Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
  • C07K16/10—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses from RNA viruses
  • C07K16/1002—Coronaviridae
  • C07K16/1003—Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS‐CoV‐2 or Covid-19]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
  • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
  • C07K2317/31—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency multispecific
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
  • C07K2317/35—Valency
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
  • C07K2317/569—Single domain, e.g. dAb, sdAb, VHH, VNAR or nanobody®
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
  • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
  • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/70—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/70—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction
  • C07K2319/735—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction containing a domain for self-assembly, e.g. a viral coat protein (includes phage display)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
  • C12N2740/00011—Details
  • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
  • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
  • C12N2740/16041—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
  • C12N2740/16043—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector

Definitions

• the present invention relates to polypeptides.
• the present invention relates to SARS-CoV-2-specific polypeptides and related constructs, compositions, and methods.
• Nanoparticles have contributed to advancements in various disciplines. Their use has the potential to confer targeted delivery and allows the engineering of ordered micro-arrays, slow release and caged micro-environments for catalytic processes.
• nanoparticles that contain sensitive and metastable proteins
• protein self-assembly is an attractive method. Indeed, self-assembled nanoparticles form under physiological conditions through non-covalent interactions and reliably yield uniform and often symmetric nanocapsules or nanocages.
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the strain of coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID- 19 pandemic.
• a fusion protein comprising a nanocage monomer linked to a SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety, wherein a plurality of the fusion proteins selfassemble to form a nanocage.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety targets the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety decorates the interior and/or exterior surface, preferably the exterior surface, of the assembled nanocage.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety comprises an antibody or fragment thereof.
• the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a Fab fragment.
• the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a scFab fragment, a scFv fragment, a sdAb fragment, a VHH domains or a combination thereof.
• the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy and/or light chain of a Fab fragment.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety comprises single chain variable domain VHH- 72, BD23 and/or 4A8.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety comprises an mAb listed in Table 4.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety comprises mAb 298, 324, 46, 80, 52, 82, or 236 from Table 4.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety is linked at the N- or C-terminus of the nanocage monomer, or wherein there is a first SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety linked at the N-terminus and a second SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety linked at the C-terminus of the nanocage monomer, wherein the first and second SARS-CoV-2 binding moieties are the same or different.
• the nanocage monomer comprises a first nanocage monomer subunit linked to the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety; wherein the first nanocage monomer subunit self-assembles with a second nanocage monomer subunit to form the nanocage monomer.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety is linked at the N- or C-terminus of the first nanocage monomer, or wherein there is a first SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety linked at the N-terminus and a second SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety linked at the C-terminus of the first nanocage monomer subunit, wherein the first and second SARS-CoV-2 binding moieties are the same or different.
• the fusion protein is provided in combination with the second nanocage monomer subunit.
• the second nanocage monomer subunit is linked to a bioactive moiety.
• the bioactive moiety comprises an Fc fragment.
• the Fc fragment is an IgG 1 Fc fragment.
• the Fc fragment comprises one or more mutations, such as LS, YTE, LALA, I253A, and/or LALAP, that modulate the half-life of the fusion protein from, for example, minutes or hours to several days, weeks, or months.
• mutations such as LS, YTE, LALA, I253A, and/or LALAP
• the Fc fragment is an scFc fragment.
• nanocage monomers such as 24, 32, or 60 monomers
• nanocage monomer subunits such as 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, or more, optionally in combination with one or more whole nanocage monomers, self-assemble to form a nanocage.
• the nanocage monomer is selected from ferritin, apoferritin, encapsulin, SOR, lumazine synthase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, carboxysome, vault proteins, GroEL, heat shock protein, E2P, MS2 coat protein, fragments thereof, and variants thereof.
• the nanocage monomer is apoferritin, optionally human apoferritin.
• first and second nanocage monomer subunits interchangeably comprise the “N” and “C” regions of apoferritin.
• the “N” region of apoferritin comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to:
• the “C” region of apoferritin comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to:
• the fusion protein further comprises a linker between the nanocage monomer subunit and the bioactive moiety.
• the linker is flexible or rigid and comprises from about 1 to about 30 amino acid residues, such as from about 8 to about 16 amino acid residues.
• the linker comprises a GGS repeat, such as 1 , 2, 3, 4, or more GGS repeats.
• the linker comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to:
• the fusion protein further comprises a C-terminal linker.
• a C-terminal linker comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to:
• a nanocage comprising at least one fusion protein described herein and at least one second nanocage monomer subunit that self-assembles with the fusion protein to form a nanocage monomer.
• each nanocage monomer comprises the fusion protein described herein.
• nanocage monomers comprise the fusion protein described herein.
• the nanocage comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different SARS-CoV- 2 binding moieties, such as 3 different SARS-CoV-2 binding moieties.
• the nanocage is multivalent and/or multispecific.
• the nanocage comprises one of more mAbs from Table 4.
• the nanocage comprises 3 mAbs from Table 4.
• the nanocage comprises mAbs 298, 324, 46, 52, 80, 82 and/or 236 from Table 4.
• the nanocage comprises a 4:2:1 :1 : ratio of scFabl-human apoferritin: scFc- human N-Ferritin: scFab2-C-Ferritin: scFab3-C-Ferritin.
• the nanocage carries a cargo molecule, such as a pharmaceutical agent, a diagnostic agent, and/or an imaging agent.
• a cargo molecule such as a pharmaceutical agent, a diagnostic agent, and/or an imaging agent.
• the cargo molecule is not fused to the fusion protein and is contained in the nanocage internally.
• the cargo molecule is a protein and is fused to the fusion protein such that the cargo molecule is contained in the nanocage internally.
• the cargo molecule is a fluorescent protein, such as GFP, EGFP, Ametrine, and/or a flavin-based fluorescent protein, such as a LOV-protein, such as iLOV.
• a fluorescent protein such as GFP, EGFP, Ametrine
• a flavin-based fluorescent protein such as a LOV-protein, such as iLOV.
• a tri-specific antibody construct targeting SARS-CoV-2 In accordance with an aspect, there is provided a tri-specific antibody construct targeting SARS-CoV-2.
• a SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic or prophylactic composition comprising the nanocage or the antibody described herein.
• nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein described herein.
• a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule described herein.
• a host cell comprising the vector described herein and producing the fusion protein described herein.
• a method for treating and/or preventing SARS-CoV-2 comprising administering the nanocage or the antibody or the composition described herein.
• nanocage or the antibody or the composition described herein for use in treating and/or preventing SARS-CoV-2.
• polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any sequence listed in the following Table: or a functional fragment thereof.
• the polypeptide comprises at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the listed sequence.
• polypeptide consists of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the listed sequence.
• an antibody or fragment thereof comprising the polypeptide described herein.
• a fusion polypeptide comprising (1 ) a fragment crystallizable (Fc) region linked to (2) a nanocage monomer or subunit thereof, wherein the Fc region comprises the I253A mutation, wherein numbering is according to the EU index.
• Fc fragment crystallizable
• the Fc region further comprises the LALAP (L234A/L235A/P329G) mutations, wherein numbering is according to the EU index.
• the Fc region is an lgG1 Fc region.
• the nanocage monomer is a ferritin monomer.
• the ferritin monomer is a ferritin light chain.
• the ferritin light chain is a human ferritin light chain.
• the Fc region is linked via an amino acid linker to the nanocage monomer or subunit thereof.
• the Fc region is linked to the N-terminus of the nanocage monomer or subunit thereof.
• the Fc region is a single chain Fc (scFc).
• the Fc region is an Fc monomer.
• a self-assembled polypeptide complex comprising:
• each first fusion polypeptide comprising (1 ) an Fc region linked to (2) a nanocage monomer or subunit thereof, and
• each second fusion polypeptide comprising (1 ) a SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment linked to (2) a nanocage monomer or subunit thereof.
• the nanocage monomer is a ferritin monomer.
• the nanocage monomer is a ferritin light chain.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex does not comprise any ferritin heavy chains or subunits of ferritin heavy chains.
• the nanocage monomer is a human ferritin light chain.
• the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment binds to the receptor binding domain or the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
• the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment comprises a light chain variable domain and a heavy chain variable domain.
• the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment comprises an Fab of an antibody that is capable of binding to SARS-CoV-2.
• the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment comprises a VK domain and a VH domain.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex is characterized by a 1:1 ratio of first fusion polypeptides to second fusion polypeptides.
• the Fc region is an lgG1 Fc region.
• the Fc region is linked to the nanocage monomer or subunit thereof via an amino acid linker.
• the Fc region is linked to the N-terminus of the nanocage monomer or subunit thereof.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises at total of least 24 fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises a total of at least 32 fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex has a total of about 32 fusion polypeptides.
• a self-assembled polypeptide complex comprising:
• each first fusion polypeptide comprising (1 ) an IgG 1 Fc region linked to (2) a human ferritin monomer or subunit thereof, wherein the lgG1 Fc region comprises the LALAP (L234A/L235A/P329G) and I253A mutations, wherein numbering is according to the EU index
• each second fusion polypeptide comprising (1 ) a Fab fragment of an antibody that is capable of binding to a SARS-CoV-2 protein, the Fab fragment being linked to (2) a human ferritin monomer or subunit thereof.
• each first fusion polypeptide comprises a ferritin monomer subunit which is C-half- ferritin and each second fusion polypeptide comprises a ferritin monomer subunit which is N- half-ferritin;
• each first fusion polypeptide comprises a ferritin monomer subunit which is N-half ferritin and each second fusion polypeptide comprises a ferritin monomer subunit which is C- half-ferritin.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex is characterized by a 1:1 ratio of first fusion polypeptides to second fusion polypeptides.
• each first fusion polypeptide comprises a ferritin monomer subunit which is C- half-ferritin.
• the IgG 1 Fc region is linked to the C-half-ferritin via an amino acid linker.
• the IgG 1 Fc region is linked to the C-half-ferritin via the N-terminus of the C-half- ferritin.
• each second fusion polypeptide comprises a ferritin monomer subunit which is N-half-ferritin.
• the Fab fragment is linked to the N-half-ferritin via an amino acid linker.
• the Fab fragment is linked to the N-half-ferritin via the N-terminus of the N-half- ferritin.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex further comprises a plurality of third fusion polypeptides, each third fusion polypeptide comprising (1) a human ferritin monomer linked to (2) a Fab fragment of an antibody that is capable of binding to a SARS-CoV-2 protein.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex is characterized by a 1:1 :2 ratio of first fusion polypeptides to second fusion polypeptides to third fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises at total of least 24 fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises a total of at least 32 fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex has a total of 32 fusion polypeptides.
• the Fab fragment comprises a VK domain and a VH domain
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12;
• VK domain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18;
• VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:25 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:26;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:27 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:28; (5) the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:29 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:30;
• VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:31 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:32;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:33 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:34;
• VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:35 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:36;
• VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:37 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:38;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:39 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NQ:40;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:41 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:42;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:43 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:44;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:45 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:46;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:47 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:48;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:49 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NQ:50;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:51 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:52;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:53 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:54;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:55 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:56;
• VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:57 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:58;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:59 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NQ:60;
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:61 or SEQ ID NO:62 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:63; or
• the VK domain has an amino acid sequence of the VK within SEQ ID NO:64 and the VH domain has an amino acid sequence of the VH within SEQ ID NO:65.
• the human ferritin monomer is human ferritin light chain.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex does not comprise any ferritin heavy chains or subunits of ferritin heavy chains.
• a method of treating, ameliorating, or preventing a SARS-CoV-2-related condition comprising administering to a subject a composition comprising the self-assembled polypeptide complex described herein.
• the subject is a mammal.
• the subject is human.
• FIG. 1 Avidity enhances binding and neutralization of VHH against SARS-CoV-2.
• FIG. 1 Binding interfaces of Fabs 52 and 298 and the RBD. Interaction of Fab 298 (a) and 52 (b) with RBD (light and dark green for the core and RBM regions, respectively) is mediated by complementarity determining regions (CDR) heavy (H) 1 (yellow), H2 (orange), H3 (red), kappa light (K) 1 (light blue) and K3 (purple). Critical binding residues are shown as sticks (insets). H-bonds and salt bridges are depicted as black dashed lines. L and H chains of Fabs are shown in tan and white, respectively, c) Bottom and side views of ACE2 (left) and Fab 298 (right) bound to RBD.
• CDR complementarity determining regions
• RBD sidechains that are part of the binding interface of the ACE2-RBD and Fab 298-RBD complexes are depicted in pink, while RBD side-chains unique to a given interface are shown in yellow.
• Surfaces of ACE2, variable regions of Fab 298 HC and Fab 298 KC are shown in white, grey and tan, respectively.
• the RBD is colored as in (a), d) Superposition of Fabs 46 (light pink) and 52 (dark pink) when bound to the RBD (green) reveals a distinct angle of approach for the two mAbs.
• Stereo-image of the composite omit map electron density contoured at 1.3 sigma at the interfaces of e) 298-RBD and f) 52-RBD.
• Red lines represent raw data; black lines represent global fits, b
• Five male C57BL/6 mice per group were used to assess the serum concentration of a surrogate mouse MB, a Fc-modified MB (LALAP mutation), and parental mouse IgGs (lgG1 and lgG2a subtypes) after subcutaneous administration of 5 mg/kg.
• c MB and lgG2a samples were labeled with Alexa-647 for visualization of their biodistribution post subcutaneous injection into three male BALB/c mice/group via live noninvasive 2D whole body imaging.
• GNP fluorescently-labeled gold nanoparticles
• FIG. 4 3D biodistribution of a surrogate mouse Multabody is comparable to its parental IgG.
• the biodistribution of 15 nm gold nanoparticles (GNP), MB and IgG samples labeled with Alexa-647 were visualized post subcutaneous injection into BALB/c mice via live non-invasive 3D whole body imaging, a) Representative 3D rendered fluorescent image overlaid with CT scan from PBS injected control, b) Depiction of the localization of major mouse organs overlaid with CT scan, c) 3D rendered fluorescent images overlaid with CT scan at 1 h (1 H), two days (D2), eight days (D8) and 11 days (D11 ) post subcutaneous injection of gold nanoparticles (top), MB (three middle panels) or IgG (bottom panel).
• Each 3D image set is displayed showing dorsal view overlaid with CT scan (right), as well as a selected frontal (top left), medial (middle), and transverse (bottom left) planes based on signal localization.
• 3D fluorescent images were mapped to a rainbow look-up Table (LUT), with color scale minimum set to background and maximum set to 50 pmol M 1 cm 1 (GNP) or 1000 pmol M 1 cm 1 (MB and IgG).
• FIG. 5 Protein engineering to multimerize IgG-like particles against SARS-CoV-2. a Schematic representation of the human apoferritin split design, b Negative stain electron micrograph of the MB. (Scale bar 50 nm, representative of two independent experiments), c Hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of the MB. d Avidity effect on the binding (apparent K D ) of 4A8 (purple) and BD23 (gray) to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike, e Sensograms of BD23 IgG and MB with different Fc sequence variants binding to FcyRI (top row), FcRn at endosomal pH (middle row) and FcRn at physiological pH (bottom row).
• Red lines represent raw data whereas black lines represent global fits, f Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 PsV by 4A8 and BD23 IgGs and MBs.
• Representative data of three biologically independent samples The mean values ⁇ SD for two technical replicates is shown in each neutralization plot. Median IC 50 values of the three biologically independent replicates are indicated.
• the Multabody enhances the potency of human mAbs from phage display, a Work flow for the identification of potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizers using the MB technology. Created with Biorender, b Comparison of neutralization potency between IgGs (cyan) and MBs (pink) that display the same human Fab sequences derived from phage display, c IC 50 values fold increase upon multimerization. d Apparent affinity (KD), association (kon), and dissociation (koff) rates of the most potent neutralizing MBs (pink) compared to their IgG counterparts (cyan) for binding the SARS-CoV-2 S protein.
• FIG. 9 Mean values ⁇ SD for two technical replicates are shown in each neutralization plot.
• Figure 9 Binding profiles of IgGs and MBs. Sensograms of IgGs and MBs binding to RBD (left) and S protein (right) of SARS-CoV-2 immobilized onto Ni-NTA biosensors.2-fold dilution series from 125 to 4 nM (IgG), and 16 to 0.5 nM (MB) were used. Red lines represent raw data, whereas black lines represent global fits.
• Figure 10 Epitope delineation of the most potent mAb specificities. a Surface and cartoon representation of RBD (light green for the core and dark green for RBM) and ACE2 66 (light brown) binding. Heat map showing binding competition experiments.
• FIG. 11 Epitope binning. mAb binding competition experiments to His-tagged RBD as measured by biolayer interferometry (BLI). 50 ⁇ g/ml of mAb 1 was incubated for 3 min followed by incubation with 50 ⁇ g/ml of mAb 2 for 5 min.
• FIG. 12 Cryo-EM analysis of the Fab-Spike and Fab-RBD complexes.
• Representative cryo-EM micrograph (scale bar 50 nm, top left), selected 2D class averages (top right), Fourier shell correlation curve from the final 3D non-uniform refinement (bottom left) and local resolution (A) plotted on the surface of the cryo-EM map (bottom right) are shown for the Fab 80-Spike complex (a), the Fab 298-Spike complex (b), the Fab 324-Spike complex (c), and the Fab 46-RBD complex (d).
• FIG. 13 Multabodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity, a Cartoon representation of the RBD showing four naturally occurring mutations as spheres. The epitopes of mAbs 52 (light pink) and 298 (yellow) are shown as representative epitopes of each bin. b Affinity and c IC 50 fold-change comparison between WT and mutated RBD and PsV, respectively, d Neutralization potency of IgG (gray bars) vs MB (dark red bars) against SARS-CoV-2 PsV variants in comparison to WT PsV.
• FIG. 14 MBs potently overcome SARS-CoV-2 sequence variability, a) Comparison of the neutralization potency of selected IgGs and MBs against WT PsV (dark red) and the more infectious D614G PsV (grey), b) Schematic representation of a tri-specific MB generated by combination of three Fab specificities and the Fc fragment using the MB split design, c) Cocktails and tri-specific MBs that combine the specificities of mAbs 298, 80 and 52, or 298, 324 and 46 were generated and tested against WT PsV. The mean values ⁇ SD for two technical replicates is represented in each representative neutralization plot.
• Source data are provided as a Source Data file
• Figure 15 The N92T mutation did not have any effects in potency as both an IgG or as a monospecific MB in a WT pseudovirus neutralization assay.
• Figure 16 The 298-80-52 trispecific MB containing the N92T mutation in the VL of mAb 52 was screened in a P.1 PsV neutralization assay and the results confirmed that there was no loss in potency observed compared to the parental trispecific MB.
• FIG. 1 An example trispecific MB, 298-80-52, was assessed for potency across the variants of concern (VOCs) in pseudovirus neutralization assays.
• any aspects described as “comprising” certain components may also “consist of or “consist essentially of,” wherein “consisting of” has a closed-ended or restrictive meaning and “consisting essentially of” means including the components specified but excluding other components except for materials present as impurities, unavoidable materials present as a result of processes used to provide the components, and components added for a purpose other than achieving the technical effect of the invention.
• a composition defined using the phrase “consisting essentially of encompasses any known acceptable additive, excipient, diluent, carrier, and the like.
• a composition consisting essentially of a set of components will comprise less than 5% by weight, typically less than 3% by weight, more typically less than 1%, and even more typically less than 0.1% by weight of non-specified component(s).
• any component defined herein as being included may be explicitly excluded from the claimed invention by way of proviso or negative limitation.
• the nanocages and/or fusion proteins described herein may exclude a ferritin heavy chain and/or may exclude an iron-binding component.
• subject refers to any member of the animal kingdom, typically a mammal.
• mammal refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, other higher primates, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, rabbits, etc. Typically, the mammal is human.
• protein nanoparticle refers to a multi-subunit, protein-based polyhedron shaped structure.
• the subunits or nanocage monomers are each composed of proteins or polypeptides (for example a glycosylated polypeptide), and, optionally of single or multiple features of the following: nucleic acids, prosthetic groups, organic and inorganic compounds.
• protein nanoparticles include ferritin nanoparticles (see, e.g., Zhang, Y. Int. J. Mol.
• encapsulin nanoparticles see, e.g., Sutter et al., Nature Struct, and Mol. Biol., 15:939-947, 2008, incorporated by reference herein
• Sulfur Oxygenase Reductase (SOR) nanoparticles see, e.g., Urich et al., Science, 311 : 996-1000, 2006, incorporated by reference herein
• lumazine synthase nanoparticles see, e.g., Zhang et al., J. Mol.
• Ferritin, apoferritin, encapsulin, SOR, lumazine synthase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase are monomeric proteins that self-assemble into a globular protein complexes that in some cases consists of 24, 60, 24, 60, and 60 protein subunits, respectively.
• Ferritin and apoferritin are generally referred to interchangeably herein and are understood to both be suitable for use in the fusion proteins, nanocages, and methods described herein.
• Carboxysome, vault proteins, GroEL, heat shock protein, E2P and MS2 coat protein also produce nanocages are contemplated for use herein.
• fully or partially synthetic self-assembling monomers are also contemplated for use herein.
• each nanocage monomer may be divided into two or more subunits that will self-assemble into a functional nanocage monomer.
• ferritin or apoferritin may be divided into an N- and C- subunit, e.g., an N- and C- subunit obtained by dividing full-length ferritin substantially in half, so that each subunit may be separately bound to a different SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety or bioactive moiety for subsequent self-assembly into a nanocage monomer and then a nanocage.
• Each subunit may, in aspects, bind a SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety and/or bioactive moiety at both termini, either the same or different.
• the nanocage monomer is capable of self-assembly with other such monomers into a nanocage as described herein.
• the terms “ferritin” and “apoferritin” are used interchangeably herein and generally refer to a polypeptide (e.g., a ferritin chain) that is capable of assembling into a ferritin complex which typically comprises 24 protein subunits. It will be understood that the ferritin can be from any species. Typically, the ferritin is a human ferritin. In some embodiments, the ferritin is a wild-type ferritin. For example, the ferritin may be a wild-type human ferritin.
• a ferritin light chain is used as a nanocage monomer, and/or a subunit of a ferritin light chain is used as a nanocage monomer subunit.
• assembled nanocages do not include any ferritin heavy chains or other ferritin components capable of binding to iron.
• multispecific refers to the characteristic of having at least two binding sites at which at least two different binding partners, e.g., an antigen or receptor (e.g., Fc receptor), can bind.
• a nanocage that comprises at least two Fab fragments, wherein each of the two Fab fragments binds to a different antigen is “multispecific.”
• a nanocage that comprises an Fc fragment (which is capable of binding to an Fc receptor) and an Fab fragment (which is capable of binding to an antigen) is “multispecific.”
• the term “multivalent,” as used herein, refers to the characteristic of having at least two binding sites at which a binding partner, e.g., an antigen or receptor (e.g., Fc receptor), can bind.
• the binding partners that can bind to the at least two binding sites may be the same or different.
• antibody also referred to in the art as “immunoglobulin” (Ig), used herein refers to a protein constructed from paired heavy and light polypeptide chains; various Ig isotypes exist, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, and IgM. It will be understood that the antibody may be from any species, including human, mouse, rat, monkey, llama, or shark. When an antibody is correctly folded, each chain folds into a number of distinct globular domains joined by more linear polypeptide sequences.
• VH and VL Interaction of the heavy and light chain variable domains (VH and VL) results in the formation of an antigen binding region (Fv).
• Each domain has a well- established structure familiar to those of skill in the art.
• the light and heavy chain variable regions are responsible for binding the target antigen and can therefore show significant sequence diversity between antibodies.
• the constant regions show less sequence diversity, and are responsible for binding a number of natural proteins to elicit important immunological events.
• variable region of an antibody contains the antigen binding determinants of the molecule, and thus determines the specificity of an antibody for its target antigen.
• the majority of sequence variability occurs in six hypervariable regions, three each per variable heavy and light chain; the hypervariable regions combine to form the antigen-binding site, and contribute to binding and recognition of an antigenic determinant.
• the specificity and affinity of an antibody for its antigen is determined by the structure of the hypervariable regions, as well as their size, shape and chemistry of the surface they present to the antigen.
• an “antibody fragment” as referred to herein may include any suitable antigen-binding antibody fragment known in the art.
• the antibody fragment may be a naturally-occurring antibody fragment, or may be obtained by manipulation of a naturally-occurring antibody or by using recombinant methods.
• an antibody fragment may include, but is not limited to a Fv, single-chain Fv (scFv; a molecule consisting of Vi and VH connected with a peptide linker), Fc, singlechain Fc, Fab, single-chain Fab, F(ab')2, single domain antibody (sdAb; a fragment composed of a single VL or VH), and multivalent presentations of any of these.
• synthetic antibody an antibody which is generated using recombinant DNA technology.
• the term should also be construed to mean an antibody which has been generated by the synthesis of a DNA molecule encoding the antibody and which DNA molecule expresses an antibody protein, or an amino acid sequence specifying the antibody, wherein the DNA or amino acid sequence has been obtained using synthetic DNA or amino acid sequence technology which is available and well known in the art.
• epitope refers to an antigenic determinant.
• An epitope is the particular chemical groups or peptide sequences on a molecule that are antigenic, that is, that elicit a specific immune response.
• An antibody specifically binds a particular antigenic epitope, e.g., on a polypeptide.
• Epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturing solvents whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents.
• An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5, about 9, about 11 , or about 8 to about 12 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation.
• Methods of determining spatial conformation of epitopes include, for example, x-ray crystallography and 2- dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g., “Epitope Mapping Protocols” in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66, Glenn E. Morris, Ed (1996).
• antigen as used herein is defined as a molecule that provokes an immune response. This immune response may involve either antibody production, or the activation of specific immunologically-competent cells, or both.
• any macromolecule including virtually all proteins or peptides, can serve as an antigen.
• antigens can be derived from recombinant or genomic DNA. A skilled artisan will understand that any DNA, which comprises a nucleotide sequence or a partial nucleotide sequence encoding a protein that elicits an immune response therefore encodes an "antigen" as that term is used herein.
• an antigen need not be encoded solely by a full length nucleotide sequence of a gene. It is readily apparent that the aspects described herein include, but are not limited to, the use of partial nucleotide sequences of more than one gene and that these nucleotide sequences could be arranged in various combinations to elicit the desired immune response. Moreover, a skilled artisan will understand that an antigen need not be encoded by a "gene” at all. It is readily apparent that an antigen can be synthesized or can be derived from a biological sample. Such a biological sample can include, but is not limited to a tissue sample, a cell, or a biological fluid.
• Encoding refers to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (e.g., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom.
• a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein in a cell or other biological system.
• Both the coding strand the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to the mRNA sequence and is usually provided in sequence listings, and the non-coding strand, used as the template for transcription of a gene or cDNA, can be referred to as encoding the protein or other product of that gene or cDNA.
• expression is defined as the transcription and/or translation of a particular nucleotide sequence driven by its promoter.
• isolated means altered or removed from the natural state.
• a nucleic acid or a peptide naturally present in a living animal is not “isolated,” but the same nucleic acid or peptide partially or completely separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated.”
• An isolated nucleic acid or protein can exist in substantially purified form, or can exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a host cell.
• nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence.
• the phrase nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein or an RNA may also include introns to the extent that the nucleotide sequence encoding the protein may in some version contain an intron(s).
• moduleating mediating a detectable increase or decrease in the level of a response in a subject compared with the level of a response in the subject in the absence of a treatment or compound, and/or compared with the level of a response in an otherwise identical but untreated subject.
• the term encompasses perturbing and/or affecting a native signal or response thereby mediating a beneficial therapeutic response in a subject, typically, a human.
• operably linked refers to functional linkage between a regulatory sequence and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence resulting in expression of the latter.
• a first nucleic acid sequence is operably linked with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence.
• a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence.
• operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, in the same reading frame.
• composition includes, e.g., subcutaneous (s.c. ), intravenous (i.v. ), intramuscular (I. m. ), or intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques. Also included are inhalation and intranasal administration.
• polynucleotide as used herein is defined as a chain of nucleotides.
• nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
• nucleic acids and polynucleotides as used herein are interchangeable.
• nucleic acids are polynucleotides, which can be hydrolyzed into the monomeric "nucleotides.”
• the monomeric nucleotides can be hydrolyzed into nucleosides.
• polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, all nucleic acid sequences which are obtained by any means available in the art, including, without limitation, recombinant means, i.e. , the cloning of nucleic acid sequences from a recombinant library or a cell genome, using ordinary cloning technology and PCR, and the like, and by synthetic means.
• peptide As used herein, the terms “peptide,” “polypeptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably, and refer to a compound comprised of amino acid residues covalently linked by peptide bonds.
• a protein or peptide must contain at least two amino acids, and no limitation is placed on the maximum number of amino acids that can comprise a protein's or peptide's sequence.
• Polypeptides include any peptide or protein comprising two or more amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds.
• the term refers to both short chains, which also commonly are referred to in the art as peptides, oligopeptides and oligomers, for example, and to longer chains, which generally are referred to in the art as proteins, of which there are many types.
• Polypeptides include, for example, biologically active fragments, substantially homologous polypeptides, oligopeptides, homodimers, heterodimers, variants of polypeptides, modified polypeptides, derivatives, analogs, fusion proteins, among others.
• the polypeptides include natural peptides, recombinant peptides, synthetic peptides, or a combination thereof.
• an antibody which recognizes a specific antigen, but does not substantially recognize or bind other molecules in a sample.
• an antibody that specifically binds to an antigen from one species may also bind to that antigen from one or more species. But, such cross-species reactivity does not itself alter the classification of an antibody as specific.
• an antibody that specifically binds to an antigen may also bind to different allelic forms of the antigen. However, such cross reactivity does not itself alter the classification of an antibody as specific.
• the terms “specific binding” or “specifically binding,” can be used in reference to the interaction of an antibody, a protein, or a peptide with a second chemical species, to mean that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure (e.g., an antigenic determinant or epitope) on the chemical species; for example, an antibody recognizes and binds to a specific protein structure rather than to proteins generally. If an antibody is specific for epitope "A”, the presence of a molecule containing epitope A (or free, unlabeled A), in a reaction containing labeled "A” and the antibody, will reduce the amount of labeled A bound to the antibody.
• a particular structure e.g., an antigenic determinant or epitope
• terapéuticaally effective amount means a quantity sufficient, when administered to a subject, including a mammal, for example a human, to achieve a desired result, for example an amount effective to cause a protective immune response.
• Effective amounts of the compounds described herein may vary according to factors such as the molecule, age, sex, species, and weight of the subject. Dosage or treatment regimes may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response, as is understood by a skilled person. For example, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion proteins described herein is, in aspects, sufficient to treat and/or prevent COVID-19.
• a treatment regime of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount may consist of a single administration, or alternatively comprise a series of applications.
• the frequency and length of the treatment period depends on a variety of factors, such as the molecule, the age of the subject, the concentration of the agent, the responsiveness of the patient to the agent, or a combination thereof.
• the effective dosage of the agent used for the treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment regime. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art.
• the fusion proteins described herein may, in aspects, be administered before, during or after treatment with conventional therapies for the disease or disorder in question. For example, the fusion proteins described herein may find particular use in combination with conventional treatments for viral infections.
• transfected or “transformed” or “transduced” as used herein refers to a process by which exogenous nucleic acid is transferred or introduced into the host cell.
• a “transfected” or “transformed” or “transduced” cell is one which has been transfected, transformed or transduced with exogenous nucleic acid.
• the cell includes the primary subject cell and its progeny.
• under transcriptional control or "operatively linked” as used herein means that the promoter is in the correct location and orientation in relation to a polynucleotide to control the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase and expression of the polynucleotide.
• a “vector” is a composition of matter which comprises an isolated nucleic acid and which can be used to deliver the isolated nucleic acid to the interior of a cell.
• vectors are known in the art including, but not limited to, linear polynucleotides, polynucleotides associated with ionic or amphiphilic compounds, plasmids, and viruses.
• the term “vector” includes an autonomously replicating plasmid or a virus.
• the term should also be construed to include non-plasmid and non-viral compounds which facilitate transfer of nucleic acid into cells, such as, for example, polylysine compounds, liposomes, and the like.
• viral vectors include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, retroviral vectors, and the like.
• Administration "in combination with” one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order.
• pharmaceutically acceptable means that the compound or combination of compounds is compatible with the remaining ingredients of a formulation for pharmaceutical use, and that it is generally safe for administering to humans according to established governmental standards, including those promulgated by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, isotonic and/or absorption delaying agents and the like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers is well known.
• “Variants” are biologically active fusion proteins, antibodies, or fragments thereof having an amino acid sequence that differs from a comparator sequence by virtue of an insertion, deletion, modification and/or substitution of one or more amino acid residues within the comparative sequence. Variants generally have less than 100% sequence identity with the comparative sequence.
• a biologically active variant will have an amino acid sequence with at least about 70% amino acid sequence identity with the comparative sequence, such as at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity.
• the variants include peptide fragments of at least 10 amino acids that retain some level of the biological activity of the comparator sequence.
• Variants also include polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added at the N- or C-terminus of, or within, the comparative sequence. Variants also include polypeptides where a number of amino acid residues are deleted and/or optionally substituted by one or more amino acid residues. Variants also may be covalently modified, for example by substitution with a moiety other than a naturally occurring amino acid or by modifying an amino acid residue to produce a non-naturally occurring amino acid.
• Percent amino acid sequence identity is defined herein as the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the residues in the sequence of interest, such as the polypeptides of the invention, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. None of N-terminal, C-terminal, or internal extensions, deletions or insertions into the candidate sequence shall be construed as affecting sequence identity or homology. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art, such as "BLAST".
• Activity refers to a biological and/or an immunological activity of the fusion proteins described herein, wherein “biological” activity refers to a biological function (either inhibitory or stimulatory) caused by the fusion proteins.
• the fusion proteins described herein may include modifications. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, conjugation to an effector molecule. Modifications further include, but are not limited to conjugation to detectable reporter moieties. Modifications that extend half-life (e.g., pegylation) are also included. Modifications for de-immunization are also included. Proteins and nonprotein agents may be conjugated to the fusion proteins by methods that are known in the art. Conjugation methods include direct linkage, linkage via covalently attached linkers, and specific binding pair members (e.g., avidin-biotin).
• Such methods include, for example, that described by Greenfield et al., Cancer Research 50, 6600-6607 (1990), which is incorporated by reference herein and those described by Amon et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 303, 79-90 (1991) and by Kiseleva et al, Mol. Biol. (USSR)25, 508-514 (1991), both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
• the fusion proteins comprise a nanocage monomer linked to a SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety.
• a plurality of the fusion proteins self-assemble to form a nanocage.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety may decorate the interior surface of the assembled nanocage, the exterior surface of the assembled nanocage, or both.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety is typically an antibody or a fragment thereof and, while it can target any part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it typically targets the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety need not be an antibody or fragment thereof and may be a molecule such as a protein that binds and blocks the virus or an RBD domain in the virus, for example.
• the antibody or fragment thereof may comprise, for example, a heavy and/or light chain of a Fab fragment.
• the antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a scFab fragment, a scFv fragment, a sdAb fragment, and/or a VHH region for example. It will be understood that any antibody or fragment thereof may be used in the fusion proteins described herein.
• the fusion protein described herein is associated with a Fab light chain and/or heavy chain, which may be produced separately or contiguously with the fusion protein.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety may comprise single chain variable domain VHH-72, BD23 and/or 4A8.
• the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety may be selected from any one or a combination of the mAbs listed in Table 4 herein.
• the SARS- CoV-2 binding moiety may be selected from any one or a combination of mAbs 298, 324, 46, 80, 52, 82, and 236 from Table 4.
• the nanocage monomer described herein may be split into subunits, allowing for more SARS-CoV-2 binding moieties or other moieties to be attached thereto in various ratios.
• the nanocage monomer comprises a first nanocage monomer subunit linked to the SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety.
• the first nanocage monomer subunit self-assembles with a second nanocage monomer subunit to form the nanocage monomer.
• a plurality of the nanocage monomers self-assemble to form a nanocage.
• the nanocage monomer subunits may be provided alone or in combination and may have the same or a different SARS-CoV-2 binding moiety fused thereto.
• a nanocage made from the nanocage monomers and/or nanocage monomer subunits described herein may have bioactive moieties included in addition to one or more SARS-CoV-2 binding moieties.
• the bioactive moiety may comprise, for example, one or both chains of an Fc fragment.
• the Fc fragment may be derived from any type of antibody as will be understood but is, typically, an IgG 1 Fc fragment.
• the Fc fragment may further comprise one or more mutations, such as LS, YTE, LALA, I253A, and/or LALAP, that modulate the half-life and/or effector functions of the fusion protein and/or the resulting assembled nanocage comprising the fusion protein.
• the half-life may be in the scale of minutes, days, weeks, or even months.
• fusion proteins and nanocages described herein are contemplated, including Fc sequence modifications and addition of other agents (e.g. human serum albumin peptide sequences), that allow changes in bioavailability and will be understood by a skilled person.
• agents e.g. human serum albumin peptide sequences
• the fusion proteins and nanocages described herein can be modulated in sequence or by addition of other agents to mute immunogenicity and anti-drug responses (therapeutic, e.g.
• fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions comprise an I253A mutation.
• Fc regions further comprise the LALAP (L234A/L235A/P329G) mutations. Unless otherwise noted, numbering of mutations throughout this disclosure is according to the EU index.
• the Fc region is an lgG1 Fc region, (e.g., a human lgG1 Fc region), that is, except for mutations noted herein, the Fc region comprises a Fc chains that each have an amino acid sequence that is substantially similar to that of the chains within a wild type IgG 1 Fc.
• the wild type reference lgG1 Fc is a human IgG 1 Fc, in which each Fc chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
• an lgG1 Fc region may comprise an Fc chain with an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 87.5%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to that of an Fc chain within a wild-type lgG1 Fc.
• an lgG1 Fc region comprises an Fc chain that comprises the Fc mutations specifically described for that lgG1 Fc region, but has an amino acid sequence that is otherwise 100% identical to an Fc chain within a wild type IgG 1 Fc.
• the Fc region is a single chain Fc (scFc), which comprises two Fc chains linked together by a covalent linker, e.g., via an amino acid linker.
• the Fc region is an Fc monomer, which comprises a single Fc chain.
• the two chains are optionally separated by a linker.
• the linker may be flexible or rigid, but it typically flexible to allow the chains to fold appropriately.
• the linker is generally long enough to impart some flexibility to the fusion protein, although it will be understood that linker length will vary depending upon the nanocage monomer and bioactive moiety sequences and the three-dimensional conformation of the fusion protein.
• the linker is typically from about 1 to about 130 amino acid residues, such as from about 1 , 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, or 125 to about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, or 130 amino acid residues, such as from about 50 to about 90 amino acid residues, such as 70 amino acid residues.
• the linker may be of any amino acid sequence and, in one typical example, the linker comprises a GGS repeat and, more typically, the linker comprises about 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 GGS repeats, such as about 4 GGS repeats.
• the linker comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to: GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGGGSGGGGSGGGGGGSGGGGSGGGGGGSGGGGSGGGGGG SGGGGSGGGGGGSGGGGS.
• linkers are used within fusion polypeptides and/or within single-chain molecules such as scFcs.
• the linker is an amino acid linker.
• a linker as employed herein may comprise from about 1 to about 100 amino acid residues, e.g., about 1 to about 70, about 2 to about 70, about 1 to about 30, or about 2 to about 30 amino acid residues.
• the linker comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 amino acid residues.
• the linker comprises a glycine-serine sequence, e.g., a (G n S) m sequence (e.g., GGS, GGGS, or GGGGS sequence) that is present in at least 1 , at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, or at least 14 copies within the linker.
• a glycine-serine sequence e.g., a (G n S) m sequence (e.g., GGS, GGGS, or GGGGS sequence) that is present in at least 1 , at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, or at least 14 copies within the linker.
• the antibody or fragment thereof binds specifically to an antigen associated with SARS-CoV-2.
• the antigen is associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the antibody or fragment thereof comprises, for example, a binding domain from T able 4, such as binding domain 298, 52, 46, 80, 82, 236, 324 or combinations thereof.
• the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment is capable of binding to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. In certain embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2- binding antibody fragment is capable of binding to the Spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment is capable of binding to the N- terminal Domain (NTD) of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.
• RBD receptor binding domain
• the SARS-CoV-2- binding antibody fragment is capable of binding to the Spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment is capable of binding to the N- terminal Domain (NTD) of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.
• the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment comprises a heavy chain variable region (e.g., a Vn or VHH). In certain embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment comprises a heavy chain variable domain (e.g., VH) and a light chain variable domain (e.g., a VL or VK). In certain embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment comprises an Fab which comprises a heavy chain variable domain (e.g., VH) and a light chain variable domain (e.g., a VL or VK).
• the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment comprises a VH heavy chain variable domain and a VK light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2- binding antibody fragment comprises an Fab which comprises a VH heavy chain variable domain and VK a light chain variable domain.
• the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to one or more of the following sequences:
• Fc chain 2 : ;
• the antibody or fragment thereof is conjugated to or associated with a further moiety, such as a detectable moiety (e.g., a small molecule, fluorescent molecule, radioisotope, or magnetic particle), a pharmaceutical agent, a diagnostic agent, or combinations thereof and may comprise, for example, an antibody-drug conjugate.
• a detectable moiety e.g., a small molecule, fluorescent molecule, radioisotope, or magnetic particle
• a pharmaceutical agent e.g., a small molecule, fluorescent molecule, radioisotope, or magnetic particle
• the detectable moiety may comprise a fluorescent protein, such as GFP, EGFP, Ametrine, and/or a flavin-based fluorescent protein, such as a LOV-protein, such as iLOV.
• a fluorescent protein such as GFP, EGFP, Ametrine
• a flavin-based fluorescent protein such as a LOV-protein, such as iLOV.
• the bioactive moiety is a pharmaceutical agent
• the pharmaceutical agent may comprise for example, a small molecule, peptide, lipid, carbohydrate, or toxin.
• the nanocage assembled from the fusion proteins described herein comprises from about 3 to about 100 nanocage monomers, such as from about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 98 to about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, or 100 nanocage monomers, such as 24, 32, or 60 monomers.
• the nanocage monomer may be any known nanocage monomer, natural, synthetic, or partly synthetic and is, in aspects, selected from ferritin, apoferritin, encapsulin, SOR, lumazine synthase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, carboxysome, vault proteins, GroEL, heat shock protein, E2P, MS2 coat protein, fragments thereof, and variants thereof.
• the nanocage monomer is ferritin or apoferritin.
• the first and second nanocage monomer subunits interchangeably comprise the “N” and “C” regions of apoferritin. It will be understood that other nanocage monomers can be divided into bipartite subunits much like apoferritin as described herein so that the subunits self-assemble and are each amenable to fusion with a bioactive moiety.
• the nanocage monomer is a ferritin monomer.
• ferritin monomer is used herein to refer to a single chain of a ferritin that, in the presence of other ferritin chains, is capable of self-assembling into a polypeptide complex comprising a plurality of ferritin chains.
• ferritin chains self-assembled into a polypeptide complex comprising 24 or more ferritin chains.
• the ferritin monomer is a ferritin light chain.
• the ferritin monomer does not include a ferritin heavy chain or other ferritin components capable of binding to iron.
• each fusion polypeptide within the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises a ferritin light chain or a subunit of a ferritin light chain.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex does not comprise any ferritin heavy chains or subunits of ferritin heavy chains.
• the ferritin monomer is a human ferritin chain, e.g., a human ferritin light chain, e.g., a human ferritin light chain having the sequence of at least residues 2-175 of SEQ ID NO:1.
• the ferritin monomer is a mouse ferritin chain.
• a “subunit” of a ferritin monomer refers to a portion of a ferritin monomer that is capable of spontaneously associating with another, distinct subunit of a ferritin monomer, so that the subunits together form a ferritin monomer, which ferritin monomer, in turn, is capable of self-assembling with other ferritin monomers to form a polypeptide complex.
• the ferritin monomer subunit comprises approximately half of a ferritin monomer.
• the term “N-half ferritin” refers to approximately half of a ferritin chain, which half comprises the N-terminus of the ferritin chain.
• the term “C-half ferritin” refers to approximately half a ferritin chain, which half comprises the C-terminus of the ferritin chain. The exact point at which a ferritin chain may be divided to form the N-half ferritin and the C-half ferritin may vary depending on the embodiment.
• the halves may divided at a point that corresponds to a position between about position 75 to about position 100 of SEQ ID NO:1.
• an N-half ferritin based on a human ferritin light chain has an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 1-95 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or a substantial portion thereof)
• a C-half ferritin based on a human ferritin light chain has an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 96-175 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or a substantial portion thereof).
• the halves are divided at a point that corresponds to a position between about position 85 to about position 92 of SEQ ID NO:1.
• an N-half ferritin based on a human ferritin light chain has an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 1-90 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or a substantial portion thereof)
• a C-half ferritin based on a human ferritin light chain has an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 91-175 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or a substantial portion thereof).
• the “N” region of apoferritin comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to:
• the “C” region of apoferritin comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to:
• the fusion protein described herein further comprises a linker between the nanocage monomer subunit and the bioactive moiety, much like the linker described above.
• the linker may be flexible or rigid, but it typically flexible to allow the bioactive moiety to retain activity and to allow the pairs of nanocage monomer subunits to retain self-assembly properties.
• the linker is generally long enough to impart some flexibility to the fusion protein, although it will be understood that linker length will vary depending upon the nanocage monomer and bioactive moiety sequences and the three-dimensional conformation of the fusion protein.
• the linker is typically from about 1 to about 30 amino acid residues, such as from about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 to about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 amino acid residues, such as from about 8 to about 16 amino acid residues, such as 8, 10, or 12 amino acid residues.
• the linker may be of any amino acid sequence and, in one typical example, the linker comprises a GGS repeat and, more typically, the linker comprises about 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 GGS repeats, such as about 4 GGS repeats.
• the linker comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to: GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGG
• the fusion protein may further comprising a C-terminal linker for improving one or more attributes of the fusion protein.
• the comprises a GGS repeat and, more typically, the linker comprises about 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 GGS repeats, such as about 4 GGS repeats.
• the C-terminal linker comprises or consists of a sequence at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to:
• GGSGGSGGSGGSGGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSG Also described herein is a pair of the fusion proteins described above, wherein the pair selfassembles to form a nanocage monomer, wherein the first and second nanocage monomer subunits are fused to different SARS-CoV-2 binding moieties. This provides multivalency and/or multispecificity to a single nanocage monomer assembled from the pair of subunits.
• a substantially identical sequence may comprise one or more conservative amino acid mutations. It is known in the art that one or more conservative amino acid mutations to a reference sequence may yield a mutant peptide with no substantial change in physiological, chemical, or functional properties compared to the reference sequence; in such a case, the reference and mutant sequences would be considered "substantially identical" polypeptides.
• Conservative amino acid mutation may include addition, deletion, or substitution of an amino acid; a conservative amino acid substitution is defined herein as the substitution of an amino acid residue for another amino acid residue with similar chemical properties (e.g. size, charge, or polarity).
• a conservative mutation may be an amino acid substitution.
• Such a conservative amino acid substitution may substitute a basic, neutral, hydrophobic, or acidic amino acid for another of the same group.
• basic amino acid it is meant hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain pK value of greater than 7, which are typically positively charged at physiological pH.
• Basic amino acids include histidine (His or H), arginine (Arg or R), and lysine (Lys or K).
• neutral amino acid also “polar amino acid”
• hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH, but which has at least one bond in which the pair of electrons shared in common by two atoms is held more closely by one of the atoms.
• Polar amino acids include serine (Ser or S), threonine (Thr or T), cysteine (Cys or C), tyrosine (Tyr or Y), asparagine (Asn or N), and glutamine (Gin or Q).
• hydrophobic amino acid (also “non-polar amino acid”) is meant to include amino acids exhibiting a hydrophobicity of greater than zero according to the normalized consensus hydrophobicity scale of Eisenberg (1984). Hydrophobic amino acids include proline (Pro or P), isoleucine (lie or I), phenylalanine (Phe or F), valine (Vai or V), leucine (Leu or L), tryptophan (T rp or W), methionine (Met or M), alanine (Ala or A), and glycine (Gly or G).
• Hydrophobic amino acids include proline (Pro or P), isoleucine (lie or I), phenylalanine (Phe or F), valine (Vai or V), leucine (Leu or L), tryptophan (T rp or W), methionine (Met or M), alanine (Ala or A), and glycine (Gly or G).
• Acidic amino acid refers to hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain pK value of less than 7, which are typically negatively charged at physiological pH. Acidic amino acids include glutamate (Glu or E), and aspartate (Asp or D).
• Sequence identity is used to evaluate the similarity of two sequences; it is determined by calculating the percent of residues that are the same when the two sequences are aligned for maximum correspondence between residue positions. Any known method may be used to calculate sequence identity; for example, computer software is available to calculate sequence identity. Without wishing to be limiting, sequence identity can be calculated by software such as NCBI BLAST2 service maintained by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (and as found at ca.expasy.org/tools/blast/), BLAST-P, Blast-N, or FASTA-N, or any other appropriate software that is known in the art.
• the substantially identical sequences of the present invention may be at least 85% identical; in another example, the substantially identical sequences may be at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% (or any percentage there between) identical at the amino acid level to sequences described herein. In specific aspects, the substantially identical sequences retain the activity and specificity of the reference sequence. In a non-limiting embodiment, the difference in sequence identity may be due to conservative amino acid mutation(s).
• polypeptides or fusion proteins of the present invention may also comprise additional sequences to aid in their expression, detection or purification. Any such sequences or tags known to those of skill in the art may be used.
• the fusion proteins may comprise a targeting or signal sequence (for example, but not limited to ompA), a detection tag, exemplary tag cassettes include Strep tag, or any variant thereof; see, e.g., U.S. Patent No.
• His tag Flag tag having the sequence motif DYKDDDDK, Xpress tag, Avi tag, Calmodulin tag, Polyglutamate tag, HA tag, Myc tag, Nus tag, S tag, SBP tag, Softag 1 , Softag 3, V5 tag, CREB-binding protein (CBP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), green fluorescent protein (GFP), Thioredoxin tag, or any combination thereof; a purification tag (for example, but not limited to a His 5 or His 6 ), or a combination thereof.
• CBP CREB-binding protein
• GST glutathione S-transferase
• MBP maltose binding protein
• GFP green fluorescent protein
• Thioredoxin tag Thioredoxin tag
• the additional sequence may be a biotin recognition site such as that described by Cronan et al in WO 95/04069 or Voges et al in WO/2004/076670.
• linker sequences may be used in conjunction with the additional sequences or tags.
• a tag cassette may comprise an extracellular component that can specifically bind to an antibody with high affinity or avidity.
• a tag cassette may be located (a) immediately amino-terminal to a connector region, (b) interposed between and connecting linker modules, (c) immediately carboxy-terminal to a binding domain, (d) interposed between and connecting a binding domain (e.g., scFv or scFab) to an effector domain, (e) interposed between and connecting subunits of a binding domain, or (f) at the aminoterminus of a single chain fusion protein.
• a binding domain e.g., scFv or scFab
• one or more junction amino acids may be disposed between and connecting a tag cassette with a hydrophobic portion, or disposed between and connecting a tag cassette with a connector region, or disposed between and connecting a tag cassette with a linker module, or disposed between and connecting a tag cassette with a binding domain.
• isolated or purified fusion proteins, polypeptides, or fragments thereof immobilized onto a surface using various methodologies; for example, and without wishing to be limiting, the polypeptides may be linked or coupled to the surface via His-tag coupling, biotin binding, covalent binding, adsorption, and the like.
• the solid surface may be any suitable surface, for example, but not limited to the well surface of a microtiter plate, channels of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensorchips, membranes, beads (such as magnetic-based or sepharose-based beads or other chromatography resin), glass, a film, or any other useful surface.
• SPR surface plasmon resonance
• the fusion proteins may be linked to a cargo molecule; the fusion proteins may deliver the cargo molecule to a desired site and may be linked to the cargo molecule using any method known in the art (recombinant technology, chemical conjugation, chelation, etc.).
• the cargo molecule may be any type of molecule, such as a therapeutic or diagnostic agent.
• the cargo molecule is a protein and is fused to the fusion protein such that the cargo molecule is contained in the nanocage internally. In other aspects, the cargo molecule is not fused to the fusion protein and is contained in the nanocage internally.
• the cargo molecule is typically a protein, a small molecule, a radioisotope, or a magnetic particle.
• Antibody specificity which refers to selective recognition of an antibody for a particular epitope of an antigen, of the antibodies or fragments described herein can be determined based on affinity and/or avidity.
• Affinity represented by the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an antigen with an antibody (KD) measures the binding strength between an antigenic determinant (epitope) and an antibody binding site.
• Avidity is the measure of the strength of binding between an antibody with its antigen.
• Antibodies typically bind with a KD of 10 -5 to 10 -11 M. Any KD greater than 10 -4 M is generally considered to indicate non-specific binding.
• the antibodies described herein have a KD of less than 10 -4 M, 10 -5 M, 10 -6 M, 10 -7 M, 10 -8 M, 10 -9 M, 10 -10 M, 10 -11 M, 10 -12 M, 10 -13 M, 10 -14 M, or 10 -15 M.
• nanocages comprising at least one fusion protein described herein and at least one second nanocage monomer subunit that self-assembles with the fusion protein to form a nanocage monomer. Further, pairs of the fusion proteins are described herein, wherein the pair self-assembles to form a nanocage monomer and wherein the first and second nanocage monomer subunits are fused to different bioactive moieties.
• the nanocages may self-assemble from multiple identical fusion proteins, from multiple different fusion proteins (and therefore be multivalent and/or multispecific), from a combination of fusion proteins and wild-type proteins, and any combination thereof.
• the nanocages may be decorated internally and/or externally with at least one of the fusion proteins described herein in combination with at least one anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody.
• from about 20% to about 80% of the nanocage monomers comprise the fusion protein described herein.
• the nanocages could in theory comprise up to twice as many bioactive moieties as there are monomers in the nanocage, as each nanocage monomer may be divided into two subunits, each of which can independently bind to a different bioactive moiety.
• this modularity can be harnessed to achieve any desired ratio of bioactive moieties as described herein in specific example to a 4:2:1 :1 ratio of four different bioactive moieties.
• the nanocages described herein may comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different bioactive moieties. In this way, the nanocages can be multivalent and/or multispecific and the extent of this can be controlled with relative ease.
• the nanocages described herein may further comprise at least one whole nanocage monomer, optionally fused to a bioactive moiety that may be the same or different from the bioactive moiety described herein as being linked to a nanocage monomer subunit.
• the nanocages described herein comprise a first, second, and third fusion protein to a subunit or the monomer, and optionally at least one whole nanocage monomer, optionally fused to a bioactive moiety, wherein the bioactive moieties of the first, second, and third fusion proteins and of the whole nanocage monomer are all different from one another.
• the first, second, and third fusion proteins each comprise an antibody or Fc fragment thereof fused to N- or C-half ferritin, wherein at least one of the first, second, and third fusion proteins is fused to N-half ferritin and at least one of the first, second, and third fusion proteins is fused to C-half ferritin.
• the antibody or fragment thereof of the first fusion protein is typically an Fc fragment;
• the second and third fusion proteins typically each comprise an antibody or fragment thereof specific for a different antigen of a virus such as SARS-CoV-2 and the whole nanocage monomer is fused to a bioactive moiety that is specific for another different antigen, optionally of the same virus such as SARS-CoV-2.
• the antibody or fragment thereof of the second fusion protein is 46 or 52; and the antibody or fragment thereof of the third fusion protein is 324 or 80.
• the nanocage described herein comprises the following four fusion proteins, optionally in a 4:2:1 :1: ratio: a. 298 (optionally sc298) fused to full length ferritin; b. Fc (optionally scFc) fused to N-ferritin; c. 46 or 52 (optionally sc46 or sc52) fused to C-ferritin; and d. 324 or 80 (optionally sc324 or sc80) fused to C-ferritin.
• the nanocage described herein comprises or consists of sequences at least 70% (such as at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) identical to one or more of the following sequences, where ferritin subunits are in bold, linkers are underlined, light chains are italicized, and heavy chains are in lowercase: a. 298-hFerr: or b. Fc-N-hFerr LALAP I253A c1. 52-C-hFerr c2. 46-C-hFerr d1. 324-C-hFerr
• self-assembled polypeptide complexes comprising a plurality of fusion polypeptides as disclosed herein.
• self-assembled polypeptide complexes comprise (1 ) a plurality of first fusion polypeptides, each first fusion polypeptide comprising an Fc region linked to a nanocage monomer (e.g., ferritin monomer, e.g., human ferritin monomer, or subunit thereof), as disclosed herein; and (2) a plurality of second fusion polypeptides, each second fusion polypeptide comprising a SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment (e.g., an Fab fragment of an antibody that is capable of binding to SARS-CoV-2 protein (e.g., the Spike protein or a receptorbinding domain (RBD))), the SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment being linked to a nanocage monomer (e.g., ferritin monomer, e.g., human ferritin monomer
• self-assembled polypeptide complex further comprises a plurality of third fusion polypeptides, each third fusion polypeptide being distinct from the second fusion polypeptide and each comprising (1 ) a nanocage monomer (e.g., ferritin monomer, e.g., human ferritin monomer) linked to (2) a SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment (e.g., Fab fragment of an antibody that is capable of binding to a SARS-CoV-2 protein).
• a nanocage monomer e.g., ferritin monomer, e.g., human ferritin monomer
• SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody fragment e.g., Fab fragment of an antibody that is capable of binding to a SARS-CoV-2 protein
• one of the fusion polypeptides comprises an N-half nanocage monomer (e.g., an N-half ferritin) (but not a full-length nanocage (e.g., ferritin) monomer), and one of the other fusion polypeptides comprises a C-half nanocage monomer (e.g., a C-half ferritin) (but not a full-length nanocage (e.g., ferritin) monomer).
• the ratio of fusion polypeptides comprising the N-half nanocage monomer (e.g., N-half ferritin) to the fusion polypeptides comprising the C-half nanocage monomer (e.g., C-half ferritin) within the self-assembled polypeptide complex is about 1 :1.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises 24 fusion polypeptides. In some embodiments, the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises more than 24 fusion polypeptides, e.g., at least 26, at least 28, at least 30, at least 32 fusion polypeptides, at least 34 fusion polypeptides, at least 36 fusion polypeptides, at least 38 fusion polypeptides, at least 40 fusion polypeptides, at least 42 fusion polypeptides, at least 44 fusion polypeptides, at least 46 fusion polypeptides, or at least 48 fusion polypeptides. In some embodiments, the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises 32 fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises at least 4, at least 5, least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 first fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises at least 4, at least 5, least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 second fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex further comprises at least 4, at least 5, least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, or at least 16 third fusion polypeptides.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises a ratio of approximately 1: 1, 1 :2, 1 :3, or 1 :4 of first fusion polypeptides to all other fusion polypeptides.
• each fusion polypeptide within the self-assembled polypeptide complex comprises a ferritin light chain or a subunit of a ferritin light chain.
• the self-assembled polypeptide complex does not comprise any ferritin heavy chains, subunits of ferritin heavy chains, or other ferritin components capable of binding to iron.
• compositions comprising the nanocage, such as therapeutic or prophylactic compositions.
• Related methods and uses for treating and/or preventing COVID-19 are also described, wherein the method or use comprises administering the nanocage or composition described herein to a subject in need thereof.
• nucleic acid molecules encoding the fusion proteins and polypeptides described herein, as well as vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules and host cells comprising the vectors.
• Polynucleotides encoding the fusion proteins described herein include polynucleotides with nucleic acid sequences that are substantially the same as the nucleic acid sequences of the polynucleotides of the present invention. "Substantially the same" nucleic acid sequence is defined herein as a sequence with at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95% identity to another nucleic acid sequence when the two sequences are optimally aligned (with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions) and compared to determine exact matches of nucleotides between the two sequences.
• Suitable sources of polynucleotides that encode fragments of antibodies include any cell, such as hybridomas and spleen cells, that express the full-length antibody.
• the fragments may be used by themselves as antibody equivalents, or may be recombined into equivalents, as described above.
• the DNA deletions and recombinations described in this section may be carried out by known methods, such as those described in the published patent applications listed above in the section entitled "Functional Equivalents of Antibodies" and/or other standard recombinant DNA techniques, such as those described below.
• Another source of DNAs are single chain antibodies produced from a phage display library, as is known in the art.
• expression vectors are provided containing the polynucleotide sequences previously described operably linked to an expression sequence, a promoter and an enhancer sequence.
• a variety of expression vectors for the efficient synthesis of antibody polypeptide in prokaryotic, such as bacteria and eukaryotic systems, including but not limited to yeast and mammalian cell culture systems have been developed.
• the vectors of the present invention can comprise segments of chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences.
• prokaryotic cloning vectors include plasmids from E. coli, such as colEI, pCRI, pBR322, pMB9, pUC, pKSM, and RP4.
• Prokaryotic vectors also include derivatives of phage DNA such as MI3 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages.
• An example of a vector useful in yeast is the 2 plasmid.
• Suitable vectors for expression in mammalian cells include well-known derivatives of SV-40, adenovirus, retrovirus-derived DNA sequences and shuttle vectors derived from combination of functional mammalian vectors, such as those described above, and functional plasmids and phage DNA.
• Additional eukaryotic expression vectors are known in the art (e.g., P J. Southern & P. Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Genet, 1 :327-341 (1982); Subramani et al, Mol. Cell. Biol, 1 : 854-864 (1981); Kaufinann & Sharp, "Amplification And Expression of Sequences Cotransfected with a Modular Dihydrofolate Reductase Complementary DNA Gene," J. Mol. Biol, 159:601-621 (1982); Kaufhiann & Sharp, Mol. Cell.
• the expression vectors typically contain at least one expression control sequence that is operatively linked to the DNA sequence or fragment to be expressed.
• the control sequence is inserted in the vector in order to control and to regulate the expression of the cloned DNA sequence.
• useful expression control sequences are the lac system, the trp system, the tac system, the trc system, major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control region of fd coat protein, the glycolytic promoters of yeast, e.g., the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, the promoters of yeast acid phosphatase, e.g., Pho5, the promoters of the yeast alpha-mating factors, and promoters derived from polyoma, adenovirus, retrovirus, and simian virus, e.g., the early and late promoters or SV40, and other sequences known to control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and their viruses or combinations thereof
• fusion proteins described herein can be expressed in cell lines other than in hybridomas.
• Nucleic acids which comprise a sequence encoding a polypeptide according to the invention, can be used for transformation of a suitable mammalian host cell.
• Cell lines of particular preference are selected based on high level of expression, constitutive expression of protein of interest and minimal contamination from host proteins.
• Mammalian cell lines available as hosts for expression are well known in the art and include many immortalized cell lines, such as but not limited to, HEK 293 cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cells and many others. Suitable additional eukaryotic cells include yeast and other fungi.
• Useful prokaryotic hosts include, for example, E. coli, such as E. coli SG-936, E. coli HB 101 , E. coli W3110, E. coli X1776, E. coli X2282, E. coli DHI, and E. coli MRC1 , Pseudomonas, Bacillus, such as Bacillus subtilis, and Streptomyces.
• These present recombinant host cells can be used to produce fusion proteins by culturing the cells under conditions permitting expression of the polypeptide and purifying the polypeptide from the host cell or medium surrounding the host cell. T argeting of the expressed polypeptide for secretion in the recombinant host cells can be facilitated by inserting a signal or secretory leader peptide-encoding sequence (See, Shokri et al, (2003) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 60(6): 654-664, Nielsen et al, Prot. Eng., 10:1-6 (1997); von Heinje et al., Nucl.
• secretory leader peptide elements can be derived from either prokaryotic or eukaryotic sequences. Accordingly suitably, secretory leader peptides are used, being amino acids joined to the N-terminal end of a polypeptide to direct movement of the polypeptide out of the host cell cytosol and secretion into the medium.
• fusion proteins described herein can be fused to additional amino acid residues.
• Such amino acid residues can be a peptide tag to facilitate isolation, for example.
• Other amino acid residues for homing of the antibodies to specific organs or tissues are also contemplated.
• a Fab-nanocage can be generated by co-transfection of HC-ferritin and LC.
• single-chain Fab-ferritin nanocages can be used that only require transfection of one plasmid, as shown in Fig. 1C. This can be done with linkers of different lengths between the LC and HO for example 60 or 70 amino acids.
• linkers of different lengths between the LC and HO for example 60 or 70 amino acids.
• Tags e.g. Flag, HA, myc, His6x, Strep, etc.
• Tags can also be added at the N terminus of the construct or within the linker for ease of purification as described above.
• a tag system can be used to make sure many different Fabs are present on the same nanoparticle using serial/additive affinity chromatography steps when different Fab-nanoparticle plasmids are co-transfected. This provides multi-specificity to the nanoparticles.
• Protease sites e.g. TEV, 3C, etc.
• TEV, 3C, etc. can be inserted to cleave linkers and tags after expression and/or purification, if desired.
• Routes of administration include, for example, oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration.
• fusion proteins described herein where used in a mammal for the purpose of prophylaxis or treatment, will be administered in the form of a composition additionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further comprise minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the binding proteins.
• the compositions of the injection may, as is well known in the art, be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the mammal.
• human antibodies are particularly useful for administration to humans, they may be administered to other mammals as well.
• mammal as used herein is intended to include, but is not limited to, humans, laboratory animals, domestic pets and farm animals.
• a “SARS-CoV-2-related condition” refers to a condition (e.g. , symptom or sign) that is associated with infection with SARS-CoV-2.
• the condition is a level of SARS- CoV-2 RNA, protein, or viral particles in sample from a subject (e.g., the subject who is administered a self-assembled polypeptide complex as disclosed herein), which level is indicative of SARS-CoV-2 infection (e.g., because the level satisfies a threshold or exceeds a reference level indicative of SARS-CoV-2 infection).
• the condition is a symptom associated with COVID-19 disease, e.g., fever, cough, tiredness, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, muscle aches, chills, sore throat, runny nose, headache, chest pain, conjunctivitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of smell, loss of taste, or stroke).
• the condition is associated with downstream sequelae of COVID-19 disease and/or is a symptom of long-term COVID-19 disease.
• the subject is a mammal, e.g., a human.
• compositions for administration to subjects generally comprise a self-assembled polypeptide complex as disclosed herein.
• such compositions further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• compositions may be formulated for administration for any of a variety of routes of administration, including systemic routes (e.g., oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration).
• routes of administration including systemic routes (e.g., oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration).
• Example 1 Multivalency transforms SARS-CoV-2 antibodies into ultrapotent neutralizers
• This example describes the design, expression, purification, and characterization of fusion proteins with apoferritin.
• Apoferritin protomers self-assemble into an octahedrally symmetric structure with an ⁇ 6 nm hydrodynamic radius (Rh) composed of 24 identical polypeptides.
• Rh hydrodynamic radius
• the N-terminus of each apoferritin subunit points outwards of the spherical nanocage and is therefore accessible for the genetic fusion of proteins of interest.
• the fusion proteins were designed such that upon folding, apoferritin protomers act as building blocks that drive the multimerization of the 24 proteins fused to the apoferritin termini.
• SARS-CoV-2 the virus responsible for COVID-19, has caused a global pandemic.
• Antibodies can be powerful biotherapeutics to fight viral infections.
• half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values as low as 9 ⁇ 10 -14 M are achieved as a result of up to 10,000- fold potency enhancements compared to corresponding IgGs.
• the MULTi-specific, multi-Affinity antiBODY (Multabody or MB) platform thus uniquely leverages binding avidity together with multi-specificity to deliver ultrapotent and broad neutralizers against SARS-CoV-2.
• the modularity of the platform also makes it relevant for rapid evaluation against other infectious diseases of global health importance. Neutralizing antibodies are a promising therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2.
• bamlanivimab being the first antibody approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the emergency treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in November 2020.
• FDA Food and Drug Administration
• Receptor binding domain (RBD)-directed mAbs that interfere with binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for cell entry 20 are usually associated with the highest neutralization potencies 6, 18, 19.
• mAbs can be isolated by B-cell sorting from infected donors, immunized animals, or by identifying binders in preassembled libraries. Despite these methodologies being robust and reliable for the discovery of virus-specific mAbs, identification of the best antibody clone is usually associated with a time-cost penalty. In addition, RNA viruses have higher mutations rates than DNA viruses and such mutations can significantly alter the potency of neutralizing antibodies. Indeed, several studies have already shown a reduction in neutralization potency from convalescent serum and resistance of certain mAbs 21 ’ 22 23 to the more recent B.1.1.7 24 , B.1.351 25 , and B.1.1.28 26, 27 variants of SARS-CoV-2. Hence, there is an unmet need for the development of a platform that bridges antibody discovery and the rapid identification and deployment of highly potent neutralizers less susceptible to viral sequence variability.
• the potency of an antibody is greatly affected by its ability to simultaneously interact multiple times with its epitope 28 ’ 29 30 .
• This enhanced apparent affinity known as avidity
• avidity has been previously reported to increase the neutralization potency of nanobodies 31 32 and of IgGs over Fabs 8 ’ 10, 16 against SARS-CoV-2.
• avidity To leverage the full power of binding avidity, we have developed an antibody-scaffold technology using the human apoferritin protomer as a modular subunit to multimerize antibody fragments and propel mAbs into ultrapotent neutralizers against SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, the resulting Multabody molecules can increase potency by up to four orders of magnitude over corresponding IgGs.
• the Multabody offers a versatile IgG-like “plug-and-play” platform to enhance antiviral characteristics of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2, and demonstrates the power of avidity as a mechanism to be leveraged against viral pathogens.
• VHH-human apoferritin fusion Fc fusions, Fabs, IgG, and RBD mutants were synthesized and cloned by GeneArt (Life Technologies) into the pcDNA3.4 expression vector. All constructs were expressed transiently in HEK 293F cells (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at a density of 0.8 x 10 6 cells/mL with 50 ⁇ g of DNA per 200 mL of cells using FectoPRO (Polyplus Transfections) in a 1 : 1 ratio unless specified otherwise.
• Fabs and IgGs were transiently expressed by co-transfecting 90 ⁇ g of the LG and the HC in a 1 :2 ratio and purified using KappaSelect affinity column (GE Healthcare) and HiTrap Protein A HP column (GE Healthcare), respectively with 100 mM glycine pH 2.2 as the elution buffer.
• Wild type (BEI NR52309) and mutant RBDs, the prefusion S ectodomain (BEI NR52394) and Fc receptors (FcRn and FcyRI) from mouse and human were purified using a HisTrap Ni-NTA column (GE Healthcare). Ni-NTA purification was followed by Superose 6 in the case of the S trimer and Superdex 200 Increase size exclusion columns (GE Heathcare) in the case of the RBD and Fc receptors, in all cases in 20 mM phosphate pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCI buffer.
• scFab and scFc fragments linked to half apoferritin were generated by deletion of residues 1 to 90 (C-Ferritin) and 91 to 175 (N-Ferritin) of the light chain of human apoferritin.
• Transient transfection of the Multabodies in HEK 293F cells were obtained by mixing 66 ⁇ g of the plasmids scFab-human apoferritin: scFc-human N-Ferritin: scFab-C-Ferritin in a 2:1:1 ratio.
• Fc characterization in the split Multabody design was assessed by measuring binding to hFcyRI and hFcRn loaded onto Ni-NTA (NTA) biosensors following the experimental conditions and concentration ranges indicated above. To probe the theoretical capacity of the Multa bodies to undergo endosomal recycling, binding to the hFcRn p2-microglobulin complex was measured at physiological (7.4) and endosomal (5.6) pH. Similarly, Fc characterization of the mouse surrogate MB was assessed by measuring binding to mFcyRI and mFcRn, pre-immobilized onto Ni-NTA (NTA) biosensors.
• Ni-NTA biosensors preloaded with His-tagged RBD were first dipped into wells containing the primary antibody at 50 ⁇ g/ml_ for 180 s. After a 30 s baseline period, the sensors were dipped into wells containing the second antibody at 50 ⁇ g/ml for an additional 300 s. All incubation steps were performed in PBS pH 7.4, 0.01% BSA, and 0.002% Tween at 25 °C.
• ACE2-Fc was used to map mAb binding to the receptor binding site.
• the Rh of the Multabody was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a DynaPro Plate Reader III (Wyatt Technology). About 20 ⁇ L of the Multabody at a concentration of 1 mg/mL was added to a 384-well black, clear bottom plate (Corning) and measured at a fixed temperature of 25 °C with a duration of 5 s per read. Particle size determination and polydispersity were obtained from the accumulation of five reads using the Dynamics software (Wyatt Technology).
• T agg Aggregation temperature of the Multabodies and parental IgGs were determined using a UNit instrument (Unchained Labs). Samples were concentrated to 1.0 mg/mL and subjected to a thermal ramp from 25 to 95 °C with 1 °C increments. T agg was determined as the temperature at which 50% increase in the static light scattering at a 266 nm wavelength relative to baseline was observed (i.e., the maximum value of the differential curve). The average and the standard error of two independent measurements were calculated using the UNit analysis software.
• a surrogate Multabody composed of the scFab and scFc fragments of mouse HD37 (anti- hCD19) lgG2a fused to the N-terminus of the light chain of mouse apoferritin (mFerritin) was used for the study.
• HD37 scFab-mFerritin: Fc-mFerritin: mFerritin in a 2:1 :1 ratio was transfected and purified following the procedure described above.
• L234A, L235A, and P329G (LALAP) mutations were introduced in the mouse lgG2a Fc-construct to silence effector functions of the Multabody 48 .
• Blood samples were collected at multiple time points and serum samples were assessed for levels of circulating antibodies and anti-drug antibodies by ELISA. Briefly, 96-well Pierce Nickel Coated Plates (Thermo Fisher) were coated with 50 ⁇ L at 0.5 ⁇ g/ml of the His 6 x-tagged antigen hCD19 to determine circulating HD37-specific concentrations using reagent-specific standard curves for IgGs and Multabodies. HRP-ProteinA (Invitrogen) was used to detect the levels of IgG/MBs bound (dilution 1 :10,000).
• Nunc MaxiSorp plates (Biolegend) were coated with a 12-mer HD37 scFab-mFerritin or with the HpFerritin-PfCSP malaria peptide. 1: 100 sera dilution was incubated for 1 h at RT and further develop using HRP-ProteinA (Invitrogen) as a secondary molecule (dilution 1:10,000). The chemiluminescence signal at 450 nm was quantified using a Synergy Neo2 Multi-Mode Assay Microplate Reader (Biotek Instruments).
• mice Eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory and housed in individually-vented caging. Mice were housed 14 h of light/10 h dark with phased in dawn to dusk intensity, maximum at noon at a temperature of 20-21 °C and a humidity of 40-60%. All procedures were approved by the Local Animal Care Committee at the University of Toronto. Multabodies composed of the scFab and scFc fragments of mouse HD37 lgG2a fused to the N-terminus of mouse apoferritin light chain was used for this study.
• HD37 lgG2a Multabody or control samples were fluorescently conjugated with Alexa-647 using Alexa FluorTM 647 Antibody Labeling kit (Invitrogen) as per the manufacturer’s instruction.
• Alexa-647 using Alexa FluorTM 647 Antibody Labeling kit (Invitrogen) as per the manufacturer’s instruction.
• the 15 nm gold nanoparticles labeled with Alexa FluorTM 647 were purchased from Creative Diagnostics (GFLV-15).
• PerkinElmer I VIS Spectrum (PerkinElmer) was used to conduct noninvasive biodistribution experiments.
• mice were injected subcutaneously into the loose skin over the shoulders with ⁇ 5 mg/kg of the MB, HD37 lgG2a, or gold nanoparticles in 200 ⁇ L of PBS (pH 7.5) and imaged at time 0, 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 11 days following injection.
• mice Prior to imaging, mice were placed in an anesthesia induction chamber containing a mixture of isoflurane and oxygen for 1 min. Anesthetized mice were then placed in the prone position at the center of a built-in heated docking system within the I VIS imaging system (maintained at 37 °C and supplied with a mixture of isoflurane and oxygen).
• mice were imaged for 1-2 s (excitation 640 nm and emission 680 nm) inside the imaging system. Data were analyzed using the IVIS software (Living Image Software for I VIS). After confirming the fluorescent signal from 2D epi-illumination images, 3D transilluminating fluorescence imaging tomography (FLIT) was performed on regions of interest using a built-in scan field of 3 ⁇ 3 or 3 ⁇ 4 transillumination positions. A series of 2D fluorescent surface radiance images were taken at various transillumination positions using an excitation of 640 and 680 nm emission. A series of CT scans were also taken at the corresponding positions.
• IVIS software Living Image Software for I VIS
• a 3D distribution map of the fluorescent signal was reconstructed by combining fluorescent signal and CT scans. Resulting 3D fluorescent images were thresholded based on the 3D images of PBS injected mice taken at the corresponding body positions. Images were mapped to the rainbow LUT in the I VI S software, with the upper end of the color scale set to 50 pmol M -1 cm -1 for mice injected with gold nanoparticles, and 1 000 pmol M -1 cm -1 for MB and lgG2a injected mice, to allow for better visualization of biodistribution over the time course.
• a mouse organ registration feature of the I VIS software was used as a general guideline for assessing the sample body locations from 3D images. Panning of Phage libraries against the RBD of SARS-CoV-2
• the commercial SuperHuman 2.0 Phage library (Distributed Bio/Charles River Laboratories) was used to identify monoclonal antibody binders to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD.
• an RBD-Fc-Avi tag construct of the SARS-CoV-2 was expressed in the EXPi-293 mammalian expression system. This protein was subsequently purified by protein G Dynabeads, biotinylated and quality- controlled for biotinylation and binding to ACE2 recombinant protein (Sino Biologies Inc).
• the SuperHuman 2.0 Phage library (5 ⁇ 10 12 ) was heated for 10 min at 72 °C and de-selected against Protein G DynabeadsTM (Invitrogen), M-280 Streptavidin DynabeadsTM (Invitrogen), Histone from Calf Thymus (Sigma), Human IgG (Sigma) and ssDNA-Biotin NNK from Integrated DN A Technologies and DNA-Biotin NNK from Integrated DN A Technologies.
• the library was panned against the RBD- captured by M-280 Streptavidin DynabeadsTM using an automated protocol on Kingfisher FLEX (Thermofisher).
• Selected phages were acid eluted from the beads and neutralized using Tris-HCI pH 7.9 (Teknova).
• the rescued phages were precipitated by PEG and subjected to three additional rounds of soluble-phase automated panning. PBST/1% BSA buffer and/or PBS/1% BSA was used in the de-selection, washes and selection rounds.
• Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD scFvs selected from phage display were expressed and screened using high-throughput surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on Carterra LSA Array SPR instrument (Carterra) equipped with HC200M sensor chip (Carterra) at 25 °C.
• SPR surface plasmon resonance
• Carterra LSA Array SPR instrument Carterra
• HC200M sensor chip Carterra
• a V5 epitope tag was added to the scFv to enable capture via immobilized anti-V5 antibody (Abeam, Cambridge, MA) that was preimmobilized on the chip surface by standard amine-coupling.
• the chip surface was first activated by 10 min injection of a 1 :1 :1 (v/v/v) mixture of 0.4 M 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), 0. 1 M /V-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sNHS) and 0.1 M 2-(N- morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) pH 5.5. Then, 50 ⁇ g/ml of anti-V5 tag antibody prepared in 10 mM sodium acetate pH 4.3 was coupled for 14 min and the excess reactive esters were blocked with 1 M ethanolamine HCI pH 8.5 during a 10 min injection.
• EDC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride
• sNHS 0. 1 M /V-hydroxysulfosuccinimide
• MES 2-(N- morpholino) ethanesulfonic
• a 384-ligand array comprising of crude bacterial periplasmic extracts (PPE) containing the scFvs (one spot per scFv) was prepared.
• PPE crude bacterial periplasmic extracts
• Each extract was prepared at a twofold dilution in running buffer (10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCI, 3 mM EDTA, and 0.01% (v/v) Tween-20 (HBSTE)) and printed on the anti-V5 surface for 15 min.
• SARS-CoV-2 RBD Avi Tev His tagged was then prepared at 0, 3.7, 11.1 , 33.3, 100, 37, and 300 nM in 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCI, and 0.01% (v/v) Tween-20 (HBST) supplemented with 0.5 mg/ml BSA and injected as analyte for 5 min with a 15 min dissociation time. Samples were injected in ascending concentration without any regeneration step. Binding data from the local reference spots was used to subtracted signal from the active spots and the nearest buffer blank analyte responses were subtracted to double-reference the data.
• SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped viruses were generated using an HIV-based lentiviral system 49 with few modifications. Briefly, 293T cells were co-transfected with a lentiviral backbone encoding the luciferase reporter gene (BEI NR52516), a plasmid expressing the Spike (BEI NR52310) and plasmids encoding the HIV structural and regulatory proteins Tat (BEI NR52518), Gag-pol (BEI NR52517), and Rev (BEI NR52519) using BioT transfection reagent (Bioland Scientific) and following the manufacturer’s instructions.
• SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutant D614G was kindly provided by D.R. Burton (The Scripps Research Institute)
• SARS-COV-2 PsV variant B.1.351 was kindly provided by D.D. Ho (Columbia University) and the rest of the PsV mutants were generated using the KOD-Plus mutagenesis kit (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) using primers described in Table 1.
• PsV particles were harvested, passed through 0.45 pm pore sterile filters and finally concentrated using a 100 K Amicon (Merck Millipore Amicon-Ultra 2.0 Centrifugal Filter Units).
• Neutralization was determined in a single-cycle neutralization assay using 293T-ACE2 cells (BEI NR52511) and Hel_a-ACE2 cells (kindly provided by D.R. Burton; The Scripps Research Institute). Cells were seeded the day before the experiment at a density of 10,000 cells/well in a 100 pl volume. In the case of 293T cells, plates where pre-coated with poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich). The day of the experiment, 50 pl of serially diluted IgGs and MB samples were incubated with 50 pl of PsV for 1 h at 37 °C. After 1 h incubation, the incubated volume was added to the cells and incubated for 48 h.
• PsV neutralization was monitored by adding 50 pl Britelite plus reagent (PerkinElmer) to 50 pl of the cells and after 2 min incubation, the volume was transferred to a 96-well white plate (Sigma- Aldrich) and the luminescence in relative light units (RLUs) was measured using a Synergy Neo2 Multi-Mode Assay Microplate Reader (Biotek Instruments). Two to three biological replicates with two technical replicates each were performed. IC 50 fold increase was calculated as:
• IgG IC 50 ( ⁇ g/mL) / MB IC 50 ( ⁇ g/mL) Authentic virus neutralization
• VeroE6 cells were seeded in a 96 F plate at a concentration of 30,000/well in DMEM supplemented with 100 U Penicillin, 100 U Streptomycin, and 10% FBS. Cells were allowed to adhere to the plate and rest overnight. After 24 h, fivefold serial dilutions of the IgG and MB samples were prepared in DMEM supplemented with 100 U Penicillin and 100 U Streptomycin in a 96 R plate in quadruplicates (25 ⁇ L/well). About 25 ⁇ L of SARS-CoV-2/SB2-P4-PB 50 Clone 1 was added to each well at 100TCID/well and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C with shaking every 15 min.
• the media from the VeroE6 plate was removed, and 50 ⁇ L antibody-virus sample was used to inoculate VeroE6 cells in quadruplicates for 1 h at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 , shaking every 15 min. After 1 h inoculation, the inoculum was removed and 200 ⁇ L of fresh DMEM supplemented with 100U Penicillin, 100U Streptomycin, and 2% FBS was added to each well. The plates were further incubated for 5 days. The cytopathic effect (CPE) was monitored and PRISM was used to calculate IC 50 values. Three biological replicates with four technical replicates each were performed.
• CPE cytopathic effect
• Fab 46 was mixed with 2x molar excess of RBD in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0 and 150 mM NaCI.
• the complex was crosslinked by addition of 0.05% (v/v) glutaraldehyde (Sigma Aldrich) and incubated at RT for 45 min.
• the cross-linked complex was purified via size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL, GE Healthcare), concentrated to 2.0 mg/ml and directly used for cryo-EM grid preparation.
• sample Three microliters of sample was deposited on holey gold grids prepared in-house 51 , which were glow-discharged in air for 15 s with a PELCO easiGlow (T ed Pella) before use.
• Sample was blotted for 6 s with a modified FEI Mark III Vitrobot (maintained at 4 °C and 100% humidity) using an offset of -5, and subsequently plunge-frozen in a mixture of liquid ethane and propane.
• Data were acquired at 300 kV with a Thermo Fisher Scientific Titan Krios G3 electron microscope and prototype Falcon 4 camera operating in electron counting mode at 250 frames/s.
• Movies were collected for 9.6 s with 29 exposure fractions, a camera exposure rate of ⁇ 5 e _ /pix/s, and total specimen exposure of ⁇ 44 e ⁇ /A 2 . No objective aperture was used. The pixel size was calibrated at 1.03 A/pixel from a gold diffraction standard. The microscope was automated with the EPU software package and data collection were monitored with cryoSPARC Live 52 .
• tilted data collection was employed 53 .
• Spike-Fab 80 complex 820 0° tilted movies and 2790 40° tilted movies were collected.
• Spike-Fab 298 complex 4259 0° tilted movies and 3513 40° tilted movies were collected.
• Spike-Fab 324 complex 1098 0° tilted movies and 3380 40° tilted movies were collected.
• RBD-Fab 46 complex 4722 0° tilted movies were collected.
• cryoSPARC patch motion correction was performed.
• Relion MotionCorr 54 ’ 55 was used. Micrographs were then imported into cryoSPARC and patch CTF estimation was performed.
• Templates generated from 2D classification during the cryoSPARC Live session were used for template selection of particles.
• 2D classification was used to remove junk particle images, resulting in a dataset of 80,951 particle images for the Spike-Fab 80 complex, 203,138 particle images for the Spike-Fab 298 complex, 64,365 particle images for the Spike-Fab 324 complex, and 2, 143,629 particle images for the RBD-Fab 46 complex.
• Multiple rounds of multi-class ab initio refinement were used to clean up the particle image stacks, and homogeneous refinement was used to obtain consensus structures. For tilted particles, particle polishing was done within Relion at this stage and reimported back into cryoSPARC. For the Spike-Fab complexes, extensive flexibility was observed.
• a ternary complex of 52 Fab-298 Fab-RBD was obtained by mixing 200 ⁇ g of RBD with 2x molar excess of each Fab in 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCI, and subsequently purified via size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL, GE Healthcare). Fractions containing the complex were concentrated to 7.3 mg/ml and mixed in a 1 :1 ratio with 20% (w/v) 2-propanol, 20% (w/v) PEG 4000, and 0.1 M sodium citrate pH 5.6. Crystals appeared after ⁇ 1 day and were cryoprotected in 10% (v/v) ethylene glycol before being flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen.
• the electron microscopy maps have been deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) with accession codes EMD-22738, EMD-22739, EMD-22740, and EMD-22741 (Table 2).
• the crystal structure of the 298-52-RBD complex (Table 3) is available from the Protein Data Bank under accession PDB ID: 7K9Z.
• the sequences of the monoclonal antibodies used are provided with this paper (Table 4). Additional PDB/EMDB entries were used throughout the manuscript to perform a comparative analysis of the different epitope bins targeted by mAbs.
• the entries used in this analysis are: REGN10933 (PDB ID: 6XDG), CV30 (PDB ID: 6XE1), 0105 (PDB ID: 6XCM), COVA2-04 (PDB ID: 7JMO), COVA2-39 (PDB ID: 7JMP), CC12.1 (PDB ID: 6X02), BD23 (PDB ID: 7BYR), B38 (PDB ID: 7BZ5), P2C-1F11 (PDB ID: 7BWJ), 2-4 (PDB ID: 6XEY), CB6 (PDB ID: 7C01 ), REGN10987 (PDB ID: 6XDG), S309 (PDB ID: 6WPS, 6WPT), EY6A (PDB ID: 6ZCZ), CR3022 (PDB ID: 6YLA), H014 (PDB ID: 7CAH), 4-8 (EMDB ID: 22159), 4A8 (PDB ID: 7C2L), and 2-43 (EMDB ID: 22275).
• apoferritin protomers self-assemble into an octahedrally symmetric structure with an ⁇ 6 nm hydrodynamic radius (Rh) composed of 24 identical polypeptides 33 .
• Rh hydrodynamic radius
• the N terminus of each apoferritin subunit points outwards of the spherical nanocage and is therefore accessible for the genetic fusion of proteins of interest.
• apoferritin protomers act as building blocks that drive the multimerization of the 24 proteins fused to their N termini (Fig. 1a).
• VHH-72 has been previously described to neutralize SARS- CoV-2 when fused to a Fc domain, but not in its monovalent format 31 .
• the Fc confers IgGs in vivo half-life and effector functions through interaction with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and Fc gamma receptors (FcyR), respectively.
• FcRn neonatal Fc receptor
• FcyR Fc gamma receptors
• a modified mouse scFc version that includes the FcyR-silencing mutations LALAP to lower Fc binding in a multimeric context (Fig. 3a).
• Subcutaneous administration of MBs in C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice was well tolerated with no decrease in body weight or visible adverse events.
• the MB showed favorable IgG-like serum half-life (Fig. 3b), with a prolonged detectable titer in the sera for the lower FcyR-binding MB (LALAP Fc sequence) compared to the WT MB, indicative of a role for the Fc in dictating in vivo bioavailability.
• Live 2D and 3D-imaging revealed that the fluorescently-labeled MB biodistributed systemically like the corresponding IgG, without accumulation in any specific tissue (Fig. 3c and Fig. 4).
• 15 nm gold nanoparticles (GNP) which have a similar Rh as MBs, rapidly disseminated from the site of injection (Fig. 3c and Fig. 4).
• GNP gold nanoparticles
• the surrogate mouse MB did not induce an anti-drug antibody response in mice (Fig. 3d), thus further highlighting the IgG-like properties of the MB platform.
• the human apoferritin protomer was split into two halves: the two N-terminal a helices (N-Ferritin) and the two C-terminal a helices (C-Ferritin).
• N-Ferritin N-terminal a helices
• C-Ferritin C-Ferritin
• the scFc fragment of human lgG1 and the scFab of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs were genetically fused at the N terminus of each apoferritin half, respectively.
• Split apoferritin complementation led to hetero-dimerization of the two halves and consequently resulted in a very efficient hetero-dimerization process of the fused proteins.
• This split MB design forms 16 nm Rh spherical particles with an uninterrupted ring of density and regularly spaced protruding scFabs and scFc (Fig. 5b, c).
• the MB is on the lower size range of natural IgMs 34 , but packs more weight on a similar size to achieve high multi-valency.
• Binding kinetics experiments demonstrated that high binding avidity of the MB for the Spike was preserved upon addition of Fc fragments (Fig. 5d and Table 5). Binding to human FcyRI and FcRn at both pH 5.6 and 7.4 confirmed that scFc was properly folded in the split MB design (Tables 6 and 7).
• BD23 Antibody (lgG1) targeting SARS-CoV-2 Fc mutations of IgG 1 backbone evaluated in Multabodies include: LALAP (L234A, L235A and P329G) and I235A, and combinations thereof that decrease antibody binding to FcyR. (Numberings are according to the EU numbering scheme.)
• Binding of human MB to human FcyRI and FcRn at endosomal pH confirmed that scFc was properly folded in the split MB design and that LALAP and I253A mutations lowered binding affinities to FcyRI and FcRn, respectively.
• HD37 Antibody (lgG2) targeting CD19 determined by BLI.
• PsV neutralization assays using recombinant mAbs REGN10933 and REGN10987 as benchmark showed similar IC 50 values (0.0044 and 0.030 ⁇ g/mL, respectively) to those previously reported 8 , and thus confirmed the extraordinary potency of the MBs observed in our assays.
• the enhanced neutralization potency of the MB was further confirmed with authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus for the mAbs with the highest potency (Fig. 6c and Fig. 7c), as also benchmarked with the two recombinant REGN mAbs.
• the less sensitive neutralization phenotype we observed against authentic virus in comparison to PsV is also in agreement with previous reports 5 ’ 6 ’ 9 ’ 12 .
• the crystal structure shows that Fab 298 binds almost exclusively to the ACE2 receptor binding motif (RBM) of the RBD (residues 438-506). In fact, out of 16 RBD residues involved in binding Fab 298, 12 are also involved in ACE2-RBD binding (Fig. 2a-c and Table 14).
• the RBM is stabilized by 11 hydrogen bonds from heavy and light chain residues of Fab 298.
• RBM Phe486 is contacted by 11 Fab 298 residues burying -170 A 2 (24% of the total buried surface area on RBD) and hence is central to the antibody-antigen interaction (Fig. 2a and Table 14).
• Mutation L452R decreased the sensitivity of the 46-MB and 52-MB but in contrast to their parental IgGs, they remained neutralizing against this PsV variant (Fig. 13d).
• the more infectious SARS-CoV-2 PsV variant D614G was neutralized with similar potency as the WT PsV for both IgGs and MBs (Fig. 13c and Fig. 14a).
• MB cocktails consisting of three monospecific MBs resulted in pan-neutralization across all PsV variants without a significant loss in potency and hence achieved a 100-1000-fold higher potency compared to the corresponding IgG cocktails (Fig. 13e and Fig. 14c, d).
• the resulting tri-specific MBs exhibited pan-neutralization while preserving the exceptional neutralization potency of the monospecific versions including against the B. 1.351 PsV variant (Fig. 13e, f and Fig. 14c, d).
• the MB platform was designed to include key favorable attributes from a developability perspective.
• the ability to augment antibody potency is independent of antibody sequence, format or epitope targeted.
• the modularity and flexibility of the platform was exemplified by enhancing the potency of a VHH and multiple Fabs that target non-overlapping regions on two SARS-CoV-2 S sub-domains (RBD and NTD).
• Using the MB to enhance the potency of VHH domains could provide particular value to this class of molecules since its small size allows highly efficient multimerization.
• MBs do not suffer from low stability and in fact self-assemble into highly stable particles with aggregation temperatures similar to those of their parental IgGs.
• alternative multimerization strategies like streptavidin 40 , verotoxin B subunit scaffolds 41 , or viral-like nanoparticles 42 face immunogenicity challenges and/or poor bioavailability because of the absence of a Fc fragment and therefore the inability to undergo FcRn-mediated recycling.
• the light chain of apoferritin is fully human, biologically inactive, has been engineered to include Fc domains, and despite multimerization of >24 Fab/Fc fragments, has a Rh similar to an IgM.
• a surrogate mouse MB did not elicit antidrug antibodies in mice and similar to its parental IgG was detectable in the sera for over a week.
• in vivo bioavailability of the MB was dependent on its binding affinity to FcyRs, suggesting that Fc avidity will need to be carefully fine-tuned for efficient translation of the MB to the clinic.
• Virus escape can arise in response to selective pressure from treatments or during natural selection.
• a conventional approach to combat escape mutants is the use of antibody cocktails targeting different epitopes.
• MBs showed a lower susceptibility to S mutations in comparison to their parental IgGs, presumably because the loss in affinity was compensated by enhanced binding avidity.
• the MB overcame viral sequence variability with exceptional potency.
• the split MB design allows combination of multiple antibody specificities within a single multimerized molecule resulting in similar potency and breadth as the MB cocktails.
• the B.1.351 variant of concern that can escape the neutralization of several mAbs 21 ’ 2223 is neutralized with high potency by a tri-specific Multabody, thus further highlighting the capacity of these molecules to resist viral escape.
• Multi-specificity within the same particle could offer additional advantages such as intra-S avidity and synergy for the right combination of mAbs, setting the stage for further investigation of different combinations of mAb specificities on the MB.
• Avidity and multi-specificity could also be leveraged to deliver a single molecule that neutralizes potently across viral genera, such as betacoronaviruses.
• the MB platform provides a tool to surpass antibody affinity limits and generate broad and potent neutralizing molecules while by-passing extensive antibody discovery or engineering efforts.
• This platform is an example of how binding avidity can be leveraged to accelerate the timeline to discovery of the most potent biologies against infectious diseases of global health importance.
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• K. et al. mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against spike mutants from global SARS-CoV-2 variants. Preprint at bioRxiv (2021 ). er, C. K. et al. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma. Nat. Med. 27, 622-625 (2021 ).
• CoV-2 spike protein for neutralization assays Viruses 12, 513 (2020). erjee, A. et al. Isolation, sequence, infectivity, and replication kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 2054-2063 (2020). , C. R., Benlekbir, S. & Rubinstein, J. L. Fabrication of carbon films with ⁇ 500nm holes for cryo-EM with a direct detector device. J. Struct. Biol. 185, 42-47 (2014). ani, A., Rubinstein, J. L, Fleet, D. J. & Brubaker, M. A. CryoSPARC: algorithms for rapid unsupervised cryo-EM structure determination. Nat.
• CisTEM user-friendly software for single-particle image processing. Elife 7, e35383 (2016). now, D., Palovcak, E. & Cheng, Y. asarnow/pyem: UCSF pyem vO. 5 (Zenodo, 2019). ch, W. et al. XDS. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 66, 125-132 (2010). oy, A. J. et al. Phaser crystallographic software. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40, 658-674 (2007).ms, P. D. et al. PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 66, 213-221 (2010). ley, P., Lohkamp, B., Scott, W. G. & Cowtan, K. Features and development of Coot. Acta
• SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped viruses were generated using an HIV-based lentiviral system as previously described 44 with few modifications. Briefly, 293T cells were co-transfected with a lentiviral backbone encoding the luciferase reporter gene (BEI NR52516), a plasmid expressing the Spike (BEI NR52310) and plasmids encoding the HIV structural and regulatory proteins Tat (BEI NR52518), Gag-pol (BEI NR52517) and Rev (BEI NR52519). 24 h post transfection at 37° C, 5 mM sodium butyrate was added to the media and the cells were incubated for an additional 24-30 h at 30° C.
• PsV mutants were generated using the KOD-Plus mutagenesis kit (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan).
• SARS- CoV-2 spike variants of concern B.1.117, B.1.351 , P.1 and B.1.617.2 were kindly provided by David Ho (Columbia).
• Neutralization was determined in a single-cycle neutralization assay using 293T-ACE2 cells (BEI NR52511 ). PsV neutralization was monitored by adding Britelite plus reagent (PerkinElmer) to the cells and measuring luminescence in relative light units (RLUs) using a Synergy Neo2 MultiMode Assay Microplate Reader (Biotek Instruments).
• IC 50 fold increase was calculated as: IgGicso ( ⁇ g/ml_) / MB IC 50 ( ⁇ g/mL). Two to three biological replicates with two technical replicates each were performed.
• the 298-80-52 trispecific MB containing the N92T mutation in the VL of mAb 52 was subsequently screened in a P.1 PsV neutralization assay and the results confirmed that there was no loss in potency observed compared to the parental trispecific MB (Fig. 16).
• Neutralization of a trispecific MB across variants of concern An example trispecific MB, 298-80-52, was assessed for potency across the variants of concern (VOCs) in pseudovirus neutralization assays. As shown in Table 16 and in Fig.

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