WO2022024444A1 - 固形乳 - Google Patents
固形乳 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022024444A1 WO2022024444A1 PCT/JP2021/009956 JP2021009956W WO2022024444A1 WO 2022024444 A1 WO2022024444 A1 WO 2022024444A1 JP 2021009956 W JP2021009956 W JP 2021009956W WO 2022024444 A1 WO2022024444 A1 WO 2022024444A1
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- milk
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- solid milk
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/18—Milk in dried and compressed or semi-solid form
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
- A23P10/20—Agglomerating; Granulating; Tabletting
- A23P10/28—Tabletting; Making food bars by compression of a dry powdered mixture
Definitions
- the present invention relates to solid milk.
- solid milk obtained by compression molding powdered milk is known (see Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2).
- This solid milk is required to have solubility that dissolves quickly when put into warm water, and is also required to have transportability, that is, fracture resistance that does not cause breakage or collapse during transportation or carrying. ing.
- Patent Document 3 As a tableting machine for compression-molding food powder such as milk powder, a tableting machine that reciprocates a slide plate having two mortar holes in a horizontal direction is known (see Patent Document 3).
- Solid milk contains free fat, but free fat is easily oxidized, and when free fat is oxidized, the flavor is impaired. In addition, excess free fat floats on the surface of the water and aggregates when dissolved in warm water. Therefore, it is required to reduce the free fat contained in the solid milk.
- An object of the present invention is to provide solid milk having suitable free fat and manageable strength.
- the solid milk of the present invention is a solid milk obtained by compression molding powdered milk, and the width w of the target region n and the target region n when the solid milk is divided into a plurality (N pieces) in the height direction.
- F is 0.477 mm 2 or more, and the free fat content FF of the solid milk is 1.23% by weight or less.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the solid milk 10S according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the solid milk 10S of FIG. 1 in X1-X2.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the solid milk 10S of FIG. 1 in Y1-Y2.
- the solid milk 10S has a solid main body 10 obtained by compression molding powdered milk.
- the main body 10 has a first surface 10A parallel to the XY plane and flat, and a second surface 10B parallel to the XY plane and flat.
- the first surface 10A and the second surface 10B are back-to-back surfaces.
- the shape of the main body 10 is determined by the shape of the mold (mortar of the locking machine) used for compression molding, but is not particularly limited as long as it has a certain size (size, thickness, angle).
- the schematic shape of the main body 10 is a columnar shape, an elliptical columnar shape, a cube shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a plate shape, a polygonal columnar shape, a polygonal pyramid-shaped shape, a polyhedral shape, or the like. From the viewpoint of ease of molding, convenience of transportation, and the like, columnar, elliptical, and rectangular parallelepiped shapes are preferable.
- the schematic shape of the main body 10 of the solid milk 10S shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 is a rectangular parallelepiped having dimensions a ⁇ b ⁇ c (see FIG. 1), and the main body 10 has a side surface parallel to an XZ plane or a YZ plane. Has 10C.
- the corner portion composed of the first surface 10A and the side surface 10C and the corner portion composed of the second surface 10B and the side surface 10C may each have a chamfered tapered shape. When chamfered, it is possible to prevent the solid milk 10S from being broken during transportation or the like.
- the surface is the surface that forms the outside of the substance.
- the surface layer is a layer near the surface including the surface.
- the surface layer is a layer formed by compression molding of milk powder and further cured by a curing treatment.
- the surface layer of this embodiment is a harder layer than the inside.
- the fact that the surface layer is harder than the inside means that the force required to separate only the surface layer is relatively larger than the force required to separate the inside.
- the solid milk 10S of the present embodiment is a solid milk that is hardened by compression molding of powdered milk, and has a width w of a target region n when the solid milk is divided into a plurality (N pieces) in the height direction. It is represented by the following formula (1) represented by the thickness ⁇ of the region n, the specific surface area voxel ratio Sv voxel_n of the target region n, the content R 0 of the total lactose, and the total crystal content R n of the lactose of the target region n.
- the hardening index IF is 0.477 mm 2 or more, and the free fat content FF of solid milk is 1.23% by weight or less.
- the hardening index of solid milk has a correlation between the specific surface area and the amount of crystals, and the formula of the correlation is the hardening index IF represented by the above formula (1). be.
- the hardening index is a numerical value that correlates with the specific surface area and the amount of crystals, and is not a numerical value that is uniquely determined by the porosity and hardness.
- the above-mentioned hardening index IF which has a strength that is easy to handle as solid milk, is preferably 0.3 mm 2 or more, but the solid milk of the present embodiment has a lower limit of the hardening index IF of 0.477 mm 2 . It is preferably 0.48 mm 2 or more, more preferably 0.5 mm 2 or more, still more preferably 0.52 mm 2 or more, still more preferably 0.55 mm 2 or more.
- the curing index IF is not particularly limited to an upper limit, but is preferably 0.8 mm 2 or less.
- the curing index IF is more preferably 0.7 mm 2 or less, still more preferably 0.65 mm 2 or less, still more preferably 0.63 mm 2 or less, still more preferably 0.6 or less and mm 2 or less.
- the curing index IF When the curing index IF is 0.3 mm 2 or more and 0.8 mm 2 or less, the fracture resistance of solid milk is increased, the occurrence of cracks and chips during transportation can be reduced, and the solubility is excellent.
- the curing index IF When the curing index IF is 0.477 mm 2 or more, there is an effect that the fracture resistance is further increased.
- the curing index IF When the curing index IF is 0.48 mm 2 or more, there is an effect that the fracture resistance is further increased.
- the curing index IF When the curing index IF is 0.5 mm 2 or more, there is an effect that the fracture resistance is further increased.
- the curing index IF When the curing index IF is 0.52 mm 2 or more, there is an effect that the fracture resistance is further increased.
- the curing index IF When the curing index IF is 0.55 mm 2 or more, there is an effect that the fracture resistance is further increased. When the curing index IF is 0.7 mm 2 or less, there is an effect that the solubility is more excellent. When the curing index IF is 0.65 mm 2 or less, there is an effect that the solubility is further excellent. When the curing index IF is 0.63 mm 2 or less, there is an effect that the solubility is further improved. When the curing index IF is 0.6 mm 2 or less, there is an effect that the solubility is further excellent.
- the free fat content FF is 1.23% by weight or less, preferably 1.1% by weight or less, more preferably 1.0% by weight or less, still more preferably 0.9% by weight or less, and further. It is preferably 0.8% by weight or less.
- the hardening index IF and the free fat content FF can be measured for each target region n when divided into a plurality (N pieces) in the height direction.
- the target region n is a region having a width w and a thickness ⁇ .
- the specific surface area voxel ratio Sv voxel_n of the target area n is a convenient index for comparing the amount of the specific surface area regardless of the size of the target area, and can be converted into the specific surface area from the following formula.
- a high-resolution 3DX beam microscope (three-dimensional X-ray CT apparatus) (type: nano3DX) manufactured by Rigaku Corporation can be used for measuring the specific surface area voxel ratio Sv voxel_n .
- the measurement environment of the specific surface area voxel ratio Sv voxel_n needs to be performed within a range in which the measurement accuracy is maintained.
- the measurement is performed at a temperature of 20 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C. and a humidity of 30% RH ⁇ 5% RH.
- the total lactose content R0 is the content of total lactose contained in the whole solid milk.
- the total crystal content Rn of lactose in the target region n is the content of lactose crystals contained in the target region n.
- the total crystal amount R n is obtained by cutting the measurement surface of the sample by a thickness of 0.1 mm for each XRD measurement by, for example, the XRD (X-ray diffraction) method, and the total crystal amount of the entire surface ( ⁇ -milk sugar crystal). And ⁇ lactose crystals). Further, in the XRD measuring device capable of two-dimensional mapping, the total crystal amount can be measured with an accuracy of, for example, about 0.05 mm to 0.1 mm in the depth direction of the sample.
- a small specific surface area voxel ratio means that the particles coalesce due to the effect of compression or hardening treatment, resulting in a decrease in specific surface area, which is the contact point of the particles due to coalescence. This means that the contact area increases and the strength of the molded product increases.
- the specific surface area voxel ratio of the surface is small, and it is possible to compress to the vicinity of the center to a necessary and sufficient degree without excessively compressing only the surface, and in this way, the specific surface area voxel between the surface side and the inside can be compressed. The difference in ratio is small.
- the main body 10 may be provided with one or two or more holes that reach from the first surface 10A to the second surface 10B and penetrate the main body 10.
- the shape of the hole is, for example, an oval, a rounded rectangle, an ellipse, a circle, a rectangle, a square, or any other polygon in a cross section parallel to the XY plane.
- the position of the hole is preferably a position where there is no large bias when viewed from the central position of the first surface 10A, for example, an arrangement that is point-symmetrical with respect to the central position of the first surface 10A, or the first.
- the arrangement is line-symmetrical with respect to a line parallel to the X-axis or a line parallel to the Y-axis passing through the center of the surface 10A.
- the edge of the hole may be a tapered slope.
- the inner wall surface of the hole is a harder surface than the inside similar to the first surface 10A.
- the components of solid milk 10S are basically the same as the components of milk powder as a raw material.
- the components of the solid milk 10S are, for example, fat, protein, sugar, mineral, vitamin, water and the like.
- Milk powder is produced from liquid milk (liquid milk) containing milk components (for example, milk components).
- Milk components are, for example, raw milk (whole fat milk), skim milk, cream and the like.
- the water content of the liquid milk is, for example, 40% by weight to 95% by weight.
- the water content of the milk powder is, for example, 1% by weight to 5% by weight.
- the milk powder may be added with the nutritional components described below.
- the milk powder may be whole milk powder, skim milk powder, or creamy powder as long as it is suitable for producing solid milk 10S.
- the fat content of the milk powder is preferably, for example, 5% by weight to 70% by weight.
- the solid milk 10S of the present embodiment may contain emulsified fat and free fat as fat.
- Free fat is fat that has been emulsified by pressure and has exuded from milk powder. Since milk powder is an emulsion, when pressure is applied to milk powder to make it into a solid state, free fat is produced due to the fact that the emulsified state is broken by the pressure.
- the emulsified state is similarly destroyed by being left in a high humidity and high temperature environment for a long time. This results in the production of free fat.
- Free fat can be measured as follows. First, the solid milk is finely crushed with a cutter while being careful not to grind it (crushing step). Then, the crushed solid milk is passed through a 32 mesh sieve (sieve step). Using the sample that has undergone the sieving process, the content of free fat according to the method described in'Determination of Free Fat on the Surface of Milk Powder Particles', Analytical Method for Dry Milk Products, A / S NIRO ATOMIZER (1978). To measure. The content of free fat measured by this method is expressed as% by weight of fat extracted with an organic solvent (eg, n-hexane or carbon tetrachloride) by shaking at a constant rate for a period of time.
- an organic solvent eg, n-hexane or carbon tetrachloride
- the milk component that is the raw material of the above milk powder is, for example, derived from raw milk. Specifically, it is derived from raw milk of cows (Holstein, Jersey, etc.), goats, sheep and buffalo. Although the above-mentioned raw milk contains fat, it may be milk in which a part or all of the fat is removed by centrifugation or the like and the fat content is adjusted.
- the milk component that is the raw material of the above-mentioned milk powder is, for example, plant-derived vegetable milk. Specifically, it is derived from plants such as soy milk, rice milk, coconut milk, almond milk, hemp milk, and peanut milk.
- the above-mentioned vegetable milk contains fat, it may be milk in which a part or all of the fat is removed by centrifugation or the like and the fat content is adjusted.
- the nutritional components that are the raw materials for milk powder are, for example, fats, proteins, sugars, minerals, vitamins and the like. One or more of these may be added.
- the proteins that can be used as raw materials for milk powder are, for example, milk proteins and milk protein fractions, animal proteins, vegetable proteins, and peptides obtained by decomposing these proteins into various chain lengths by enzymes or the like. And amino acids and the like. One or more of these may be added.
- the milk protein is, for example, casein, whey protein ( ⁇ -lactalbumin, ⁇ -lactoglobulin, etc.), whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), and the like.
- the animal protein is, for example, egg protein.
- Vegetable proteins are, for example, soybean protein and wheat protein.
- Amino acids are, for example, taurine, cystine, cysteine, arginine, glutamine and the like.
- the fats (fats) that can be used as raw materials for the above-mentioned milk powder are animal fats and oils, vegetable fats and oils, their fractionated oils, hydrogenated oils and transesterified oils. One or more of these may be added.
- Animal fats and oils are, for example, milk fat, lard, beef tallow, fish oil and the like.
- the vegetable oils and fats are, for example, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, palm oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, flaxseed oil and MCT (Medium Chain Triglyceride) oil. ..
- the sugars that can be used as raw materials for the above-mentioned milk powder are, for example, oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, artificial sweeteners and the like. One or more of these may be added.
- the oligosaccharide is, for example, lactose, sucrose, maltose, galactooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide, lactulose and the like.
- Monosaccharides are, for example, glucose, fructose, galactose and the like.
- the polysaccharides are, for example, starch, soluble polysaccharides and dextrins.
- a non-sugar artificial sweetener may be used in place of or in addition to the sugar artificial sweetener.
- Minerals that can be used as raw materials for milk powder are, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and the like. One or more of these may be added. In addition, one or both of phosphorus and chlorine may be used in place of or in addition to the minerals sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, and zinc.
- the solid milk 10S has a large number of voids (for example, pores) generated when powdered milk, which is the raw material of the solid milk 10S, is compression-molded. These plurality of voids are dispersed (distributed) corresponding to the filling rate profile in the depth direction of the solid milk 10S. The larger (wider) the voids, the easier it is for a solvent such as water to enter, so that the solid milk 10S can be dissolved quickly. On the other hand, if the voids are too large, the hardness of the solid milk 10S may be weakened or the surface of the solid milk 10S may be rough.
- the dimension (size) of each void is, for example, 10 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
- Solid milk 10S needs to have some solubility in a solvent such as water. Solubility is evaluated by the time until the solid milk 10S is completely dissolved or the amount of undissolved residue in a predetermined time when, for example, solid milk 10S as a solute and water as a solvent are prepared so as to have a predetermined concentration. can do.
- the solid milk 10S preferably has a hardness within a predetermined range.
- the hardness can be measured by a known method. In the present specification, the hardness is measured using a load cell type tablet hardness tester.
- the second surface 10B of the rectangular parallelepiped solid milk 10S was placed on the load cell type tablet hardness tester as the bottom surface, and fixed using one surface parallel to the XZ plane and one surface parallel to the YZ plane of the side surface 10C. From the side parallel to the other unfixed XZ plane of the side surface 10C, the YZ plane becomes the fracture surface in the short axis direction (Y axis direction in FIG. 1) of the first surface 10A at the breaking terminal of the hardness tester.
- the hardness (tablet hardness) [N] of the solid milk 10S is determined by the load [N] when the solid milk 10S is broken by pushing at a constant speed.
- the measurement points are the first surface 10A and the second surface 10B on a line segment in which a plane parallel to the YZ plane equidistant from the pair of YZ planes of the side surface 10C intersects the XZ plane of the side surface 10C.
- a load cell type tablet hardness tester (portable checker PC-30) manufactured by Okada Seiko Co., Ltd. is used.
- the breaking terminal incorporated in the hardness tester has a contact surface in contact with the solid milk 10S.
- the contact surface of the breaking terminal is a rectangle of 1 mm ⁇ 24 mm, and the long axis of this rectangle is arranged so as to be parallel to the Z axis.
- the contact surface of the break terminal is configured to push the measurement point of the solid milk 10S at least in part.
- the speed at which the breaking terminal pushes the solid milk 10S is 0.5 mm / s.
- the above-mentioned hardness measurement is not limited to the solid milk 10S, but can also be applied to the case of measuring the hardness of the milk powder compression molded product (uncured solid milk 10S) described later.
- the hardness of the solid milk 10S is preferably 20 N or more, more preferably 40 N or more. be. On the other hand, if the hardness of the solid milk 10S is too high, the solubility of the solid milk 10S deteriorates. Therefore, the hardness of the solid milk 10S is preferably 100 N or less, more preferably 70 N or less.
- the hardness used here is a physical quantity of a force having a unit of [N (Newton)].
- the hardness increases as the breaking area of the solid milk sample increases.
- break refers to breakage when a vertical load is statically applied to a sample such as solid milk 10S, and the cross-sectional area formed at the time of this breakage is referred to as "break area”. That is, the hardness [N] is a physical quantity that depends on the dimensions of the solid milk sample.
- breaking stress [N / m 2 ] is a physical quantity that does not depend on the dimensions of the solid milk sample.
- the breaking stress is a force applied per unit breaking area at the time of breaking, and is an index that does not depend on the size of the solid milk sample and can compare the mechanical action applied to the solid milk sample even between the solid milk samples having different dimensions.
- Breaking stress hardness / breaking area.
- the hardness [N] may be briefly described, but these may be expressed as the breaking stress [N / m 2 ] obtained by dividing the hardness by the breaking area.
- the ideal breaking area is represented by the dimension b ⁇ c which is the breaking area on the plane including the line passing through the center of the solid milk and parallel to the Z axis.
- the ideal breaking area is 300 mm 2 (24 mm (b) ⁇ 12). It is .5 mm (c)).
- the preferable hardness range of 20 N or more and 100 N or less of the solid milk 10S corresponds to the preferable breaking stress range of 0.067 N / mm 2 or more and 0.33 N / mm 2 or less by dividing the hardness by the breaking area (300 mm 2 ).
- the range of preferable breaking stress of the solid milk 10S is 0.067 N / mm 2 or more and 0.739 N / mm 2 or less in consideration of the range of the breaking area.
- milk powder which is a raw material for solid milk 10S
- milk powder is produced.
- milk powder is produced by a liquid milk preparation step, a liquid milk clarification step, a sterilization step, a homogenization step, a concentration step, a gas dispersion step, and a spray drying step.
- the liquid milk preparation step is a step of preparing liquid milk having the above components.
- the clarification process is a process for removing fine foreign substances contained in liquid milk.
- a centrifuge, a filter or the like may be used.
- the sterilization process is a process for killing microorganisms such as bacteria contained in water of liquid milk and milk components. Since the microorganisms actually contained vary depending on the type of liquid milk, the sterilization conditions (sterilization temperature and holding time) are appropriately set according to the microorganisms.
- the homogenization step is a step for homogenizing liquid milk. Specifically, the particle size of solid components such as fat globules contained in the liquid milk is reduced, and they are uniformly dispersed in the liquid milk. In order to reduce the particle size of the solid component of the liquid milk, for example, the liquid milk may be pressurized and passed through a narrow gap.
- the concentration step is a step for concentrating the liquid milk prior to the spray drying step described later.
- a vacuum evaporator or an evaporator may be used for the concentration of liquid milk.
- Concentration conditions are appropriately set within a range in which the components of the liquid milk are not excessively deteriorated. Thereby, concentrated milk can be obtained from liquid milk.
- the water content of the concentrated milk is, for example, 35% by weight to 60% by weight, preferably 40% by weight to 60% by weight, and more preferably 40% by weight to 55% by weight.
- the density of the concentrated milk is reduced to make it bulky, and the concentrated milk in such a bulky state is spray-dried to produce solid milk. In doing so, milk powder with favorable properties can be obtained. If the water content of the liquid milk is low or the amount of the liquid milk to be treated in the spray drying step is small, this step may be omitted.
- the gas dispersion step is a step for dispersing a predetermined gas in liquid milk.
- the predetermined gas may be dispersed in a volume of, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 times or more and 7 times or less the volume of the liquid milk, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 times or more the volume of the liquid milk.
- the volume is 5 times or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 times or more and 4 times or less the volume of liquid milk, and most preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 times or more and 3 times or less.
- the pressure for pressurizing the predetermined gas is not particularly limited as long as the gas can be effectively dispersed in the liquid milk, but the pressure of the predetermined gas is, for example, 1.5 atm or more and 10 atm or less. It is preferably 2 atm or more and 5 atm or less. Since the liquid milk is sprayed in the following spray drying step, it flows along a predetermined flow path. In this gas dispersion step, a pressurized predetermined gas is poured into this flow path to make the gas liquid. Disperse (mix) in milk. By doing so, the predetermined gas can be easily and surely dispersed in the liquid milk.
- the density of the liquid milk may be determined by dividing the weight of the liquid milk by the total volume of the liquid milk in the liquid state and the foam state. Further, it may be measured by using a device for measuring the density by a bulk density measuring method (pigment: JISK5101 compliant) based on the JIS method.
- liquid milk in which a predetermined gas is dispersed flows in the above flow path.
- the volumetric flow rate of the liquid milk is controlled to be constant in the flow path.
- carbon dioxide carbon dioxide gas
- the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of carbon dioxide to the volumetric flow rate of liquid milk (hereinafter, the percentage thereof is also referred to as "CO 2 mixing ratio [%]") is, for example, 1% or more and 700% or less. % Or more and 300% or less are preferable, 3% or more and 100% or less are more preferable, and 5% or more and 45% or less are most preferable. In this way, by controlling the volumetric flow rate of carbon dioxide to be constant with respect to the volumetric flow rate of the liquid milk, the uniformity of the milk powder produced from the liquid milk can be improved.
- the upper limit of the CO 2 mixing ratio is preferably 700%.
- the pressure for pressurizing carbon dioxide is not particularly limited as long as it can effectively disperse carbon dioxide in liquid milk, but the pressure of carbon dioxide is, for example, 1.5 atm or more and 10 atm or less. It is preferably 2 atm or more and 5 atm or less.
- the predetermined gas used in the gas dispersion step is carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide gas).
- One or more gases selected from the group consisting of air, nitrogen (N 2 ), and oxygen (O 2 ) may be used in place of or with carbon dioxide, or noble gases (eg, argon). (Ar), helium (He)) may be used.
- noble gases eg, argon
- Ar helium
- the gas dispersion step can be easily performed by using an easily available gas.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or a rare gas is used in the gas dispersion step, there is no risk of reacting with the nutritional components of the liquid milk, so that there is less possibility of deteriorating the liquid milk than using air or oxygen, which is preferable. ..
- the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the gas to the volumetric flow rate of the liquid milk is, for example, 1% or more and 700% or less, preferably 1% or more and 500% or less, more preferably 1% or more and 400% or less, and most preferable. Is 1% or more and 300% or less.
- Bell et al. RW BELL, FP HANRAHAN, BH WEBB: “FOAM SPRAY DRYING METHODS OF MAKING READILY DISPERSIBLE NONFAT DRY MILK”, J. Dairy Sci, 46 (12) 1963. Pp1352-1356
- the predetermined gas is dissolved in a gas that easily disperses in the liquid milk or in the liquid milk. It is preferable to use an easy gas. Therefore, it is preferable to use a gas having a high solubility in water (water solubility) , and a gas having a solubility in 1 cm 3 of water at 20 ° C. and 1 atm is preferable.
- the carbon dioxide is not limited to gas, and may be dry ice or a mixture of dry ice and gas.
- a solid in the gas dispersion step, a solid may be used as long as a predetermined gas can be dispersed in the liquid milk.
- a predetermined gas By using dry ice in the gas dispersion step, carbon dioxide can be rapidly dispersed in the cooled liquid milk, and as a result, milk powder having preferable properties for producing solid milk can be obtained.
- the spray drying process is a process for obtaining powdered milk (food powder) by evaporating the water content in the liquid milk.
- the milk powder obtained in this spray drying step is the milk powder obtained through the gas dispersion step and the spray drying step.
- This milk powder is bulkier than the milk powder obtained without the gas dispersion step.
- the former preferably has a volume of 1.01 times or more and 10 times or less of the latter, and may be 1.02 times or more and 10 times or less, or 1.03 times or more and 9 times or less.
- the spray drying step a predetermined gas is dispersed in the liquid milk in the gas dispersion step, and the liquid milk is spray-dried while the density of the liquid milk is reduced.
- the volume of the liquid milk after the gas is dispersed is 1.05 times or more and 3 times or less, preferably 1.1 times or more and 2 times or less as compared with the liquid milk before the gas is dispersed.
- the spray drying step is performed in 0.1 seconds or more and 5 seconds or less, preferably 0.5 seconds or more and 3 seconds or less. That is, the gas dispersion step and the spray drying step may be continuous. By doing so, the liquid milk is continuously charged into the gas disperser to disperse the gas, and the liquid milk in which the gas is dispersed is continuously supplied to the spray dryer and can be continuously spray-dried. ..
- a spray dryer may be used to evaporate the water.
- the spray dryer is wider than the flow path for flowing the liquid milk, the pressurizing pump for pressurizing the liquid milk for flowing the liquid milk along the flow path, and the flow path connected to the opening of the flow path. It has a drying chamber and a spraying device (nozzle, atomizer, etc.) provided at the opening of the flow path. Then, the spray dryer sends the liquid milk toward the drying chamber along the flow path so as to have the volume flow rate described above by the pressure pump, and in the vicinity of the opening of the flow path, the concentrated milk is sent to the drying chamber by the spray device.
- the liquid milk in the state of droplets (atomization) is dried at a high temperature (for example, hot air) in the drying chamber.
- the water content is removed, and as a result, the concentrated milk becomes a powdery solid, that is, powdered milk.
- the water content of the milk powder and the like can be adjusted to make it difficult for the milk powder to aggregate.
- the surface area per unit volume of the droplet is increased to improve the drying efficiency, and at the same time, the particle size of the milk powder is adjusted.
- milk powder suitable for producing solid milk can be produced.
- the milk powder obtained as described above is compression molded to form a milk powder compression molded product.
- the obtained milk powder compression molded product is subjected to a hardening treatment including, for example, a humidification treatment and a drying treatment. From the above, solid milk 10S can be produced.
- compression means In the process of compression molding milk powder, compression means are used.
- the compression means is, for example, a pressure molding machine such as a lock press or a compression test device.
- the locker is a device equipped with a mortar that can be used to insert powdered milk and a pestle that can be struck toward the mortar.
- the compression molding process using the lock press will be described.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the positions of the slide plate, the upper and lower pestle of the lock press.
- the lower pestle 31 is arranged below the mortar 30A of the slide plate 30 so as to be movable up and down by an actuator.
- an upper pestle 32 is arranged above the mortar 30A of the slide plate 30 so as to be vertically movable by an actuator.
- FIG. 4 shows the positions where the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 are inserted into the mortar 30A of the slide plate 30, and the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 are closest to each other. At this position, the distance between the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 is the final pestle only spacing L.
- the inner wall surface of the mortar 30A of the slide plate 30, the upper end surface of the lower pestle 31 and the lower end surface of the upper pestle 32 are compression molding molds.
- compressive pressure is applied to the powdered milk and the slide plate 30.
- Milk powder is compression-molded in the space SP surrounded by the inner wall surface of the mortar 30A, the upper end surface of the lower pestle 31 and the lower end surface of the upper pestle 32, and a milk powder compression molded product can be obtained.
- the actuator that drives the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 up and down is composed of, for example, a servomotor.
- a servomotor by changing the speed of the servomotor as an actuator, the compression speed at the time of compression molding, that is, the moving speed of the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 can be changed, as will be described in detail later.
- the actuator is not limited to the servomotor, and the method of changing the moving speed of the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 is not limited to this.
- a hydraulic cylinder or the like may be used.
- the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 may be moved in a direction close to each other, or one may be fixed and only the other may be moved.
- the process of compression molding by changing the compression speed at the time of compression molding that is, the moving speed of the lower punch 31 and the upper punch 32 will be described.
- the compression speed at which the upper end surface of the lower pestle 31 and the lower end surface of the upper pestle 32 approach is changed (switched). That is, first, the first compression is performed at the first compression rate V 1 , and then the second compression is performed at the second compression rate V 2 following the first compression.
- the second compression speed V 2 is set to be slower than the first compression speed V 1 .
- the compression distances of the first compression and the second compression are based on the state at the end of the second compression, that is, at the end of the entire compression step, as shown in FIG.
- the compression by the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 is performed until the pestle distance between the upper end surface of the lower pestle 31 and the lower end surface of the upper pestle 32 becomes the final pestle only distance L.
- the final pestle only interval L is the final thickness of the milk powder compression molded product in a state of being compressed in the entire compression step.
- the final pestle only interval L is determined in consideration of the expansion of the milk powder compression molded product when the compression is released, and is smaller than the target thickness of the milk powder compression molded product or has the same value as the target thickness.
- both sides of the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 are brought into close contact with the compressed material, and control is performed so as not to relieve the pressure applied to the compressed material.
- a conventionally known locking machine for example, the locking machine described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-290145
- the tableting machine of the embodiment is different from the conventional tableting machine in that the pressure is not relaxed between the first compression and the second compression, and both sides of the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 are in close contact with the compressed material. Since the compressed product is compressed, it is possible to impart sufficient hardness to the compressed product.
- FIG. 5 shows the positions of the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 at the start of the first compression.
- FIG. 6 shows the positions of the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 after the end of the first compression and at the start of the second compression.
- the first compression is the compression from the state of the pestle only interval (L + L 1 + L 2 ) shown in FIG. 5 to the state of the pestle only interval (L + L 2 ) shown in FIG.
- the compression from the state of the pestle only interval (L + L 2 ) shown in FIG. 6 to the state of the final pestle only interval L shown in FIG. 4 is the second compression.
- the first compression distance L 1 of the first compression is a distance at which the pestle only interval decreases in the first compression.
- the second compression distance L 2 of the second compression is a distance at which the pestle only interval decreases in the second compression. Since the second compression is continuously performed from the first compression without decompressing, the second compression distance L 2 is from the pestle only interval (L + L 2 ) compressed by the first compression to the final pestle only interval (L). The compression distance.
- the rate of change of the pestle interval in the first compression is the first compression rate V1
- the rate of change of the pestle interval in the second compression is the second compression rate V 2 .
- the average speed is set to the first compression speed V1 and the second compression speed V2.
- the same compression speed and the same compression distance (L 1 + L 2 ) as the first compression speed V 1 are performed. It is possible to increase the hardness of the powdered milk compression molded product and secure the fracture resistance as compared with the case where the compression is performed with. Moreover, since the second compression can be performed following the first compression and the second compression distance L 2 can be shortened, the strength is as high as that in the case of manufacturing only at the second compression speed V 2 . , It is possible to manufacture with higher production efficiency.
- the rate of change in the hardness of the powdered milk compressed molded product with respect to the compression distance when the powdered milk compressed molded product is compressed from the state compressed by the first compression is determined so as to satisfy the second compression condition of compressing to a reduced state.
- the compression molding step is performed by combining the first compression and the second compression, but all of the compression molding steps may be performed only at the first compression speed V1. Further, it may be performed only at the second compression speed V2.
- the present inventors have investigated each powdered milk compression molded product obtained from various combinations of a first compression rate V 1 , a first compression distance L 1 , a second compression speed V 2 , and a second compression distance L 2 . Therefore, when the second compression rate V 2 is made smaller than the first compression rate V 1 , the rate of change (increase rate) in the hardness of the powdered milk compressed product with respect to the change in the second compression distance L 2 is specific. It was found that there are points (hereinafter referred to as hardness singular points). The inventors have also found that the second compression distance L 2 corresponding to the hardness singularity changes depending on the first compression rate V 1 and is also affected by the second compression rate V 2 .
- the hardness singularity exists because the compression state in which the rearrangement of the milk powder particles inside the milk powder compression molding is dominant changes to the compression state in which the plastic deformation is dominant inside the milk powder compression molding. It is presumed that there is. Further, as the first compression rate V 1 is larger, the energy required for plastic deformation inside the powdered milk compression molded product is larger. Therefore, the second compression distance L corresponding to the hardness singularity is increased according to the first compression rate V 1 . It is presumed that 2 changes and that the second compression distance L 2 is affected by the second compression speed V 2 .
- the compression rate ratio may be 5 or more, but is, for example, 10 or more, 20 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more, 250 or more, and 500 or more.
- the first compression speed V 1 is set in the range of 1.0 mm / S or more and 100.0 mm / S or less, and the first compression distance L 1 is set in the range of 5.0 mm or more and 10.0 mm or less.
- the compression speed V 2 is set in the range of 0.25 mm / S or more and 50.0 mm / S or less, and the second compression distance L 2 is set in the range of 0.2 mm or more and 1.6 mm or less.
- the configuration of the lock locking machine is an example, and the configuration is not limited as long as it can be compressed by changing the compression speed between the first compression and the second compression. Further, in this example, in the second compression, the compression is performed to the final thickness, but the second compression may be followed by further compression in which the speed is changed from the second compression speed. In this case, the milk powder compression molded product is compressed to the final thickness by compression after the second compression.
- the configuration of the lock press other than the above is the same as that of the lock press described in Patent Document 3, for example.
- the compression-molded slide plate mortar 30A moves to the take-out zone.
- the lower pestle 31 and the upper pestle 32 are removed from the mortar 30A of the slide plate 30, and the milk powder compression molded product is extruded by the extrusion portion.
- the extruded milk powder compression molded product is collected in a collection tray.
- the milk powder supply unit of the slide plate 30 to the mortar 30A is realized by, for example, a device including a funnel that supplies milk powder to the mortar 30A from the bottom opening.
- the temperature of the environment is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, room temperature. Specifically, the temperature of the environment is, for example, 5 ° C to 35 ° C.
- the humidity of the environment is, for example, 0% RH to 60% RH.
- the compression pressure is, for example, 1 MPa to 30 MPa, preferably 1 MPa to 20 MPa.
- the milk powder compression molded product has at least a hardness (for example, 4N or more) that does not lose its shape in the subsequent humidification step or drying step.
- a hardness for example, 4N or more
- the range of preferable breaking stress of the milk powder compression molded product is 0.014 N / mm 2 or more and less than 0.067 N / mm 2 in consideration of the range of the breaking area.
- the humidification treatment is a step of humidifying the powdered milk compression molded product obtained in the compression molding step.
- tack stickinginess
- a part of the powder particles near the surface of the milk powder compression molded product becomes liquid or gel-like and crosslinks with each other.
- the strength near the surface of the milk powder compression molded product can be increased higher than the internal strength.
- the desired hardness for example, 40N
- the range (width) of hardness that can be increased by adjusting the humidification time is limited. That is, since the milk powder compression molded product after compression molding is humidified, the shape of the solid milk 10S cannot be maintained unless the hardness of the milk powder compression molded product is sufficient when it is transported by a belt conveyor or the like. Further, if the hardness of the milk powder compression molded product is too high during compression molding, only solid milk 10S having a small porosity and poor solubility can be obtained. Therefore, it is preferable to perform compression molding so that the hardness of the milk powder compression molded product (uncured solid milk 10S) before the humidification step is sufficiently high and the solubility of the solid milk 10S is sufficiently maintained.
- the method for humidifying the milk powder compression molding is not particularly limited, for example, a method of placing the milk powder compression molding in a high humidity environment, a method of directly spraying water or the like on the milk powder compression molding, and a milk powder. There is a method of spraying steam on the compression molded product.
- Humidifying means are used to humidify the milk powder compression molded product, and such humidifying means include, for example, a high humidity chamber, a spray, and steam.
- the temperature when the milk powder compression molded product is placed in a high humidity environment is preferably 330 ° C. or lower, preferably 110 ° C. or higher and 280 ° C. or lower, more preferably 120 ° C. or higher and 240 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 130 ° C. or higher. It is 210 ° C or lower.
- the relative humidity is preferably 0.1% RH or more and 20% RH or less, more preferably 1% RH or more and 15% RH or less, and further preferably 1.5%. RH or more and 12% RH or less, most preferably 2% RH or more and 10% RH or less.
- the treatment time when the powdered milk compression molded product is placed in a high humidity environment is arbitrary, but is, for example, 0.1 seconds or more and 30 seconds or less, preferably 4.4 seconds or more and 20 seconds or less, and more preferably 4. It is 4 seconds or more and 12 seconds or less, more preferably 5 seconds or more and 10 seconds or less.
- Humidification conditions include temperature, humidity, and time.
- the humidification conditions can be appropriately set so that the hardening index of the solid milk obtained after the drying treatment described later is within a predetermined range.
- a suitable example of humidification conditions is the following combination.
- the temperature is more than 100 ° C. and 330 ° C. or less, the relative humidity is 0.1% RH or more and 20% RH or less, and the treatment time is 0.1 seconds or more and 30 seconds or less.
- the temperature is more than 110 ° C. and 280 ° C. or less, the relative humidity is 1% RH or more and 18% RH or less, and the treatment time is 1 second or more and 20 seconds or less. More preferably, the temperature is more than 120 ° C. and 240 ° C. or less, the relative humidity is 1.5% RH or more and 17% RH or less, and the treatment time is 2 seconds or more and 18 seconds or less.
- the temperature is more than 120 ° C. and 240 ° C. or less, the relative humidity is 1.5% RH or more and 16% RH or less, and the treatment time is 3 seconds or more and 16 seconds or less. More preferably, the temperature is more than 125 ° C. and 230 ° C. or lower, the relative humidity is 2% RH or more and 16% RH or less, and the treatment time is 4 seconds or more and 14 seconds or less. Even more preferably, the temperature is more than 130 ° C. and 210 ° C. or less, the relative humidity is 2% RH or more and 10% RH or less, and the treatment time is 5 seconds or more and 10 seconds or less. Depending on the conditions of this combination, for example, efficient humidification can be performed in a short time.
- the conventional humidifying and drying method uses humidified air at 100 ° C. or lower. This is because the partial pressure of saturated water vapor under normal pressure (atmospheric pressure) becomes the same as normal pressure (atmospheric pressure) at 100 ° C, so the temperature of water vapor under normal pressure is 100 ° C or less unless special operations are performed. This is because.
- processing in a closed pressure vessel is required to create a high-pressure environment that is not normal pressure, and production efficiency drops due to batch processing, etc., so continuous processing under normal pressure environment It is desirable to be able to do it.
- the relative humidity can be measured with a commercially available hygrometer. For example, up to 180 ° C can be measured with a Vaisala hygrometer HMT330, and up to 350 ° C can be measured with a Vaisala dew point meter DMT345.
- absolute humidity volume absolute humidity (unit: g / m 3 ) or weight absolute humidity (unit: kg / kg (DA), where DA is dry air) is measured, and the saturated water vapor pressure at that temperature is measured.
- Relative humidity may be converted by calculating the ratio (%) of the partial pressure of water vapor.
- the amount of water added to the milk powder compression molded product in the humidification treatment (hereinafter, also referred to as "humidification amount”) can be appropriately adjusted.
- the amount of humidification is preferably 0.5% by weight to 3% by weight of the mass of the milk powder compression molded product after the compression molding step. If the amount of humidification is less than 0.5% by weight, sufficient hardness (tablet hardness) cannot be given to the solid milk 10S, which is not preferable.
- the amount of humidification exceeds 3% by weight, the milk powder compression molded product becomes excessively liquid or gel-like and dissolves, deforms from the compression-molded shape, or adheres to a device such as a belt conveyor during transportation. It is not preferable because it will be done.
- the drying process is a process for drying the milk powder compression molded product that has been humidified by the humidifying process.
- the surface tack (stickiness) of the powdered milk compression molded product is eliminated, and the solid milk 10S becomes easier to handle.
- the humidification treatment and the drying treatment correspond to a step of increasing the hardness of the milk powder compression molded product after compression molding to impart the desired characteristics and quality of the solid milk 10S.
- the method for drying the powdered milk compression molded product is not particularly limited, and a known method capable of drying the milk powder compressed molded product that has undergone the humidification treatment can be adopted.
- a method of placing in a low humidity / high temperature environment there are a method of placing in a low humidity / high temperature environment, a method of contacting dry air / high temperature dry air, and the like.
- the milk powder compression molded product When the milk powder compression molded product is placed in an environment of low humidity and high temperature, it is placed in an environment of relative humidity of 0% RH or more and 30% RH or less and a temperature of 80 ° C or more and 330 ° C or less.
- the temperature when placed in an environment of low humidity and high temperature is, for example, 330 ° C.
- the processing time when the powdered milk compression molded product is placed in an environment of low humidity and high temperature is arbitrary, but is, for example, 0.1 seconds or more and 100 seconds or less.
- the above-mentioned humidification treatment and drying treatment can be performed as separate steps under conditions where the temperature and humidity are different from each other as described above, and in that case, they can be continuously performed. Further, the humidification treatment and the drying treatment can be performed at the same temperature and humidity, and in this case, the humidification treatment and the drying treatment can be performed at the same time.
- the milk powder compression molding is placed in a first temperature / humidity environment in which humidification and drying occur at the same time, and then the milk powder compression molding is placed in a second temperature / humidity environment in which only drying occurs.
- the transition from the first temperature / humidity to the second temperature / humidity is a period of transition from a state in which humidification and drying of the milk powder compression molding occur at the same time to a state in which only the drying of the milk powder compression molding occurs.
- the water content of the solid milk 10S can be controlled (adjusted) within 1% before and after the water content of the milk powder used as a raw material by controlling the conditions such as the drying temperature and the drying time. preferable.
- the solid milk 10S thus produced is generally dissolved in warm water and used for drinking. Specifically, after pouring hot water into a container with a lid, a required number of solid milk 10S is added, or after adding solid milk 10S, hot water is poured. Then, preferably, by gently shaking the container, the solid milk 10S is quickly dissolved and drunk at an appropriate temperature. Further, preferably, one to several solid milk 10S (more preferably one solid milk 10S) is dissolved in warm water so that the amount of liquid milk required for one drinking is obtained.
- the volume may be adjusted to be, for example, 1 cm 3 to 50 cm 3 .
- the volume of the solid milk 10S can be adjusted by changing the amount of milk powder used in the compression molding step.
- the width w of the target region n when the solid milk is divided into a plurality (N pieces) in the height direction It is represented by the above formula (1) represented by the thickness ⁇ of the target region n, the specific surface area voxel ratio Sv voxel_n of the target region n, the total lactose content R 0 , and the total crystal content R n of the lactose in the target region n. It is possible to produce solid milk having a hardening index IF of 0.477 mm 2 or more and a free fat content FF of solid milk of 1.23% by weight or less.
- the solid milk 10S of the present embodiment is a solid milk obtained by compression molding and hardening powdered milk, and has a width w of a target region n, a thickness ⁇ , a specific surface area voxel ratio Sv voxel_n , and a total of lactose in the target region n.
- the hardening index IF represented by the above formula (1) represented by the crystal content R n and the total lactose content R 0 is 0.477 mm 2 or more
- the free fat content FF of solid milk is 1.
- the configuration is .23% by weight or less. It is possible to achieve both a suitable free fat content in which the free fat content FF is 1.23% by weight or less and a strength that is easy to handle.
- the curing index IF is 0.477 mm 2 or more
- the solid milk has a curing index IF of 0.477 mm 2. It is possible to produce solid milk having a free fat content FF of 1.23% by weight or less.
- the curing index IF correlates with the specific surface area and the amount of crystals.
- the higher the value of the hardening index, the higher the value of free fat, and the value of free fat deviates from the preferable value.
- the free fat remains in the preferable numerical range even when the strength is increased in order to enhance the transport suitability.
- the reason why the solubility is improved by setting the condition of the curing humidification treatment to more than 100 ° C. is that when the curing treatment is performed to the condition of the humidification treatment to exceed 100 ° C., a part of the powder particles is removed by humidification.
- the crosslinked structure formed by becoming liquid or gel has become a structure having higher solubility than the crosslinked structure formed by the conventional method in which the humidification treatment is performed at 100 ° C. or lower. More specifically, a part of the powder particles near the surface of the powdered milk compression molded product is softened by humidification over 100 ° C., and the sugar becomes an amorphous rubber state, and the contact points of the adjacent particles are used as the base points for each other. It is probable that the structure was further enhanced by cross-linking and then drying to vitrify (solidify in an amorphous state).
- the content of free fat is suppressed to a low level in the same hardness region. This is because the generation of crystals is reduced by adjusting the conditions of the curing treatment, specifically, the humidifying conditions (temperature, humidity, time). More specifically, in the solid milk of the present embodiment, the sugar becomes an amorphous rubber state by humidification, crosslinks with each other from the contact point of the adjacent particles, and then is dried to vitrify (non-crystallized). By solidifying in the crystalline state), the generation of crystals is reduced.
- Second compression was performed with a velocity V 2 of 1.2 mm / s.
- the powdered milk compression molded product obtained above was subjected to a humidification treatment at a humidification temperature of more than 100 ° C., and further subjected to a drying treatment at a drying temperature of 80 ° C. to obtain a solid milk sample according to an example to which the curing treatment was performed. ..
- a humidification treatment at a humidification temperature of more than 100 ° C.
- a drying treatment at a drying temperature of 80 ° C.
- the hardening index IF is the width w of the target region n, the thickness ⁇ , the specific surface area voxel ratio Sv voxel_n , the total crystal amount R n of lactose in the target region n, and the total lactose with respect to the solid milk sample. It can be calculated by obtaining the content R 0 .
- the total crystal content Rn of each sample is measured by using a powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD, SmartLab , Rigaku Co., Ltd.) to cut and expose the surface of solid milk by a thickness of 0.1 mm. In, it was measured by the diffraction intensity.
- the measurement method is general-purpose (concentrated method), and the slit conditions are scan axis (2 ⁇ / ⁇ ), mode (step), range specification (absolute), start (9.0000 deg), end (13.5000 deg), step (0.0200 deg). ), Speed counting time (2.4), IS (1.000deg), RSI (1.000deg), RS2 (0.300mm), attenuator (open), tube voltage (40kv), tube current (30mA). ..
- the analysis method is to use the analysis software "SmartLab Studio II” to perform weighted average (smoothing 7 points) BG removal (sonneveld-Visser method), and then calculate the integrated intensity (natural peak of ⁇ -lactose crystals: 12.5, ⁇ .
- the intrinsic peak of lactose crystals: 10.5) was performed.
- the total amount of crystals Rn was determined as the weight (% by weight) of ⁇ -lactose crystals and ⁇ -lactose crystals per unit weight.
- a comparative example sample having a curing index IF in the range of 0.246 mm 2 or more and 0.604 mm 2 or less was used. ..
- the specific surface area voxel ratio profile in the depth direction from the surface was obtained. Specifically, tomography was performed at each depth of each sample using 3DCT (3Dimension Computed Tomography), and the acquired image was image-processed to obtain the specific surface area voxel ratio.
- the imaging condition (voxel) needs to be performed at a resolution much smaller than the average particle size of the powder raw material, and conditions such as 1/30 or less of the average particle size are desirable. In the case of a powder raw material having an average particle size of 200 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, it is desirable to take an image with a resolution of 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the total amount of voxels filled only with the solid Nv and the solid.
- the total amount of voxels including the interface of the gas: Ns is measured, and the ratio of each total amount: Ns / Nv is considered as a characteristic value proportional to the specific surface area, and this is defined as the specific surface area voxel ratio.
- the number of voxels including the interface can be measured using image processing software.
- the measurement screen is divided into grids with the minimum voxel dimensions and the number is manually counted, or the same procedure is performed by software. This is possible by having the wear automatically count.
- Software that can count the number of voxels at the interface includes, for example, ImageJ (National Institutes of Health (NIH)), DRISHTI (National Computational Infrastructure), VGStudioMAX (volumegraphics), Dragonfly (Object Research Systems), etc. Be done.
- NASH National Institutes of Health
- DRISHTI National Computational Infrastructure
- VGStudioMAX volumegraphics
- Dragonfly Object Research Systems
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the content rate FF (%) of free fat with respect to the hardening index IF (mm 2 ) of the solid milk according to the example.
- the free fat content b in the comparative example is indicated by the symbol “ ⁇ ”.
- a graph obtained by calculating the coefficient by the method of least squares is shown by the curve a.
- the curve a is represented by the following equation (2).
- the free fat content c in the examples is indicated by the symbol “ ⁇ ”.
- the content of free fat in the examples is 1.23% by weight or less in the range where the hardening index IF is 0.477 mm 2 or more and 0.553 mm 2 or less, and is based on the graph of the comparative example. It was confirmed that the content of free fat was reduced as compared with the comparative example. Even under the same humidification conditions as in the examples, the free fat content d at a hardening index IF of 0.454 mm 2 or less was a value equivalent to the free fat content b in the comparative example. This is shown by the symbol “ ⁇ ” in FIG. 7 as a comparative example. It was confirmed that the curing index IF in the range of 0.477 mm 2 or more and 0.553 mm 2 or less is preferable.
- the content of free fat is suppressed to be lower than that of the comparative example in the same hardness region. This is because the generation of crystals is less than that of the comparative example due to the difference in the curing treatment conditions, specifically, the adjustment of the humidifying conditions (temperature, humidity, time). More specifically, in the solid milk of this example, the sugar becomes an amorphous rubber state by humidification, crosslinks with each other from the contact point of the adjacent particles, and then is dried to vitrify (non-crystallized). By solidifying in the crystalline state), the generation of crystals is reduced.
- the solid milk according to the example was prepared in the same manner as in the first example.
- the temperature of the humidification treatment was more than 125 ° C. to 230 ° C.
- the relative humidity was 2% (2% RH) to 16% (16% RH)
- the treatment time was 3 seconds to 20 seconds.
- the temperature of the drying treatment was more than 100 ° C. to 330 ° C., and the treatment time was 5 seconds to 50 seconds.
- the specific surface area voxel ratio profile in the depth direction was obtained from the surface of the obtained solid milk, and it was confirmed that the hardening index IF was 0.477 mm 2 or more.
- the hardness of the solid milk of the prepared example was 49N to 52N (breaking stress in the case of 50N was 0.167N / mm 2 ), and all had a hardness that was easy to handle.
- the free fat measurement test was performed on the obtained solid milk with respect to the comparative example described in the first example in the same manner as in the first example, the free fat content FF was 1. It was confirmed that it was 23% by weight or less, which was lower than that of the comparative example.
- the solid milk according to the example was prepared in the same manner as in the first example.
- the temperature of the humidification treatment was more than 100 ° C. and less than 125 ° C.
- other conditions relative humidity and treatment time of the humidification treatment, temperature and treatment time of the drying treatment, etc.
- the solid milks of the prepared examples all had a hardness that was easy to handle.
- the free fat measurement test was performed, the solid milk of the third example was lower than that of the comparative example as in the second example. Comparing the solid milk of the second example and the solid milk of the third example, the solid milk of the second example was superior to the solid milk of the third example in terms of the content of free fat.
- the present disclosure may have the following configuration. If it has the following constitution, it can have suitable free fat and manageable strength.
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Abstract
Description
(固形乳10Sの構成)
図1は、本実施形態に係る固形乳10Sの斜視図である。図2は図1の固形乳10SのX1-X2における断面図である。図3は図1の固形乳10SのY1-Y2における断面図である。
続いて固形乳10Sの製造方法について説明する。まず、固形乳10Sの原料となる粉乳を製造する。粉乳の製造工程では、例えば液状乳調製工程、液状乳清澄化工程、殺菌工程、均質化工程、濃縮工程、気体分散工程及び噴霧乾燥工程により、粉乳を製造する。
本実施形態の固形乳10Sは、粉乳を圧縮成型して硬化した固形状の固形乳であり、対象領域nの幅w、厚さδ、比表面積voxel比Svvoxel_n、対象領域nの乳糖の総結晶量Rn、及び全乳糖の含有量R0で表される上記式(1)で表される硬化指数IFが0.477mm2以上であり、固形乳の遊離脂肪の含有率FFが1.23重量%以下である構成である。遊離脂肪の含有率FFが1.23重量%以下である好適な遊離脂肪の含有量と、扱いやすい強度とを両立することができる。
(実施例の作成)
X軸方向の辺aが31mm、Y軸方向の辺bが24mm、Z軸方向の辺cが12.5mmである直方体状の固形乳試料を実施例として作成した。このような大きさとなる打錠機の臼杵の大きさを調整し、粉乳5.4gを圧縮成型して粉乳圧縮成型物を形成した。圧縮成型においては、第1圧縮距離L1を12.6mm、第1圧縮速度V1を120mm/sとした第1圧縮を行った後、第2圧縮距離L2を0.6mm、第2圧縮速度V2を1.2mm/sとした第2圧縮を行った。上記で得られた粉乳圧縮成型物に、加湿温度が100℃超での加湿処理を施し、さらに乾燥温度80℃の乾燥処理を施し、硬化処理が施された実施例に係る固形乳試料とした。ここで、加湿処理の温度(100℃超の温度)、湿度、及び時間を調整することで、硬化指数IFが0.477mm2以上0.553mm2以下の範囲となる実施例の試料とした。尚、硬化指数IFは、固形乳の試料に対して、対象領域nの幅w、厚さδ、比表面積voxel比Svvoxel_n、対象領域nの乳糖の総結晶量Rn、及び全乳糖の含有量R0を求めることで算出可能である。比表面積voxel比Svvoxel_nの測定には、株式会社リガク製の高分解能3DX線顕微鏡(3次元X線CT装置)(形式:nano3DX)を用いた。
実施例に対して、硬化処理の加湿処理を、75℃以下としたことのみ異なる固形乳試料を形成し、比較例に係る固形乳試料とした。ここで、加湿処理の温度(75℃以下の温度)、湿度、及び時間を調整することで、硬化指数IFが0.246mm2以上0.604mm2以下の範囲となる比較例の試料とした。
上記のロードセル式錠剤硬度計を用いて、実施例及び比較例に係る固形乳の各試料の硬度評価を行った。各試料の硬度はいずれも約50N(破断応力は0.167N/mm2程度)であり、十分確保されていた。このように、実施例に係る固形乳は、いずれも扱いやすい硬度を有していた。
上記の実施例及び比較例に係る固形乳の各試料の比表面積voxel比Svvoxel_nの測定には、株式会社リガク製の高分解能3DX線顕微鏡(3次元X線CT装置)(形式:nano3DX)を用いた。比表面積voxel比Svvoxel_nの測定環境は、温度24℃、湿度33%RHで行った。
硬化条件による遊離脂肪の含有率の評価を行うために、上記のように作成した実施例及び比較例の固形乳試料について、遊離脂肪の含有率を測定した。まず、固形乳をすり潰さないように留意しながらカッターで細かくし粉砕した。その後、32メッシュ篩に粉砕された固形乳を通過させた。篩工程を経たものを試料とし、‘Determination of Free Fat on the Surface of Milk Powder Particles‘,Analytical Method for Dry Milk Products,A/S NIRO ATOMIZER(1978)に記載された方法にしたがって遊離脂肪の含有率を測定した。ただし、固形乳の溶解方法(Niro Atomizer, 1978)では、抽出用の溶媒を四塩化炭素からn-ヘキサンに変更し、この溶媒の変更に伴い、抽出操作を変更した。なお、これらを変更しても、遊離脂肪の測定結果が変化しないことは、「粉乳の遊離脂肪測定法の検討」、柴田満穂、浜初美、今井眞美、豊田活、Nihon Shokuhin Kagaku Kougaku Kaishi Vol. 53, No. 10, 551~554 (2006)で確認済みである。
第1実施例と同様にして、実施例に係る固形乳を作成した。加湿処理の温度は125℃超~230℃、相対湿度は2%(2%RH)~16%(16%RH)、処理時間は3秒~20秒とした。乾燥処理の温度は100℃超~330℃、処理時間は5秒~50秒とした。得られた固形乳の表面から深さ方向の比表面積voxel比プロファイルを求め、硬化指数IFが0.477mm2以上であることを確認した。
第1実施例と同様にして、実施例に係る固形乳を作成した。加湿処理の温度は100℃超125℃未満とし、それ以外の条件(加湿処理の相対湿度及び処理時間、乾燥処理の温度及び処理時間等)は第2実施例と同様に実施した。作成された実施例の固形乳はいずれも扱いやすい硬度を有していた。遊離脂肪測定試験を行ったところ、第3実施例の固形乳は第2実施例と同様に比較例より低かった。第2実施例の固形乳と第3実施例の固形乳とを比較すると、遊離脂肪の含有率の観点で第2実施例の固形乳が第3実施例の固形乳より優れていた。
尚、本開示は以下のような構成であってもよい。以下の構成を有するならば、好適な遊離脂肪と扱いやすい強度とを有することができる。
10A 第1面
10B 第2面
10C 側面
10S 固形乳
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