizer circuitry 304.
  • the amplifier circuitry 306 may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 308 may include a LPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals 307.
  • Output baseband signals 307 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 108 (FIG. 1) for further processing.
  • the output baseband signals 307 may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement.
  • mixer circuitry 302 may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the mixer circuitry 314 may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals 31 1 based on the synthesized frequency 305 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 304 to generate RF output signals 209 for the FEM circuitry 104.
  • the baseband signals 31 1 may be provided by the baseband processing circuitry 108 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 312.
  • the filter circuitry' 312 may include a LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the mixer circuitry' 302 and the mixer circuitry 314 may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively with the help of synthesizer 304.
  • the mixer circuitry 302 and the mixer circuitry 314 may each include two or more mixers each configured for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection).
  • the mixer circuitry 302 and the mixer circuitry 314 may be arranged for direct downconversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively.
  • the mixer circuitry 302 and the mixer circuitry 314 may be configured for superheterodyne operation, although this is not a requirement.
  • Mixer circuitry 302 may comprise, according to one embodiment: quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) paths).
  • RF input signal 207 from Fig. 3 may be down- converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to be sent to the baseband processor
  • Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninetydegree time-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitry’ which may be configured to receive a LO frequency (fLo) from a local oscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 305 of synthesizer 304 (FIG. 3).
  • the LO frequency may be the carrier frequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the earner frequency).
  • the zero and ninety-degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by the synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the LO signals may differ in duty cycle (the percentage of one period in which the LO signal is high) and/or offset (the difference between start points of the period).
  • the LO signals may have a 25% duty cycle and a 50% offset.
  • each branch of the mixer circuitry e.g., the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path
  • the RF input signal 207 may comprise a balanced signal, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-nose amplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 306 (FIG, 3) or to filter circuitry 308 (FIG. 3).
  • the output baseband signals 307 and the input baseband signals 31 1 may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the output baseband signals 307 and the input baseband signals 311 may be digital baseband signals.
  • the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.
  • a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for other spectrums not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect,
  • the synthesizer circuitry 304 may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+l synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited m this respect as other types ot frequency synthesizers may be suitable.
  • synthesizer circuitiy 304 may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.
  • the synthesizer circuitry 304 may include digital synthesizer circuitry'.
  • frequency input into synthesizer circuity 304 may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement.
  • VCO voltage controlled oscillator
  • a divider control input may further be provided by either the baseband processing circuitry- 108 (FIG. 1 ) or the application processor 1 1 1 (FIG. 1) depending on the desired output frequency 305.
  • a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on a channel number and a channel center frequency as determined or indicated by the application processor 111.
  • synthesizer circuitry 304 may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 305, while in other embodiments, the output frequency 305 may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 305 may be a LO frequency (lio).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processing circuitiy 400 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 400 is one example of circuitiy that may be suitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 7 108 (FIG. 1), although other circuitry 7 configurations may also be suitable.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 400 may include a receive baseband processor (RX BBP) 402 for processing receive baseband signals 309 provided by the radio IC circuitry 106 (FIG. 1) and a transmit baseband processor (TX BBP) 404 for generating transmit baseband signals 311 for the radio IC circuitry 106.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 7 400 may also include control logic 406 for coordinating the operations of the baseband processing circuity 400.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 400 may include ADC 410 to convert analog baseband signals received from the radio IC circuitry' 106 to digital baseband signals for processing by the RX BBP 402.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 400 may also include DAC 412 to convert digital baseband signals from the TX BBP 404 to analog baseband signals.
  • the transmit baseband processor 404 may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriate for transmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT).
  • IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
  • the receive baseband processor 402 may be configured to process received OFDM signals or OFDM A signals by performing an FFT.
  • the receive baseband processor 402 may be configured to detect the presence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing an autocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and by performing a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble.
  • the preambles may be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication.
  • the antennas 101 may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals.
  • the antennas may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result.
  • Antennas 101 may each include a set of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.
  • radio-architecture 100 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic
  • the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a WLAN 500 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the WLAN 500 may comprise a basis service set (BSS) that may include an access point (AP) 502, a plurality of stations (STAs) 504, and a plurality of legacy devices 506.
  • BSS basis service set
  • the STAs 504 and/or AP 502 are configured to operate in accordance with IEEE 802.1 Ibe extremely high throughput (EHT) and/or high efficiency (HE) IEEE 802.1 lax.
  • EHT extremely high throughput
  • HE high efficiency
  • the STAs 504 and/or AP 520 are configured to operate in accordance with IEEE 802. 1 laz.
  • IEEE 802. 11EHT may be termed Next Generation 802.11 .
  • the .Al 5 502 may be an AP using the IEEE 802.11 to transmit and receive.
  • the AP 502 may be a base station.
  • the AP 502 may use other communications protocols as well as the IEEE 802.11 protocol.
  • the EHT protocol may be termed a different name in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the IEEE 802.11 protocol may include using orthogonal frequency division multiple-access (OFDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and/or code division multiple access (CDMA).
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple-access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • the IEEE 802.11 protocol may include a multiple access technique.
  • the IEEE 802.11 protocol may include space-division multiple access (SDMA) and/or multiple-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO).
  • SDMA space-division multiple access
  • MU-MIMO multiple-user multiple-input multiple-output
  • EHT AP 502 There may be more than one EHT AP 502 that is part of an extended service set (ESS).
  • a controller (not illustrated) may store information that is common to the more than one APs 502 and may control more than one BSS, e.g., assign primary' channels, colors, etc.
  • AP 502 may be connected to the internet.
  • the legacy devices 506 may operate in accordance with one or more of IEEE 802.1 1 a/b/g/n/ac/ad/af/ah/aj/ay/ax, or another legacy wireless communication standard.
  • the legacy devices 506 may be STAs or IEEE STAs.
  • the STAs 504 may be wireless transmit and receive devices such as cellular telephone, portable electronic wireless communication devices, smart telephone, handheld wireless device, wireless glasses, wireless watch, wireless personal device, tablet, or another device that may be transmitting and receiving using the IEEE 802. 11 protocol such as IEEE 802. 1 Ibe or another wireless protocol.
  • the AP 502 may communicate with legacy devices 506 in accordance with legacy IEEE 802. 11 communication techniques.
  • the H AP 502 may also be configured to communicate with STAs 504 in accordance with legacy IEEE 802.11 communication techniques.
  • a HE or EHT frames m y be configurable to have the same bandwidth as a channel.
  • the HE or EHT frame may be a physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU).
  • PPDU may be an abbreviation for physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU).
  • there may be different types of PPDUs that may have different fields and different physical layers and/or different media access control (MAC) layers.
  • SU single user
  • MU multiple-user
  • ER extended-range
  • TB trigger-based
  • EHT may be the same or similar as HE PPDUs.
  • the bandwidth of a channel may be 20MHz, 40MHz, or 80 MHz, 80 80MHz, 160MHz, 160 ⁇ 160MHz, 320MHz, 320 ⁇ 320MHz. 640MHz bandwidths.
  • the bandwidth of a channel less than 20 MHz may be 1 MHz, 1.25MHz, 2.03MHz, 2.5MHz, 4.06 MHz, 5MHz and 10MHz, or a combination thereof or another bandwidth that is less or equal to the available bandwidth may also be used.
  • the bandwidth of the channels may be based on a number of active data subcarriers.
  • the bandwidth of the channels is based on 26, 52, 106, 242, 484, 996, or 2x996 active data subcarriers or tones that are spaced by 20 MHz. In some embodiments the bandwidth of the channels is 256 tones spaced by 20 MHz. In some embodiments the channels are multiple of 26 tones or a multiple of 20 MHz. In some embodiments a 20 MHz channel may comprise 242 active data subcarriers or tones, which may determine the size of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). An allocation of a bandwidth or a number of tones or subcarriers may be termed a resource unit (RU) allocation in accordance with some embodiments.
  • RU resource unit
  • the 26-subcarrier RU and 52-subcarrier RU are used in the 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 Hz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA HE PPDU formats.
  • the 106-subcarrier RU is used in the 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA and
  • the 242-subcarner RU is used in the 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA and MU- MIMO HE PPDU formats.
  • the 484-subcarrier RU is used in the 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA and MU-MIMO HE PPDU formats.
  • the 996-subcanier RU is used in the 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA and MU-MIMO HE PPDU formats.
  • a HE or EHT frame may be configured for transmitting a number of spatial streams, which may be in accordance with MU-MIMO and may be in accordance with OFDMA.
  • the AP 502, STA 504, and/or legacy device 506 may also implement different technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) 2000, CDMA 2000 IX, CDMA 2000 Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), BlueTooth®, low-pow'er BlueTooth®, or other technologies.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • CDMA 2000 IX CDMA 2000 Evolution-Data Optimized
  • EV-DO Evolution-Data Optimized
  • IS-2000 Interim Standard
  • a HE AP 502 may operate as a master station which may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium (e.g., during a contention period) to receive exclusive control of the medium for a transmission opportunity (TXOP).
  • the AP 502 may transmit an EHTZHE trigger frame transmission, which may include a schedule for simultaneous UL./DL. transmissions from STAs 504.
  • the AP 502 may transmit a time duration of the TXOP and sub-channel information.
  • STAs 504 may communicate with the AP 502 in accordance with a non-contention based multiple access technique such as OFDMA or MU-MIMO. This is unlike conventional WLAN communications in which devices communicate in accordance with a contention-based communication technique, rather than a multiple access technique.
  • the AP 502 may communicate with stations 504 using one or more HE or EHT frames.
  • the HE STAs 504 may operate on a sub-channel smaller than the operating range of the AP 502. During the TXOP, legacy stations refrain
  • the legacy stations may need to receive the communication from the HE AP 502 to defer from communicating.
  • the STAs 504 may contend for the wireless medium with the legacy devices 506 being excluded from contending for the wireless medium during the master-sync transmission.
  • the trigger frame may indicate an UL-MU- MIMO and/or UL OFDMA TXOP.
  • the trigger frame may include a DL UL-MU-MIMO and/or DL OFDMA with a schedule indicated in a preamble portion of trigger frame.
  • the multiple-access technique used during the HE or EHT TXOP may be a scheduled OFDMA technique, although this is not a requirement.
  • the multiple access technique may be a time-division multiple access (TDMA) technique or a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) technique.
  • the multiple access technique may be a space-division multiple access (SDMA) technique.
  • the multiple access technique may be a Code division multiple access (CDMA).
  • the AP 502 may also communicate with legacy stations 506 and/or STAs 504 in accordance with legacy IEEE 802.11 communication techniques.
  • the AP 502 may also be configurable to communicate with STAs 504 outside the TXOP in accordance with legacy IEEE 802. 11 or IEEE 802.11 EHT/ax communication techniques, although this is not a requirement.
  • the STA 504 may be a “group owner” (GO) for peer-to-peer modes of operation.
  • a wireless device may be a STA 502 or a HE AP 502.
  • the STA 504 and/or AP 502 may be configured to operate in accordance with IEEE 802.1 Imc.
  • the radio architecture of FIG. I is configured to implement the STA 504 and/or the AP 502
  • the front-end module circuitry of FIG. 2 is configured to implement the STA 504 and/or the AP 502.
  • the radio IC circuitry of FIG. 3 is configured to implement the HE station 504 and/or the /AP 502.
  • the radio IC circuitry of FIG. 3 is configured to implement the HE station 504 and/or the /AP 502.
  • 16 base-band processing circuitry of FIG. 4 is configured to implement the STA 504 and/or the AP 502.
  • the STAs 504, AP 502, an apparatus of the STA 504, and/or an apparatus of the AP 502 may include one or more of the following: the radio architecture of FIG. I, the front-end module circuitry of FIG. 2, the radio IC circuitry of FIG. 3, and/or the base-band processing circuitry of FIG. 4.
  • the radio architecture of FIG. 1, the front-end module circuitry of FIG. 2, the radio IC circuitry’ of FIG. 3, and/or the base-band processing circuitry' of FIG. 4 may be configured to perform the methods and operations/functions herein described in conjunction with FIGS. 1- 11.
  • the STAs 504 and/or the HE AP 502 are configured to perform the methods and operations/functions described herein in conjunction with FIGS. 1-11 .
  • an apparatus of the STA 504 and/or an apparatus of the AP 502 are configured to perform the methods and functions described herein in conjunction with FIGS. 1 -1 1.
  • the term Wi-Fi may refer to one or more of the IEEE 802.11 communication standards.
  • AP and STA may refer to EHTZHE access point and/or EHT/HE station as well as legacy devices 506.
  • a HE AP STA may refer to a AP 502 and/or STAs 504 that are operating as EHT APs 502.
  • a STA 504 when a STA 504 is not operating as an AP, it may be referred to as a non-AP STA or non-AP.
  • STA 504 may be referred to as either an AP STA or a non-AP.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine 600 upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may perform.
  • the machine 600 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines.
  • the machine 600 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments.
  • the machine 600 may act. as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment.
  • the machine 600 may be a HE AP 502, EVT station 504, personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB),
  • a personal digital assistant PDA
  • a portable communications device a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
  • machine shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a sendee (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations.
  • cloud computing software as a sendee (SaaS)
  • SaaS sendee
  • Machine 600 may include a hardware processor 602 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory- 604 and a static memory 606, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 608,
  • a hardware processor 602 e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof
  • main memory- 604 e.g., main memory- 604
  • static memory 606 some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 608,
  • main memory 604 include Random Access Memory (RAM), and semiconductor memory devices, which may include, in some embodiments, storage locations in semiconductors such as registers.
  • static memory' 606 include non-volatile memory-, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices, magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; RAM; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • EPROM Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • flash memory devices magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; RAM; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • the machine 600 may further include a display device 610, an input device 612 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 614 (e.g., a mouse).
  • the display device 610, input device 612 and UI navigation device 614 may be a touch screen display.
  • the machine 600 may additionally include a mass storage (e.g., drive unit) 616, a signal generation device 618 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 620, and one or more sensors 621, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the machine 600 may include an output controller 628, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared(IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a USB interface (e.g., USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared(IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a USB), USB, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared(IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a USB), USB, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared(IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a USB interface (e.g., USB), USB interface (IR
  • the processor 602 and/or instructions 624 may comprise processing circuitry and/or transceiver circuitry’.
  • the storage device 616 may include a machine readable medium 622 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 624 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein.
  • the instructions 624 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 604, within static memory' 606, or within the hardware processor 602 during execution thereof by the machine 600.
  • one or any combination of the hardware processor 602, the main memory 604, the static memory 606, or the storage device 616 may constitute machine readable media.
  • machine readable media may include: nonvolatile memory', such as semiconductor memory' devices (e.g., EPROM or EEPROM) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; RAM; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • nonvolatile memory' such as semiconductor memory' devices (e.g., EPROM or EEPROM) and flash memory devices
  • magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks
  • magneto-optical disks such as CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • machine readable medium 622 is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 624.
  • machine readable medium may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 624.
  • An apparatus of the machine 600 may be one or more of a hardware processor 602 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory’ 604 and a static memory’ 606, sensors 621, network interface device 620, antennas 660, a display device 610, an input device 612, a UI navigation device 614, a mass storage 616, instructions 624, a signal generation device 618, and an output controller 628.
  • the apparatus may be configured to perform one or more of the methods and/or operations disclosed herein.
  • the apparatus may be intended as a component of the machine 600 to perform one or more of the methods and/or operations disclosed herein, and/or to perform a portion of one or more of the methods and/or operations disclosed herein.
  • the apparatus may include a pin or other means to receive power.
  • the apparatus may include power conditioning hardware.
  • machine readable medium may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 600 and that cause the machine 600 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions.
  • Nonlimiting machine readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media.
  • machine readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory' devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory- (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROMi)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • non-volatile memory such as semiconductor memory' devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory- (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROMi)) and flash memory devices
  • magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks
  • magneto-optical disks Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • machine readable media may include non-transitory machine- readable media.
  • machine readable media may include machine readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal.
  • the instructions 624 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 626 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 620 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.).
  • Example communication networks may include a local area network (IAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks). Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802. 15.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others.
  • IP internet protocol
  • TCP transmission control protocol
  • the network interface device 620 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 626,
  • the network interface device 620 may include one or more antennas 660 to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques.
  • the network interface device 620 may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MEMO techniques.
  • transmission medium shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 600, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.
  • Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms.
  • Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner.
  • circuits maybe arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module.
  • the whole or part of one or more computer systems e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system
  • one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations.
  • the software may reside on a machine readable medium.
  • the software when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations.
  • module is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein.
  • each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time.
  • the modules comprise a general -purpose hardware processor configured using software
  • the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times.
  • Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time.
  • Some embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in software and/or firmware.
  • This software and/or firmware may take the form of
  • Non-transitory computer-readable storage medium 21 instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein.
  • the instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like.
  • Such a computer-readable medium may include any tangible non- transitory medium for storing information in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory, etc.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless device 700 upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies or operations) discussed herein may perform.
  • the wireless device 700 may be a HE device or HE wireless device.
  • the wireless device 700 may be a HE STA 504, HE AP 502, and/or a HE STA or HE AP.
  • a HE STA 504, HE AP 502, and/or a HE AP or HE ST A may include some or all of the components shown in FIGS. 1-7.
  • the wireless device 700 may be an example machine 600 as disclosed in conjunction with FIG. 6.
  • the wireless device 700 may include processing circuitry' 708.
  • the processing circuitry 708 may include a transceiver 702, physical layer circuitry (PHY circuitry) 704, and MAC layer circuitry (MAC circuitry) 706, one or more of which may enable transmission and reception of signals to and from other wireless devices 700 (e.g., HE AP 502, HE ST A 504, and/or legacy devices 506) using one or more antennas 712.
  • the PHY circuitry 704 may perform various encoding and decoding functions that may include formation of baseband signals for transmission and decoding of received signals.
  • the transceiver 702 may perform various transmission and reception functions such as conversion of signals between a baseband range and a Radio Frequency (RF) range.
  • RF Radio Frequency
  • the PHY circuitry 704 and the transceiver 702 may be separate components or may be part of a combined component, e.g., processing circuitry 708.
  • some of the described functionality related to transmission and reception of signals may be performed by a combination that may include one, any or all of the PHY circuitry' 704 the transceiver 702, MAC
  • the MAC circuitry 706 may control access to the wireless medium.
  • the wireless device 700 may also include memory 710 arranged to perform the operations described herein, e.g., some of the operations described herein may be performed by instructions stored in the me ory? 710.
  • the antennas 712 may comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas 712 may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result.
  • One or more of the memory 710, the transceiver 702, the PH Y circuitry 704, the MAC circuitry 706, the antennas 712, and/or the processing circuitry 708 may be coupled with one another.
  • memory' 710, the transceiver 702, the PHY circuitry 704, the MAC circuitry? 706, the antennas 712 are illustrated as separate components, one or more of memory- 710, the transceiver 702, the PHY circuitry' 704, the MAC circuitry- 706, the antennas 712 may be integrated in an electronic package or chip.
  • the wireless device 700 may be a mobile device as described in conjunction with FIG. 6.
  • the wireless device 700 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more wireless communication standards as described herein (e.g., as described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-6, IEEE 802.11).
  • the wireless device 700 may include one or more of the components as described in conjunction with FIG. 6 (e.g., display device 610, input device 612, etc.)
  • the wireless device 700 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry- for
  • the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.
  • an apparatus of or used by the wireless device 700 may include various components of the wireless device 700 as shown in FIG. 7 and/or components from FIGS. 1-6. Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the wireless device 700 may be applicable to an apparatus for a wireless device 700 (e.g., HE .AJ 5 502 and/or HE STA 504), in some embodiments.
  • the wireless device 700 is configured to decode and/or encode signals, packets, and/or frames as described herein, e.g., PPDUs.
  • the MAC circuitry' 706 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium during a contention period to receive control of the medium for a HE TXOP and encode or decode an HE PPDU. In some embodiments, the MAC circuitry 706 may be arranged to contend for the wireless medium based on channel contention settings, a transmitting power level, and a clear channel assessment level (e.g., an energy detect level).
  • a clear channel assessment level e.g., an energy detect level
  • the PHY circuitry' 704 may be arranged to transmit signals in accordance with one or more communication standards described herein.
  • the PHY circuitry' 704 may be configured to transmit a HE PPDU.
  • the PHY circuitry 704 may include circuitry for modulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc.
  • the processing circuitry 708 may include one or more processors.
  • the processing circuitry' 708 may be configured to perform functions based on instructions being stored in a RAM or ROM, or based on special purpose circuitry.
  • the processing circuitry 708 may include a processor such as a general purpose processor or special purpose processor.
  • the processing circuitry' 708 may implement one or more functions associated with antennas 712, the transceiver 702, the PHY circuitry 704, the MAC circuitry 706, and/or the memory' 710. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 708 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions/operations and/or methods described herein.
  • a station e.g., the HE stations 504 of FIG. 5 or wireless device 700
  • an access point e.g.,
  • the HE AP 502 of FIG, 5 or wireless device 700 may use associated effective wireless channels that are highly directionally dependent.
  • beamforming techniques may be utilized to radiate energy in a certain direction with certain beamwidth to communicate between two devices.
  • the directed propagation concentrates transmitted energy toward a target device in order to compensate for significant energy loss in the channel between the two communicating devices.
  • Using directed transmission may extend the range of the millimeter-wave communication versus utilizing the same transmitted energy in omni -directi onal propagati on .
  • a multi-link device is a logical entity that contains one or more STAs.
  • the logical entity has one MAC data service interface and primitives to the LLC and a single address associated with the interface, which can be used to communicate on the DSM.
  • An MLD allows STAs within the multi-link logical entity to have the same MAC address. Different terms may be used for the terms such as MED.
  • For an infrastructure framework there is an Multi-link AP device, which includes APs on one side, and Multi-link non-AP device, which includes non-APs on the other side.
  • a Multi-link AP device is a multi-link device, where each STA within the multi-link device is an EHT AP.
  • a Multi-link non-AP device is a multi-link device, where each STA within the multi-link device is a non-AP EHT STA.
  • a technical problem is how to handle multi-link state machine mismatches between non-AP MLD and AP MLDs or another non-AP MLD.
  • a non-AP MLD and AP MLD go through a seri es of exchanges of information that brings the non-AP MLD and AP MLD into a state of a state machine where they can exchange data and provide services, classes indicating their relationship.
  • the states may be where different services may be provided by the AP MLD to the non-AP MLD.
  • a problem may arise where the mutual understanding between the non-AP MLD and the AP MLD or another non-AP MLD may be mismatched.
  • Embodiments disclosed address the technical problem by resetting the non-AP MLD or AP MLD to a common state as described herein.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates MLDs 800, in accordance with some embodiments. Illustrated in FIG. 8 is ML logical entity 1 or non-AP MLD 1 806, AIL logical entity 2 or non-AP MLD 2 807, ML AP logical entity or AP
  • non-AP MLD 1 806 includes three STAs, STA1.1 814, 1, STA1.2 814.2, and STA1.3 814.3 that operate in accordance with link 1 802.1, link 2 802.2, and link 3 802.3, respectively.
  • the Links are different frequency bands such as 2.4 GHz band, 5 GHz band, 6 GHz band, and so forth
  • non-AP MLD 2 807 includes STA2.1 816.1, STA2.2 816.2, and STA2.3 816.3 that operate in accordance with link 1 802.1, link 2 802.2, and link 3 802,3, respectively.
  • non-AP MLD 1 806 and non-AP MLD 2 807 operate in accordance with a mesh network. Using three links enables the non-AP MLD 1 806 and non-AP MLD 2
  • the distribution system (DS) 810 indicates how 7 communications are distributed and the DS medium (DSM) 812 indicates the medium that is used for the DS 810, which in this case is the wireless spectrum.
  • AP MLD 808 includes API 830, AP2 832, and AP3 834 operating on link 1 804.1, link 2 804.2, and link 3 804.3, respectively.
  • API 830, AP2 832, and AP3 834 operating on link 1 804.1, link 2 804.2, and link 3 804.3, respectively.
  • MAC address 854 that may be used by applications to transmit and receive data across one or more of API 830, AP2 832, and AP3 834.
  • API 830, AP2 832, and AP3 834 include a frequency band, which are 2.4 GHz band 836, 5 GHz band 838, and 6 GHz band 840, respectively.
  • API 830, AP2 832, and AP3 834 includes different BSSIDs, which are BSSID 842, BSSID 844, and BSSID 846, respectively.
  • API 830, AP2 832, and AP3 834 include different media access control (MAC) address (addr), which are MAC adder 848, MAC addr 850, and MAC addr 852, respectively.
  • the AP 502 is an AP MLD 808, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the STA 504 is a non-AP MLD 3 809, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the non-AP MLD 3 809 includes non-AP STA1 818, non-AP STA2 820, and non-AP STA3 822.
  • Each of the non-AP STAs have a MAC address (not illustrated) and the non-AP MLD 3 809 has a M AC address 855 that is different and used by application programs where the data traffic is split up among non-AP STA1 818, non-AP STA2 820, and non-AP STA3 822.
  • the STA 504 is a non-AP STA 1 818, non-AP STA2 820, or non- AP STA3 822, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • non-AP STA2 820, and non-AP ST A3 822 may operate as if they are associated with BSS of API 830, AP2 832, or APS 834, respectively, over link 1 804.1, link 2 804.2, and link 3 804.3, respectively.
  • a Multi-link device such as non-AP MLD 1 806 or non-AP MLD 2 807, is a logical entity that contains one or more STAs 814, 816.
  • the non-AP MLD 1 806 and non-AP MLD 2 807 each has one MAC data service interface and primitives to the logical link control (LLC) and a single address associated with the interface, which can be used to communicate on the DSM 812.
  • LLC logical link control
  • Multilink logical entity allows STAs 814, 816 within the multi-link logical entity to have the same MAC address, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments a same MAC address is used for application layers and a different MAC address is used per link 802.
  • AP MLD 808 includes APs 830, 838, 840, on one side, and non-AP MLD 3 809 includes non-APs STAs 818, 820, 822 on the other side.
  • AP MLD 808 is a ML logical entity, where each STA within the multi-link logical entity is an EHT AP 502, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Non-AP MLD 1 806, non-AP MLD 2 807, non-AP MLD 809 are multi-link logical entities, where each STA within the multi-link logical entity is a non-AP EHT STA 504.
  • API 830, AP2 832, and AP3 834 may be operating on different bands and there may be fewer or more APs.
  • STA1. 1 814.1, STA1.2 814.2, and STA1.3 814.3 may be operating on different bands and there may be fewer or more STAs as part of the non-AP MLD 3 809.
  • a technical problem is how to send probe request frames without being fingerprinted. Some embodiments address this technical problem by sending fewer elements with the probe request so that the non-AP EHT STA is not as easily identified. Another technical problem is how to reduce the wireless medium use to improve efficiency. Some embodiments address this technical problem by reducing the number of elements included in the probe request during active scanning.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a method 900 for EHT reduced probe request, in accordance with some embodiments. Illustrated in FIG. 9 is STA 902, AP 904, transmission 906, probe request 908, transmission 910, probe response 912, and time 914.
  • the STA 902 may be a. non-AP MLD 3 809, a. STA affiliated with a
  • AP 904 may be an AP MLD 808, an AP affiliated with an AP MLD 808, and/or an AP 502.
  • Probe request 908 frames may carry' many elements, e.g., capability elements, and so forth, because the IEEE 802.11 standard requires many elements be included in the probe request 908 frames. There are many probe requests 908 frames that are transmitted over the wireless medium and the overhead of such transmission occupy a non-negligeable amount of airtime.
  • the APs 94 often do not use all the information included in the elements 1004.
  • the probe response 912 frame that is transmitted in response to the probe request 908 frame is broadcasted, e.g., the receiver address is a broadcast address, so that it can be received by other STAs 902 that may monitoring the channel.
  • the other STAs 902 may use the information in the probe response 912 to encode an authentication frame or association frame, which may save the other STAs 902 from having to send probe request 908 frames.
  • the probe request 908 frame is a broadcast frame to other possible target STAs 902 on which the AP 904 of which the AP 904 does not have any information
  • the probe response 912 sent in response to the probe request 908 has to be generic and be useful for any STAs 902 monitoring the channel and is often not tailored specifically to the probe request 908 frame from the STA 902, For example, only provide relevant information to the STA 902 based on the information or elements 1004 included in the probe request 908 fra e.
  • Some embodiments reduce the use of the wireless medium by reducing the number of elements 1004 that are included in the problem request 908 frame. Additionally, when the STA 902 includes multiple elements 1004 it may facilitate eavesdroppers to fingerprint the STA 902 to identify the STA 902 through their probing. The STA 902 may be identified based on the MAC address and the pattern of elements 1004 that are provided in the probe request 908. Even if the STA 902 changes MAC address, the pattern of elements 1004 included in the probe request 908 frame may be used to fingerprint the STA 902. [00109] Some embodiments provide a generic probe request 908 frame that is a trigger for probe response 912 frame from the . P 904, which may
  • the generic probe request 908 frame includes less information regarding the STA 902.
  • an EHT non-AP STA if it is actively scanning a channel and sends a Probe Request 908 frame, it does not include in the Probe Request 908 frames it transmits any element 1004, except that includes the service set identifier (SSID) element, the Supported Rates and basic sendee set (BSS) Membership Selectors element, the Extended Supported Rates and BSS Membership Selectors element if conditions, e.g., as outlined in the IEEE 802.1 Ibe standard, are met for the elements, and the Supported Operating Classes element is included.
  • SSID service set identifier
  • BSS Supported Rates and basic sendee set
  • an EHT non-AP STA if it is actively scanning a channel and sends a Probe Request 908 frame, it includes the SSID element 1004, and it includes (or may include) if the conditions in IEEE 802. 1 Ibe standard are met, the Request element, the SSID List element, the Extended Request element, the fast initial link setup (FILS) Request Parameters, the Short SSID List element, Vendor Specific elements, and the multiple links (ML) element.
  • FILS fast initial link setup
  • an EHT non-AP STA if an EHT non-AP STA is actively scanning a channel and sends a Probe Request 908 frame, it does not include in the Probe Request 908 frames it transmits any element, except that the SSID element.
  • the probe request 908 frame may include, if the proper conditions are met according to the applicable IEEE 802.11 communication standard, one or more of the following: the Request element, the SSID List element, the Extended Request element, the FILS Request Parameters, the Short SSID List element, Vendor Specific elements, and/or the ML element.
  • an EHT non-AP STA if an EHT non-AP STA is actively scanning a channel and sends a Probe Request 908 frame, it sets the address 2 field (TA address) of the Probe Request 908 frames it transmits to a generic MAC address, for instance the Broadcast address.
  • TA address address 2 field
  • the generic MAC address is a predetermined addressed that is designated as a generic MAC address or to a MAC address that is given by an AP 904 of the same extended sendee set (ESS).
  • the probe request 908 frame transmitted by any STAs is identical, except for the following fields: address 1, address 3, SSID, SSID list, short SSID, sort SSID list.
  • the probe request frame 908 that, is transmitted by any STAs is always identical, except for the following fields: address 1, address 3, and the SSID; and, SSID list, short SSID, short SSID list is not permitted to be part of the probe request 908 frame.
  • the probe request frame 908 that is transmitted comprises a new 7 element (probe request scanning element) that carries high level capabilities of the STA 902. For example, instead of provi ding the HE capabilities element, there is only a one-bit field indicating if the STA is HE capable or not.
  • the AP 904 may respond to the probe request 908 frame.
  • a probe request 908 frame that is transmitted outside of active scanning may include any element that meets the conditions as described in the IEEE 802.11 communication standard, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a probe request frame 1000, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the probe request: frame 1000 is a management frame.
  • the probe request frame includes MAC addresses 1002 and elements 1004.
  • the probe request frame 1000 includes a frame control subfield, duration subfield, an address 1 subfield, an address 2 subfield, an address 3 subfield, a sequence control, a high-throughput control subfield, a frame body, and FCS subfield.
  • the frame body includes the elements 1004.
  • the MAC address 1002 are included the address 1 subfield, address 2 subfield, and/or address 3 subfield.
  • the MAC addresses 1002 may include a transmitter address and receiver address as described herein.
  • the elements 1004 includes a sendee set identifier (SSID) element, a request element, a SSID list element, an extended request element, a fast initial link setup (FILS) element, a short SSID list element, a vender specific element, a probe request variant multi-link (ML) element, a known BSSID element, and additional elements as defined in the IEEE 802. 11 communication standards, e.g., IEEE 802, 11 be. Elements 1004 may have conditions that either require they be included or exclude them from being included. In some embodiments,
  • a non-AP EHT STA is sending a Probe Request frame, it includes the SSID element, and it may include, if the conditions in 9, 3.3.9 (Probe Request frame format) of the IEEE 802.1 Ibe are met, the Request element, the SSID List element, the Extended Request element, the FILS Request Parameters element, the Short SSID List element, Vendor Specific elements, the Probe Request variant ML element, and the Known BSSID element, where in the context of active scanning, it will not include the other elements listed in 9.3.3.9 (Probe Request frame format). Outside of the context of active scanning, it may include the other elements listed in 9.3.3.9 (Probe Request frame format).
  • the SSID element includes an element ID, length, and SSID, which is 0-32 octets.
  • An SSID field of length 0 is used to indicate a wildcard SSID, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • a short SSID element may be included instead, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 1 illustrates a method 1100 for EHT reduced probe requests, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the method 1100 begins at operation 1 102 with encoding a probe request frame to comprise a service set identifier (SSID) element, and refrain from including additional elements other than a request element, a SSID list element, an extended request element, a fast initial link setup (FILS) element, a short SSID list element, a vender specific element, a probe request variant multi-link (ML) element, and a known BSSID element.
  • SSID service set identifier
  • FILS fast initial link setup
  • ML probe request variant multi-link
  • an apparatus of STA 902 may encode probe request 908 to include a SSID element and, optionally, one of the other elements listed above if the conditions are met for the corresponding element.
  • the method 1100 continues at operation 1104 with configuring the wireless device to transmit the probe request frame.
  • an apparatus of the STA 902 may configure the STA 902 to transmit the probe request 908 frame.
  • the method 1100 may be performed by an apparatus of a non-AP of a non-AP MLD, an apparatus of a non-AP MLD, an apparatus of a non-AP STA, or an apparatus of a AP.
  • the method 1100 may include one or more
  • the method 1100 may be performed in a different order. One or more of the operations of method 1100 may be optional.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Sont divulgués des procédés, des appareils et des supports lisibles par ordinateur destinés à des demandes d'enquêtes réduites à débit extrêmement élevé (EHT). Sont divulgués des appareils d'un dispositif sans fil. Les appareils comprennent des circuits de traitement configurés pour coder une trame de demande d'enquête de façon à intégrer un élément d'un identifiant d'un ensemble de services (SSID) et pour éviter d'inclure des éléments supplémentaires autres qu'un élément de demande, un élément d'une liste de SSID, un élément de demande étendue, un élément de configuration rapide de liaison initiale (FILS), un élément d'une liste de SSID courts, un élément spécifique au fabricant, un élément à liaisons multiples (ML) en variante Demande d'enquête et un élément de BSSID connu. Le dispositif sans fil peut être une station (STA) EHT sans point d'accès (non-AP). Les éléments du dispositif sans fil peuvent être limités lorsqu'il recherche activement par balayage un AP ou un dispositif à liaisons multiples (MLD) à AP.
PCT/US2021/055024 2020-10-14 2021-10-14 Demandes d'enquêtes réduites à eht WO2022081873A1 (fr)

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KR20160138970A (ko) * 2014-03-31 2016-12-06 퀄컴 인코포레이티드 무선 네트워크에서 고속 초기 링크 설정을 위한 전용 채널
US20180376399A1 (en) * 2015-12-17 2018-12-27 Intel Corporation Fast moving scenario access point switching
US20200128531A1 (en) * 2018-12-17 2020-04-23 Alexander MIN Probes with short service set identifier
US20200221545A1 (en) * 2019-03-20 2020-07-09 Robert J. Stacey Multi-link discovery signaling in extremely high throughput (eht) systems

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150063335A1 (en) * 2013-08-30 2015-03-05 Qualcomm Incorporated Methods and systems for improved utilization of a wireless medium
KR20160138970A (ko) * 2014-03-31 2016-12-06 퀄컴 인코포레이티드 무선 네트워크에서 고속 초기 링크 설정을 위한 전용 채널
US20180376399A1 (en) * 2015-12-17 2018-12-27 Intel Corporation Fast moving scenario access point switching
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