WO2022023603A1 - Cabezal de impresión de fabricación aditiva en plástico y métodos - Google Patents
Cabezal de impresión de fabricación aditiva en plástico y métodos Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022023603A1 WO2022023603A1 PCT/ES2021/070537 ES2021070537W WO2022023603A1 WO 2022023603 A1 WO2022023603 A1 WO 2022023603A1 ES 2021070537 W ES2021070537 W ES 2021070537W WO 2022023603 A1 WO2022023603 A1 WO 2022023603A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- filament
- plastic
- additive manufacturing
- continuous filament
- thermoplastic
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/205—Means for applying layers
- B29C64/209—Heads; Nozzles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B29C64/307—Handling of material to be used in additive manufacturing
- B29C64/321—Feeding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B29C64/307—Handling of material to be used in additive manufacturing
- B29C64/321—Feeding
- B29C64/336—Feeding of two or more materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a print head, a method for manufacturing three-dimensional (3D) objects, and a 3D printer integrating said print head. More particularly, it relates to a plastics additive manufacturing printhead that ejects a continuous filament coated with plastic thermoplastic material obtained from melting thermoplastic pellets, a 3D printer including the head, and a method for manufacturing 3D objects.
- 3D printing is a computer controlled process whereby a 3D object can be manufactured from a 3D CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) using an additive manufacturing approach.
- Objects can be made by depositing, bonding, or solidifying a material, typically a metal or plastic material.
- FDM Fused Deposition Modeling
- FFF Fused Filament Fabrication
- the object can be formed on a moving bed controlled by a computer with the nozzle remaining in the same position, or in a further variation, the object can be formed with the positions of the nozzle and bed being controlled by the computer. a computer.
- plastic pellets preferably thermoplastic pellets
- printing materials has the following advantages: lower costs, faster processing speed, and a larger catalog of available materials than filament-based printing.
- 3D printers using molten pellet manufacturing technologies have been applied in many technical fields, for example, in tissue engineering, equipment manufacturing, and other technical fields.
- Some of the most common pellet materials for printing are polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), among others.
- PLA polylactic acid
- ABS acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
- TPU thermoplastic polyurethane
- PP polypropylene
- PE polyethylene
- PS polystyrene
- a first object of the invention is a plastics additive manufacturing printhead comprising a plastics extrusion unit that is configured to receive a supply of solid thermoplastic pellets and to melt the supply of solid thermoplastic pellets to produce a thermoplastic fluid.
- the plastics additive manufacturing printhead further comprises a filament supply unit that is configured to provide a continuous filament and a print nozzle configured to receive the thermoplastic fluid from the plastic extrusion unit and the continuous filament from the plastic extrusion unit. the filament supply unit, coating the continuous filament with the thermoplastic fluid, and depositing the coated continuous filament on a build surface on which an object is to be fabricated.
- thermoplastic pellets can refer to solid pieces comprising at least one thermoplastic chemical compound, having a known melting point, and made into a pellet.
- thermoplastic chemical compounds can be ionomers, polyethylene, polyethylene copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate, etc.
- Thermoplastic pellets may comprise a single thermoplastic chemical compound or may comprise a combination of several thermoplastic chemical compounds to provide some additional physical or chemical properties, such as a particular melting point, viscosity, strength, conductivity, appearance, etc., different from an initial source material.
- the thermoplastic pellets may further comprise additives such as mineral fillers, metal fibers, lubricants, glass fibers, antioxidants, UV and heat stabilizers, etc., and color pigments.
- additives such as mineral fillers, metal fibers, lubricants, glass fibers, antioxidants, UV and heat stabilizers, etc., and color pigments.
- These thermoplastic pellets can also be mixed with a binder to provide improved granularity, a lubricant to provide uniform fill density, a pigment to classify types of thermal pellets, and the like.
- the term solid thermoplastic pellets can further refer to small granules of thermoplastic material or blends of thermoplastic binder with powder fillers.
- the term "continuous filament” can refer to a filament whose dimensions and composition are substantially homogeneous and continuous along its entire length.
- the continuous filament comprises a matrix material, generally a thermoplastic material, and a continuous (non-discontinuous) reinforcing material such as a plurality of continuous fiber strands (for example, made of carbon, fiber glass, Kevlar, etc.).
- This continuous reinforcement material has no discontinuities, which improves the mechanical and structural properties of the 3D printed object.
- the matrix material of the continuous filament can be made of a thermoplastic material, such as at least one polymer or polymer matrix composite materials, among others.
- polymers can be methacrylate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), polylactic acid (PLA), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PC/ABS, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS), among others.
- the continuous filament may comprise a sheath
- thermoplastic material made of a thermoplastic material to provide rigidity and ease of handling and gripping.
- these continuous fiber strands may be twisted or interlaced or may be laid longitudinally and side by side.
- a set of continuous fiber strands of, eg, carbon may be made up of thousands (eg, 12,000 or even more) of carbon fiber strands.
- the sheath of the continuous filament can be made of a thermoplastic material, such as at least one polymer or polymer matrix composite materials, among others. Examples of polymers can be methacrylate, ABS, PC, PLA, HDPE, PC/ABS, PET, PETG, PPSU and HIPS, among others.
- the continuous filament sheath may further comprise other components such as short or long hard fibers, aggregates, binders, etc.
- the continuous filament can also be made of electrically conductive materials, so that the 3D object being manufactured can conduct electricity.
- the print nozzle comprises an inlet for receiving the continuous filament from the filament supply unit, an outlet through which the coated continuous filament is deposited on the build surface, a channel communicating the inlet and outlet, and an annular cavity arranged around at least a part of the channel.
- the annular cavity has an opening to receive the thermoplastic fluid from the plastic extrusion unit.
- the print nozzle is configured such that the continuous filament is coated with the thermoplastic fluid as it passes through the annular cavity and immediately prior to being deposited on the build surface.
- the continuous filament is pushed by the filament supply unit into the print nozzle channel so that the continuous filament is impregnated with the thermoplastic fluid in the annular cavity.
- the geometry of the annular cavity, which axially surrounds at least a part of the channel, guarantees that the external surface of the continuous filament is continuously and homogeneously coated with the thermoplastic fluid.
- the upper part of the channel which is located above the annular cavity, may have a first diameter that is substantially similar to the diameter of the continuous filament while the lower part of the channel, which is located below the annular cavity.
- annular may have a second diameter slightly larger than the first diameter and which is substantially similar to the diameter of the coated continuous filament.
- the upper and lower portions of the channel may have the same diameter, this diameter being substantially similar to the diameter of the coated continuous filament.
- the top of the channel comprises a heating unit to heat the continuous filament before entering the annular cavity. The heating unit may directly transfer heat to the continuous filament or may indirectly transfer said heat through the top of the channel.
- This step of heating the continuous filament which can at least partially melt the outer surface of the continuous filament or the outer surface of the thermoplastic sheath of the continuous filament, facilitates the bonding of the thermoplastic fluid from the solid thermoplastic pellets to the continuous filament and, preferably, , to the cover of the continuous filament.
- This heating unit may comprise a heating block attached to the outer surface of the upper part of the channel.
- the heating block may comprise heating cartridges or heating resistors to heat the heating block. Other well known means of heating could also be used.
- Heating the continuous filament can further help soften its structure by facilitating its deposition on the build surface.
- the heating temperature applied to the continuous filament will be lower than the melting temperature of its core, in particular lower than the melting temperature of the fiber strands forming the continuous filament.
- the thermoplastic sheath (pre-coat) of the continuous filament may be made of a material chemically compatible with the thermoplastic fluid to facilitate bonding of the thermoplastic fluid from the solid thermoplastic pellets to the sheath of the continuous filament.
- the sheath of the continuous filament may be made of the same thermoplastic as the thermoplastic fluid or of a thermoplastic that is chemically compatible with the components of the thermoplastic fluid. This thermoplastic cover will also be chemically compatible with the matrix material of the continuous filament to ensure its union.
- the plastic extrusion unit comprises a first motor and an extruder fluidly connected to the print nozzle.
- the extruder is driven by the first motor and is configured to deliver the thermoplastic fluid to the print nozzle.
- the first motor may be a stepping motor to provide high torque at low vibrations and low speeds.
- the extruder of the plastic extrusion unit comprises a jacket with a first end fluidly connected to the print nozzle and a second end through which the supply of solid thermoplastic pellets is received.
- the extruder further comprises an extrusion screw located inside the jacket and configured to transport the solid thermoplastic pellets and the thermoplastic fluid towards the first end of the jacket and at least one heating element or device to melt the pellets.
- the heating elements which could be, for example, one or more heating cartridges, electrical resistors, or any other device capable of melting the solid thermoplastic pellets, are thermally coupled to the jacket and/or the extruder screw.
- the heating elements are configured to produce the thermoplastic fluid by heating the solid thermoplastic pellets to their melting temperature.
- the print nozzle comprises a tip nozzle coupled at its outlet to shape and guide the coated continuous filament immediately before depositing it on the build surface.
- This nozzle tip can have, for example, a circular outlet opening.
- the nozzle tip may be an interchangeable nozzle tip so that different nozzle tips with exit openings having different shapes and/or diameters can be attached to the printing nozzle, depending on the particular deposition requirements.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead comprises a conduit for conducting thermoplastic fluid from the plastic extrusion unit to the print nozzle.
- the diameter of the conduit can be constant along its length or it can vary, being, for example, larger at the end through which the thermoplastic fluid is received from the jacket and smaller at the end through which the thermoplastic fluid is introduced.
- thermoplastic fluid in the print nozzle The driving force applied by the extrusion screw to the thermoplastic fluid determines the flow rate of the thermoplastic fluid through the conduit and thus the flow rate of the thermoplastic fluid entering the annular cavity of the printing nozzle.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead comprises a hopper in which solid thermoplastic pellets are contained.
- the hopper communicates with the plastic extrusion unit.
- the hopper may be an integral part of the plastic extrusion unit so that the hopper can be filled with the solid thermoplastic pellets through, for example, an openable hopper enclosure or lid.
- the hopper can be a removable hopper that can be connected to the plastic extrusion unit.
- the extrusion unit The plastic ones may have female guides into which the hopper's male guides can slide into place. In this way, a hopper that stores a particular type of solid thermoplastic pellet can be removed and replaced with another hopper that stores the same type or a different type of solid thermoplastic pellet.
- the plastic additive manufacturing print head and, more particularly, the plastic extrusion unit comprises a conduit that communicates the hopper with the jacket of the plastic extrusion head.
- the duct can be inclined towards the jacket to facilitate the movement of the pellets by gravity.
- the hopper or chute may integrate a mechanism, such as a drive plunger or screw, driven by a motor, for example a stepper motor, to drive the solid thermoplastic pellets into the jacket.
- the filament supply unit comprises a filament drive unit for driving continuous filament from a filament source, eg, a filament roll, to the print nozzle.
- the filament drive unit comprises a second motor, for example a stepper motor, a rotary drive gear driven by the second motor and configured to drive the continuous filament towards the print nozzle, and a guide wheel configured to engage the continuous filament with the drive gear.
- the feed mechanism consisting of the drive gear and guide wheel, grabs the filament and feeds it at a controlled feed rate to the print nozzle with the torque provided by the second motor.
- drive gear and wheel guide wires may have a knurled outer surface to increase the gripping force on the filament.
- the filament drive unit may comprise a pressure roller or other mechanism for applying a force against the continuous filament to engage the filament with the rotating drive gear while the drive gear swivel rotates to facilitate low-friction axial movement of the filament.
- the filament drive unit can advance and/or retract the filament by causing the rotating drive gear to rotate in a first direction to advance the filament or in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, to retract the filament.
- the thermoplastic covering of the continuous filament provides sufficient rigidity to facilitate the advancement of the continuous filament through the filament drive unit.
- the guide wheel may include, for example, a bearing such that the guide wheel freely rotates on the bearing to reduce axial force along the filament, compared to a bearingless configuration.
- the guide wheel can apply a normal force to the filament, such that the force is directed towards the rotating drive gear.
- the normal force can be a constant or variable force.
- the guide wheel may be fixed.
- the guide wheel may be retained by a spring arm, an actuator, or a combination thereof, so that the guide wheel is adaptable to filaments of varying diameter while maintaining the normal force.
- the filament supply unit further comprises a filament cutter that is positioned between the outlet of the filament drive unit and the print nozzle inlet.
- the filament cutter is configured to cut the continuous filament to a predefined length.
- the means for cutting the continuous fiber in the filament cutter may comprise, for example, a knife, a cutter or scissors, and may be driven by a third motor, for example a stepper motor.
- Other cutting means of filament cutters may include lasers, high pressure air or fluid, or shears to cut the continuous filament to the required length.
- the plastic AM printhead comprises means for coupling a source of filament, eg, a roll of filament, to the plastic AM printhead.
- a source of filament eg, a roll of filament
- These means may be a bearing coupler attached to the plastic additive manufacturing printhead frame, and more particularly to the filament supply unit frame, so that the filament roll can rotate freely via the coupler. of bearings in relation to the structure of the filament supply unit.
- solid thermoplastic pellets comprise reinforcing fibers to improve the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic.
- the combination of the mechanical and chemical properties of the continuous filament and the reinforcing fibers of the thermoplastic fluid can improve the mechanical and/or chemical properties of the resulting coated continuous filament. For example, if a continuous filament made of carbon fiber is coated with a thermoplastic containing small pieces of carbon fiber, the mechanical performance of the resulting coated continuous filament is significantly improved.
- the heating means and the first, second and third motors can be managed by a controller to adjust the melting temperature of the pellets, the heating temperature of the continuous filament (optional), the deposition rate (acting on the first motor that drives the extruder screw and on the second motor that drives the drive gear) and the length of the deposited coated continuous filament (acting on the third motor) according to the particular requirements of the 3D manufacturing process.
- This controller which can be at least one of a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductor-based microprocessor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a field-programmable logic gate array (FPGA), or another electronic circuit suitable for fetch and run instructions to manage the heating means and the first, second and third motors, it can be part of the plastic additive manufacturing print head or more preferably it can be part of the 3D printer to which the plastic additive manufacturing printhead is attached.
- CPU central processing unit
- semiconductor-based microprocessor e.g., a graphics processing unit (GPU), a field-programmable logic gate array (FPGA), or another electronic circuit suitable for fetch and run instructions to manage the heating means and the first, second and third motors
- GPU graphics processing unit
- FPGA field-programmable logic gate array
- a second object of the invention is a 3D printer comprising a construction surface on which an object will be manufactured, a plastic additive manufacturing print head as described in the previous paragraphs coupled to the structure or frame of the 3D printer and an xyz positioning system configured to move at least one of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead and the build surface relative to each other.
- the 3D printer also comprises a control system configured to control the flow rate of the thermoplastic fluid and the feeding speed of the continuous filament in the printing nozzle, and therefore, to control the rate of deposition of the coated continuous filament on the build surface.
- This control system is further configured to manage the position of the print nozzle and the build surface relative to each other in accordance with a 3D shape of the 3D object to be manufactured.
- the extrusion flow rate of the plastic extrusion unit and the feed flow of the filament supply unit are controlled by the rotational speed of the first and second motors, respectively.
- the first motor acts on the extruder screw and the second motor on the drive gear of the filament supply unit.
- the 3D printer control system is communicatively coupled to the first and second motors to control the rate of deposition on the build surface.
- the control system can be configured to provide a coated continuous filament deposition rate of up to 7 kg/hour or even higher. This deposition flow allows the fabrication of large 3D parts.
- the 3D printer control system can determine continuous filament only extrusion at a set feed rate by stopping the first motor and activating the second motor, thermoplastic fluid only extrusion at a set flow rate by stopping the second motor and activating the first motor or it can determine the extrusion of coated continuous filament at a set deposition rate by activating the first and second motors.
- This enables 3D objects to be manufactured which may comprise parts made only of continuous filament, parts made only of thermoplastic from solid thermoplastic pellets, reinforced parts of coated continuous filament, and any combination thereof.
- the heating means and the primer, The second and third motors of the plastic additive manufacturing print head can also be managed by the 3D printer's control system.
- the 3D printer's x-y-z positioning system is a robotic arm, eg, an articulated robot arm.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead can be attached to the claw of the robotic arm.
- the x-y-z positioning system controls and moves the plastic AM printhead with at least three degrees of freedom while the build surface remains stationary.
- the build surface can be movable and have at least one degree of freedom, such that the xyz positioning system can move the plastic additive manufacturing printhead with at least three degrees of freedom along with at least one degree of freedom. least one degree of freedom of the construction surface.
- the x-y-z positioning system can be a set of linear rails that provide at least three degrees of freedom to the 3D printer. These linear rails can be attached to the plastic AM print head and/or the build surface.
- a third object of the invention is a method of additive manufacturing in plastic, comprising the steps of: receiving, in a plastic extrusion unit, a supply of solid thermoplastic pellets.
- This supply can be received from a hopper fixed or removably attached to the plastic extrusion unit; melting, in the plastic extrusion unit, the supply of solid thermoplastic pellets to produce a thermoplastic fluid.
- a heating element such as heating cartridges or electrical resistances, located in the vicinity or integrated in the plastic extrusion unit; simultaneously receiving, at a printing nozzle, the thermoplastic fluid from the plastic extrusion unit and a continuous filament from a filament supply unit.
- the continuous filament comprises a matrix material, eg, a thermoplastic material, and a continuous reinforcing material, eg, a plurality of continuous fiber strands made of, for example, carbon, fiberglass, or Kevlar, among others; coating, at the print nozzle, the continuous filament with the thermoplastic fluid.
- the continuous filament is coated with the thermoplastic fluid as it passes through an annular cavity in the print nozzle and immediately prior to being deposited on the build surface; depositing, by means of the printing nozzle, the coated continuous filament on the construction surface to manufacture the object.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead, the 3D printer including the same, and the method for manufacturing 3D objects described herein have several advantages and/or differences compared to prior devices and techniques.
- the solution disclosed herein is capable of providing a deposition rate of approximately 7 kg/hour or even higher, which makes this plastic additive manufacturing printhead, 3D printer and method especially useful for produce large 3D objects (eg, 3D objects with dimensions greater than 0.3x0.3x0.3 meters).
- the resulting mechanical properties, for example, mechanical strength and stiffness, and structural stiffness, of the 3D object produced by the solution disclosed herein are larger than when using other conventional FDM technologies.
- the amount of material and the time used to manufacture the 3D object are optimized, which significantly reduces the costs associated with the manufacturing process itself.
- thermoplastic pellets are cheaper than other materials used in fused deposition techniques, which also contributes to reducing the cost of the resulting object and they are very versatile (the pellets can contain additives, aggregates, binders, etc.).
- Figure 1 shows a front perspective view of a plastic additive manufacturing print head, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2 shows a top perspective view of the hopper and the motor transmission system of the plastic extrusion unit of the plastic additive manufacturing print head of Figure 1.
- Figure 3 shows a front perspective view of the unit of filament drive of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead in Figure 1.
- Figure 4 shows a front perspective view of the filament cutter of the plastic additive manufacturing print head of Figure 1.
- Figure 5 shows a front view of a cut section of the print nozzle of the plastic additive manufacturing print head of Figure 1.
- Figure 6 shows a perspective view of the plastic additive manufacturing print head of figure 1 coupled to an articulated robotic arm, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 7 shows a detailed view of the coupling of the plastic additive manufacturing print head of figure 1 to the articulated robotic arm of figure 6.
- Figure 8 shows a flow diagram of the plastic additive manufacturing method, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 1 shows a front perspective view of a plastic additive manufacturing print head 100, according to a particular embodiment of the invention. It should be understood that the plastic AM printhead 100 of Figure 1 may include additional components and that some of the components described herein may be removed and/or modified without departing from the scope of the AM printhead 100. in plastic described. Additionally, the implementation of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 is not limited to said embodiment.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 comprises a plastic extrusion unit 101 that is configured to receive a supply of solid thermoplastic pellets from a hopper 102.
- the additive manufacturing printhead 100 in Plastic may comprise a tank or container for temporarily storing the solid thermoplastic pellets.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 may receive the pellets from a storage tank or container, for example, through a conduit, hose, or pipe, which is not part of the manufacturing printhead 100.
- Plastic extrusion unit 101 is configured to melt the supply of solid thermoplastic pellets received from hopper 102 to produce the thermoplastic fluid.
- the extruder screw (not shown in this figure) of the plastic extrusion unit 101 that drives the solid thermoplastic pellets and thermoplastic fluid towards the printing nozzle 104 is driven by the stepper motor 105.
- the rotary motion of the motor stepper 105 is transmitted to the extruder screw by interposing a gearbox 106 to reduce the speed of motor 105 and increase torque.
- the extruder screw is housed in the jacket 107 of the plastic extrusion unit 101.
- the sleeve 107 can be designed with a diameter of approximately 60 mm and a length of approximately 570 mm and accommodating an extruder screw with a diameter of approximately 20 mm and a length of approximately 610 mm (the extruder screw auger is substantially the same length as the sleeve 107).
- the plastic extrusion unit 101 further comprises three annular heating collars 108 equidistantly arranged along the jacket 107 and at least partially surrounding the outer surface of the jacket 107.
- the jacket 107 may have a different number of collars. annular heating collars and with a different arrangement as long as the heat transmitted to the solid thermoplastic pellets is sufficient to melt them within the jacket 107. These annular heating collars 108 are configured to reach the melting temperature of the solid thermoplastic pellets to generate the thermoplastic fluid. The transmission and distribution of heat throughout the jacket 108 carried out by the heating collars 108 is more constant and homogeneous than the use of other heating alternatives. Other means of heating, such as heating blocks with heating cartridges or thermocouples inserted into holes in the outer surface of jacket 107 could also be used. Furthermore, the sleeve 107 comprises respective flanges 109 at both ends to be attached to the stepper motor drive system 105 and the printing nozzle 104.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 further comprises a filament supply unit 103 that is configured to provide the continuous filament 110 from a filament roll 111 to the print nozzle 104.
- the filament supply unit 103 drives, by means of the feed mechanism of a drive unit of filaments 112, the continuous filament 110 towards the print nozzle 104. This feeding mechanism is driven by another stepper motor 122.
- the filament supply unit 103 further comprises a filament cutter 113 for cutting the continuous filament 110 at a predefined distance.
- Continuous filament 110 may be comprised of a polymeric matrix (eg, polycarbonate or ABS) and a plurality of carbon fiber strands, eg, between 10,000 and 12,000 carbon fiber strands. Continuous filament 110 is further coated with polycarbonate or ABS.
- the continuous filament 110 will be made from a plurality of carbon fiber strands (with or without sheath), and the thermoplastic fluid in the thermoplastic pellets will be molten carbon fiber.
- Print nozzle 104 receives thermoplastic fluid from plastic extrusion unit 101 at a particular extrusion rate and continuous filament 110 from filament supply unit 103 at a particular feed rate, coats continuous filament 110 with the thermoplastic fluid and deposits the coated continuous filament 110a at a deposition rate onto a build surface on which the 3D part will be fabricated.
- the particular extrusion rate and feed rate are controlled by the 3D printer's control system and will be selected to ensure that the continuous filament 110 is evenly coated with the thermoplastic fluid.
- FIG. 1 shows a particular size and arrangement of the elements that make up the head 100, other sizes, designs and arrangements of said elements could be possible.
- Figure 2 shows a top perspective view of the hopper 102 and the motor transmission system 105 of the plastic extrusion unit 101 of the plastic additive manufacturing print head 100 of Figure 1.
- the rotary motion of the stepper motor 105 is first transmitted to the gearbox 106 to reduce the rotational speed and increase the torque. This rotational speed is then transmitted to a drive gear 114 which, in turn, is transmitted to a driven gear 115 via a drive belt 116. In this way, the rotary motion of the motor 105 is transmitted through the driven gear 115 to the extruder screw located inside the sleeve 107.
- the plastic extrusion unit 101 further comprises a cooling system to prevent the heat generated in the jacket 107 from being transmitted to the gearbox 106 and the motor 105.
- the cooling system comprises a serpentine-shaped pipe integrated in a cooling block 118.
- the cooling system further comprises a cooling fluid pump (not shown) that circulates cooling fluid, e.g. eg , water, so that the cooling fluid enters the cooling block 118 at a first temperature, circulates through the serpentine tubing, and exits the cooling block 118 at a second temperature that is higher than the first temperature .
- the cooling fluid absorbs and removes the heat transmitted from the jacket 107.
- the cooling block 118 has two through holes through which the respective axes of rotation pass between the case reduction gear 106 and drive gear 114 and between driven gear 115 and the extruder screw.
- Figure 3 shows a front perspective view of the filament drive unit 112 of the filament supply unit 103 of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 of Figure 1.
- Filament drive unit 112 comprises a stepper motor 122, a rotary drive gear 119 driven by stepper motor 122 to drive continuous filament 110 toward print nozzle 104, and a guide wheel 120 configured to engage continuous filament 110 with drive gear 119.
- Drive gear 119 and guide wheel 120 have a knurled outer surface to increase the gripping force on continuous filament 110.
- Guide wheel 120 is pushed in a direction normal to the filament. 110 by a spring-loaded spring arm 121 (not shown in this figure) located within the spring arm 121.
- the filament drive unit 112 further comprises a funnel 123 for guiding the continuous filament 110 towards the input of the feed mechanism, so that the continuous filament 110 passes between the rotary drive gear 119 and the guide wheel 120, and a hollow tube 124 that communicates the output of the filament drive unit 112 with the input of the filament cutter 113 to guide the filament 110.
- Figure 4 shows a front perspective view of the filament cutter. filaments 113 of the filament supply unit 103 of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 of Figure 1.
- the filament cutter 113 comprises a pair of cutting pliers or scissors 125 driven by a cam 126 which, in turn, is driven by the stepper motor 127.
- the cam 126 is positioned on the axis of the stepper motor.
- stepper 127 which, upon receiving a cut signal from the 3D printer control system, causes the cam 126 to rotate 360° operating the cutters or scissors 125 to cut the continuous filament 110.
- the Filament Cutter 113 further comprises a limit switch 128 that detects the rotation of the cam 126 and generates a control signal to stop the stepping motor 127.
- the filament cutter 113 further comprises another hollow tube 129 to guide the continuous filament 110 from the output of the filament cutter 113 towards the inlet of the print nozzle 104.
- Figure 5 shows a front view of a cut section of the print nozzle 104 of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 of Figure 1.
- Print nozzle 104 comprises an inlet 130 for receiving continuous filament 110 from filament cutter 113, an outlet 131 at a tip 133 of print nozzle 104 for depositing coated continuous filament 110a onto the build surface (not shown). in this figure), a channel 137 that communicates the inlet 130 and the outlet 131 and an annular cavity 132 arranged around a part of the channel 137.
- the annular cavity 132 has an opening 136 that communicates with a duct 134 through which the thermoplastic fluid 135 is received from the plastic extrusion unit 101 and, more particularly, from jacket 107. Thermoplastic fluid 135 enters annular cavity 132 and fills it.
- thermoplastic fluid 135 adheres to the outer surface of continuous filament sheath 110.
- the top 137a of channel 137 which is above the cavity annular 132, has a diameter that is substantially similar to the diameter of continuous filament 110 while the bottom 137b of channel 137, which lies below annular cavity 132, has a diameter that is substantially similar to the diameter of coated continuous filament 110a. .
- the thermoplastic fluid 135 is prevented from flowing upwardly through the top 137a of the channel 137.
- Print nozzle 104 is configured such that continuous filament 110 is coated with thermoplastic fluid 135 as it passes through annular cavity 132 and immediately prior to being deposited on the build surface. Thus, the continuous filament 110 is pushed by the filament supply unit 103 into the channel 137 of the print nozzle 104, so that the continuous filament 110 is impregnated with the thermoplastic fluid 135 in the annular cavity 132. Furthermore, the Printing nozzle 104 may be formed of two mating molds that can be coupled and opened to facilitate cleaning of channel 137, conduit 134 and annular cavity 132. In this particular embodiment, only one of the two printing nozzle countermolds is shown. print 104.
- Figure 6 shows a perspective view of the plastic additive manufacturing print head 100 of figure 1 coupled to a robotic arm 201 of a 3D printer 200, according to a particular embodiment of the invention. It should be understood that the 3D printer 200 of Figure 6 may include additional components and that some of the components described herein may be removed and/or modified without departing from the scope of the 3D printer 200. Additionally, the 3D printer implementation 200 is not limited to such an embodiment.
- the 3D printer 200 comprises a construction surface (not shown in this figure) on which an object will be manufactured, a plastic additive manufacturing print head 100 like the one shown in figures 1 to 5 coupled to the claw of the robotic arm 201 that is bolted to the ground or to a support element by interposing a base 202.
- Robotic arm 201 is a 6-axis articulated robotic arm, although any other robotic arm with at least 3 degrees of freedom could be used.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 may be attached to any other xyz positioning system provided that the head 100 is provided with at least three degrees of freedom.
- the build surface may not be part of the 3D printer 200.
- the plastics additive manufacturing printhead 100 is housed within a housing 205.
- This 3D printer 200 comprises a distributed control system in which the electronics and software to manage the plastic additive manufacturing print head 100 are integrated in the module 203, while the electronics and software to manage the robotic arm 201 are integrated into module 204.
- the 3D printer 200 may comprise a centralized control system in which the electronics and software for managing the plastics additive manufacturing print head 100 and the robotic arm 201 are integrated into a single module. In such an embodiment, there may be a single controller that manages the head 100 and the robotic arm 201 to manufacture the 3D objects.
- the flow rate of the thermoplastic fluid and the feed rate of the continuous filament, and therefore the rate of deposition of the coated continuous filament on the build surface is managed by the controller located in module 203, while the position of the print nozzle relative to the build surface is managed by a controller located in module 204.
- These two controllers are communicatively coupled to each other.
- the 3D object will be manufactured based on the respective 3D CAM received by said controller.
- the 3D printer control system 200 comprises at least one processor which may be at least one of a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductor-based microprocessor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a field-programmable logic gate array (FPGA) configured to retrieve and execute instructions, other electronic circuitry suitable for retrieving and executing instructions stored on a computer-readable storage medium, or a combination thereof.
- the control system is configured to receive the 3D CAM of the object that is going to be manufactured, to instruct the xyz positioning system to move the plastic additive manufacturing printhead and build surface relative to each other and to instruct the first and second motors to provide the coated continuous filament deposition rate required to fabricate the 3D object on the build surface.
- Figure 7 shows a detailed view of the coupling of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 of Figure 1 to the articulated robotic arm 201 of Figure 6.
- the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100 has no housing. 205 and is attached to the claw (not shown) of the wrist 206 of the articulated robotic arm 201.
- the plastic extrusion unit 101, the filament supply unit 103 and the filament source 111 are all coupled to a frame 138 of the plastic additive manufacturing printhead 100.
- the hopper 102 and print nozzle 104 are coupled to the plastic extrusion unit 101.
- the plastic additive manufacturing print head 100 comprises a retainer 139 for holding the tip 133 of the print nozzle 104 for ensure that tip 133 does not move during the deposition operation.
- FIG 8 shows a flow chart of the plastic additive manufacturing method 300, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- the method makes use of the plastics manufacturing print head 100 as previously described. However, other embodiments of the plastics manufacturing printhead 100 may also be used in this method.
- step 301 of method 300 a supply of pellets is received solid thermoplastics in a plastic extrusion unit 101 of the additive manufacturing print head 100. This supply may be received from a hopper 102 fixed or removably attached to the plastic extrusion unit 101.
- step 302 of method 300 the supply of solid thermoplastic pellets is melted in the plastic extrusion unit 101 to produce the thermoplastic fluid 135. Heat could be applied to the pellets by heating elements such as heating collars, heating cartridges or electrical resistances located in the vicinity or integrated in the plastic extrusion unit 101, and more particularly, in the jacket 107 and /or the extruder screw.
- thermoplastic fluid 135 from plastic extrusion unit 101 and a continuous filament 110 from a filament supply unit 103 are simultaneously received, at the print nozzle 104 of printhead 100 manufacturing. plastic additive.
- step 304 of method 300 the continuous filament 110 is coated in the print nozzle 104 with the thermoplastic fluid 135.
- the continuous filament 110 is coated with the thermoplastic fluid 135 as it passes through the annular cavity 132 of the print nozzle. impression 104 and immediately before being deposited on the build surface.
- coated continuous filament 110a is deposited onto the build surface by print nozzle 104 to fabricate the 3D object.
- the method may comprise depositing only continuous filament at a set feed rate or only thermoplastic fluid at a set rate for those parts of the 3D object that do not need to be reinforced and depositing coated continuous filament at a set deposition rate for those. parts of the same 3D object that do need to be structurally reinforced.
- the term “includes” and its derivatives (such as “comprising”, etc.) should not be understood in an exclusive sense, that is, these terms should not be interpreted as excluding the possibility that what is described and define can include additional elements, steps, etc.
- the term “other”, as used herein, is defined as at least one second or more.
- the term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, either directly with no intermediate element, or indirectly with at least one intermediate element, unless otherwise indicated. Two elements can be coupled mechanically, electrically or communicatively linked through a channel, route, network or communications system.
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Abstract
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EP3299151A1 (en) * | 2016-05-12 | 2018-03-28 | Kookmin University Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation | Three-dimensional printer head for discharging multiple molding melt solutions and three-dimensional printer comprising same |
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KR20150135567A (ko) * | 2014-05-22 | 2015-12-03 | 한국프린티드일렉트로닉스연구조합 | Fdm용 필라멘트 제조 장치,와이어가 담지된 fdm용 필라멘트 및 이를 이용하는 3차원 프린터 |
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