Classifications

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  • B01D—SEPARATION
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  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
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  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/96—Regeneration, reactivation or recycling of reactants
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  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
  • B01J20/103—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate comprising silica
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  • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
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  • B01J20/223—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material containing metals, e.g. organo-metallic compounds, coordination complexes
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  • B01J20/3291—Characterised by the shape of the carrier, the coating or the obtained coated product
  • B01J20/3293—Coatings on a core, the core being particle or fiber shaped, e.g. encapsulated particles, coated fibers
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  • B01J20/3433—Regenerating or reactivating of sorbents or filter aids other than those covered by B01J20/3408 - B01J20/3425
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  • B01J20/345—Regenerating or reactivating using a particular desorbing compound or mixture
  • B01J20/3458—Regenerating or reactivating using a particular desorbing compound or mixture in the gas phase
  • B01J20/3466—Regenerating or reactivating using a particular desorbing compound or mixture in the gas phase with steam
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
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  • C01B32/50—Carbon dioxide
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  • B01D2259/4009—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption by heating using hot gas
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Definitions

• Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to sorbents used for gas separation processes using moisture swing regeneration, and more specifically relate to blended sorbent formulations and their methods of use.
• Sorptive gas separation processes are amongst the most common form of industrial separation processes, together with distillation and membrane based separations.
• said first tolerant sorbent material and said second sorbent material differ by at least one of a water sorption capacity, a water heat of sorption, a target molecule sorption capacity, and a target molecule heat of sorption, and a sum product of said water sorption capacity multiplied by said water heat of sorption of said one or more first tolerant sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material is greater than a sum product of said target molecule sorption capacity multiplied by said target molecule heat of sorption of said first tolerant sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material.
• a formed blended sorbent structure for separating a gas mixture comprises one or more first sorbent material, and one or more second sorbent material.
• said one or more first sorbent material is at least one of a tolerant sorbent material, a steam tolerant sorbent, an oxidation tolerant sorbent, a NO x tolerant sorbent, and/or a SO x tolerant sorbent, and said one or more first sorbent material further comprising a water sorption capacity, a water heat of sorption, a target molecule heat of sorption, and a target molecule sorption capacity, said one or more second sorbent material further comprising a water sorption capacity, a water heat of sorption, a target molecule heat of sorption, and a target molecule sorption capacity, and a sum product of said water sorption capacity multiplied by said water heat of sorption of said one or more first sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material is greater than a
• a parallel passage sorbent contactor comprises a plurality of a formed blended sorbent structure, a plurality of a fluid passages, a first port fluidly connected to said plurality of fluid passages located at a first end of said formed blended sorbent structure, and a second port fluidly connected to said fluid passages located at a second end of said formed blended sorbent structure, wherein said plurality of said formed blended sorbent structure at least partially define said plurality of said fluid passages.
• Figure 1A is a graph illustrating computer simulated plots of water and carbon dioxide loading along a length of a adsorbent contactor during a regeneration step of a sorptive gas separation process using steam after two seconds from the start of a regeneration step;
• Figure 1 B is a graph illustrating computer simulated plots of water and carbon dioxide loading along a length of a sorbent contactor during a regeneration step of a sorptive gas separation process using steam after four seconds from the start of a regeneration step;
• Blended sorbent two or more sorbent materials, for example, at least one tolerant sorbent and at least one intolerant sorbent, combined to form a sorbent mixture where the two or more sorbents can be substantially homogeneous or heterogeneous distributed within the combined sorbent mixture or blended sorbent.
• a blended sorbent can form different physical configurations including but not limited to, a blended sorbent powder (for example, a homogeneous blended sorbent powder or an encapsulated blended sorbent powder) or a formed blended sorbent (for example, a separated staged sorbent structure, a homogeneous blended sorbent structure, an encapsulated blended sorbent structure, a layered blended sorbent structure).
• SOx tolerant sorbent capable of maintaining a loss of less than 10% in sorption capacity, sorption energetics, and/or sorption kinetics after exposure to 50 ppm of sulfur dioxide, or 50 ppm sulfur trioxide mixture for 24 hrs at a temperature where a sorbent operates, such as, 40°C to 80°C.
• Target compound sorbent material porous solid sorbent material having a weight which increases greater than 1 % when exposed to a condition where a feed stream or feed mixture is at a temperature in a range of 40°C to 80°C.
• Figs. 1 A and 1 B It can also be observed in Figs. 1 A and 1 B, that the sorbents adjacent to the proximal end of the contactor (0 meter axial location along the X-axis) are subjected to lower water adsorption loading of the solid or sorbent as well as lower temperatures of the solids or sorbents. This can be explained by a reduced partial pressure of the steam in the gas phase being in equilibrium with the sorbent, as desorbed CO2 is diluting the steam as it progresses through the contactor. Thermal inertia can also be another factor which can cause lower water adsorption loading of the solid or sorbent at the proximal end of the contactor. Conversely, the contactor adjacent the distal end (1.2 meter axial location along the X-axis) can be subjected to higher water adsorption loading of the sorbent as well as higher temperatures of the sorbents.
• Fig. 3 shows a loss in sorption capacity to a polymeric amine-based sorbent along a contactor, after 1000 hours of operation while using steam for regeneration of the sorbent.
• the X-axis represents an axial length or location of a sorbent contactor in meters, while the Y-axis represents a sorption capacity loss in percentage.
• Steam is introduced from the distal end (located at 1.2 meter axial location along the X-axis) and moves along the contactor towards a steam outlet or feed inlet adjacent to the proximal end of the contactor (0 meter axial location along the X-axis).
• a capacity loss plot 301 shows an example of steam induced CO2 degradation profile or sorption capacity loss propagating from the steam inlet end (1.2 meter axial location on the x-axis).
• the polymeric amine-based material was configured as a laminate sorbent sheet which experiences excess water condensation during part of the process (near the vessel wall). While part of the contactor remains mostly intact, a part of the contactor with a greater sorption of steam and steam exposure loses a large fraction of its CO2 sorption capacity.
• Steam tolerant sorbent and steam intolerant sorbent are positioned and fluidly connected in series relative to a flow direction 501 , of a steam stream, with the steam tolerant sorbent material located closest to an inlet of a contactor for a steam stream, such as the distal end.
• Fig. 5B shows a separated staged sorbent structure having a first stage and a second stage, where the first stage can comprise a tolerant sorbent combined with an intolerant sorbent, and the second stage comprise an intolerant sorbent.
• a separated staged sorbent structure can be self-supported or have a sorbent support.
• a porous coating of individual micron scale particles cannot be an effective diffusion barrier relative to a layer of meso-porous or nano-porous material with pore diameters within 0.4 nanometer to 50 nanometers as used in the example in Fig. 4B, it can be relatively more effective than a randomly mixed powder, if the sorption kinetics within the particles is of the same magnitude in time as with the diffusion through the porous network between particles.
• Blended sorbents configured with multiple layers of sorbents can also mitigate the need to develop slurries for the particulate mixture, as each sorbent material can desirably have different binders and dispersing agents.
• Fig. 5C shows a sorbent profile of an embodiment formed blended sorbent structure where both tolerant and intolerant sorbent materials are present throughout the contactor and/or a formed blended sorbent structure 530.
• Tolerant sorbent 533 such as a steam tolerant sorbent, is shown having a higher weight percentage loading gradient (higher gradient shown as darker in shade) located closest to an inlet of a contactor for a steam stream (such as the distal end), as shown with a flow direction 501 of the steam stream.
• a formed blended sorbent structure has a gradient concentration or rate of change concentration between a first end of the formed blended sorbent structure and a second end of the formed blended sorbent structure, and optionally the gradient concentration or rate of change concentration is substantially constant between the first end of the formed blended sorbent structure and the second end of the formed blended sorbent structure.
• the formed blended sorbent structure may have a sorbent support.
• Formed blended sorbent structures including, for example, a separated staged sorbent structure, a homogeneous blended sorbent structure, a encapsulated blended sorbent structure, or a layered blended sorbent structure, described herein in the form of substantially flat sheets, such as, a laminate or sorbent sheets, can be configured to define substantially parallel passages in a parallel passage sorbent contactor, where the dimensions, for example, height, width, and length, of the parallel passages affect a permeability across the parallel passage sorbent contactor (measured in a direction of the flow of a feed and/or regeneration stream).
• a parallel passage sorbent contactor formed blended sorbent structure (for example, a separated staged sorbent structure, a homogeneous blended sorbent structure, a encapsulated blended sorbent structure, or a layered blended sorbent structure), or laminates, can be sized and configured in such a way that the parallel passage sorbent contactor comprise a permeability value in a range of about 2,000 to 40,000 Darcy under laminar flow conditions.
• the formulation or blend of sorbent materials such as blended sorbent powders and/or formed blended sorbent structures with distinct sorption properties described in this invention can be used for the purpose of separating gaseous component from a feed stream for energy production, carbon dioxide abatement, or chemical manufacturing and providing a concentrated stream of at least one component in the feed that can be further utilized or sequestrated or discarded.
• a sorbent separator and/or at least one sorbent contactor for separation of a component from a multi-component gas stream can comprise: a plurality of formed blended sorbent or supported blended sorbents, which at least partially define a plurality of fluid passages; an inlet at a first end of the plurality of formed blended sorbent or supported blended sorbents and fluidly connected to the plurality of fluid passages; an outlet at a second end of the plurality of formed blended sorbent or supported blended sorbents and fluidly connected to the plurality of fluid passages; and a permeability value in a range of about 2,000 to 40,000 Darcy under laminar flow conditions.
• a sorbent separator and/or at least one contactor for separation of a component from a multi-component gas stream can comprise: an inlet and an outlet, one or more tolerant sorbent material located substantially adjacent or closest to the inlet and within a volume of equal to or greater than about 20%, preferably equal to or greater than about 30%, or more preferably equal to or greater than about 40% of a volume of the contactor.
• a sorbent separator and/or at least one contactor for separation of a component from a multi-component gas stream can comprise: a plurality of formed blended sorbent or supported blended sorbents (for example, a separated staged sorbent structure, a homogeneous blended sorbent structure, a encapsulated blended sorbent structure, or a layered blended sorbent structure), further comprise at least one first or tolerant sorbent material (for example, a steam tolerant sorbent, an oxidation tolerant sorbent, a NO x tolerant sorbent, and/or a SOx tolerant sorbent), and at least one second or intolerant sorbent material (for example, a steam intolerant sorbent, an oxidation intolerant sorbent, a NO x intolerant sorbent, and/or a SO x intolerant sorbent); an enclosure for housing the at least one first or tolerant sorbent material and at least one second or intolerant sorbent material; and an
• the formulation or blend of sorbent materials, or blended sorbents with distinct sorption properties disclosed herein can be used for the purpose of separating a first component, for example, carbon dioxide, from a multi-component gas stream for industrial or utility deleterious effluent reduction and providing a concentrated stream of CO2 that can be further utilized for sequestration or other industrial usage.
• a first component for example, carbon dioxide
• the contactor can have a heat capacity value where a sum of the products of a total heat capacity of sorbents multiplied by a mass fraction of sorbents is greater than a sum of the products of the heat capacity for all of the components in the formed material multiplied by a mass fraction for all of the components in the formed material multiplied by 0.75.
• the contactor can have a permeability value in a range of about 2,000 to 40,000 Darcy under laminar flow conditions.
• a sorptive gas separation process for sorptive gas separation of a multi-component fluid mixture or stream comprising at least a first component (which can comprise for example, carbon dioxide) is provided.
• the sorptive process can separate at least a portion of the first component from the multi-component fluid mixture or stream.
• Fig. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention, showing a sorptive gas separation process 700 for separation of a multi-component fluid mixture or stream comprising at least a first component (which can comprise for example, carbon dioxide) and a second component.
• an initial step 701 includes providing a contactor having at least a blended sorbent powder, for example, a homogeneous blended sorbent powder or an encapsulated blended sorbent powder, and/or a formed blended sorbent structure, for example, a separated staged sorbent structure, a homogeneous blended sorbent structure, an encapsulated blended sorbent structure, or a layered blended sorbent structure.
• a blended sorbent powder for example, a homogeneous blended sorbent powder or an encapsulated blended sorbent powder
• a formed blended sorbent structure for example, a separated staged sorbent structure, a homogeneous blended sorbent structure, an encapsulated blended sorbent structure, or a layered blended sorbent structure.
• the process 700 can employ a parallel passage contactor comprising a plurality of formed blended sorbents or supported blended sorbents stacked on top of one another, and a plurality of spacers for creating a channel between two adjacently stacked formed blended sorbents or supported blended, and creating a plurality of channels for permitting a fluid to flow through the contactor.
• the contactor can have a permeability value of 2,000 to 40,000 Darcy under laminar flow conditions.
• the sorptive gas separation process can employ a contactor, for example, a parallel passage contactor or a packed-bed contactor.
• a multi-component gas stream containing at least a first component such as carbon dioxide, can be admitted as a feed stream into the contactor during a sorbing step 710.
• the feed stream contacts the blended sorbent, and at least a portion of the first component of the feed stream can sorb in and/or onto the blended sorbent.
• the remaining components that are not sorbed in and/or onto to sorbent material for example, a second component such as nitrogen, can substantially flow through the contactor and exit the contactor to form a first product stream.
• the first product stream can be depleted in the first component relative to the feed stream. In embodiments, the first product stream can also be enriched in the second component relative to the feed stream. In embodiments, the first product stream can be recovered from the contactor.
• a first regeneration step 711 at least a portion of the first component sorbed in and/or onto the at least one sorbent material can be desorbed, by at least one of a temperature swing mechanism, a pressure swing mechanism, and a partial pressure swing mechanism, to form a second product stream.
• a first regeneration stream (such as steam) can be admitted into the contactor for contacting the blended sorbent as the first regeneration stream flows through the contactor.
• At least a portion of the first regeneration stream (such as water from the steam) can sorb in and/or onto the blended sorbent, generating a heat of sorption.
• This heat of sorption of water is a result of the phase change undergone by water, for example, changing from the gas phase (steam) into the liquid phase (liquid water).
• the heat of sorption resulting from the sorption of water onto the sorbents can be used as at least a portion of a heat of desorption for desorbing at least a portion of the first component sorbed in and/or onto the blended sorbent.
• the second product stream can be enriched in the first component relative to the feed stream.
• the second product stream can then be recovered from the contactor.
• the water component sorbed in and/or onto the blended sorbent can be desorbed from the blended sorbent by admitting a second regeneration stream, such as a gas stream having a low partial pressure of water, or a relative humidity less than a relative humidity within the contactor.
• a second regeneration stream such as a gas stream having a low partial pressure of water, or a relative humidity less than a relative humidity within the contactor.
• desorption of the water component sorbed in and/or on the blended sorbent can be performed or assisted by applying a vacuum and reducing a pressure within the contactor to a pressure below a saturation pressure of the steam within the contactor.
• Components desorbed from the blended sorbents during the second regeneration step 712 can form a third product stream which can be recovered from the contactor.
• Additional optional subsequent steps can follow, for example, a cooling step where a temperature of the blended sorbent can be reduced prior to repeating the sorbing step.
• the cycle of the sorbing step 710, the first regeneration step 711 , optional second regeneration step 712 (and optional subsequent steps) may be repeated as desired.
• a sorptive gas separation process for separating at least a first component from a multi-component gas stream can comprise providing a contactor described hereinabove, admitting the multi-component gas stream as a feed stream into the sorbent contactor via a feed inlet, sorbing at least a portion of the first component from the feed stream on the blended sorbent, recovering a first product stream enriched in a second component relative to the feed stream from the sorbent contactor via an outlet, admitting a first regenerating stream with a steam content greater than 80% (mole fraction) purity into the sorbent contactor via a steam inlet, sorbing steam or water on the blended sorbent and generating a heat of sorption or condensation optionally where the amount of energy released when the water sorbs onto the blended sorbent is greater than the energy desired to desorb the first component from the blended sorbent, desorbing at least a portion of the first component sorbed on the blended sorbent and forming a second product stream enriched
• the contactor can further comprise at least one of a separated staged sorbent, a homogeneous blended sorbents, an encapsulated blended sorbent, and a supported blended sorbent, as described hereinabove, optionally having a weight of one or more tolerant sorbent material equal to or greater than about 20%, 30%, or 40% of an sorbent weight of the blended sorbent.
• the blended sorbent can have a total heat of sorption for water greater than the total heat of sorption for the target molecule
• the blended sorbents can have a heat capacity value where a sum of the products of a total heat capacity of sorbents multiplied by a mass fraction of sorbents is greater than a sum of the products of the heat capacity for all of the components in the formed material multiplied by a mass fraction for all of the components in the formed material multiplied by 0.75.
• the contactor can have a permeability value in a range of about 2,000 to 40,000 Darcy under laminar flow conditions.
• the first component can be carbon dioxide and the regenerating stream can be a steam stream admitted into the contactor at a temperature in a temperature range of 100°C and 120°C.
• sorbent material A For sorbent material A, the effect of dosing steam is shown in Fig. 6A.
• material B the effect of dosing steam can be seen in Fig. 6B.
• the blended sorbent having mixture of sorbent materials A and B 50% of each by weight
• the effect of dosing steam can be seen in Fig. 6C.
• a maximum adiabatic temperature with steam injection for sorbent A by itself is shown to be about 115°C on temperature plot 621 with a maximum water sorption of about 2.2 mmol/g water loading plot 611.
• CO2 desorption is shown on CO2 loading plot 601.
• a maximum adiabatic temperature with steam injection for sorbent B by itself is shown to be about 125°C on temperature plot 622 with a maximum water sorption of about 2.75 mmol/g as seen on water loading plot 612.
• CO2 desorption is shown one CO2 loading plot 602.
• CO2 loading column 630 shows the loading of CO2, on sorbent material A by itself (dark shaded solid column) compared with sorbent material A in blended sorbent material A and B (hatch patterned column).
• CO2 loading column 631 shows the loading of CO2, on sorbent material B by itself (light shaded solid column) compared with sorbent material B in blended sorbent material A and B (hatch patterned column).
• Water loading column 632 shows the loading of water, on sorbent material A by itself (dark shaded solid column) compared with sorbent material A in blended sorbent material A and B (hatch patterned column), which illustrate the water loading of sorbent material A when combined in blended sorbent material A and B has a reduced or lower water loading.
• Water loading column 633 shows the loading of water, on sorbent material B by itself (light shaded solid column) compared with sorbent material B in blended sorbent material A and B (hatch patterned column), which illustrate the water loading of sorbent material B when combined in blended sorbent material A and B has an increased or higher water loading.
• Fig. 6E shows a comparison of adiabatic temperatures of the individual sorbent materials (at water addition step 200 on the X-axis in Figs. 6A and 6B) to the blended sorbent material (at water addition step 200 on the X-axis in Fig. 6C).
• the X- axis represent sorbent materials, while Y-axis represents temperature in °C.
• the adiabatic temperatures for sorbent material A is shown as a temperature bar 634
• sorbent material B is shown as a temperature bar 635
• blended sorbent material A and B is shown as a temperature bar 636.
• a sorptive bed configured with multiple structured beds was tested for CO2 capture from simulated flue gas using rapid cycling with steam regeneration.
• the beds were made with low pressure drop characteristics Darcy (8000, 12000) from sorbent sheets containing either metal organic framework sorbent (MOF) or polyethylenimide supported/ dispersed on silica (PEIDS).
• MOF metal organic framework sorbent
• PIDS polyethylenimide supported/ dispersed on silica
• a blended sorbent powder for separating a gas mixture can comprise one or more tolerant sorbent materials, and one or more intolerant sorbent material.
• a sorbent weight of the said one or more tolerant sorbent material can be equal to or greater than about 20%, 30%, or 40% of an sorbent weight of said blended sorbent powder, or the sorbent weight of the said one or more tolerant sorbent material can be equal to or greater than a sorbent weight of the said one or more tolerant sorbent material and one or more intolerant sorbent material.
• the said blended sorbent powder can have at least a 1 mmol/g sorption capacity for the target molecule for a representative sample of the full sorbent bed composition under the process condition used for sorption in a cyclic sorptive separation process.
• the said one or more tolerant sorbent materials can further comprise a water heat of sorption, a target molecule heat of sorption, a water sorption capacity, a target molecule target sorption capacity
• the said one or more intolerant sorbent material can further comprise a water heat of sorption, a target molecule heat of sorption, a water sorption capacity, a target molecule target sorption capacity, and a sum product of said water sorption capacity multiplied by said water heat of sorption of said one or more tolerant sorbent material and said one or more intolerant sorbent material can be greater than a sum product of said target molecule cyclic sorption capacity multiplied by said target molecule heat of sorption of said one or more tolerant sorbent material and said one or more intolerant sorbent material.
• one or more second sorbent material can further comprise a water sorption capacity, a water heat of sorption, a target molecule heat of sorption, and a target molecule sorption capacity, wherein a sum product of said water sorption capacity multiplied by said water heat of sorption of said one or more first sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material can be greater than a sum product of said target molecule sorption capacity multiplied by said target molecule heat of sorption of said one or more first sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material.
• a formed blended sorbent structure for separating a gas mixture can comprise one or more first sorbent material, and one or more second sorbent material, for combining with said one or more first sorbent material forming a blended sorbent powder, wherein a sorbent weight of said one or more first sorbent material can be equal to or greater than about 20%, 30%, or 40% of an sorbent weigh of said blended sorbent powder, and wherein said one or more first sorbent material can be at least one of steam tolerant, oxidation tolerant, NO x tolerant, and/or SOx tolerant.
• said second end and/or said second portion of said formed blended sorbent structure or said sorbent support can have a lower concentration of said one or more first sorbent material relative to said first end and/or said first portion of said formed blended sorbent or said sorbent support, and/or a higher concentration of said one or more second sorbent material relative to said first end and/or said first portion of said formed blended sorbent or said sorbent support.
• said one or more first sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material can be heterogeneously distributed and/or located on said formed blended sorbent support or said sorbent support having a gradient concentration or rate of change concentration between said first end of said sorbent support and said second end of said sorbent support.
• said gradient concentration or rate of change concentration can be substantially constant between said first end of said sorbent support and said second end of said formed blended sorbent structure or said sorbent support.
• said formed blended sorbent structure and/or said sorbent support can further comprise a first portion and a second portion of said formed blended sorbent structure or said sorbent support, wherein said one or more first sorbent material can be heterogeneously distributed and/or located on said formed blended sorbent structure or said sorbent support having a gradient concentration or rate of change concentration in said first portion of said formed blended sorbent structure or said sorbent support.
• said one or more second sorbent material can be substantially homogeneously distributed and/or substantially located in said second portion of said formed blended sorbent structure or said sorbent support.
• said one or more second sorbent material is at least one of an intolerant sorbent material, a steam intolerant sorbent, an oxidation intolerant sorbent, a NO x intolerant sorbent, and/or a SOx intolerant sorbent.
• said one or more second sorbent material is at least one of: a tolerant sorbent material, a steam tolerant sorbent, an oxidation tolerant sorbent, a NOx tolerant sorbent, a SO x tolerant sorbent, an intolerant sorbent material, a steam intolerant sorbent, an oxidation intolerant sorbent, a NOx intolerant sorbent, and/or a SO x intolerant sorbent.
• a sum product of said water sorption capacity multiplied by said water heat of sorption of said one or more first sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material can be greater than a sum product of said target molecule sorption capacity multiplied by said target molecule heat of sorption of said one or more first sorbent material and said one or more second sorbent material.

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• 2021
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