WO2021243423A1 - Dispositif d'accumulation d'énergie lithium-ion à puissance optimisée - Google Patents

Dispositif d'accumulation d'énergie lithium-ion à puissance optimisée Download PDF

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WO2021243423A1
WO2021243423A1 PCT/AU2021/050564 AU2021050564W WO2021243423A1 WO 2021243423 A1 WO2021243423 A1 WO 2021243423A1 AU 2021050564 W AU2021050564 W AU 2021050564W WO 2021243423 A1 WO2021243423 A1 WO 2021243423A1
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carbon
cell
energy storage
lto
loading
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PCT/AU2021/050564
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English (en)
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Adam Best
Graeme Andrew Snook
Marzi BARGHAMADI
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Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation
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Priority claimed from AU2020901857A external-priority patent/AU2020901857A0/en
Application filed by Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation filed Critical Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation
Priority to AU2021284978A priority Critical patent/AU2021284978A1/en
Publication of WO2021243423A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021243423A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
    • H01M10/625—Vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
    • H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to lithium ion energy storage cells having a high rate capability as the cell is power optimised. This cell is particularly suitable for high power applications.
  • the energy output of a lithium ion battery dictates the type of device in which it can be used.
  • a power optimized cell has a high rate capability, while an energy optimized cell has a low rate- capability.
  • An energy-optimized cell has more capacity, and is thus able to supply more energy, but only for mild loads.
  • Energy-optimized batteries are more suitable for portable electronics, for example, cell phones.
  • Power energy-optimized cells are better suited to power-demanding applications, for example, energy storage and transportation applications including vehicles, railway, industrial equipment, electric power equipment, and energy storage for buildings and facilities.
  • Energy storage devices for energy storage and transportation applications are of particular interest. There are a number of considerations for batteries in transportation applications, including the total battery energy capacity needed for an application, energy density available which affects the battery size and battery weight, the power capability with respect to speed of discharge and charge as well as travel distance between charges and average speed.
  • An electrically driven tram particularly, a catenary-free battery-powered light rain tram, uses an onboard energy storage system for power. Such a system requires sufficient output power for acceleration of the vehicle away from a stop and the ability to sustain stable and rapid charging between stops, as well as sufficient specific energy to travel the distance between stops.
  • Existing electrically driven trams use hybrid supercapacitor-battery combinations that are charged at each stop. Supercapacitors can operate at unrivalled levels of specific power output, however, they suffer from relatively low performance in terms of specific energy. In contrast, due to their higher specific energy, batteries can store more energy than a supercapacitor but due to their higher specific power a supercapacitor can give off energy more quickly than a battery.
  • lithium ion batteries offer a combination of specific energy and power density suitable for many small device applications having fairly low power requirements, they are limited by available power density, slow recharge times and poor long-life cycling ability. Additionally, to deliver sufficient energy and high specific power requirements for transport applications, batteries based on current lithium ion configurations would necessarily be large and heavy.
  • ESR effective series resistance
  • An object of a preferred embodiment of the invention is to provide new electrode compositions for a LFP cathode and a LTO anode electrode.
  • One object of a preferred embodiment of the invention is to provide a Li ion cell comprising one or more of these electrodes which are capable of providing sufficient specific energy with a high specific power capable of sustaining high rates of charge and discharge over a long cycle life.
  • One object of a preferred embodiment is to provide of a high- performance, high power optimised LMP
  • an energy storage device comprising the following components: one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising a current collector substrate and an electrode material mixture comprising LMP electroactive material or a derivative thereof, wherein M is Fe, Mn or a mixture, and wherein the LMP electroactive material is present on the substrate at a loading of about 10 mg cm 2 or less, wherein the electrode material mixture comprising from about 65% w/w to about 85% w/w of the LMP electroactive material, and from about 10% w/w to about 25% w/w of one or more conductivity enhancers comprising one or more carbonaceous materials; and one or more anodes, each anode comprising a current collector substrate, and an anode electrode material mixture comprising an LMO electroactive material or a derivative thereof, wherein M is Ti, Nb or mixtures thereof, and wherein the LMO electroactive material is present on the substrate at a loading of about 10 mg cm 2 or less, wherein the electrode material mixture comprises
  • LMO energy storage devices using the above recited LMP cathode formulation and the above recited LMO anode formulations which have unusually high concentrations of conductive carbon at an electrode material loading of 10 mg cm 2 or less, support a power optimised and fast charging performance characterised by a specific power of > 1000 W Kg -1 while retaining high capacity retention at long cycle life of over 3000 charge/discharge cycles at high rates of 15C/5C.
  • LMO energy storage devices of the invention can be charged to at least 90% capacity in 5 minutes or under at 15C.
  • LMO energy storage devices of the invention can be charged to at least 90% capacity in 3 minutes or under at 15C.
  • an energy storage device comprising the following components: one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising a current collector substrate and an electrode material mixture comprising LMP or a derivative thereof, wherein M is Fe, Mn or a mixture, wherein the LMP electroactive material is present on the substrate at a loading of about 10 mg cm 2 or less; one or more anodes, each anode comprising a current collector substrate, and an electrode material mixture comprising LMO or a derivative thereof, wherein M is Ti, Nb or mixtures thereof, wherein the LMO electroactive material is present on the substrate at a loading of about 10 mg cm 2 or less.
  • the device is configured as a multicell device to provide a specific power of > 1000 W Kg 1 .
  • the device is power optimised as described below.
  • the invention provides an energy storage device comprising the following components: one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising a current collector substrate and an electrode material mixture comprising LMP or a derivative thereof wherein in M is Fe, Mn or a mixture thereof, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of one or more conducting carbons and one or more conducting carbon fibres, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LMP electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of about 10 mg cm 2 or less; one or more anodes, each anode comprising a current collector substrate, and an electrode material mixture comprising LMO or a derivative thereof, wherein M is Ti, Nb or mixtures thereof, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of conducting carbon and conducting carbon fibres, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LMO electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of about 10 mg cm 2 or less; wherein one or more of the current collector substrates has an electrical conductivity of > 800 S cm 1 at room temperature
  • the device is configured as a multicell device to provide a specific power of > 1000 W
  • the energy storage device is configured as a multicell device to provide an energy of from about 5 Wh to about 20 Wh.
  • the LMO loading on the anode substrate may be balanced with the cathode LMP loading on the cathode substrate.
  • the loading of the LMO is present in an excess amount of the loading of the LMP.
  • LMP is LFP.
  • LMO is LTO.
  • the cathode comprises LFP and the anode comprises LTO.
  • a preferred single cell of the device has a nominal voltage of about 1.9 V.
  • the cathode electrode material mixture of LMP further comprises one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of: one or more conducting carbons and preferably one or more conducting carbon fibres; and a polymeric binder.
  • the anode electrode material mixture of LMO further comprises one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of: conducting carbon and conducting carbon fibres; and a polymeric binder.
  • one or more of the current collector substrates has an electrical conductivity of > 800 S cm 1 , more preferably > 10,000 S cm 1 , most preferably > 20,000 S cm 1 , most preferably still > 30,000 S cm 1 at room temperature (RT). Conductivity is measured for a 1 cm 2 sample of 30 micron thickness at room temperature. Room temperature is taken as about 20°C.
  • one or more of the current collector substrates is a metal, preferably a passivated metal, for example, anodised aluminium. Passivation improves adhesion of the electrode material to the current collector.
  • the current collector is a foil.
  • the components of the device are under an applied pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10 Nm, preferably a pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 5 Nm, most preferably, a pressure of about 2 Nm.
  • the device components may be under these pressures during operation.
  • the electrode material on one or more of the current collector substrates is calanderred. Calendaring is used to achieve uniform coating of electrode materials on a current collector substrate with enhanced particles contact and optimised porosity of the electrodes.
  • a preferred electrode material on one or more of the current collectors is a calanderred electrode material. It will be understood that calandering occurs during manufacture of the electrodes for the device. Preferably, the calandering reduces a thickness of the initial/starting electrode material coating on the substrate. The starting coat thickness is the thickness of the electrode material on the substrate after it is dried from paste/ink form.
  • starting coating thickness it is meant the thickness of the electrode material resulting when the electrode material in paste form is dried on the current collector at 100° C under vacuum sufficient to remove any solvent used during manufacture of the precursor material in paste form.
  • the electrode material on the current collector is calendered to reduce the electrode material starting coat thickness by > 5% after calendering, more preferably by > 10% after calendaring, more preferably still by about 15%, of the electrode material starting coat thickness.
  • the reduction in thickness can be achieved by one or more round/pass of calandering during electrode manufacture.
  • using a ball milled electrode material paste is particularly preferred.
  • the cathode LMP and/or the anode LMO is present on the substrate at loading amount of about 10 mg cm 2 or less, about 9 mg cm 2 or less, about 8 mg cm 2 or less, about 7 mg cm 2 or less, about 6 mg cm 2 or less, about 5 mg cm 2 or less, about 4 mg cm 2 or less, about 3 mg cm 2 or less, about 2 mg cm 2 or less, or about 1 mg cm 2 or less.
  • the material is present in an amount greater than 0 mg cm 2 .
  • the cathode LMP and/or the anode LMO is present on the substrate at loading of about 5 mg cm 2 or less, about 4 mg cm 2 or less, or about 3 mg cm 2 or less.
  • 'about' it is meant a deviation of ⁇ 3% of the numerical value. More preferably, by 'about' here it is meant a deviation of ⁇ 1% of the numerical value.
  • the loading of the LMO active electroactive material on the anode substrate is balanced with the loading of the cathode LMP active electroactive material on the cathode substrate.
  • the loading LMO electroactive material is in excess compared to the loading of LMP electroactive material on the cathode substrate.
  • a mass ratio of material preferred ranges from about 1.1 to 1.5, more preferably from about 1.15 to 1.3, most preferably about 1.18 to 1.25. In one embodiment, the ratio of negative to positive mass is 1.14, 1.17, 1.18 or 1.26.
  • the device further comprises a non-aqueous electrolyte, preferably an EC/DMC mixture, preferably in a 1:1 ratio by volume, more preferably with about 1 M of LiPFe.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte further comprises a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a water scavenging additive such as HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane).
  • HMDS hexamethyldisilazane
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a water scavenging additive such as HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane), preferably 1% HMDS.
  • the device further comprises one or more tabs for connecting an electrical lead to the current collector.
  • one or more of the tabs are attached to the device/cell via ultrasonic welding.
  • the energy storage device exhibits an internal resistance of ⁇ 2 mQ per single cell of the device, more preferably ⁇ 1.5 mQ, most preferably ⁇ 1 mQ.
  • the device after >3,000 cycles at a 15C/5C charge/discharge rate, the device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the device exhibited at a 1C charge rate.
  • the device after >20,000 cycles at a 15C/5C charge/discharge rate, the device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the device exhibited at a 1C charge rate.
  • the device exhibits a specific energy of from about 10 Wh Kg 1 to about 50 Wh Kg -1 at 15C charging, preferably, from about 20 Wh Kg 1 to about 45 Wh Kg 1 at 15C charging, more preferably about 30 Wh Kg 1 to about 40 Wh Kg 1 at 15C charging, most preferably about 36 Wh Kg 1 at 15C charging.
  • 'about' it is meant a deviation of +3% of the numerical value.
  • the energy storage device exhibits a specific energy which is >75 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably is >80 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably still is >85 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, most preferably is >90 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C.
  • the energy storage device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably is >90 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, most preferably is >95 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C.
  • the energy storage device is a multicell device, preferably configured /to exhibit an energy of from about 5 Wh to about 20 Wh, preferably about 10 Wh.
  • the device further comprises means for applying a pressure of pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10 Nm to the device during operation.
  • the device is configured as a multiplate cell, preferably wherein each plate has a surface area of about 293 cm 2 , for example, arising from a plate dimension of about 14.3 cm x about 20.5 cm.
  • the invention provides a power optimized energy storage device operable under an applied pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10 Nm and comprising the following components: one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising a current collector substrate and an electrode material mixture comprising calandered LMP or a derivative thereof wherein M is Fe, Mn or a mixture, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of one or more conducting carbons and one or more conducting carbon fibres, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LMP electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of about 5 mg cm 2 or less; one or more anodes, each anode comprising a current collector substrate, and an electrode material mixture comprising calandered LMO or a derivative thereof wherein M is Ti, Nb or a mixture thereof, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of conducting carbon and conducting carbon fibres, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LMO electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of about 5 mg cm 2 or less;
  • the invention provides an energy storage device for an electric tram operable under a pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10 Nm and comprising the following components: a plurality of cells, each cell comprising one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising an anodised aluminium current collector substrate, and a caelered electrode material mixture comprising about 70% LFP, about 20% conducting carbon, about 5% carbon fibres, and about 5% polymeric binder, wherein the LFP electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of less than about 5 mg cm 2 ; one or more anodes, each anode comprising anodised aluminium current collector, and a caottered electrode material mixture comprising about 70% LTO, about 20% conducting carbon, about 5% carbon fibres, and about 5% polymeric binder, wherein the LTO electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of less than about 5 mg cm 2 ; a separator provided between cathode and anode; a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising one or more
  • the electroactive material is a carbon coated LMP material, such as carbon coated LMP, or a nano-structured, a nano-sized and/or spherical LMO, or a blend thereof.
  • Suitable LTO electroactive material can be obtained from MTI or Tech9 for example.
  • Carbon coated LTO can be obtained from NEI Corp for example.
  • Preferred nano-structured and/or spherical LMO materials consist of nano-crystals with average crystallite diameters from about 100 to about 200 nm, agglomerated into spherical particles with diameters between about 5 to about 30 micron and an average diameter of about 13 micron (for example, LTO from Tech9, China).
  • the electrode material mixture of the first and/or second aspects further comprises what is considered as a conventional binder, hereinafter referred to as a 'polymeric binder'.
  • the polymeric binder is selected from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) or fluoro-rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and naturally sourced derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
  • the polymeric binder is PVdF.
  • the electrode material mixture comprises the polymeric binder in a concentration of from about 2% w/w to about 10% w/w of polymeric binder, preferably, about 5% w/w.
  • concentration of from about 2% w/w to about 10% w/w of polymeric binder, preferably, about 5% w/w.
  • the conductivity enhancers include electrically conducting carbonaceous materials.
  • the one or more carbonaceous materials include graphitic carbonaceous materials, for example, graphite; conducting carbon such as conducting carbon black which includes acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black; conducting fibrous carbon such as carbon nanofibres, superconducting carbon fibres, vapour grown carbon fibres, or vapour grown carbon nanofibres; nanotubes, or combinations thereof.
  • conducting fibrous carbon include carbons having cylindrical nanostructures with graphene layers arranged for example as stacked cones, cups or plates, while carbon nanofibres include those having graphene layers wrapped into cylinders.
  • conductivity enhancers are used in both the anode and cathode electrode materials to improve the electronic conductivity of the electrodes.
  • Preferred conducting carbons include Cabot's LITX200 and LITX300 conducting carbon, preferably, LITX200.
  • One preferred acetylene black has a surface area of about 58 m 2 /g, an average particle diameter of about 36 microns, and an electric resistivity of about 0.2 W cm.
  • Preferred graphite has a surface area of about 10 to 25 m 2 /g preferably 17 m 2 /g, an average particle diameter of about 5.5 to about 7.5 microns, and an electric resistivity of about 1.75 W cm.
  • one or more of the conductivity enhancers is a carbon black having a surface area of about 62 m 2 /g and an electric resistivity of 1 W cm. Unless specifically stated otherwise for a value, by 'about' here it is meant a deviation of ⁇ 1% of the numerical value.
  • the conducting carbon is Timcal SuperP carbon black.
  • a preferred graphite is Timcal SFG.
  • the conductivity enhancers include from about 0% w/w to about 10 % w/w carbon fibres, preferably 5% w/w, more preferably 3% w/w. In a preferred embodiment, the conductivity enhancers include from about 0% w/w to about to 5% w/w carbon fibres, preferably VGCFs. Most preferably, the carbon fibres are VGCFs. Preferred VGCFs particles having a high aspect ratio, for example, having from about 10 nm to about 20 microns length to about 100nm average diameter. Preferred VGCFs have an average diameter of about 75 nm to about 120 nm, preferably, about 100 nm. Preferred VGCFs have a surface area of from about 25 to about 60 m 2 g, preferably about 43 m 2 g. Suitable VGCFs include, for example PR-24-XT-LHT VGCFs from Pyrograf products.
  • the conductivity enhancers include fibrous carbon, for example, vapour grown carbon fibres (VGCFs), the fibrous carbon component improve the electrical connectivity, binding within the paste and adhesion to the current collector.
  • Preferred conductivity enhancers are a blend of one or more conducting carbons and one or more conducting fibrous carbons.
  • a preferred blend comprise from about 24:1 to about 15:10 carbondibrous carbon.
  • a preferred blend comprise from about 20:5 carbondibrous carbon.
  • the carbon fibres are included in the cathode electrode material up to about 10%, preferably up to about 5% w/w carbon fibres. In one embodiment, the carbon fibres are included in the anode electrode material up to about 10%, preferably up to about 5% w/w carbon fibres.
  • the carbon fibres may be included in one or more of the cathode electrode material and the anode electrode material. In one embodiment, the carbon fibres are in the cathode electrode material only or the anode electrode material only. Suitably, the carbon fibres are included in the anode electrode material only.
  • only the anode electrode material mixture comprises the blend of one or more conducting carbons and one or more carbon fibres.
  • one or more of the conductivity enhancers of the first and/or second aspects are a blend of two or more of conducting carbon, black pearl and fibrous carbon.
  • the fibrous carbon is preferably a carbon fibre, more preferably VGCFs.
  • the invention provides a power optimized energy storage device operable under an applied pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10 Nm and comprising the following components: one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising a current collector substrate and an electrode material mixture comprising calandered LMP or derivative thereof wherein M is Fe, Mn or a mixture, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of one or more conducting carbons excluding carbon fibres, particularly VGCFs, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LMP electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of about 5 mg cm 2 or less; one or more anodes, each anode comprising a current collector substrate, and an electrode material mixture comprising calandered LMO or a derivative thereof wherein M is Ti, Nb or mixtures thereof, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of conducting carbon and conducting carbon fibres, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LMO electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of about 5 mg cm 2 or less;
  • the energy storage device exhibits a specific power of > 1000 W Kg 1 (1 kW Kg 1 ).
  • a preferred energy storage device exhibits a specific power of from > 2500 W Kg 1 .
  • the energy storage device exhibits a specific energy of from about 20 Wh Kg 1 to about 45 Wh Kg 1 at 15C, more preferably about 30 Wh Kg 1 to about 40 Wh Kg 1 at 15C, most preferably about 36 Wh Kg 1 at 15C.
  • the energy storage device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the device exhibited at a 1C charge rate.
  • the energy storage device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the device exhibited at a 1C charge rate.
  • the energy storage device exhibits a specific energy which is >75 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably is >80 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably still is >85 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, most preferably is >90 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C.
  • the energy storage device exhibits a specific energy which is >75 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably is >80 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably still is >85 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, most preferably is >90 % of specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C.
  • the energy storage device after 3,000 cycles, preferably after 10,000 cycles, more preferably after 15,000 cycles, preferably after 20,000 cycles, most preferably after 25,000 cycles, at a 1 C/1 C charge/discharge rate, the energy storage device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably is >90 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, most preferably is >95 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C.
  • the energy storage device after 3,000 cycles, preferably after 10,000 cycles, more preferably after 15,000 cycles, preferably after 20,000 cycles, most preferably after 25,000 cycles, at a 15C/5C charge/discharge rate, the energy storage device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, more preferably is >90 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C, most preferably is >95 % of the specific energy of the energy storage device exhibited at 1C.
  • the device performance is such that the energy storage device exhibits an energy output which is >80 % of the energy output after a 1C charge rate.
  • an energy storage device which is optimised for high power is one which can be charged and discharged at a high current rate (e.g., in an exemplary embodiment, charging current of 140 A through a 10.4 Ah capacity device takes 4-minute full charge (15Q).
  • the device could be charged quickly via regenerated energy recovered from vehicle braking and could supply a large current to a motor during vehicle start-up/acceleration.
  • Another example involves applications requiring rapid charging, for example, ⁇ 90 second charging, during vehicle stopping at a charge station, for example, a light rail/tram stop charging station, such that the vehicle could be sufficiently charged while passengers alight and board the vehicle to successful move the vehicle to the next charge station/stop within an acceptable predetermined timeframe at an acceptable speed.
  • the device is configured to exhibit a capacity of from about 1 Ah to about 15 Ah at a cell voltage of 1.9 V, more preferably, about 3 Ah to about 8 Ah at a cell voltage of 1.9 V, most preferably a capacity of about 5 Ah, at a cell voltage of 1.9 V.
  • the capacity as described herein is the specific energy of the device expressed in terms of Ah. Considering a single/basic cell voltage of 1.9V, it follows that a preferred device has a capacity of from about 5 Wh to about 20 Wh, preferably about 10 Wh.
  • the capacity of the device depends on the size of the device, the number of cells in parallel and/or series in a particular configuration in a battery module or unit, to provide a desired final voltage and/or final capacity for a desired application. Devices around 5 Ah are preferred as there are potential safety issues around handling larger capacity batteries or battery packs.
  • the device exhibits an internal resistance as indicated by an ESR measurement of ⁇ 2 mO per cell of the device, more preferably ⁇ 1.5 mO per cell, most preferably ⁇ 1 mO per cell over the first 100 cycles under room temperature operating conditions.
  • a preferred device exhibits an increase in the initial ESR measured after the first 100 cycles under room temperature conditions of from 10%-20% over 10,000 cycles.
  • Preferred internal cell resistances are those which ensure the lowest self-heating and/or electrical losses during charge and discharge as this enables more optimal delivery of the specific energy stored.
  • a lower internal resistance (sum of ohmic resistance and ionic resistance) indicates a higher capacity, whereby an increase in the internal resistance over time can indicate declining battery capacity or degradation.
  • the ESR of a single cell is about 0.8 mO. The standard ESR test involves applying a 1C charge to fully charge the device then a 1C discharge to return to 50% SOC.
  • the ESR test was carried out by discharging at 20C for 18 seconds (noting the voltage change up to 10 seconds), then resting for 60 seconds, followed by a 15C charge for 10 seconds (noting the voltage change up to 10 seconds). This was followed by a rest step.
  • the voltage change divided by the current gives the standard ESR of the device for the charge and discharge step.
  • a preferred device has a specific power of from about 1000 W Kg 1 to about 3000 W Kg -1 , more preferably about 1500 W Kg 1 to about 3000 W Kg 1 , most preferably about 2500 W Kg 1 .
  • a preferred device exhibits a specific energy of > 30 Wh Kg 1 , more preferably > 40 Wh Kg 1 , most preferably > 45 Wh Kg 1 .
  • a preferred device exhibits a specific energy of > 30 Wh Kg 1 at 1C.
  • a preferred device exhibits a specific energy of > 20 Wh Kg 1 at 15C.
  • a preferred device exhibits a specific energy of > 10 Wh Kg 1 at 20C.
  • a preferred device exhibits a specific energy of from about 30 Wh Kg 1 to about 60 Wh Kg 1 at 1C, more preferably about 40 Wh Kg 1 to about 45 Wh Kg 1 at 1C, most preferably about 42 Wh Kg 1 at 1C.
  • a preferred device exhibits a specific energy of from about 20 Wh Kg 1 to about 45 Wh Kg 1 at 15C, more preferably about 30 Wh Kg 1 to about 40 Wh Kg 1 at 15C, most preferably about 36 Wh Kg 1 at 15C.
  • a preferred device exhibits a specific energy of from about 20 Wh Kg 1 to about 45 Wh Kg 1 at 20C, more preferably about 30 Wh Kg 1 to about 40 Wh Kg 1 at 20C, most preferably about 36 Wh Kg 1 at 20C.
  • a device which is optimized for long life is proposed to exhibit only a small degree of capacity degradation even after more than 50,000 cycles at 50 % degree of discharge (DoD), or from about 30 % to about 80 % SoC at 15C/5C charging and discharging, or 20,000 cycles at 100 % degree of discharge (DoD) or 0 to about 100 % SoC at 15C /5C.
  • DoD degree of discharge
  • DoD degree of discharge
  • DoD degree of discharge
  • Generally preferred devices comprise: 65% to 90% LFP: 10% to 35% carbon: 0% to 10% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder; and 65% to 90% LTO: 10% to 35% carbon: 0% to 10% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder.
  • Preferred devices comprise: 65% to 85% LFP: 10% to 30% carbon: 2% to 5% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder; and 65% to 85% LTO: 10% to 25% carbon: 2% to 30% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder.
  • Preferred devices comprise: 70% to 80% LFP: 18% to 25% carbon: 2% to 5% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder; and 70% to 80% LTO: 18% to 25% carbon: 2% to 5% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder.
  • Preferred devices comprise: 75% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% binder; and 75% LTO: 20% carbon: 5% binder.
  • Preferred devices comprise: 75% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% binder, at a loading of about 3.49 mg cm 1 on an anodised aluminium current collector; and 75% LTO: 20% carbon: 5% binder, at a loading of about 3.27 mg cm 1 on an anodised aluminium current collector.
  • Particularly preferred devices comprise fibrous carbon such as carbon fibres, particularly VGCFs.
  • Generally preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 65% to 90% LFP: 10% to 35% carbon: 0% to 7% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder; and 65% to 90% LTO: 10% to 35% carbon: 2% to 7% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% to 80% LFP: 20% to 25% carbon: 0% to 5% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder; and 70% to 85% LTO: 20% to 25% carbon: 2% to 5% carbon fibre: 0% to 10% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% carbon fibre: 10% binder; and 70% LTO: 20% carbon: 5% carbon fibre: 5% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% carbon fibre: 5% binder; and 70% LTO: 20% carbon: 5% carbon fibre: 5% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% LFP: 22% carbon: 3% carbon fibre: 5% binder; and 85% LTO: 8% carbon: 2% carbon fibre: 5% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% carbon fibre: 5 %binder; and 85% LTO: 8% carbon: 2% carbon fibre: 5% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% carbon fibre: 5 %binder; and 70% LTO: 20% carbon: 5% carbon fibre: 5% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% CF: 5%binder and 70% LTO: 20% carbon: 5% CF: 5% binder.
  • Preferred devices including fibrous carbon comprise: 70% LFP: 20% carbon: 5% CF: 5%binder and 70% LTO: 20% carbon: 5% CF: 5% binder.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte is present in the devices in an amount such that there is no free liquid in a cell.
  • a cell of the device comprises about 1 mis to about 3 mis of electrolyte, preferably about 1.2 mis to about 2 mis of electrolyte. These volumes may apply for example to a 12 plate device described above.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte is an EC/DMC electrolyte mixture, preferably in a 1:1 ratio by volume, more preferably further including about 0.5 to about 2 M LiPFe, more preferably 1 M LiPFe, most preferably premixed.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a water scavenging additive, for example, such as HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane), particularly about 1% HMDS.
  • HMDS hexamethyldisilazane
  • Such additives are desirable as they stabilise the electrolyte against attack by deleterious water and consequent degradation.
  • a preferred device exhibits a voltage plateau of no more than 2.25 V at a 20C rate based on a LFP/LTO cell.
  • a preferred device exhibits a voltage plateau of from 2.05 to 2.20 V at 20C rate based on a LFP/LTO cell.
  • a preferred device is subjected to a uniform pressure of 1 to 10 Nm, preferably about 1 Nm to about 5 Nm, more preferably from about 2 Nm to about 4 Nm, most preferably, about 2.25 Nm.
  • the pressure can be applied to the device or the pressure can be achieved via design of a pack or system comprising two or more cells whereby the mass of other cells/components in the pack or system provide the desired pressure.
  • the pressure can be applied via the cell housing or during use through the influence of a particular mass of cells/components associated with the cells.
  • the device operates at temperature of from about -40 °C to about 60 °C, more preferably from about -25 °C to about 40 °C, most preferably at a temperature of about 25 °C.
  • the device at operates at substantially constant temperature of 25 °C, whereby the temperature deviates from an average operating temperature by ⁇ 10°C, more preferably ⁇ 5 °C. It will be understood that the device can be adapted to operate under the preferred temperature conditions, for example, through inclusion/provision of suitable environmental controls.
  • the capacity of a battery/device depends on the size of device, number of single cells, the number of cells in parallel and/or series in a particular configuration in a battery module or unit, to provide a desired final voltage and/or final capacity for a desired application.
  • the device is configured such that at least one current collector has a two-dimensional surface area of from about 290 cm 2 to about 300 cm 2 .
  • the loading electroactive material loading on the current collector is about 6 mg/cm 2 .
  • the device comprises a plurality of current collector substrates (plates), for example, 12 plates. Desirably, a preferred device comprises 12 plates each having a surface area of about 290 cm 2 to about 300 cm 2 and the loading electroactive material loading on the current collector is about
  • the current collector substrates are electron conductors which allow only electrons to migrate to the external electric leads.
  • the current collector is formed of a substrate which is metal or comprises a metal, including a passivated metal or a coated metal substrate.
  • the substrate is in foil form.
  • the current collector substrate is a copper foil, an aluminium foil or an aluminium alloy foil containing elements such as Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, or Si.
  • a preferred current collector substrate is a passivated metal, for example, anodised aluminium.
  • a passivated metal is of interest due to the possibility of a better surface for electrode adhesion and/or to prevent corrosion of the current collector.
  • the coated metal substrate comprises a carbon or graphite coated metal.
  • the current collector substrate has a thickness of between about 15 pm and about 50 pm, most preferably, between about 20 pm to about 30 pm.
  • the device components are contained in a housing, for example, an aluminium housing, preferably, a laminated aluminium housing in a pouch form.
  • a housing for example, an aluminium housing, preferably, a laminated aluminium housing in a pouch form.
  • tabs for example, aluminium tabs, are provided on the electrodes to create the positive and negative terminals.
  • the device comprises tabs which serve as connectors to electrical leads outside the cell.
  • the tabs are attached to cells using a technique which maintains a desirable ESR. For example, ultrasonic welding has been found to be superior to spot welding in terms of maintain a desirable ESR.
  • a preferred cell for the device has a total weight of from about 400 g to about 500 g.
  • a particularly preferred cell has a total weight of from about 420 g to about 440 g.
  • Desirable configurations include a sandwich electrode assembly of the electrodes and separators which can be rolled for a cylindrical design or wrapped or stacked as is the case for a prismatic cell design.
  • a particularly preferred multiplate cell is configured to be provided in an A5 pouch configuration.
  • the device of the invention can be in the form of a battery unit, module, pack and/or battery system based on a plurality of single cells to produce an energy storage device to any desired size, capacity and voltage.
  • a battery unit comprising a plurality of the energy storage device of the third aspect.
  • the battery unit may comprise from two to ten cells, preferably five cells according to the third aspect, more preferably five cells, which can be arranged parallel or arranged in series, depending on the voltage and energy density requirements of a particular application.
  • a battery unit comprising a plurality of battery modules configured and arranged to provide an energy output of 35kWh and weighing 800 Kg with 200 Kg of ancillaries.
  • a desirable battery unit comprises 368 battery modules each comprising 5 cell, each of which at 1.9 V cell, give a voltage of about 770 V.
  • such battery has a mass of no more than 800 Kg.
  • a battery for an electric tram or electric train comprising two battery units as defined herein, configured and arranged to provide a power capacity or energy output of 35 kWh.
  • the battery unit has a mass of 800 kg or less. It will be understood that configured and arranged herein means the battery units are combined to give desired performance requirements.
  • an energy storage device comprising at least the following components: one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising a current collector substrate and an electrode material mixture LiMPCH or a derivative thereof wherein M is Fe, Mn; one or more anodes, each anode comprising a current collector substrate, and an electrode material mixture comprising LTO electroactive material or a derivative thereof; wherein the loading of LTO active on the anode current collector substrate is greater than the loading of LFP active on the cathode current collector substrate.
  • a power optimized energy storage device comprising the following components: one or more LMP (M is Fe, Mn or a combination thereof) cathodes; one or more LMO (M is Ti, Nb or a combination thereof) anodes; wherein the loading of LMO active on the anode current collector substrate is greater than the loading of LMP active on the cathode current collector substrate.
  • a power optimized energy storage device comprising one or more LMP (M is Fe, Mn or a combination thereof) cathodes; and one or more LMO (M is Ti, Nb or a combination thereof) anodes; wherein the device components are under an applied pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10
  • an energy storage device comprising the following components under a pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10 Nm: one or more cathodes, each cathode comprising a current collector substrate and an electrode material mixture comprising about 65% w/w to about 85% w/w LiMPCU (M is Fe, Mn) electroactive material or a derivative thereof, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising a blend of conducting carbon and carbon fibres, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LFP electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of less than about 5 mg cm 2 ; one or more anodes, each anode comprising a current collector substrate, and an electrode material mixture comprising about 65% w/w to about 85% w/w of a LTO electroactive material or a derivative thereof, one or more conductivity enhancers comprising one or more conducting carbons, and a polymeric binder, wherein the LTO electroactive material is present on the substrate at loading of less than about 5 mg cm 2 ; a separator provided between
  • the energy storage device for powering an electric tram or electric train.
  • a passivated aluminium current collector having an electrical conductivity of > 800 S cm 1 at 20 °C, preferably > 20,000 S cm 1 , more preferably still preferably
  • anodised aluminium current collector having an electrical conductivity of > 800 S cm 1 at 20 °C, preferably > 10,000 S cm 1 , more preferably > 20,000 S cm 1 , more preferably still > 30,000 S cm 1 in a battery having a specific power of > 1000 W Kg 1 . Conductivity measured for a 1 cm 2 sample of 30 microns at room temperature.
  • a conductivity enhancer comprising a blend of one or more conductive carbons and one or more conductive carbon fibres, preferably vapour grown carbon fibres, in an electrode of a power optimized energy storage device comprising an LMP cathode and an LFP anode. Also described is a use of a conductivity enhancer comprising a blend of carbon and carbon fibres in an electrode of a battery having a specific power of > 1000 W Kg 1
  • a battery comprising means for applying a pressure of from about 1 Nm to about 10 Nm during operation.
  • the battery has a specific power of > 1000 W Kg .
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising one or more water scavenging additives such as 1% hexamethyldisilazane in a power optimized energy storage device comprising an LMP (M is Fe, Mn or a combination thereof) cathode; and an LMO (M is Ti, Nb or a combination thereof) anode.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising one or more water scavenging additives such as 1% hexamethyldisilazane in a battery having a specific power of > 1000 W Kg 1 .
  • a calendared electrode in a power optimized energy storage device comprising an LMP (M is Fe, Mn or a combination thereof) cathode; and an LMO (M is Ti, Nb or a combination thereof) anode.
  • a power optimized energy storage device exhibits a specific power of > 1000 W Kg 1 ; and wherein after >3,000 cycles at a 15C/5C charge/discharge rate, the device exhibits a capacity which is >80 % of the specific energy of the device exhibited at a 1C charge rate.
  • an electrode material mixture for use in a cathode comprising: from about 65% w/w to about 90% w/w of a LMP electroactive material or a derivative thereof (wherein M is Fe, Mn); and from about 10% w/w to about 35% w/w of one or more electrical conductivity enhancers comprising one or more carbonaceous materials including conducting carbons.
  • an electrode material mixture for use in a cathode comprising: from about 65% w/w to about 85% w/w of a LMP electroactive material or a derivative thereof wherein M is Fe, Mn or mixtures thereof,; and from about 10% w/w to about 25% w/w of one or more electrical conductivity enhancers comprising one or more carbonaceous materials including conducting carbons.
  • a preferred cathode electrode material mixture comprises: from about 65% w/w to about 90% w/w LMP or a derivative thereof; from about 10% w/w to about 35% w/w of one or more conductivity enhancers.
  • the LMP is LFP.
  • the electroactive material is LiFePC , LiMnPC , or LiMn(x)Fe ⁇ i-x)P04, wherein X is 0.01 to 0.99.
  • the LiMn(x)Feo-x)PC>4 is LiMn(o.8)Fe(o.2)PC>4.
  • LhSrTiOn is excluded.
  • a suitable LFP can be obtained from PULEAD or TOB Xiamen, for example.
  • an electrode material mixture for use in an anode comprising: about 65% w/w to about 90% w/w of a LMO electroactive material or a derivative thereof wherein M is Ti, Nb or mixtures thereof; about 10% w/w to about 35% w/w of one or more electrical conductivity enhancers preferably comprising one or more conducting carbons.
  • an electrode material mixture for use in an anode comprising: about 65% w/w to about 80% w/w of a LMO electroactive material or a derivative thereof wherein M is Ti, Nb or mixtures thereof; about 10% w/w to about 25% w/w of one or more electrical conductivity enhancers preferably comprising one or more conducting carbons.
  • an electrode material mixture for use in an anode comprising: about 65% w/w to about 75% w/w of a LMO electroactive material or a derivative thereof wherein M is Ti, Nb or mixtures thereof,; about 18% w/w to about 25% w/w of one or more electrical conductivity enhancers preferably comprising one or more conducting carbons.
  • the electroactive material is a lithium titanate (LTO), such as LUTisOiz.
  • a preferred anode electrode material mixture comprises: from about 65% w/w to about 90% w/w LMO or a derivative thereof; from about 5% w/w to about 20% w/w of one or more conductivity enhancers.
  • the LMO is LTO.
  • the electrode material mixture may further comprise from about 5% w/w to about 10% w/w polymeric binder, preferably PVdf.
  • the electrode material mixture may further comprise from about 10% w/w to about 35% w/w, 10% w/w to about 30% w/w, 10% w/w to about 20% w/w of one or more conductivity enhancers including up to about 5% w/w carbon fibres, preferably VGCFs. In some embodiments, the lower limit of conductivity enhancers is 15%.
  • the electrode material mixture may further comprise from about 10% w/w to about 20% w/w of one or more conductivity enhancers including up to about 5% w/w carbon fibres, preferably VGCFs.
  • the conductivity enhancers include from about 2% w/w to about to 5% w/w carbon fibres, preferably VGCFs.
  • the conductivity enhancers include about 2% w/w, about 3% w/w, about 4% w/w, about 5% w/w, about 6% w/w, about 73% w/w, about 8% w/w, about 9% w/w or about 10% w/w carbon fibres, preferably VGCFs.
  • the electrode material mixture may further comprise from about 3% w/w to about 10% w/w polymeric binder, preferably about 5% w/w polymeric binder.
  • the polymeric binder is PVdf.
  • a particularly preferred electrode material mixture comprises: from about 65% w/w to about 90% w/w LMP or LTO; from about 10% w/w to about 20% w/w of one or more conductivity enhancers including 0% w/w to about to 5% w/w carbon fibres, preferably VGCFs; and from about 5% w/w to about 10% w/w polymeric binder.
  • the cathode electrode material mixture comprises: about 70% w/w LFP, about 20% w/w carbon and about 10% w/w PVdF; or about 80% w/w LFP, about 15% w/w carbon black, and about 5% w/w PVdF; or about 70% w/w LFP, about 20% w/w carbon, about 5% w/w carbon fibres, and about 5% w/w PVdF.
  • the cathode electrode material mixture comprises: 70% LFP: 25% carbon: 5% carbon fibres: 5% binder.
  • the anode electrode material mixture comprises: about 80 w/w LTO, about 15% w/w carbon and about 5% w/w PVdF; or about 70% w/w LTO, about 25% w/w carbon, and about 5% w/w PVdF; or about 85% w/w LTO, about 8% w/w carbon, about 2% w/w carbon fibres, and about 5% w/w PVdF.
  • a preferred anode electrode material mixture comprises: 70% LTO: 25% carbon: 5% carbon fibres: 5% binder.
  • the electrode material mixture is used in an energy storage device, particularly a power optimised energy storage device.
  • a preferred cathode electrode material mixture according to the first aspect exhibits a specific capacity of > 130 mAh g 1 , more preferably, > 146 mAh g 1 , more preferably still > 160 mAh g 1 , based on LFP at C/10 in an LFP-Li coin cell after at least 1 cycle.
  • a preferred cathode electrode material mixture according to the first aspect exhibits a specific capacity of > 130 mAh g 1 , more preferably, > 146 mAh g 1 , more preferably still > 160 mAh g 1 , based on LFP at C/10 in an LFP-Li coin cell after at least 10 cycles.
  • a preferred cathode electrode material mixture according to the first aspect exhibits a specific capacity of 93% (cf. 1C) of > 140 mAh g- 1 at 10C in a Li pouch cell.
  • a preferred cathode electrode material mixture according to the first aspect exhibits a specific capacity of 87% (cf. 1C) > 130mAh g 1 based on LFP at 20C in a Li pouch cell.
  • a preferred cathode electrode material mixture according to the first aspect exhibits at 10C in a Li pouch cell, 93% of the theoretical capacity of LFP at a 1C rate.
  • a preferred cathode electrode material mixture according to the first aspect exhibits at 20C in a Li pouch cell, 87% of the theoretical capacity of LFP at a 1C rate.
  • the invention also includes the use of an electrode material mixture described in an energy storage device having a specific power of > 1000 W Kg 1 (1 kW Kg 1 ), preferably about 2500 W Kg 1 (25 kW Kg 1 ).
  • a battery unit comprising a plurality of the energy storage device of any one of the first to fifth aspects.
  • the invention provides a battery unit comprising a plurality of energy storage device of any one of the first to fifth aspects, configured and arranged to provide an energy output of > 15 kWh, > 17.5 kWh, > 20 kWh, > 25 kWh, > 30 kWh, and more preferably > 35 kWh.
  • the invention provides a battery system for a tram comprising a plurality of the energy storage device of any one of the first to fifth aspects, wherein the plurality of energy storage devices are configured and arranged to provide an energy output of > 15 kWh, > 17.5 kWh, > 20 kWh, > 25 kWh, > 30 kWh, and more preferably > 35 kWh.
  • a preferred battery system for a tram has a mass of about 1000 kg or less, more preferably a mass of about 800 kg or less.
  • the device is optimized for rapid charging as defined below, for example, with a large current which would be experienced, for example, in vehicle powering applications, and other applications requiring quick charging.
  • Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary battery configuration
  • Figure 2 illustrates a plot of specific energy for a soft-packaged cell with a cathode of LiFePCU and an anode of Graphite;
  • Figure 3 illustrates a plot of specific energy for a soft-packaged cell with a cathode of LiMno8Feo2PO4 and an anode of LUTisOiz;
  • Figure 4 illustrates a pouch cell measurement when combining LFP cathode with LTO anode. Cell voltage of -1.9 V;
  • Figure 5 illustrates a specific energy prediction at different anode/cathode loadings and number of plate pairs (indicated on graph), fixed area (293.15 cm2) and fixed total capacity (-5 Ah) ;
  • Figure 6 illustrates the capacity of LFP-Li cells with different types of carbon in LFP electrode
  • Figure 7 illustrates the capacity vs. cycle number for three different Tech9's LUTisOiz materials (LT01 - LT03);
  • Figure 8 illustrates a comparison of the capacity of LTO-MTI/Li cells (LT04 - LT06) with different LTO%
  • Figure 9 illustrates a comparison between MTI, Tech9's LTO #1 and C-coated LTO from NEI Corp;
  • Figure 10 illustrates a comparison between MTI and Targray supplied LFP. Note that the capacity of the Targray materials remains higher and more stable than MTI at the 1C rate;
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the capacity of LFP/Li cells with different percentage of LFP
  • Figure 12 illustrates the capacity of pouch cells assembled with LTO#1 and LTO#2;
  • Figure 13 illustrates the capacity of pouch cells with electrodes with 80% loading of active materials
  • Figure 14 compares the capacity of pouch cells with 75% and 80% active materials loading
  • Figure 15 illustrates C-rate capacities of a range of cells
  • Figure 16 illustrates normalised data for the best performing cells
  • Figure 17 illustrates a voltage profile for pouch 12 during charging
  • Figure 18 illustrates the voltage profile for 10C charging on Pouch Cell 12
  • Figure 19 illustrates the voltage profile and measured current applied for 20C charging with a constant voltage charge step (2.6 V) at the end of the charging procedure (Pouch Cell 12);
  • Figure 20 illustrates the capacity of Cell 46 during first 4000 cycles
  • Figure 21 illustrates the ESR of Cell 46 during first 4000 cycles
  • Figure 22 illustrates cycle life testing of Cell 79 (without HMDS) and 81 (with HMDS);
  • Figure 23 illustrates the ESR in first 1000 cycles for Cell 79 (without HMDS) and Cell 81 (with HMDS);
  • Figure 24 illustrates differential capacity plots for a) Cell 79 cycle 21 and cycle 401, b) Cell 81 cycle 21, and cycle 401;
  • Figure 25 illustrates the effect of carbon content and electrolyte on cycle life testing for a) 1000 cycles and b) 2500 cycles;
  • Figure 26 illustrates longer term cycle life testing with and without HMDS.
  • the label on the figures includes the pouch cell numbers in brackets;
  • Figure 27 illustrates cycle life testing for high carbon content vs low carbon content with the HMDS additive
  • Figure 28 illustrates (a) ESR of Cell 81 with low carbon content, b) ESR of Cell 86 with high carbon content (both electrolytes contain HMDS);
  • Figure 29 illustrates cycle stability at slower rate (3C/3C) with a range of cells
  • Figure 30 illustrates longer term cycle tests for cells in Figure 22
  • Figure 31 illustrates cycle Life testing switching from slow or 3C/3C to fast or 15C/15C charge/discharge rates
  • FIG 32 illustrates the rate capability of one optimised cell (Pouch 55);
  • Figure 33 illustrates a voltage plot for 20C charging of Pouch Cell 55
  • Figure 34 illustrates cell voltage during C/10 cycling for Pouch Cell 92 under light compression (in Perspex cover);
  • Figure 35 illustrates the ESR during faster cycling for Pouch Cell 92 under light compression (in Perspex cover);
  • Figure 36 illustrates the profile of 15C charge / 5C discharge of Pouch Cell 92 in compression cell (2.25 Nm pressure);
  • Figure 37 illustrates cycle life testing of Pouch Cell 92 in compression cell (2.25 Nm pressure);
  • Figure 38 illustrates the ESR during cycle life testing of Pouch Cell 92 in compression cell (2.25 Nm pressure);
  • Figure 39 illustrates a cell voltage during 20C charge / 1 C discharge cycling for Pouch Cell 91 under light compression (in Perspex cover);
  • Figure 40 illustrates a power cycling of Pouch Cell 91 under light compression (in Perspex cover);
  • Figure 41 illustrates a 15C charge / 5C discharge of Pouch Cell 91 in compression cell (2.25 Nm pressure);
  • Figure 42 illustrates an ESR during cycle life testing of Pouch Cell 91 in compression cell (2.25 Nm pressure);
  • Figure 43 illustrates Pouch Cell 91 cycle life performance
  • Figure 44 illustrates cycle life tests for Cell 91 (high carbon content) in standard electrolyte under 2.25 Nm pressure, and in 25°C oven;
  • Figure 45 illustrates (a) cycle life data for Cell 91 plotted back to zero capacity; and (b) cycle life data for Cell 114 up to 26,000 cycles; and
  • Figure 46 illustrates the ESR during cycling between a) 1-1000 cycles and b) 2000-3000 cycles.
  • Described herein is a long-life, high power enabled lithium ion cell which support very fast (rates 5C and over) charge times, for example, for use in an energy storage device such as a lithium ion battery pack or system particularly suited for use in transport applications, for example, in powering electric vehicles or other transport devices, particularly those where fast discharge occurs during operation and rapid recharge is required during stopping, for example an electric train or tram.
  • the battery system Under such rapid start stop operating conditions, the battery system must be able to delivery sufficient energy to power the vehicle, while tolerating high C-rates, that is high charge and discharge rates relative to the battery's maximum capacity (Ah) over a desirable lifetime, typically many thousands of cycles.
  • the C-rate indicates the rate at which the battery is being charged or discharged as well as the charge current of the battery. Fast charging pushes a higher current into the battery.
  • the lifetime of a cell or a battery system means the number of charge/discharge cycles possible before the cell or battery systems fail to operate satisfactorily.
  • a battery's capacity (Ah) is the amount of charge the battery can delivery at the rated voltage, over a desirable lifetime, and will depend on the C-rates required. The battery system for these applications must be able to perform in this regard whilst not being excess in size, for example, ideally with a mass not be greater than 1000Kg.
  • the energy storage device or cell described herein has been designed taking the above factors and performance requirements into account.
  • the device or cell described herein has been designed for improved cycle life at high C-rates, thereby making the device suitable for use the configuration and design of an energy storage device optimised for high specific power.
  • a preferred device of the invention exhibits acceptable performance over a high cycle life of about 50,000 cycles or more (of 50% charging from 30% to 80% state-of-charge).
  • the device has been further been designed to have a mass of the device required to provide the required capacity to run, for example, an electrical train or tram, which falls within acceptable limits, for example, not greater than 1000 Kg in the case of a 35 KWh Kg 1 battery system.
  • a preferred battery system is one which can be used under operating conditions of 500V to 900V voltage tolerable of an applied peak charge current of 1800A. Furthermore, a preferred battery system comprising the cell of the invention capable of the exhibiting the above performance can be configured and arranged so as to weigh no more than 1000 kg.
  • the preferred cell for this battery system utilises lithium iron phosphate (LFP) as the cathode and lithium titanate (LTO) as the anode and can be assembled into a battery system of no more than 1000kg mass while exhibiting a power capacity or energy output of at least 35 KWh (35 Wh Kg 1 ) after an extremely rapid recharge time of less than two minutes, wherein the battery system can perform for > 10,000 cycles at full charge/discharge and at high rate charge (15C) with at least 80% capacity remaining.
  • LFP lithium iron phosphate
  • LTO lithium titanate
  • the basic device or cell of the invention can be used to form a battery unit, module, pack and/or battery system to produce an energy storage device to any desired size, capacity and voltage.
  • An exemplary battery system of the invention meeting the above operational specifications is preferably provided as two 800 Kg, 35 kWh (43 Wh Kg 1 ) separate battery units arranged in the battery system configuration shown in Figure 1.
  • the capacity and C-rate capability of the battery system can be increased by using high voltage chemistries materials for which support higher energy densities.
  • LTO or Graphite device were initially considered. While the use of graphite as an anode is the cheapest solution for this device and will maximise the energy density, the intercalation voltage (0.5 V vs Li
  • a negative electrode based on lithiated titanium oxide is considered a safer system under the desired operating conditions as LTO undergoes reversible intercalation of lithium ions at around 1.5 V vs Li/Li + , which means that lithium deposition effectively cannot occur.
  • the drop in cell voltage on using this more stable anode material can be compensated by improvements to the cell design, and/or choosing a cathode material with a higher voltage.
  • the mixed metal phosphate, LiMn(o.8)Fe(o. 2 )P0 4 (LMFP) for which the average discharge voltage is 3.8 V could be used.
  • this and other anode materials can be produced in nano-structured forms that are amenable to performing at high rates of charge-discharge.
  • FIG 2 presents a plot of specific energy (Wh Kg 1 ) versus cathode and anode loading (mg/cm 2 ) for a LFP-graphite cell.
  • the nominal package size is A5 (prismatic, 9 cm x 15 cm).
  • This cell has 20 electrodes/plates (10 + 10). Each electrode (plate) measures 9 cm X 15 cm and is coated on both sides, except for the end electrodes.
  • the substrate is 20 pm thick aluminium foil, while the anode is based on 10 pm thick Cu foil.
  • the separator is 50 pm thick Solupor and the soft-packaging is a commonly available form of plastic-coated aluminium.
  • the electrode material loadings begin (on the right hand side of the plot) at typical values for cathodes.
  • the two lower loadings (mg cm 2 ) are obtained by dividing the original value (about 14.5 mg cm 2 ) by two, then by four.
  • the ratio of anode to cathode materials is constant, that is, balanced electroactive materials.
  • the mass of electrolyte falls with the decrease in electrode loading.
  • a lower cathode loading of about 4 mg cm 2 gives a device expected to exhibit a specific energy of 78 Wh kg 1 .
  • each basic cell has a capacity of 5.1 Ah, which translates to a mass of about 21 Og when the cell is assembled with soft packaging and assuming the lowest electrode material loading presented in Figure 2.
  • the volume occupied by such a cell is about 150 cm 3 .
  • the total volume of cells in the pack is 36 dm 3 .
  • Figure 3 presents plots of specific energy for a soft-packaged, multi-plate LMFP-LTO cell analogous to those described for the LFP-graphite combination above.
  • LMFP-LTO cells are able to operate above the threshold specific energy value, even at the reduced active material loadings that are needed in the present application.
  • the calculation is based on range of anode and cathode loadings, with a 1:1 ratio of anode to cathode mass, where the anode with a higher specific energy will be slightly oversized (to minimise stress/voltage swing on the positive electrode thereby increasing cycle life) with the cathode specific energy, at a ratio of around 1.13:1.
  • the specific energy of a LFP-LTO cell can be calculated based on the specific energy of the cathode and anode actives, together with the final operating cell voltage.
  • the typical value of specific energy can be calculated.
  • the expected cell voltage for the full LFP-LTO cell can also be determined.
  • LTO cell at low rates (C/10 or 10 hour charging) can then be calculated.
  • the size of the basic cell determines the capacity. Safety dictates that individual cell size should be limited to a capacity of 20 Wh or less, but for practicality (in terms of number of plate pairs and ease of building) the limit on individual cell capacity for this application is preferably closer to 10 Wh. For the present LFP-LTO 1.9 V system, a 5Ah capacity cell is equivalent to 9.5 Wh of energy output. The number of pairs of positive and negative plates can be adjusted to keep the cell capacity at approx. 5 Ah.
  • a preferred cell configuration for this application is a multiple pair cell with the outer plates being single sided and the inner plates utilising double sided coatings. Preferred size of the plates is 14.3 cm x 20.5 cm (293.15 cm 2 ) to fit in an A5 pouch size (14.8 x 21 cm).
  • the total weight of the cell is the sum of the pasted materials, the current collector substrates, the electrolyte, the separator, and the pouch cell packaging.
  • a Solupor 7P separator used has a 50 micron thickness, gsm of 7.6 gsm and 85% porosity.
  • the laminated pouch thickness is 110 micron.
  • the current collector foil is 54 gms at 20 micron thickness (as the density of aluminium is 2.7 g cm 3 ).
  • the cathode is assumed from experience with other cells to be approx. 34% porous and the anode approx. 32% porous.
  • the pouch weigh is approx. 22.45 g.
  • the void volume in the anode and cathode was calculated and the total separator void volume is also calculated. Knowing the electrolyte density of 1.2 g cm 3 , the consequent electrolyte weight can be calculated.
  • Table 1 Input parameters for prediction of cell energy density and weight
  • the energy output requirement of the battery system is at least 35 kWh with a unit weight of
  • Figure 5 and Table 2 shows the theoretical cell specific energy (Wh Kg 1 ) based on different anode or cathode loadings and the appropriate number of 293.15 cm 2 plate pairs as indicated to maintain a constant cell capacity of approx. 5 Ah.
  • Wh Kg 1 theoretical cell specific energy
  • Wh Kg 1 specific energy equivalent to a 800 Kg of energy storage devices.
  • the above specific energy and mass performance requirements mean the basic cell should be configured to have a theoretical specific energy of about 43.2 Wh Kg 1 .
  • each basic cell should be a 12 plate basic cell having a loading on the anode and cathode of about 6 mg cm 2 on each of the cathode and anode plates and using 293.15 cm 2 area electrodes will achieve specific energy of around 43 Wh Kg 1 at the low charging rates (i.e. C/10 or 10 hour charging).
  • the device needs to operate at high rates delivering the above energy density requirement. At higher rates, only a fraction of the energy will be recovered, which lowers the total energy output of the cell. Loss of energy output at higher rates can be mitigated by improvements to the energy density via improved cell design (for example more plate pairs), clever engineering, or by use of higher voltage cathode materials as discussed above. Further investigations focused on the ability of LFP-LTO system to deliver a specific energy of 43.2 Wh Kg 1 .
  • Lithium titanate (LUTisO ⁇ ) LTO, white powder
  • lithium iron phosphate (LiFePC ) in particular, LFP, carbon coated black powder
  • One or more conductivity enhancers such as conductive carbon (e.g. carbon black), vapour grown carbon fibres (VGCFs), and polymeric binder (e.g. PVDF powder) is used with the active material to improve performance.
  • conductive carbon e.g. carbon black
  • VGCFs vapour grown carbon fibres
  • PVDF powder polymeric binder
  • a treated aluminium foil current collector is used, for example, an anodized aluminium foil or etched aluminium foil, or aluminium foil with a carbon coating (preferably a thin 8 micron coat) on each side to further increase the conductivity of the material and modify the surface adhesion properties for one or more of the anode and cathode.
  • a polyethylene separator is used with a high porous volume, e.g., having a 50 micron thickness and 85% porosity.
  • the electrolyte facilitating the flow of ions between the electrodes uses a basic EC/DMC in a 1:1 ratio by volume, with 1 M of LiPF6, preferably premixed.
  • a standard laminated aluminium houses the cell in a pouch form. Standard aluminium tabs are used to create the positive and negative terminals, however the dimensions of the materials are customised for the device.
  • LTO Li50i 2
  • a range of LTO materials provided by three different suppliers were tested in Li coin cells. Three samples were provided by Tech9's, China, (see Table 4) each having different physical properties such as particle size, specific area and morphology.
  • Coin cells were assembled with electrodes LT01, LT02 and LT03 (each using LTO from Tech9, China)(70%LTO: 20%carbon: 10%PVdF) at the loading indicated in Table 4 to optimise the power of the cells and to compare their cycling performance at varying current rates (3 cycles at C/10, C/5, 1C, and C/10) at room temperature.
  • Each electrode included the specified amount of the Timcal SuperP carbon black as conductivity enhancer and PVDF binder.
  • 2-4 coin cells were assembled. The performance of one coin cell is shown in the graphs as representative.
  • LT03 gave the lowest specific capacity (mAh g 1 ) even with lower active material loading (1.5 mg cm 2 ).
  • the LT01 (2.5 mg cm 2 ) and LT02 (3 mg cm 2 ) materials showed similar performance in terms of specific capacity of the LTO electroactive material.
  • LT05 and LTO 6 in Table 4) to compare their cycling performance at varying current rates (C/10, C/5, 1C, C/10) at room temperature.
  • the LTO-MTI specific capacities (mAh g -1 ) at different C-rates are compared in Figure 8. Overall, the specific capacity performance for each electrode was similar.
  • the electrode with higher LTO% (80%) was selected for use for LFP/LTO full pouch cell assembly because for a higher content LTO paste, the target active loading can be achieved using a thinner electrode active material coating which will in turn facilitate active materials utilisation during cycling. Furthermore, the binder percentage (5%) was reduced to close to that used in commercial products.
  • the preferred LTO composition at this stage was a 80%LTO: 15%Carbon: 5%PVdF composition.
  • the LTO materials from 3 different suppliers were then compared on the basis of LTO electrodes.
  • the capacity of the LTO materials in LTO/Li coin cells is compared in the Figure 9.
  • the LTO material from Tech9 and NEI Corporation were found to exhibit higher capacity than the MTI LTO material.
  • the Tech9 LTO material had the slightly better, higher capacity compared to the LTO from NEI Corporation.
  • the NEI LTO material was a carbon coated LTO. This could be due to higher LTO loading in the latter which impede active materials utilisation during cycling.
  • LFP material from MTI and Targray were used in preparing electrodes with a 70%LFP: 20% carbon: 10%PVdF composition. As shown in Figure 10, the Targray LFP materials provide a higher specific capacity (mAh g 1 ) than the MTI LFP material in these tests.
  • LFP electrodes were prepared, with the Targray LFP materials which showed better performance based on the following compositions: Composition A: 70% LFP: 20% carbon black: 10% PVdF, or, composition B: 80% LFP: 15% carbon black: 5% PVdF. As demonstrated in Figure 11, both samples showed similar performance in terms of capacity. At this stage, the electrode with higher LFP percentage (80%) was preferred because it allows the target loading to be reached with a thinner electrode material coating.
  • Optimised current collector A vertical graphene coating on an aluminium current collector substrate was considered and the effect on capacity performance was compared with carbon coated aluminium and plain aluminium in LFP- MTI/Li coin cells. Inclusion of a carbon or a graphene layer onto the aluminium current collector substrate increased the capacity compared to a plain Al foil current collector substrate. These current collector substrates were found to have a poor transverse conductivity of less than 50 mS/cm. It was found that for plain Al foil current collector substrate the capacity declines faster over a shorter number of cycles. Carbon coating the aluminium current collector was good for adhesion but was found, to result in poor conductivity measured at less than 50 mS cm 1 for a 1 cm 2 sample of 30 microns thickness at room temperature.
  • the carbon coated aluminium current collector substrates were initially chosen to improve adhesion of the electrode material to the current collector, however, subsequent improvements in paste quality mostly negated the necessity for the carbon coated aluminium current collector. Also, the unsuitability of the carbon current collector for high power applications was evident at faster rates of charging. Even at the lower charging rates, an ESR of 6-7 ohms (which appeared to be independent of coating identity (i.e. type of LFP, coating thickness, etc.) dominated current collector effects. Rough measurements of resistance on a 1 cm 2 disc of the un-pasted current collector under pressure were about 1 mQ. Given the 20 microns thickness of the collector, this is a conductivity of around 50,000 mS cm 1 which is too low a conductivity for the desired high-power application.
  • An anodised aluminium current collector (e.g. about 20 - about 30 micron thick) was considered for improved adhesion and improved corrosion resistance.
  • aluminium is easily oxidised to alumina (aluminium oxide) on the surface.
  • the anodising treatment on these current collector substrates was intended to remove the highly resistive layer from the aluminium foil and protect it from further oxidation back to alumina.
  • the resistance of a 1 cm 2 disc was unmeasureable on the inventor's equipment (i.e., the resistance was probably in the hW range, i.e., below the sensitivity of the equipment).
  • the anodising process leaves the aluminium current collector with a very thin alumina layer (estimated at about 10 nm thick) that does not affect the overall intrinsic conductivity to any significant degree such that the conductivity of the passivated aluminum is close to that of bare aluminium (> 30,000 S cm 1 ).
  • any limitation in power is more down to the resistance of the electrode material paste on the substrate.
  • Prototyping and cycling performance of full pouch cells utilising lithium iron phosphate cathodes and lithium titanate anodes from different suppliers was carried out.
  • the performance of the pouch cells was compared by cycling at different charging rates at room temperature.
  • a number of factors were explored for high power performance including characteristics of the LTO material (i.e. particle size, morphology, etc), characteristics of the LFP material (i.e. particle size, morphology, etc), conducting carbon content, amount of calendaring (or compaction) of electrodes, current collector material (carbon coated aluminium versus anodised aluminium) and coating thickness.
  • optimisation of loading thickness to allow for high power and acceptable specific energy was carried out.
  • the percentage and nature of the conducting carbon in the electrode was optimised. Furthermore, optimising the calendaring conditions was found to be important for a battery with high power and acceptable specific energy. An anodised aluminium current collector also facilitated much faster cycling.
  • pouch cell 5 with LTO-NEI electrode active anode material gave a good performance at the C/10, 1C, 2C, 5C rates tested. Although all the pouch cells tested exhibited high specific capacity which was very close to theoretical capacity at C/10, the capacity falls dramatically at the faster 5C rate. However, it was noted that the specific capacity increased to above 100 mAhg 1 on return to the lower C/10 rate. Conductivity enhancer effect
  • Pouch cell 5 with 80% actives charge capacity in black (upper) and discharge in red (lower), in Figure 14 comprising LTO-NEI electrode active material, exhibited close to theoretical capacity at a C-rate of C/10.
  • pouch cell 5 with 80% actives and 15% carbon showed higher capacity at lower cycling rate of C/10, its capacity decreased more at higher cycling rates.
  • the capacity of pouch cell 5 is less than 10 mAh g 1 at 5C.
  • pouch cell 6 with 75% actives and
  • the standard electrolyte 1.0 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC
  • HMDS hexamethyldisilazane
  • a carbon coated LTO from NEI was used.
  • the Targray material in is micron sized (several microns long) flakes of material.
  • the inventors used Cabot's LITX200 and LITX300 conducting carbon. LITX200 was found to be the best performing of the conducting carbons.
  • the electrode loading was lowered to (-4 mg cm 2 ) instead of (-8 mg cm 2 ).
  • the loadings in this series of cells is shown in Table 9.
  • Cells 8-11 were the higher loading and Cells 12-13 were the lower loading for comparison purposes.
  • the cathode and anode materials were pasted on the anodized aluminium current collector which was found to have a much better conductivity.
  • Cells 8-11 were the original carbon coated aluminium current collector, whereas Cells 12-13 were the optimised cells on the anodised aluminium current collector.
  • only one pass of calendaring was used to reduce thickness by about 10%.
  • the results for the unoptimised cells are shown in Figure 15, where Pouch 11 failed to cycle in stable fashion and is not included in the figure.
  • the cycling data for these cells is shown in Figure 15 in terms of areal capacity, where asymmetric cycling using different charge/discharge rates was carried out. Firstly, three cycles of C/10 charge/discharge were performed to condition the cells up to maximum capacity. This was followed by a series of 1C, 2C, 5C, 10C and 20C charging, all with 1C discharging to mimic the utilisation on a tram.
  • the optimised cells are shown as Pouch 12 and 13 in Figure 15, and in Figure 16 in terms of normalized data % initial capacity.
  • the optimised cells have a lower electrode material loading (3.27 mg cm 2 ), the Cabot's conducting carbon and utilise the anodized aluminium current collector.
  • the resistance was approx. 0.5 W compared with 6 - 7 W for the unoptimised cells (an order of magnitude lower). This allows for much faster charging than before.
  • Pouch Cells 8-10 do not charge.
  • the voltage drop is in excess of 1 V for the 5C charging rates (approx. 0.15-0.17 A charging) meaning they charge for insignificant periods of time before tripping the top of voltage cut-off point.
  • Pouch Cells 12-13 can charge at 5C and above with only approx. 50mV of voltage drop at 5C.
  • the poorly performing cells in terms of power namely unoptimised Pouch Cells 8, 9 and 10, have a loading of 8 mg/cm 2 and active material loading of 75%.
  • the energy requirement is met at 1C and is far exceeded at C/10 for these cells.
  • Optimised Cells 12 and 13 which utilise the anodised aluminium current collector, have lower energy at the lower C-rates (C/10 to 2C), but are capable of still extracting discharge energy/capacity at the faster rates (5C to 20C).
  • the data can be normalised to the 1C discharge capacity (see Figure 16).
  • the voltage profile in Figure 17 shows that for pouch 12, more energy could be obtained in 2-3 minutes of clever charging rather than simply using a constant current charging method.
  • the 20C charge which should last 3 minutes, is actually complete in less than a minute (0.91 minutes).
  • An example of a different profile to extract more discharge capacity would be to switch to constant voltage mode (2.6 V) and allow the current to diminish with time but allow extra charge into the device. This could be done up to 2 or 3 minutes in total. More complicated charging regimes could be envisaged to more efficiently pump charge into the device to allow for greater discharge capacity. Looking at the 10C charging of the device, shown in Figure 18, this charging occurs in approx. 3 minutes (2.6 minutes) which is equivalent to a 20C charge time, and the discharge capacity is around 60% of the 1C charge rate.
  • HMDS hexamethyldisilazane
  • Pouch Cell 81 shows after 400 cycles (Figure 24b) that the voltage process is at similar position to where it started at 20 cycles ( Figure 24b). This shows the relative stability of the charging / discharging process while utilising the HMDS additive.
  • Pouch Cell 54 and Pouch Cell 55 are the best power cells as they retain 87-90% of capacity at 20C compared with 1C. These cells have 2% carbon fibres in the anode with 85% LTO loading and 8% Cabots conducting carbon.
  • the LFP cathode has 3% carbon fibres in the cathode with 70% LFP and 22% Cabots conducting carbon. The amount of carbon in the LFP cathode was found to be more critical to performance than the amount in the LTO anode. Extra carbon content was required to allow LFP to perform close to its full potential.
  • Pouch Cell 56 and Pouch Cell 58 appear to show that the lower conductive carbon content in the cathode results in a lower power performance.
  • Pouch Cells 26,27 and 34,35 contain more carbon in the anode but do not perform as well when compared with Pouch Cells 54, 55. This suggests that the carbon content in the anode may be able to be reduced while still getting a rapid power performance from the cells. On the other hand, though, the cycle life performance may not be as good.
  • Pouch Cell 55 The rate performance of Pouch Cell 55 is shown in Figure 32 and the cell voltage versus time is shown for the 20C charging in Figure 33. The discharge rate for all measurements is 1C except the first three conditioning cycles of 0.1C charge/discharge. Pouch cell (Pouch 55) performs at an impressive charging rate with around 90% capacity at 20C compared to 1C Power Performance of 1-pair Pouch Cells
  • Pouch Cell 81 Shown in the following section are the results of power cycling for two 1 -pair cells (Pouch Cell 81 and Pouch Cell 86). These were under light compression using the Perspex cover and aluminium backing plate. Pouch Cell 81 has low carbon content in the LTO electrode while Pouch Cell 86 has high carbon content in both the LTO and LFP electrodes. The composition the electrodes in these cells are shown below in Table 13.
  • Table 13 Composition of 1-pair Pouch cells tested for power and cycle life.
  • Pouch Cell 81 and 86 perform similarly in terms of power with both retaining approx. 80% capacity at 20C compared with 1C. Pouch Cell 86, however, with more conducting carbon and carbon fibre content lasted longer in terms of cycle life. Pouch Cell 86 performs slightly better with higher capacity retention and higher initial capacity at 1C (148 mAh g 1 v 141 mAh g -1 ). This may in part be to do with the lower loading on the electrode.
  • These 1-pair cell results are provided herein to compare with the results obtained from the 5-stack cells shown in the next section. The most comparable cell to the 5-stack cells is Cell 86 with the high carbon content and 1% HMDS in the electrolyte. Cell 81 has lower carbon content in the LTO electrode but also contains 1% HMDS in the electrolyte.
  • the mixing procedure for electrode slurries is a critical step for prototyping a good quality battery.
  • the slurries for both anode and cathode were prepared with a similar method to those described earlier. Active material and carbons are dry mixed with tube roller for two hours before adding the dissolved PVdF in NMP to be further mixed for one hour. Finally the slurry is ball milled for 3 hours and mixed with Thinky machine before coating. Thinky mixer was run in a sequence of 1 minute mixing/2 minute de-foam (four times).
  • a thinner Al foil with 20 mih thickness is used for all cells in this set of experiments.
  • a K-bar was used to manually coat the Al foil.
  • the coated electrodes are dried at 100 °C under vacuum.
  • Dried electrodes were calendered using a heated rolling press machine at room temperature to achieve 10-20% thickness reduction. This is the optimum thickness based on the results reported earlier.
  • the electrodes are cut with 7x5 cm 2 coating area and extra tab of 2x5 cm 2 .
  • Aluminium pouch materials were used for prototyping pouch cells. Electrodes were separated with the 50 pm thick Solupor membrane. Pouch cells were sealed in an ambient environment with leaving one end unsealed to be used for electrolyte filling. After drying the cells at 70 °C under vacuum overnight, they were transferred inside an Argon-filled glovebox for adding the electrolyte and complete sealing using vacuum sealer.
  • Cells were initially tested in between a Perspex sheet and aluminium metal plate, clamped together by four screws. This arrangement supplied a small amount of pressure on the cells which is unlikely to be uniform. Cells were tested with a Series 4000 Maccor battery tester close to room temperature (in a 25°C oven) after 12 hours rest. After power testing, the pouch cells were transferred to compression cells under 2.25 Nm or 20 Ibf.in pressure as applied by a torque wrench.
  • the cells were cycled at 25°C in an oven to keep the temperature reasonably constant.
  • Table 14 Composition of electrodes making up the 5-stack cells.
  • the loading on these cells is about 6.0 to about 6.5 times that of Cell 86 and about 7 times that of Cell 81.
  • the capacity per mass is slightly lower at 135 mAhg 1 (based on the weight of the limiting LFP electrode) for cell 91 and 133 mAhg 1 for cell 92.
  • Pouch Cell 91 as with Pouch Cell 92, does not cycle perfectly when under minimal pressure using a Perspex cover.
  • the cell is able to cycle at 20C in the power cycling sequence but has some noisy characteristics at the top-of-charge voltage. This is obvious in the plot shown in Figure 34.
  • Pouch Cell 91 The power cycling (or capacity at different C-rates) for Pouch Cell 91 is shown in Figure 40, where 20C cycling exhibits approx. 80% capacity retention when compared with 1C cycling. However, under uniform pressure (2.25 Nm) in the compression cell, Pouch Cell 91 performs very well in the cycle life testing using the fast 15C charge / 5C discharge rates. 80% of the expected capacity at 5C discharge is realised in this cell.
  • Pouch Cell 91 in the long term is superior to Pouch Cell 92, where the ESR drops in the initial day of cycling and becomes steady over the following 5 days. This performance is shown in Figure 42 and is reflected in the cycle life performance as shown in Figure 43. This cell has lost even less capacity than Cell 92 and is a candidate to achieve 10,000 cycles at full depth of discharge and charge.
  • High performing 5-stack cells include:
  • Cycle life testing of a 5-stack cell is now reported.
  • the standard electrolyte 1.0 M LiPFo in EC/DMC
  • High conducting carbon content (20% of Cabot's LITX200) and high carbon fibre content (5% of carbon fibres) was used in both electrodes.
  • the ambient temperature around the pouch cell is controlled by using an oven set to 25°C.
  • the final improvement is to apply a uniform pressure of 2.25 Nm or (20 lb inch force) on the cell by using a compression cell.
  • the cycle life tests of cell 91 are shown in Figure 44, where the % capacity retention is shown along with the capacity every 1000 cycles. Every 1000 cycles a recovery profile is run.
  • the mixing procedure for electrode slurries is an important step for prototyping a good quality battery.
  • the slurries for both anode and cathode contain different percentages of active component (e.g. 70-85%), conductive carbon (e.g. 15-20%), carbon fibres (e.g. 0-5%), and PVdF binder (e.g 5-10%) are prepared using three different methods as detailed below in which the third method is the most effective one for achieving a well-mixed slurry:
  • Method 1 Active material and carbons are dry mixed with tube roller for one hour before adding the dissolved PVdF in NMP to be further mixed overnight.
  • the slurry is mixed with planetary centrifugal mixer (Thinky Mixer) for up to 10 minutes before coating.
  • Method 2 Master mix, containing carbon and dissolved PVdF in NMP, is prepared using ball milling machine. The slurry furthered mixed using tube roller after adding active component.
  • Method 3 Active material and carbons are dry mixed with tube roller for two hours before adding the dissolved PVdF in NMP to be further mixed for two hours. Finally the slurry is ball milled for 3 hours and mixed with Thinky machine before coating. For the scale-up stage, the Tri-Shaft planetary vacuum mixer will be used.
  • Dried electrodes are calendered using a heated rolling press machine at room temperature to achieve 10-20% thickness reduction. This is the optimum thickness as described herein.
  • the electrodes are cut with 7x5 cm 2 coating area and extra tab of 2x5 cm 2 . Since single pair pouch cells (one single-side coating of positive and negative electrodes) are tested for this milestone, no tab welding is required. Pouch cell assembly
  • Aluminium pouch materials were used for prototyping pouch cells. Electrodes were separated with a 50 pm thick Solupor membrane. Pouch cells were sealed in an ambient environment leaving one end unsealed to be used for electrolyte filling. After drying the cells at 70 °C under vacuum overnight, they were transferred inside Argon-filled glovebox for adding the electrolyte and complete sealing using vacuum sealer. Cells were tested with Series 4000Maccor battery tester at room temperature after 12 hours rest.
  • the monitoring of temperature on the outside of the pouch cell shows that in the absence of ambient temperature control there is a reasonably wide temperature range experienced by the cell. These measurements are carried out in winter when the overnight and over the weekend temperature in the laboratory can reach reasonably low levels ( ⁇ 20 °C).
  • the temperature of Cell 86 was found to fluctuates by a reasonable amount in the 300 hours it is tested (variance of 2 - 3 degrees). For this single sided 1- pair cell tested, the temperature during fast cycling does not vary much. Here, upon charging the temperature increases and upon discharge decreases but only of the order of 0.2 °C. The variation is likely to be higher when using multiple stacks or larger area electrodes when the current passed to the cell will cause heating as well as the exothermic discharge process.

Abstract

L'invention concerne une cellule d'accumulation d'énergie lithium-ion ayant une capacité élevée du fait que la cellule est optimisée en puissance, comprenant une ou plusieurs cathodes, chaque cathode comprenant un substrat de collecteur de courant et un mélange de matériau d'électrode comprenant un matériau électroactif LMP ou un dérivé associé, dans lequel M représente Fe, Mn ou un mélange, et le matériau électroactif LMP étant présent sur le substrat à une charge inférieure ou égale à environ 10 mg cm-2, le mélange de matériau d'électrode comprenant d'environ 65 % en poids à environ 85 % en poids du matériau électroactif LMP, et d'environ 10 % en poids à environ 25 % en poids d'un ou de plusieurs activateurs de conductivité comprenant un ou plusieurs matériaux carbonés ; et une ou plusieurs anodes, chaque anode comprenant un substrat collecteur de courant, et un mélange de matériau d'électrode d'anode comprenant un matériau électroactif LMO ou un dérivé associé, dans lequel M représente Ti, Nb ou des mélanges associés, et le matériau électroactif LMO étant présent sur le substrat à une charge inférieure ou égale à environ 10 mg cm-2, le mélange de matériaux d'électrode comprenant d'environ 70 % en poids à environ 85 % en poids du matériau électroactif LMO, de préférence de l'oxyde de lithium-titane, d'environ 20 % p/p à environ 25 % p/p de carbone ; d'environ 2 % en poids à environ 5 % en poids de fibre de carbone ; et de 0 % en poids à environ 10 % de liant ; et le dispositif fournissant une puissance spécifique de 1 000 w Kg-1 à un taux de charge/décharge de 15C/5C après 3 000 cycles.
PCT/AU2021/050564 2020-06-05 2021-06-04 Dispositif d'accumulation d'énergie lithium-ion à puissance optimisée WO2021243423A1 (fr)

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US20180083279A1 (en) * 2016-09-16 2018-03-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Nonaqueous electrolyte battery, battery pack and vehicle
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US20190296333A1 (en) * 2016-08-04 2019-09-26 GM Global Technology Operations LLC CATHODE COMPOSITION TO PREVENT OVER-DISCHARGE OF Li4Ti5O12 BASED LITHIUM ION BATTERY
US20180083279A1 (en) * 2016-09-16 2018-03-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Nonaqueous electrolyte battery, battery pack and vehicle
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