Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
  • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
  • A61K47/645—Polycationic or polyanionic oligopeptides, polypeptides or polyamino acids, e.g. polylysine, polyarginine, polyglutamic acid or peptide TAT
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K7/06—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 5 to 11 amino acids

Definitions

• This disclosure pertains to compounds useful for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier.
• BBB blood-brain barrier
• Most drugs cannot cross the BBB to enter the brain, thus many diseases in the brain are difficult to treat.
• a variety of methods have been tried to deliver drugs across BBB by targeting the transferrin receptor.
• the transferrin receptor is responsible for the transport of iron into the brain.
• Antibodies have been developed to bind to the transferrin receptor. These antibodies were conjugated with drugs to deliver them into the brain. However, the antibodies have suffered drawbacks in low delivery efficiency and are associated with toxicities.
• the present disclosure relates generally to compounds capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their uses for drug delivery.
• BBB blood-brain barrier
• FIG. 1 shows (A) Chemical structure of TRBP6, (B) Chemical structure of TRBP3, and (C) Chemical structure of TRBP5, in accordance with preferred embodiments.
• the present disclosure also relates to drug delivery agents and compositions comprising the compounds shown to cross the BBB disclosed herein and methods for drug delivery comprising the compounds shown to cross the BBB disclosed herein.
• FIG. 1 shows (A) Chemical structure of TRBP6, (B) Chemical structure of TRBP3, and (C) Chemical structure of TRBP5, in accordance with preferred embodiments described herein.
• FIG. 2 show results of a pull-down assay confirming binding of exemplary compounds to transferrin receptor.
• FIG. 3 shows binding of an exemplary compound (TRBP6) resynthesized on tentagel beads to transferrin receptor expressing HeLa cells but not to transferrin receptor negative cells.
• FIG. 4 shows chemical structure of Cy5.5-TRBP6.
• FIG. 5 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB (TRBP6) at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion, in accordance with preferred embodiments described herein.
• FIG. 6 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with Ang peptide, at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion.
• FIG. 7 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB (TRBP5) at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion, in accordance with preferred embodiments described herein.
• FIG. 8 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB (TRBP3) at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion, in accordance with preferred embodiments described herein.
• FIG. 9 shows chemical structures of derivatives of TRBP6, namely (A) dimer, (B) trimer, (C) tetramer, and (D) cyclic dimer, in accordance with preferred embodiments described herein.
• FIG. 10 shows HPLC chromatograms for TRBP6, namely (A) PDA Chromatogram, and (B) PDA Spectrum.
• the present disclosure relates to compounds shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their uses in drug delivery.
• BBB blood-brain barrier
• preferred embodiments disclosed herein relate to compounds capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier having the structures shown below:
• FIG. 4 shows the chemical structure of the peptiod Cy5.5-TRBP6.
• the mice were sacrificed at 30 minutes, the heart was perfused with lOmL of PBS, blood and organs were collected for ex vivo imaging.
• the compounds TRBP3, TRBP5, and TRBP6 effectively delivered Cy5.5 into the brain.
• the efficacy of TRBP6 brain delivery is much higher than other compounds, including the well-studied Angiopep-2 (Ang) peptide.
• Ang Angiopep-2
• Additional preferred embodiments relate to derivatives of the three exemplary compounds capable of crossing the BBB.
• Potential derivatives include dimers, trimers, tetramers, and cylic dimers of the compounds, such as those shown in FIG. 9 for TRBP6.
• the exemplary compounds capable of crossing the BBB described herein may occur in different geometric and enantiomeric forms, and both pure forms and mixtures of these separate isomers are included in the scope of this invention, as well as any physiologically functional or pharmacologically acceptable salt derivatives or prodrugs thereof. Production of these alternate forms would be well within the capabilities of one skilled in the art.
• the current invention also pertains to drug delivery compositions comprising an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB as described herein that is linked to a drug or therapeutic agent.
• the current invention also pertains to methods of delivering a drug or therapeutic agent across the BBB, including the step of linking an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB as described herein to a drug or therapeutic agent to produce an exemplary drug delivery composition, then administering the exemplary drug delivery composition to a subject in accordance with preferred embodiments disclosed herein.
• the drug or therapeutic agent may be useful for the prevention or treatment of a disease or disorder of the brain, such as cancer, ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
• a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of an exemplary drug delivery composition in accordance with preferred embodiments disclosed herein, comprising an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB as described herein linked to a drug or therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabilizer.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” is to be understood as an amount of an exemplary drug delivery composition that is sufficient to show preventative or therapeutic effects on a disease or disorder of the brain. The actual amount, rate and time-course of administration will depend on the disease or disorder, the subject, and the nature and severity of the effects. Prescription of treatment is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, carrier, buffer or stabiliser should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient.
• the precise nature of the carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration, which may be oral, sublingual, intranasal, or by injection, such as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection, or by dry powder inhaler.
• compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form.
• a tablet may comprise a solid carrier or an adjuvant.
• Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally comprise a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included.
• a capsule may comprise a solid carrier such as gelatin.
• the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has a suitable pH, isotonicity and stability.
• isotonic vehicles such as sodium chloride solution, Ringer’s solution, or lactated Ringer’s solution.
• Preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included as required.
• salt any acid or base derived salt formed from hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic, isoethonic acids and the like, and potassium carbonate, sodium or potassium hydroxide, ammonia, triethylamine, triethanolamine and the like.
• prodrug means a pharmacological substance that is administered in an inactive, or significantly less active, form. Once administered, the prodrug is metabolised in vivo into an active metabolite.
• the term “therapeutically effective amount” means a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the drug to provide the desired therapeutic effect.
• the amount that is “effective” will vary from subject to subject, depending on the age and general condition of the individual, the particular concentration and composition being administered, and the like. Thus, it is not always possible to specify an exact effective amount. However, an appropriate effective amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation. Furthermore, the effective amount is the concentration that is within a range sufficient to permit ready application of the formulation so as to deliver an amount of the drug that is within a therapeutically effective range.
• GIBCO enzyme free cell dissociation buffer and Qtracker Cell Labeling Kits were obtained from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA USA).
• Angiopep-2 peptide (Ang) with a terminal cysteine (TFFYGGSRGKRNNFKTEEYC) was custom made at ChinaPep tides.
• Cyanine5.5 maleimide was purchased from Lumiprobe. All chemical reagents and solvents from commercial sources were used without further purification.
• Five-ml disposable reaction columns (Intavis AG, Tuebingen, Germany) were used as reaction vessels for solid-phase synthesis. Syntheses of peptoids under microwave conditions were performed in a 1000 W microwave oven with 10% power.
• Fmoc group was removed by treating the resins with 20% piperidine in DMF twice for 10 minutes. After washing the resins, Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH was added (for 2.0 hours reaction time) and Fmoc group was removed as described previously. The rest of the synthesis was achieved using the split-pool synthesis protocol.
• Total 10 different amines were chosen for the library are N-Boc-l,4-butanediamine, allylamine, isobutylamine, 2-methoxyethylamine, 3-isopropoxypropylamine, b-alanine, (R)-(+)-a-methylbenzylamine, 4- methoxybenzylamine, piperonylamine and furfurylamine.
• the resins were equally distributed into 10 batches (30 reaction columns) for microwave assisted peptoid synthesis steps.
• Each of the reaction vessels were treated with 1.0 M Bromoacetic acid in anhydrous DMF (1.0 ml) and 1.5 M DIC in anhydrous DMF (1.0 ml), gently shaken for 30 seconds and microwaved (1000W) for 15 seconds with the power set at 10%.
• the beads were shaken again for 30 seconds and microwaved another round as described above.
• the reaction columns were drained and washed with DMF (2.0 ml X 10 times). Then each of the reaction batch was treated with 1.0 ml of 2.0 M solution of the primary amines (3 reaction columns (1 batch) per amine) and was put on shaker for 2.0 hours at 25°C.
• the resins were washed, pooled and divided again equally into 10 batches (30 reaction columns) and subjected to addition of next peptoid residue. This procedure was repeated until 6-mer peptoid region was completed.
• the beads were washed with DCM (2.0 ml X 3 times), and treated with 2.5 ml of 95% TFA, 2.5% water and 2.5% TIS on the shaker for 2 hours to remove the side chain protection and were neutralized with 10% diisopropylethylamine in DMF.
• Reaction vessel was drained, washed with DMF (2.0 ml X 3 times) and stored in anhydrous DMF at 4°C.
• the cell line HeFa were purchased from American Type Culture Collection. HeFa cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Corning) supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 pg/ml streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (Coming) at 37°C with 5% CO2.
• Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Corning) supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 pg/ml streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (Coming) at 37°C with 5% CO2.
• siRNA transfection HeFa cells were seeded (2.5xl0 6 /dish) in 10cm cell culture dish one day before transfection, and treated with human TFRC siRNA (Dharmacon, Cat # M-003941-02-0010) for 24 hours with X-tremeGENE siRNA transfection reagent (Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• the cell labeling procedure was conducted as follows: 1.0 pi each of Qtracker reagent A and B were mixed in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuged tubes and incubated for 5.0 minutes at room temperature. 0.2 ml of media was added to each tube and vortexed for 30 seconds. 1.0 X 10 6 cells were added to each tube containing the labeling solution and incubated at 37°C for 60 minutes. Transferrin receptor positive HeLa cells were labeled with Qtracker 655 (red color) and transferrin receptor negative HeLa cells labeled with Qtracker 565 (green color). Cells were washed twice and suspended in DMEM + 10% FBS media.
• Labeled cells were visualized with long-pass filter of BX-51 fluorescence microscope (Olympus, PA) with a color camera. Both cell types were mixed thoroughly and pipetted up and down several times to break the clumps. 2.0 ml of cell suspension mixture was added to the tube containing 50,000 beads and incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for 1.0 hour. During incubation, cell binding to the beads were checked time to time at about 15 minutes intervals to make sure not to over equilibrate, which could increase non-specific binding of cells to the beads. The beads were gently washed two times with DMEM + 10% FBS media and visualized under the fluorescent microscope using long-pass filter.
• cleaving solution 50 m ⁇ of cleaving solution was added to the 1.5 ml tube which contained the single isolated bead. The tube was incubated at 25°C for 4.0 hours. The solution was evaporated using freeze dryer (SP Scientific, USA) and cleaved compound was suspended in 20 m ⁇ of water. MS/MS sequencing data was obtained using AB Sciex TOF/TOF 5800 machine.
• TRBP6 transferrin receptor binding peptoid #6
• Results are shown in FIG. 2, where binding to the transferrin receptor is visible for three exemplary compounds.
• Results are shown in FIG. 3, with the cells shown in the left column and the beads containing TRBP6 after incubation with the cells shown in the right column. Beads only showed binding with red cells but not with green cells, thus validating the finding of the OBTC screening results.
• mice Female CD-I mice (6-8 weeks old) was obtained from Charles River Laboratories and used for the tissue distribution studies. All procedures were approved by the Animal Care Operations at University of Houston and performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines for animal care and use.
• TRBP6 was synthesized on Rink amide resin. 100 mg of resin was taken in 5 mL reaction column, the resin was swelled in dimethyl formamide (DMF) for 1.0 h prior to use, and Fmoc group was de-protected by treating the resin with 2.0 ml of 20% piperidine solution in DMF twice for 10 minutes each. The resin was first coupled to Fmoc-Met-OH using 5.0 equiv HBTU and 5.0 equiv HOBt as coupling reagents in the presence of 10.0 equiv of DIPEA for overnight. Fmoc were removed with the method described above.
• DMF dimethyl formamide
• Cy5.5-TRBP6 Synthesis of Cy5.5-TRBP6 was done using the similar protocol described for TRBP6. Sequence for amino acids residues for Cy5.5- TRBP6 were Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Met-OH and Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, and the removal of Fmoc group each time was performed by treating the resin with 2.0 ml of 20% piperidine solution in DMF twice for 10 minutes each. Next, the 6 peptoid residues were coupled using the microwave-assisted synthesis protocol.
• the 6 peptoid sequence were 2- methoxyethylamine, isobutylamine, (R)-(+)-a-Methylbenzylamine, N-Boc-1,4- butanediamine, 3-Isopropoxypropylamine and N-Boc-l,4-butanediamine respectively.
• the compound was cleaved from the beads by treating with TFA/H2O/TIS (95%/2.5%/2.5%) for 2.0 h.
• Cysteine attached TRBP6 derivative was obtained by purifying the mixture using HPLC, to this Cyanine5.5 maleimide was coupled using thiol-maleimide coupling protocol by mixing them in 1:1 equivalent ratio in water and the pH the solution was adjusted to 7. The mixture was allowed to stir for overnight at 4 °C.
• the mixture was purified using HPLC and analyzed by MALDI-TOF to obtain Cy5.5-TRBP6.
• FIG. 4 shows the chemical structure of Cy5.5-TRBP6.
• Cy5.5-Angiopep-2 (Cy5.5-Ang): Ang peptide was mixed with Cyanine5.5 maleimide with the molar ratio of 1:1 in water with the addition of 0.5 M EDTA. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 6.9 - 7.0 by hydrochloric acid (IN). The reaction was stirred at 4 °C overnight and was monitored by MALDI-TOF. Upon reaction completed, the mixture was lyophilized and purified by using preparative HPLC to give the target compound Cy5.5-Angiopep-2 (38.5%) as blue powder.
• mice were euthanized and brain was perfused with 10 mL of 10% heparinized PBS at 4/ml/min flow rate via left ventricle of mice. A small incision to the right atrium was made using iris scissors before perfusion. After brain perfusion, the vital organs (brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen also blood and plasma) were collected for ex vivo imaging. The fluorescence intensity was measured at wavelength with an excitation of 660 nm and maximum emission at 710 nm. The organ region of interest (ROI) was measured and analyzed using Living image software. Data of the experiments were expressed as mean ⁇ SD and analyzed by One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.
• ROI organ region of interest
• FIG. 5 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB, Cy5.5-TRBP6, at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion. At 30 minutes after injection, TRBP6 showed superior efficiency than other compounds (including the well-studied Ang peptide) in brain delivery.
• FIG. 6 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with Cy5.5-Ang peptide, at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion.
• FIG. 7 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB, Cy5.5-TRBP5, at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion.
• FIG. 8 shows IVIS imaging of the fluorescence intensity of mice injected with an exemplary compound capable of crossing the BBB, Cy5.5-TRBP3, at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 30 minutes ex vivo after perfusion.
• Solubility in water Solubility of TRBP-6 peptoid was determined by titration. Briefly, a precise amount (5 mg) of TRBP-6 was measured in a transparent 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube. DI water was added dropwise ( ⁇ 5 pl/drop) into the tube until the solids were completely dissolved and the solution was clear. Solubility was calculated as the ratio of quantity of peptoid and the total volume of DI water. At 4.96 mg in 10 pi (496 mg/ml) concentration, TRBP-6 remains completely soluble. Hence, the water solubility of TRBP-6 was considered higher than 496 mg/ml, highly water soluble. The solubility of TRBP6 in water is shown below.
• HPLC analysis RP-HPLC was conducted on an LC-20A liquid chromatographic system (Shimadzu, Japan).
• the HPLC system consisted of a Shimadzu LC-20AD solvent delivery pump, a SIL-20A auto-sampler, and a Shimadzu SPD- M20A UV/Vis detector.
• the TRBP-6 peptoid was analyzed using a Phenomenex ® HPLC C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 pm) at room temperature.
• the mobile phase was composed of solvent A (0.1% TFA in water) and solvent B (0.1% TFA in acetonitrile, TFA: trifluoroacetic acid).
• TRBP-6 peptoid was diluted with PBS pH 7.4 to 350 pg/ml. The solution was incubated in the water bath at 37 °C with gentle shaking. The aliquots (50 pi) were withdrawn from the TRBP-6 solution at different time intervals (0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 24 h). At each time point, 10 pi of solution was injected into HPLC for analysis. To examine the reproducibility, the experiments were carried out in triplicate. The table below shows the content of the TRBP-6 peptoid in PBS pH 7.4 at different time intervals.
• TRBP-6 peptoid solution with a concentration of 5 mg/ml in PBS was diluted to 1.4 mg/ml by human plasma. After incubation at 37°C in human plasma for 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h, 50 pi of the mixture was quenched with 150 pi of cold acetonitrile and centrifuged at 148000 rpm x 20 min. The supernatant (100 pi) was detected by HPLC. The assay was performed in triplicates. The table below shows the content of TRBP-6 peptoid in human plasma at different time intervals. The data support the excellent stability of TRBP-6.

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