WO2021223458A1 - 一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法 - Google Patents

一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法 Download PDF

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WO2021223458A1
WO2021223458A1 PCT/CN2020/142390 CN2020142390W WO2021223458A1 WO 2021223458 A1 WO2021223458 A1 WO 2021223458A1 CN 2020142390 W CN2020142390 W CN 2020142390W WO 2021223458 A1 WO2021223458 A1 WO 2021223458A1
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vehicle
road
speed
traffic environment
risk
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French (fr)
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郑讯佳
罗天洪
王建强
黄荷叶
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重庆文理学院
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • G06Q10/063Operations research, analysis or management
    • G06Q10/0635Risk analysis of enterprise or organisation activities
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • G06Q10/063Operations research, analysis or management
    • G06Q10/0639Performance analysis of employees; Performance analysis of enterprise or organisation operations
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/40Business processes related to the transportation industry

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of smart car application, in particular to a unified quantification method for driving risks that comprehensively considers the factors of people, vehicles and roads.
  • Quantifying driving risks is the basis for the development of driving safety assistance technology and unmanned driving technology.
  • Existing studies usually use the parameters describing the collision to quantify the risk of driving.
  • risk assessment methods based on accident analysis, assessment methods based on vehicle kinematics, and risk assessment methods based on artificial potential energy fields.
  • the research on automotive intelligent safety technology has entered a period of rapid development.
  • the assessment of driving risk can be divided into two categories: 1) The evaluation of the longitudinal risk in the driving process of the vehicle and the one-dimensional driving risk assessment of the horizontal risk; Two-dimensional driving risk assessment.
  • the driving safety field model by analyzing the mutual influence of various elements in the traffic environment, proposes a field theory-based driving risk description method.
  • This method requires a quantitative description of driving risks from the perspective of traffic management under the premise of considering the perspective of vehicle driving, and then analyzes the various attributes of the traffic environment, the establishment of road traffic facilities, and the impact of driver’s behavior on driving safety.
  • the integrated driving risk unified form of the vehicle's own attributes and the interaction in the traffic flow establishes a unified driving safety field model reflecting the interaction between people, vehicles and roads.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a unified quantification method for driving risks that comprehensively considers the factors of people, vehicles and roads to overcome or at least alleviate at least one of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art.
  • the present invention provides a unified method for quantifying driving risks that comprehensively considers the factors of people, vehicles and roads.
  • the method includes: according to the principle of energy transfer, obtaining an initial driving safety field model represented by formula (3) ; Decompose the initial driving safety field model into longitudinal and transverse directions, and then establish the first unified driving safety field model represented by formula (69) or the first unified driving safety field model represented by formula (74) according to the information of vehicle j and traffic environment information 2.
  • Unified driving safety field model calculate the field force F ji caused by vehicle j at any point i in the traffic environment; according to the field force F ji , identify the driving force at point i under the influence of vehicle j risk;
  • x ji represents the distance between vehicle j and any point i in the environment
  • y ji represents the distance between vehicle j and point i in the lateral direction
  • r 0 represents the following distance of the driver of vehicle j
  • r max represents freedom
  • r min represents the minimum distance between vehicles in the free flow, that is, the distance between the center of mass of vehicle j and the position point i when a collision occurs
  • E j is the kinetic energy E j determined by the speed v j of vehicle j , 0 and the sum of relative kinetic energy determined by a variety of traffic environment factors
  • E j, fac represents the kinetic energy E j, 0 and the relative kinetic energy determined by traffic environment factors
  • the traffic environment factors include road surface adhesion coefficient, road curvature, road
  • the product of the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficients of the traffic environment factors, k x, fac represents the speed of vehicle j and the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficients of each of the traffic environment factors
  • k y is the speed of vehicle j and the transverse direction of each of the traffic environment factors.
  • the product of gradient adjustment coefficients, k y, fac represent the speed of vehicle j and the lateral gradient adjustment coefficient of each of the traffic environment factors.
  • the present invention takes into account the influence of people, vehicles, and roads in the road traffic environment on the driving risk, and proposes to accurately reflect the relationship between the vehicles in the road traffic environment.
  • the driving safety field modeling method of the interaction relationship organically combines the forms of the vertical and horizontal risk fields in the vehicle operation process, which not only transforms the vertical and horizontal risks from the discrete form of the traditional method to the continuous form, but also Intuitively displayed in the form of risk distribution diagram.
  • the present invention improves the accuracy of describing the relationship between vehicles while ensuring the continuity of risk distribution.
  • the present invention provides a method for quantifying driving risks, so driving risks can be identified in advance, corresponding safety decisions can be made, and traffic accidents can be prevented.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between field force and potential energy in a traffic environment.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the ellipse constraint.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a state in which vehicle j is traveling normally in the lane.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a state in which the vehicle j is riding on the lane line 3 while riding a lane.
  • the present invention analyzes the influence of the factors of people, vehicles and roads in the road traffic environment on driving risk.
  • the purpose of the impact is to ascertain the mechanism of driving risks and provide a quantitative method of driving risks to identify driving risks in advance, make corresponding safety decisions, and prevent traffic accidents.
  • the embodiment of the present invention uses the field to express the risk, and the driving risk is defined as the interaction of the fields between the research objects to describe the identification of human risks in the traffic environment.
  • the traffic environment The use of risk between the two objects in is expressed as:
  • j represents the field source
  • i represents a point in the traffic environment
  • U ji represents the potential energy field generated by the field source at point i.
  • U ji is the field source j
  • M j velocity
  • v j velocity
  • r ji distance between the field source j and point i
  • F ji is the gradient of the potential energy field U ji , that is, the field force received at point i
  • the minus sign represents the drop along the field gradient Direction, when the attribute and motion state of the field source j are constant, the closer to the field source j, the greater the field force F ji received.
  • the field describing the risks in the traffic environment is referred to as the "driving safety field". If r is used to represent the distance between point i and vehicle j in the traffic environment, the farther point i is from vehicle j, the field force F ji received The smaller the potential energy U ji , the smaller.
  • the driving safety field is modeled, and the model can quantify driving risk under certain conditions.
  • the electric field in physics is not entirely suitable for describing driving risks.
  • the embodiment of the present invention performs a completely new modeling of the driving safety field.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between field force and potential energy.
  • the curve in the coordinate system in Figure 1 represents the field force F ji caused by vehicle j to any point i in the environment, and the risk range caused by it has a boundary.
  • the distance r ji from the vehicle j decreases (ie r ji ⁇ r max ), the field force F ji and the potential energy U ji start to increase, and the smaller r ji is, the larger the field force F ji and the potential energy U ji are .
  • the field force F ji no longer increases, which corresponds to the collision accident scene in the traffic environment.
  • the distance between the point i and the vehicle j can never be zero.
  • the force field in the r ji r min of the F ji set to a constant maximum value F max.
  • the initial driving safety field model is simply modified according to Fig. 1, as a new initial driving safety field model, that is, formula (3):
  • E j, 0 represents the kinetic energy of vehicle j.
  • F ji is equal to E j, 0 in value.
  • r 0 is the driver's range of risk, which is related to the driver's distance from the car.
  • r max is the distance between free-flow vehicles, which is used to indicate the maximum impact range of the risk, which is also called the maximum distance between vehicles in the free-flow.
  • r min represents the minimum distance between vehicles in the free flow, that is, the distance between the center of mass of vehicle j and the position point i when a collision occurs.
  • the driver's following process is subject to the current status of the traffic environment.
  • the relationship between the macroscopic traffic flow and the flow velocity corresponding to the following process shows that the driver's following distance r 0 is expressed as equation (4):
  • v f is the flow velocity of the free flow, therefore, the vehicle distance r max in the free flow is expressed as formula (6):
  • the driving safety field force F ji, 0 is expressed as formula (8):
  • x ji represents the distance between the vehicle j and any point i in the environment in the longitudinal direction
  • y ji represents the distance between the vehicle j and the point i in the lateral direction
  • the field force generated at each position in the road traffic environment can be calculated using equation (9).
  • the driving safety field in the open road traffic environment is only related to the distance, and the distance is in an inverse function. The closer to the vehicle, the greater the driving safety field force.
  • the gradient of the driving safety field force is related to the moving direction of the vehicle, that is: when the vehicle j approaches the point i, the driving is safe
  • the gradient of the field force decreases slowly, setting the vertical gradient adjustment coefficient and the horizontal gradient adjustment coefficient, then there is equation (10):
  • k x, 0 represents the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficient of the speed of vehicle j
  • k y, 0 is the lateral gradient adjustment coefficient of the speed of vehicle j.
  • the parameters k x, 0 and k y, 0 directly affect the distribution of the driving safety field.
  • “vertical” corresponds to x
  • “horizontal” corresponds to y.
  • the “positive direction” refers to the direction in which the vehicle j travels along the direction indicated by the centerline of the lane.
  • x j is the coordinate of vehicle j in the x direction
  • v j is the speed of vehicle j in the x direction
  • point i can be other vehicles or others, when it represents a fixed point in the environment
  • i denotes a vehicle, the coordinates x i for the vehicle in the x-direction, its moving velocity V i;
  • v max risk of propagation velocity usually The risk of moving objects to the outside world is related to their own attributes.
  • E j, p represents the increase of the disturbance risk source of the vehicle
  • k x, p is the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficient
  • k y, p is the lateral gradient adjustment coefficient
  • the embodiment of the present invention mainly quantifies the driving risk from the perspective of traffic management under the premise of considering the vehicle driving perspective, and forms a comprehensive driving risk expression that takes into account the vehicle's own attributes and the interaction in the traffic flow, and is unified as the formula (20 ):
  • E j represents the risk source factor of vehicle j during the driving process
  • k x represents the longitudinal change trend of the risk generated by vehicle j during the driving process
  • k y represents the horizontal change of risk generated by vehicle j during the driving process trend.
  • road traffic facilities and rules include: facilities that force one party to stop to avoid vehicles crossing the trajectory; facilities that reduce the speed of vehicles by warning or increase the right of way for the other party's vehicles to reduce the risk of driving ; Facilities that control driving risks by separating traffic flows in the same or different directions and guiding the direction of movement of vehicles.
  • the embodiment of the present invention mainly focuses on the two states of the signal lamp in the time period from the yellow light on to the red light on and the red light off and the green light on.
  • the Chinese standard GB 14886-2016 stipulates that the yellow light duration of the signal light should be 3s to 5s. Then, if the vehicle is far enough away from the intersection when the yellow light is on, it will have at least 3s for decelerating to the stop line. Then, for a vehicle that has been slowing down to the stop line for a long enough time, it will be subject to the equivalent restraining resistance F sj caused by the red light of the traffic signal:
  • a jb, max represent the maximum deceleration of vehicle j during braking; Is the average speed of vehicle j during the driving process; x sj represents the longitudinal distance between vehicle j and traffic lights; k sx is the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficient, which is related to the state of motion of the vehicle; the negative sign represents the direction and speed v j The direction is opposite.
  • the crosswalk is regarded as a facility for restricting the driving speed of the vehicle to reduce the driving risk. Then, for a moving vehicle, before passing the crosswalk, the closer it is to the crosswalk, the greater the traffic restraint resistance it faces. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the speed of the vehicle to improve driving safety. According to China’s traffic regulations, the speed of vehicles on the crosswalk must not exceed 30km/h. Therefore, it is defined that vehicle j will be subject to the equivalent restraint resistance F cj produced by the crosswalk before x cj passes through the crosswalk:
  • Indicates that the speed of vehicle j is greater than the increase in the risk of violation when the road speed limit is reached.
  • the negative sign represents its direction and speed In the opposite direction; on the contrary, when the speed of the vehicle is less than or equal to the speed limit of the crosswalk,
  • the road speed limit sign only restricts the speed of the vehicle, and when the driver commits the violation, the risk to the outside world in a short time is less than the two violations of running a red light and not slowing down in front of the crosswalk. . If v l, m of the lane line is used to represent the minimum speed limit of the lane, v l, h represent the maximum speed limit of the lane, the equivalent restraining resistance F lj of the vehicle j by the road traffic speed limit sign is:
  • Road traffic markings play a role in driving guidance and behavior restraint for drivers.
  • Traffic marking lines include lane lines and pedestrian crossing lines.
  • the lane lines affect the behavior of the driver laterally, which in turn affects the driving process of the vehicle.
  • the lane line does not directly affect the driving risk of the vehicle, and the vehicle will not directly cause a traffic accident by crossing the road traffic marking.
  • road traffic markings are regarded as being able to generate virtual restraints in the lateral direction (such as lane keeping) during the driving of the vehicle. Therefore, the binding force F mj caused by road traffic markings on vehicles is defined as formula (32):
  • Road traffic markings have a restraining effect on the driving risks caused by vehicles in the road traffic environment, and are reflected in restraining the behavior of drivers.
  • the risks caused by the vehicle to the outside world are regarded as having the same sex.
  • the risk distribution caused by the vehicle in the traffic environment is shown in Figure 2.
  • the ellipse shown in Fig. 2 is a contour line of the risk field caused by vehicle j in the environment.
  • the major axis of the ellipse is a function related to vehicle speed. The smaller the vehicle speed, the smaller the major axis. Therefore, in order to avoid the length of the major axis being less than the minor axis, it is specified that r 0 ⁇ l w .
  • the ellipse shown in Figure 2 essentially considers the safety time interval, traffic speed, etc. in the longitudinal direction, and after considering the influence of lane constraints in the transverse direction, the isotropic circular distribution is compressed into an elliptical risk distribution with dynamic changes in the major and minor axes. as shown in picture 2.
  • the contour of the outer circle is compressed into the contour of the inner ellipse.
  • B′ 1 B′ 2 is shortened to B 1 B 2 , the two field force contours represent the same risk value. Therefore, the risks generated by vehicle j are distributed according to the blue contour line:
  • k x, d are the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficients of the lane line
  • k y, d are the lateral gradient adjustment coefficients of the lane line.
  • a j and B j are the semi-major axis and semi-minor axis of the ellipse, respectively.
  • the embodiment of the present invention will analyze the motion state of the vehicle under the longitudinal speed limit and the lateral position limit to determine whether the driver's behavior has a tendency to violate regulations.
  • v l, m and v l, h are the minimum and maximum speed limits of the road respectively; k xl and k yl are the gradient adjustment coefficients in the vertical and horizontal directions respectively, and v j, max represent the maximum speed at which vehicle j can travel .
  • the driving safety field force F ji corresponding to the driving risk to the outside world during driving is:
  • the role of road traffic markings is to restrain and reduce the impact of vehicles on the traffic environment by restricting the lateral movement of vehicles.
  • the elliptical restraint effect of lane line 2 and lane line 3 on vehicle j follows equations (33) and ( 34).
  • vehicle j is riding on lane line 3.
  • lane line 3 is considered to have no restraint on vehicle j, and the road traffic sign
  • the ellipse constraint effect of the line on the vehicle j is produced by the lane line 2 and the lane line 4.
  • the semi-major axis of the ellipse in the longitudinal direction still follows the equation (33), and the semi-minor axis of the ellipse in the transverse direction follows the equation (46).
  • l jc is the distance of vehicle j from the center line.
  • ⁇ ′ 2 represents the time from when the driver depresses the brake pedal until the brake starts to provide braking force
  • ⁇ ′′ 2 represents the time consumed by the brake braking force increase process
  • v j,0 is the vehicle speed before the start of braking
  • g is the acceleration of gravity
  • the driving safety field force corresponding to the driving risk caused by the road adhesion affecting the braking distance of the vehicle for:
  • the road attachment longitudinally affects the braking distance of the vehicle and has a greater impact on driving safety, so the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficient is defined for:
  • m is the mass of the vehicle
  • g is the acceleration due to gravity
  • b is the distance between the rear wheel of the vehicle and the center of mass of the vehicle
  • a is the distance between the front wheel of the vehicle and the center of mass of the vehicle
  • f is the rolling resistance coefficient
  • is the distance of the rear drive shaft.
  • the vehicle always has a tendency to move away from the steering center, and the lateral force received by the ground on the tires provides centripetal force for the steering of the vehicle, so that the vehicle can run stably.
  • the vehicle speed is too fast or the turning radius is too small, it is difficult for the ground to provide sufficient centripetal force for the vehicle, and the vehicle will experience dangerous conditions such as sideslip. Therefore, when turning, the risk of the vehicle on the side to which the centrifugal force is directed is greater than the other side.
  • Equation (58) the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficient k x, c that defines the road curvature is shown as equation (58), and the lateral gradient adjustment coefficient k y, c of the road curvature is shown as Equation (59), the method of obtaining each parameter in the equation can be calculated from the theory of vehicle dynamics:
  • v d represents the design speed of the road
  • F jZ represents the vertical support force provided by the ground to vehicle j
  • F jY represents the lateral adhesion of vehicle j provided by the road surface
  • y i represents the coordinate of point i in the x direction
  • y j represents the vehicle The coordinate of j in the y direction.
  • the driving risk caused by the road gradient is mainly reflected in the interaction between vehicles when going uphill, and the overspeeding and braking performance degradation caused by the conversion of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy when going downhill.
  • the driving safety field force F ji corresponding to the driving risk to the outside world during driving is expressed as formula (61):
  • the risk is that the energy carried by the vehicle also has gravitational potential energy in addition to its own kinetic energy, that is, the increase of the energy value carried by the energy source increases the risk.
  • the gradient of the ramp is i r
  • the conversion amount of gravitational potential energy E j, s of vehicle j during downhill driving is expressed as equation (63), and the specific values of the parameters can be determined according to the attributes and kinematics of the vehicle:
  • t 1 represents the start time when vehicle j enters the slope
  • t 2 represents the end time. Since the gradient itself does not cause a risk difference in the vertical and horizontal directions of the vehicle traveling, the longitudinal gradient adjustment of the road gradient i r is defined
  • the coefficient k x, s and the lateral gradient adjustment coefficient k y, s of the road gradient ir are both 1.
  • equation (65) is applicable to both uphill and downhill scenarios.
  • F j,s takes the value 0; when the vehicle is downhill, F js is calculated according to equation (64).
  • the driver's viewing distance When encountering severe weather such as heavy rainfall, heavy fog, ice and snow, in addition to the possible reduction of the adhesion coefficient of the road, the driver's viewing distance will also be strongly affected (the perception sensors of intelligent driving such as industrial cameras will still be interfered and affected) . Bad weather will aggravate drivers' tension and bring driving risks.
  • the driver’s line of sight is easily affected. For example, in light rain, the visibility of the environment is low; when heavy rainfall, the driver’s vision is disturbed by the movement of the wiper and is limited by the wiper range, windshield glass and rearview mirror.
  • the driving safety field force field corresponding to the driving risk to the traffic environment caused by vehicles running under certain environmental visibility conditions can be expressed as formula (66):
  • the longitudinal gradient adjustment coefficient k x, e of the environmental visibility and the lateral gradient adjustment coefficient k y, e of the environmental visibility are related to the behavior of the driver, the state of the vehicle, and the environmental conditions.
  • the aforementioned research uses the force field based on the equal effectiveness of the driving safety field to describe the interaction relationship between people, vehicles and roads, that is, the direct risks and disturbance risks caused by vehicles to the outside world, as well as road conditions, road curvatures, and road slopes are discussed separately.
  • the aforementioned visibility How the five traffic environment factors affect the risk of vehicles to the outside world, as well as the impact of normal driving behaviors and illegal driving behaviors of drivers under traffic rules on the risks of vehicles, and the factors that affect the risks of vehicles to the outside world are shown in the table 1; and discussed the restriction of vehicle movement by traffic environment factors represented by four types of traffic facilities and road boundaries: traffic lights, crosswalks, road traffic speed limit signs, and road traffic markings.
  • E j, fac includes: the vehicle’s own kinetic energy E j, 0 , and the relative kinetic energy E j, p that takes into account traffic flow, road adhesion coefficient, road curvature, slope and road speed limit rules, E x, c , E j, s and E j, l are calculated according to the corresponding formula in the previous article. When any of these factors are ignored, the corresponding relative kinetic energy takes the value 0; in formulas (71) and (72), Any parameter corresponds to the longitudinal or lateral impact of a specific influencing factor on the risk of the vehicle. It is calculated according to the corresponding formula in the previous article. When any of these factors is neglected, the corresponding parameter takes the value 1.
  • Directly using force to describe the impact of multiple vehicles at a certain point in the traffic environment has certain limitations.
  • a complete driving safety field system will be established to describe the interaction relationship between people, vehicles and roads in a road traffic environment, so as to achieve a quantitative description of driving risks.
  • the point P (P ⁇ [r min, r max ]) of the vehicle obtained by the field sources on the potential energy per unit mass of the object is equal to m e P is moved from a point where the potential is 0, i.e., r ji ⁇ The work done at r max. Therefore, the potential energy U jp at point P is:
  • the generation mechanism of driving risk lies in the comprehensive interaction of various factors that affect driving safety.
  • the factors that affect driving risk are far more than the various factors mentioned in the above embodiments.
  • the research purpose of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a unified modeling idea If a new factor that affects driving risk appears in a specific scenario, a corresponding mathematical model can be established under the unified modeling thinking framework proposed in the embodiment of the present invention.

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Abstract

一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,该方法包括:依据能量转移原理,获得行车风险的初始行车安全场模型;将所述初始行车安全场模型分解到纵向和横向,再根据车辆j的信息和交通环境信息,建立统一行车安全场模型;计算车辆j对其所处交通环境中任一位置点i造成的场力F ji;依据所述场力F ji,辨识点i在车辆j的影响下所受到的行车风险。该方法根据行车风险来源于影响行车安全的各因素间的综合交互作用,提出了一个统一的并能准确反映道路交通环境中各车辆之间的相互作用关系的行车安全场建模思路。

Description

一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法 技术领域
本发明涉及智能车应用技术领域,特别是关于一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法。
背景技术
量化行车风险是开发驾驶安全辅助技术和无人驾驶技术的基础。现有研究通常用描述碰撞的参数对行车风险进行量化,主要有基于事故分析的风险评估方法、基于车辆运动学的评估方法和基于人工势能场的风险评估方法。对汽车智能安全技术的相关研究已经进入高速发展期。总体上看,可以将行车风险的评估可分为两类:1)对车辆行驶过程中纵向上风险的评估和横向上风险的一维行车风险评估;2)同时考虑车辆行驶过程中纵向和横向的二维行车风险评估。
国内外学者对于行车风险的评估已经开展了大量的研究,但是仍存在众多不足之处。通常,车辆行驶视角的行车风险评估方法一方面大多基于车辆状态信息和两车间相对运动关系信息,根据车辆运动学和动力学理论建立风险评估模型。另一方面则采用以人工势能场为代表的新兴方法。两类方法各具优势,但都存在一个共同的缺陷,即是考虑的风险因素不全面,适用场景单一,无法面对复杂多变的交通环境,导致同一辆智能汽车需要多个独立的风险评估模型;同时,还忽略了驾驶人本身生理心理特征,道路与交通环境因素等对行车风险的影响,对人-车-路三者间的风险产生机理研究得不够透彻,导致现有方法的实际应用受到较大限制。
针对上述问题,为了提高行车风险评估的科学性、时效性和准确性,有必要从交通事故是能量的不正常转移这一角度出发,基于车辆行驶过程中的动能构建车辆对外界产生风险的初始行车安全场模型,通过分析交通环境中各要素之间的相互影响的关系,提出一种基于场论的行车风险描述方法。该方法要求在考虑车辆行驶视角的前提下,从交通管理角度量化描述行车风险,然后分析交通环境各类属性、道路交通设施的建立以及驾驶人的行为对行车安全的影响,提出了形成同时考虑车辆自身属性和在交通流中的交互作用的综合行车风险统一形式,建立了反映人-车-路间相互作用关系的统一行车安全场模型。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法来克服 或至少减轻现有技术的上述缺陷中的至少一个。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,该方法包括:依据能量转移原理,获得由式(3)表示行车风险的初始行车安全场模型;将所述初始行车安全场模型分解到纵向和横向,再根据车辆j的信息和交通环境信息,建立由式(69)表示的第一统一行车安全场模型或由式(74)表示的第二统一行车安全场模型;计算车辆j对其所处交通环境中任一位置点i造成的场力F ji;依据所述场力F ji,辨识点i在车辆j的影响下所受到的行车风险;
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000003
式(69)和式(74)中:
E j=∑E j,fac       (70)
k x=∏k x,fac     (71)
k y=∏k y,fac      (72)
上式中,x ji表示车辆j纵向上与环境中任一点i的距离,y ji表示车辆j横向上与点i的距离,r 0表示车辆j的驾驶人的跟车距离,r max表示自由流中车辆最大间距,r min表示自由流中车辆最小间距,即表示发生碰撞时,车辆j的质心与所述位置点i的距离;E j为由车辆j的速度v j确定的动能E j,0以及由多种交通环境因素确定的相对动能之和,E j,fac表示动能E j,0以及由交通环境因素确定的相对动能,所述交通环境因素包括路面附着系数、道路曲率、道路坡度、环境能见度、车道线和道路限速规则,当忽略车辆j的速度和交通环境因素中的任一因素时,该因素对应的动能取值为0;k x为车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的纵向梯度调整系数之积,k x,fac表示车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的纵向梯度调整系数,k y为车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的横向梯度调整系数之积,k y,fac表示车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的横向梯度调整系数,当忽略车辆j的速度和交通环境因素中的任一因素时,该因素对应的梯度调整系数取值为1。
本发明由于采取以上技术方案,其具有以下优点:1.本发明考虑了道路交通环境中的人、 车、路各因素对行车风险的影响,提出了能准确反映道路交通环境中各车辆之间的相互作用关系的行车安全场建模方法,将车辆运行过程中的纵横向风险用场的形式有机地结合在一起,不仅使纵横向的风险从传统方法的离散形式变换为连续形式,而且还能直观地以风险分布图的形式展现出来。2.本发明在保证风险分布的连续性的同时,提高了描述车辆之间的相互关系的准确性。3.本发明提供了行车风险的量化方法,因此可以提前识别行车风险,作出相应的安全决策,预防交通事故发生。
附图说明
图1是交通环境中场力和势能之间的关系示意。
图2是椭圆约束原理图。
图3是车辆j在车道内正常行驶的状态示意图。
图4是车辆j在车道线3上骑线行驶的状态示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进行详细的描述。
本发明将依据下文提供的行车风险的场模型以及图1示出的交通环境中场力F ji和势能U ji之间的关系,分析道路交通环境中的人、车、路各因素对行车风险的影响,旨在探明行车风险的产生机理,并提供一种行车风险的量化方法,以提前识别行车风险,作出相应的安全决策,预防交通事故发生。
本领域普通技术人员可以知晓的是,通常情况下,行车风险不能独立存在,一般发生在车辆与车辆之间,或车辆本身与交通环境之间。为评估交通环境的安全状态,本发明实施例将该风险采用场进行表示,行车风险定义为各研究对象间场的相互作用,以描述人在交通环境中对风险的辨识,具体地,交通环境中两个对象间的风险用场表示为:
U ji=f(M j,v j,r ji)      (1)
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000004
式(1)和式(2)中,j表示场源,i表示交通环境中某一点,U ji表示i点处受到场源产生的势能场,在交通环境中,U ji为场源j的自身属性M j、速度v j和场源j与i点之间距离r ji的函数;F ji为势能场U ji的梯度,即i点处受到的场力,负号代表沿场梯度下降的方向,当场源j的属性和运动状态一定时,越靠近场源j,则所受到的场力F ji越大。
本发明实施例将描述交通环境中风险的场称作为“行车安全场”,若用r表示交通环境中点i离车辆j的距离,则点i距离车辆j越远,受到的场力F ji越小,势能U ji也越小。通过类比电场的方法,对行车安全场进行建模,该模型能够在一定条件下量化行车风险。然而,物理学中的电场不完全适用于描述行车风险。例如,电场中无穷远处的势能为0,带电粒子A除无穷 远处不受带电粒子B的作用以外,在非无穷远的任一位置都会受到带电粒子B的电场力作用;同时,若带电粒子A和B之间的距离无穷小时,它们之间的电场力为无穷大。显然,两种现象不能在交通过程中找到对应的场景。因此,就上述问题本发明实施例对行车安全场进行全新建模。
图1示意出了场力和势能的关系。图1中坐标系中的曲线表示车辆j对环境中任一位置点i造成的场力F ji,且造成的风险范围具有边界,当点i与车辆j之间的距离r ji超过r max,即r ji≥r max,则点i不受车辆j的作用,即F ji=0。而点i所处位置上的势能U ji也满足U ji=0,对应于交通环境中车辆间距离足够大,驾驶人行为不受到他车影响的场景(例如自由流场景),随着点i与车辆j之间的距离r ji缩小(即r ji<r max),场力F ji和势能U ji开始增加,且r ji越小,场力F ji和势能U ji越大。但是,当点i与车辆j之间的距离r ji在r min之内,即r ji<r min,场力F ji不再增加,此时对应于交通环境中的碰撞事故场景。由于本发明实施例中点i与车辆j的坐标都以其几何中心计算,而交通参与者具有固定的外形尺寸,所以点i和车辆j之间的距离永远不可能为0。为了便于分析,将r ji在r min之内的场力F ji设置为恒定的最大值F max
本发明实施例提供的行车风险的量化方法包括如下几方面:
(1)对车辆本身的风险量化方法
(1.1)交通管理视角风险
本发明实施例根据图1对初始行车安全场模型进行简单的修正,作为新的初始行车安全场模型,即式(3):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000005
式中,E j,0表示车辆j的动能。r ji∈[0,r min)时,F ji在数值上与E j,0相等。r 0为驾驶人对风险的关注范围,与驾驶人的跟车距离有关。r max为自由流车辆间距,用以表示风险最大影响范围,也称为自由流中车辆最大间距。r min表示自由流中车辆最小间距,即表示发生碰撞时,车辆j的质心与所述位置点i的距离。
驾驶人的跟车过程受制于交通环境的现状,根据交通流理论,跟车过程所对应的宏观交通流量与流速之间的关系可知,驾驶人的跟车距离r 0表示为式(4):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000006
式中,驾驶人的整体激进性γ,取γ∈[-0.03,0]s 2/m,平均反应时间τ,取τ=1s,l为有 效车长,取l=6m,v为交通流的流速。
根据道路交通手册可知,在自由流速度下,交通流量的最大值q max满足下式(5):
q max=3100-54v f     (5)
式中,v f为自由流的流速,因此,自由流中的车辆间距r max表示为式(6):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000007
由图1和式(3)可知r min与r max和r 0的取值有关,并服从于式(7):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000008
由于F ji在r ji∈[0,r min)∪(r max,+∞)范围内取恒定值,只在r ji∈[r min,r max]内与r ji的变化有关,因此,本实施例主要针对r ji∈[r min,r max]这一区间进行分析。
若车辆j在一个无边界的环境中以恒定速度自由运动,将其考虑为质点时,由于车辆可以选择任意方向行驶,因此该车辆j在环境中造成的行车风险满足平面上的各向同性。因此行车安全场场力F ji,0表示为式(8):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000009
式中,x ji表示车辆j纵向上与环境中任一点i的间距,y ji表示车辆j横向上与点i的间距。
所产生的行车安全场场力F ji,0的梯度变化为式(9):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000010
若车辆j的质量和速度已知,则其在道路交通环境中各个位置上产生的场力可以用式(9)计算得到。在空旷道路交通环境中的行车安全场只与距离有关,且距离成反函数关系,越靠近车辆,所受到的行车安全场力越大。
在真实道路交通环境中,由于车辆运动具有方向性,其对外界造成的风险不具备各向同性。通常情况下,无论是基于人的主观感受,还是基于客观的碰撞概率,车辆在运动过程中,其在运动方向的正方向上对外界造成的风险大于负方向,这种现象与波的多普勒频移效应相似。这样车辆j在运动方向的正方向上对外界造成的风险大于负方向的观点,可以描述为行车安全场场力的梯度下降程度与车辆的运动方向有关,即:车辆j接近点i时,行车安全场场力的梯度下降变缓,设置纵向梯度调整系数和横向梯度调整系数,则有式(10):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000011
式中,k x,0表示车辆j的速度的纵向梯度调整系数,k y,0为车辆j的速度的横向梯度调整系数。显然,参数k x,0与k y,0直接影响了行车安全场的分布情况。文中的“纵向”对应x,“横向”对应y。“正方向”指的是车辆j沿着车道中心线指示方向行驶的方向。
若车辆j沿着x正方向行驶,结合多普勒频移原理,将k x,0和k y,0分别定义为下式:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000012
k y,0=1      (12)
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000013
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000014
式中,x j为车辆j在x方向上的坐标,v j为车辆j在x方向上的速度;i点可以是其它车辆或其它,当其代表环境中的固定点时,x i为该点i在x方向上的固定坐标且v i=0;反之,i表示车辆时,x i为该车辆在x方向上的坐标,v i为其运动速度;v max为风险的传播速度,通常运动物体对外界产生的风险与其自身属性有关。
(1.2)车辆行驶视角风险
车辆在交通环境中行驶时,交通扰动产生的根源在于:驾驶人受到外界交通环境变化的刺激后所做出了响应。因此,基于式(8),从驾驶人的角度将车辆i在交通环境中受到车辆j风险用行车安全场描述为式(15):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000016
k x,p=k x,0       (17)
k y,p=k y,0      (18)
式中,E j,p表示车辆的扰动风险源增量,
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000017
表示车辆j的矢量速度,
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000018
表示车辆i的矢量速度,k x,p为的纵向梯度调整系数,k y,p为的横向梯度调整系数。
值得注意的是,式(17)虽然显示纵向梯度调整系数在交通管理视角和车辆行驶视角中的计算公式相同,但实际上,由于车辆行驶视角中的v i在不断变化,因此,其数值与交通管 理视角中的梯度调整系数具有差异。
同理,可以从交通流的角度分析交通环境中的某一辆车j对整个交通流的影响。若用
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000019
表示交通流的车流平均速度,式(11)可以改写为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000020
从式(19)可知,当车速
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000021
时,车辆j对前方造成的风险大于其对后方的影响;反之当车速
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000022
时,车辆j对后方造成的风险大于其对前方的影响;当车速
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000023
时,车辆j对其所在的交通流不造成扰动;v j,max表示车辆j的最大速度。
(1.3)综合行车风险
根据(1.1)和(1.2)的分析可知,单独从交通管理的角度或者从车辆行驶视角对某一辆车进行观察,都存在一定的局限性。因此本发明实施例主要在考虑车辆行驶视角的前提下,从交通管理视角量化描述行车风险,形成同时考虑车辆自身属性和在交通流中的交互作用的综合行车风险的表达形式统一为式(20):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000024
若令:
E j=E j,0+E j,p       (21)
k x=k x,0      (22)
k y=k y,0      (23)
则式(20)可以表示为式(24):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000025
式中,E j代表了车辆j在行驶过程中的风险源因素;k x表示车辆j在行驶过程中产生的风险纵向的变化趋势,k y表示车辆j在行驶过程中产生的风险横向的变化趋势。
值得强调的是,当i表示特定的目标(如车辆i、骑车人i、行人i、静止障碍物i等)时,F ji表示车辆j对i的风险所对应的安全场力,k x中的参数v i为目标i的实际速度。
(2)道路交通设施的风险约束与驾驶人行为的分析量化
为提高行车安全将道路交通设施与规则包括:采用强制一方停车的方式避免车辆行使轨迹产生交叉的设施;通过警示或增加另一方车辆路权的方式,使车辆降低通行速度从而降低行车风险的设施;通过分隔同向或异向行驶的交通流、指导车辆的运动方向来控制行车风险 的设施。
(2.1)道路交通设施对交通风险的影响
(2.1.1)交通信号灯纵向约束
本发明实施例主要关注于信号灯在黄灯亮至红灯亮时间段内和红灯熄灭绿灯亮两种状态。中国标准GB 14886-2016规定,信号灯黄灯时长应为3s~5s,那么,若车辆在黄灯亮时距离路口足够远,则其至少有3s时间用于减速至停止线。那么对于有足够长时间减速至停车线的车辆,其将会受到交通信号灯的红灯对其造成的等效约束阻力F sj
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000026
R sj=m ja jb,max      (26)
式(25)和式(26)中,a jb,max表示车辆j在制动过程中的最大减速度;
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000027
为车辆j在行驶过程中的平均速度;x sj表示车辆j与交通信号灯之间的纵向距离;k sx为纵向梯度调整系数,与车辆的运动状态有关;负号代表其方向与速度v j的方向相反。
(2.1.2)人行横道纵向约束
网联道路交通环境,能够使车辆方便的获得交通环境的信息,因此在本发明实施例中,将人行横道线视为约束车辆的行驶速度来降低行车风险的设施。那么,对于行驶中的车辆,在通过人行横道线之前,越接近人行横道线面临的交通约束阻力越大,因此需要降低车速来提高行车安全。根据我国的交通法规,车辆在人行横道线上通行的速度不得超过30km/h,因此,定义车辆j在通过人行横道线前x cj将受到人行横道对其产生的等效约束阻力F cj
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000028
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000030
式中,m j为车辆j的质量;a ja为车辆j的驾驶人起步时期望的最大加速度;v j为车辆j在行驶过程中的速度;v c=30km/h,为人行横道线上车辆的最高限速;x cj为车辆j与人行横道之间的纵向和横向距离;k cx是纵向梯度调整系数,与驾驶人的行为有关,其取值将在后续内容中详细讨论。
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000031
表示车辆j的行驶时速度大于道路限速时的违规风险增量,当车辆的速度高于 人行横道限速时,
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000032
负号代表其方向与速度
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000033
的方向相反;反之,当车辆的速度小于等于人行横道限速时,
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000034
(2.1.3)道路交通限速标志纵向约束
道路限速标志只在速度上对车辆的行驶具有约束作用,且驾驶人在进行该违规行为时,在短时间内对外界造成的风险小于闯红灯和在人行横道线前不减速行驶这两种违规行为。若用车道线的v l,m表示车道的最低限速,v l,h表示车道的最高限速,车辆的j受到道路交通限速标志产生的等效约束阻力F lj为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000035
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000036
式中,v j,der为车辆j的驾驶人的期望速度;v l为道路限速。
(2.1.4)道路交通标志线横向约束
道路交通标线对驾驶人起到了驾驶引导和行为约束的作用。交通标志线包括了车道线和人行横道线,车道线横向影响驾驶人的行为,进而影响车辆的行驶过程。车道线不直接影响车辆的行车风险,车辆不会因越过道路交通标线直接造成交通事故。通常,道路交通标线被视为能对在车辆的行驶过程中产生横向上的虚拟约束力(如车道保持)。因此,定义道路交通标线对车辆造成的约束力F mj为式(32):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000037
式中,k m为常系数,可以用车辆在不同车速下的回正横向加速度标定;k my为横向梯度调整系数,与驾驶人的行为有关;r max,m表示道路交通标线的影响范围,取r max,m=0.5l w,代表车辆在车道中心线上行驶时不受到交通标线的影响。
(2.2)驾驶人行为的风险量化方法
(2.2.1)驾驶人的正常驾驶行为
道路交通标线对车辆在道路交通环境中造成的行车风险起到了约束作用,并体现在约束驾驶人的行为上。不考虑驾驶人和交通环境因素时,将车辆对外界造成的风险视为具备各项同性,根据对驾驶人正常驾驶行为的分析,将车辆在交通环境中产生的风险分布用如图2所示的椭圆表示,A 1A 2和B 1B 2分别是椭圆的长轴和短轴,且A 1A 2=2A 1j=2jA 2=2A j,B 1B 2=2B 1j=2jB 2=2B j。同时,如图2所示的椭圆为车辆j在环境中造成风险场的一条等 高线。
考虑驾驶人在驾驶过程中始终遵守规则且尽可能的保证安全驾驶,那么驾驶人在驾驶车辆的过程中通常保持一定的车头时距,另外,交通规则规定车辆不允许连续换道,同时结合车辆的几何尺寸,设置图2中的椭圆半长轴和半短轴的长度分别为:
A j=r max+l 1     (33)
B j=l w+l 2+l cj     (34)
式中,A j为椭圆半长轴,l 1为车辆长度的一半;B j为椭圆半短轴,l w为一倍车道宽(通常取l w=3.5m),l 2为车辆宽度的一半,l cj为车辆与车道中心线间的距离。值得注意的是,椭圆的长轴是与车速相关的函数,车速越小,长轴越小,因此,为了避免长轴的长度小于短轴,规定r 0≥l w
由于车道线的横向约束作用,车辆行驶过程中在纵横向上的风险分布出现了明显差异。如图2所示的椭圆,其实质是纵向考虑安全时距、车流速度等,横向上考虑车道约束的影响之后,各向同性的圆型分布被压缩为形成长短轴动态变化的椭圆风险分布,如图2所示。横向上受到压缩时,外圆等高线被压缩成内椭圆等高线,虽然B′ 1B′ 2缩短变成B 1B 2,但两条场力等高线所代表的风险数值相同。因此车辆j产生的风险按照蓝色等高线分布时有:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000038
式中,k x,d为车道线的纵向梯度调整系数,k y,d为车道线的横向梯度调整系数。根据图3所示的等高线变化特性,可得:
k x,d=1      (36)
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000039
式中,A j和B j分别为椭圆半长轴长和半短轴长。
根据椭圆的性质可知:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000040
联立式(8)、(35)和(38),写为直角坐标系可得:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000041
联立式(24)和式(40),综合考虑交通管理视角、车辆行驶视角和车道线对行车风险的影响的行车安全场场力可以表示为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000042
因此,若驾驶人严格遵守交通规则,在道路交通标线的约束下,纵横向的风险分布区别明显。
(2.2.2)驾驶人的违规行为
由于道路交通设施对行车安全的影响体现在对行车风险的约束上,驾驶人的违规行为则体现出驾驶人因某种原因有意或无意的打破了道路交通设施对行车风险施加的约束关系。因此,本发明实施例将分析在纵向速度限制与横向位置限制下车辆的运动状态,以判断驾驶人的行为是否存在违规倾向。
(2.2.2.1)纵向速度限制
车辆在交通环境中造成的扰动所引起的风险与车辆自身速度和车流平均速度有关,类似式(20),当车辆超过道路最高限速或低于道路最低限速时,车辆对道路交通环境造成的违规风险可以用式(41)表示:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000043
其中,
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000044
k x,l=1      (43)
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000045
式中,v l,m和v l,h分别为道路的最低限速和最高限速;k xl和k yl分别为纵横向上的梯度调整系数,v j,max表示车辆j能行驶的最大速度。
对于纵向上的违规行为,根据式(22),行驶过程中的对外界造成的行车风险对应的行车安全场场力F ji即为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000046
(2.2.2.2)横向位置限制
道路交通标线的作用是通过约束车辆横向的运动从而约束和降低车辆对交通环境的影 响。当车辆稳定行驶在车道线2和车道线3形成的车道内,如图3所示,车道线2和车道线3对车辆j产生的椭圆约束作用在纵横向上分别遵循式(33)和式(34)。但当车辆长时间骑行在某一道路标志线上时,如图4所示,车辆j骑行在车道线3上行驶,此时认为车道线3对车辆j不起约束作用,道路交通标线对车辆j的椭圆约束作用由车道线2和车道线4产生,纵向上椭圆半长轴依然遵循式(33),横向上椭圆半短轴则遵循于式(46)。
B j=l w+l 2+l jc       (46)
式中,l jc为车辆j离中心线的距离。
(3)路交通环境因素的风险量化方法
(3.1)路面附着系数
(3.1.1)路面附着系数对制动距离的影响
由于中国政策规定的促进,前装ABS系统的车辆逐年增加已获得了良好的普及,能够通过调控前后轴的制动器制动力使得同步附着系数与路面附着系数相等,且理想情况下车辆的最小制动距离为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000047
式中,τ′ 2表示从驾驶人踩下制动踏板到制动器开始提供制动力的时间,τ″ 2表示制动器制动力增长过程所消耗的时间,v j,0为制动开始前的车速;g为重力加速度;
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000048
为路面附着系数。
显然,可以看出,路面附着系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000049
越低,制动距离越长。因此,路面条件十分良好时所对应的制动距离最短,若令
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000050
表示理想路面的附着系数,即:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000051
假设车辆j沿着x正方向行驶,路面附着影响车辆制动距离所造成的行车风险对应的行车安全场场力
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000052
为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000053
显然路面附着纵向通过影响车辆的制动距离对行车安全造成较大影响,因此定义纵向上的梯度调整系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000054
为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000055
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000056
由式(50)可以看出,随着道路附着系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000057
的降低,制动时所需要的纵向距离
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000058
大于在良好道路条件下的制动距离
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000059
因此梯度调整系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000060
代表随着道路附着系数的降低,车辆纵向对交通环境造成的风险梯度下降变慢。
同理,假设车辆j沿着x正方向行驶,车辆行驶过程中,路面附着突变影响车辆制动距离所造成的行车风险对应的行车安全场场力
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000061
为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000062
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000063
车辆能够行驶的最高车速
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000064
为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000065
车辆的前驱动轮对应的最大速度v max,f、驱动轮对应的最大速度v max,r分别表示为下式:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000066
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000067
式中,m为车辆的质量,g为重力加速度,b为车辆的后轴距车辆质心的距离,a为车辆的前轴距车辆质心的距离,f为滚动阻力系数,Ψ为后驱动轴的转矩分配系数,若是前驱汽车,Ψ=0,反之对于后驱汽车,Ψ=1;L为车辆的轴距,A为车辆的迎风面积,ρ为空气的密度,通常ρ=1.2258Ns 2m -4,C D为车辆的空气阻力系数,C lf和C lr分别为车辆的前、后空气升力系数。
同时考虑因路面附着条件变低后,车辆需要减速至路面限定的最高车速以下时,假设车辆j沿着x正方向行驶,车辆j对外界造成的综合行车风险为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000068
所述路面附着系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000069
的纵向梯度调整系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000070
表示为式(54),所述路面附着系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000071
的横向梯度调整系数
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000072
表示为式(55):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000073
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000074
(3.2)道路曲率
在道路设计中,不可避免地会面临道路在平面上有转折,纵断面上存在起伏的情况,故存在大量的大曲率弯道。当车辆通过弯道时,当车速v j>v d时,道路曲率造成的风险产生,而v j>v j,lim时,由于道路不能再为车辆提供足够的侧向力,造成车辆侧滑。因此,当v j∈[v d,v j,lim]时,道路曲率造成行车风险的行车安全场场力F jc表示为式(56),车辆行驶速度超过弯道设计车速后的风险源增量E j,c表示为式(57):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000075
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000076
在转向过程中,车辆始终具有远离转向中心的趋势,地面给轮胎受到的侧向力为车辆转向提供向心力,使得车辆稳定行驶。当车速过快或转向半径太小造成地面难以为车辆提供足够大的向心力时,车辆将出现侧滑等危险状况。因此,在转向时,车辆对离心力指向的一侧造成的风险大于另一侧。令车辆j的车轮转角δ j逆时针为正,则定义所述道路曲率的纵向梯度调整系数k x,c示为式(58),所述道路曲率的横向梯度调整系数k y,c示为式(59),式中各参数获取方式从车辆动力学的理论中可以计算得到:
k x,c=1       (58)
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000077
式中,v d表示道路的设计速度,
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000078
表示路面附着系数,F jZ表示地面对车辆j提供的垂向支持力,F jY表示路面提供的车辆j横向上的附着力,y i表示点i在x方向上的坐标,y j表示车辆j在 y方向上的坐标。
在考虑车辆造成的直接风险和扰动风险的基础上,同时考虑车辆的转向过程时,车辆j对外界造成的综合行车风险表示为式(60):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000079
(3.3)道路坡度
道路坡度造成的行车风险主要体现在:上坡时车辆间的交互过程中、以及下坡时因重力势能转化为动能造成的超速行驶和制动性能降低中。对于上坡路段,行驶过程中的对外界造成的行车风险对应的行车安全场场力F ji表示为式(61):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000080
对于下坡路段,风险在于车辆携带的能量除了其本身的动能外还有重力势能,即,能量源携带的能量值增大造成了风险增大。假设坡道的坡度为i r,车辆j在下坡行驶过程中重力势能的转化量E j,s表示为式(63),其中的参数具体数值可以根据车辆的属性和运动学确定:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000081
因此由于坡度造成行车风险的行车安全场场力F js表示为式(64):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000082
式中,
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000083
表示车辆j的加速度,t 1表示车辆j进入坡道的起始时刻,t 2表示结束时刻,由于坡度本身没有对车辆行驶的纵横向造成风险的差异,因此定义道路坡度i r的纵向梯度调整系数k x,s和所述道路坡度i r的横向梯度调整系数k y,s均为1。
下坡行驶过程中车辆对外界造成的行车风险对应的行车安全场场力F ji为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000084
显然,式(65)同时适用于上坡和下坡场景,当车辆上坡时,F j,s取值为0;车辆下坡时,F js按式(64)计算。
(3.4)环境能见度
当遇上强降雨、大雾、冰雪等恶劣天气时,除了道路的附着系数可能降低外,驾驶人的视距也会受到强烈影响(智能驾驶的感知传感器如工业相机依然会受到干扰和影响)。恶劣的天气会加剧驾驶人的紧张感,带来行车风险。雨天行车时,驾驶人的视线容易受到影响,例如:小雨天气中环境能见度低;强降雨时,驾驶人的视野受到雨刮器的运动干扰,同时受到雨刮器刮水范围的限制,风挡玻璃和后视镜上均会附着雨水,缩小了驾驶人的视距和视觉感知范围;雾天环境下,驾驶人的视距受到严重影响,难以保证与周围车辆的安全距离;冰雪天气下,飘雪影响驾驶人的视野,同时,积雪在阳光下容易产生炫光造成驾驶人视力下降。因此,天气对环境能见度的改变极大的影响行车安全,车辆在环境能见度一定的条件下行驶对交通环境造成的行车风险对应的行车安全场力场可以表示为式(66):
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000085
式中,所述环境能见度的纵向梯度调整系数k x,e和所述环境能见度的横向梯度调整系数k y,e与驾驶人的行为、车辆状态以及环境条件有关。当只考虑环境能见度的影响时,由于环境能见度对车辆横向上的影响较小,取:
k y,e=1      (67)
在车辆纵向上,考虑驾驶人在良好交通环境下的视距D 0和当前环境能见度D e。k x,e的取值满足式:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000086
式中,k j,e为常数,与驾驶人的真实视力有关,取k j,e=1;另外,视力良好的驾驶人在良好交通环境下的视距通常取D 0=500m;当前环境能见度D e按照天气的状态实时调整取值。
(4)人-车-路综合风险量化方法
前述研究采用基于等效力的行车安全场力场来描述人-车-路之间的相互作用关系,即分别讨论了车辆对外界产生的直接风险、扰动风险,以及路面条件、道路曲率、道路坡度和环境能见度5种交通环境因素如何影响车辆对外界产生的风险,以及驾驶人在交通规则下正常驾驶行为和违规驾驶行为对车辆产生的风险的影响,影响车辆对外界造成的风险的因素如表1所示;并讨论了交通信号灯、人行横道线、道路交通限速标志和道路交通标线4类交通设施和道路边界所代表的交通环境因素对车辆运动的约束作用。
表1影响车辆对外风险的因素
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000087
(4.1)统一行车安全场模型
(4.1.1)场力
基于综合行车风险建模原始框架,形成车辆对外界造成的风险的总体框架所示:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000088
其中,
E j=ΣE j,fac      (70)
k x=Πk x,fac      (71)
k y=Πk y,fac       (72)
式中,E j,fac包括:车辆自身的动能E j,0、考虑了交通流、路面附着系数、道路曲率、坡度和道路限速规则的相对动能E j,p
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000089
E x,c、E j,s和E j,l,按前文中对应的公式计算,当忽略其中任一因素时,对应的相对动能取值为0;式(71)和(72)中,任一参数均对应某一具体的影响因素在纵向或横向对车辆产生的风险的影响,按前文中对应的公式计算,当忽略其中任一因素时,对应的参数取值为1。
(4.1.2)势能
直接用力来描述交通环境中某一点的受到多个车辆的影响具有一定的局限性。本实施例将建立完整的行车安全场体系,用以描述道路交通环境中人-车-路之间的相互作用关系,实现对行车风险的量化描述。
行车安全场中,P点(P∈[r min,r max])处车辆受到场源影响所获得的势能等于将单位质量物体m e从某一点P移动到势能为0的地方,即r ji≥r max处所做的功。因此,P点处的势能U jp为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000090
因此,车辆i受到场源j的势能U ji写为直角坐标系的形式,则有:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000091
则势能的梯度变化为:
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000092
具体实施例如下:
根据牛顿第二定律求得的虚拟加速度来判断i车受到的风险程度,可以分级采取预警或主动制动等措施,例如:当a i>3m/s 2时,车辆i发出预警警报声音;当a i>5m/s 2时,车辆i采取轻微制动;当a i>8m/s 2时,车辆i采取紧急制动。
Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-000093
行车风险的产生机理在于影响行车安全的各因素间综合交互作用,影响行车风险的因素远不止上述实施例所提到的各种因素,本发明实施例的研究目的在于提供一个统一的建模思路,在特定的场景中如果有新的影响行车风险的因素出现,可以在本发明实施例所提出的统一建模思路框架下建立相应的数学模型。
最后需要指出的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制。本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换;这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,包括:
    依据能量转移原理,获得由式(3)表示行车风险的初始行车安全场模型;
    将所述初始行车安全场模型分解到纵向和横向,再根据车辆j的信息和交通环境信息,建立由式(69)表示的第一统一行车安全场模型;
    计算车辆j对其所处交通环境中任一位置点i造成的场力F ji
    依据所述场力F ji,辨识点i在车辆j的影响下所受到的行车风险;
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100002
    式(69)中:
    E j=∑E j,fac  (70)
    k x=∏k x,fac  (71)
    k y=∏k y,fac  (72)
    上式中,x ji表示车辆j纵向上与环境中任一点i的距离,y ji表示车辆j横向上与点i的距离,r 0表示车辆j的驾驶人的跟车距离,r max表示自由流中车辆最大间距,r min表示自由流中车辆最小间距;E j为由车辆j的速度v j确定的动能E j,0以及由多种交通环境因素确定的相对动能之和,E j,fac表示动能E j,0以及由交通环境因素确定的相对动能,所述交通环境因素包括路面附着系数、道路曲率、道路坡度、环境能见度、车道线和道路限速规则,当忽略车辆j的速度和交通环境因素中的任一因素时,该因素对应的动能取值为0;k x为车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的纵向梯度调整系数之积,k x,fac表示车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的纵向梯度调整系数,k y为车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的横向梯度调整系数之积,k y,fac表示车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的横向梯度调整系数,当忽略车辆j的速度和交通环境因素中的任一因素时,该因素对应的梯度调整系数取值为1。
  2. 一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,包括:
    依据能量转移原理,获得由式(3)表示行车风险的初始行车安全场模型;
    将所述初始行车安全场模型分解到纵向和横向,再根据车辆j的信息和交通环境信息,建立由式(74)表示的第二统一行车安全场模型;
    计算车辆j对其所处环境中任一位置点i的势能U ji
    依据所述势能U ji,辨识点i在车辆j的影响下所受到的行车风险;
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100004
    式(74)中:
    E j=∑E j,fac  (70)
    k x=∏k x,fac  (71)
    k y=∏k y,fac  (72)
    上式中,x ji表示车辆j纵向上与环境中任一点i的距离,y ji表示车辆j横向上与点i的距离,r 0表示车辆j的驾驶人的跟车距离,r max表示自由流中车辆最大间距,r min表示自由流中车辆最小间距;E j为由车辆j的速度v j确定的动能E j,0以及由多种交通环境因素确定的相对动能之和,E j,fac表示动能E j,0以及由交通环境因素确定的相对动能,所述交通环境因素包括路面附着系数、道路曲率、道路坡度、环境能见度、车道线和道路限速规则,当忽略车辆j的速度和交通环境因素中的任一因素时,该因素对应的动能取值为0;k x为车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的纵向梯度调整系数之积,k x,fac表示车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的纵向梯度调整系数,k y为车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的横向梯度调整系数之积,k y,fac表示车辆j的速度以及各所述交通环境因素的横向梯度调整系数,当忽略车辆j的速度和交通环境因素中的任一因素时,该因素对应的梯度调整系数取值为1。
  3. 如权利要求1或2综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,由所述路面附着系数确定的相对动能
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100005
    表示为式(53),所述路面附着系数的纵向梯度调整系数
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100006
    表示为式(54),所述路面附着系数的横向梯度调整系数
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100007
    表示为式(55):
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100009
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100010
    上述各式中,m j表示车辆j的质量,
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100011
    表示车辆j在路面附着系数
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100012
    的路面行驶的最大行驶速度,
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100013
    表示车辆j在路面附着系数
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100014
    的路面行驶的最小纵向制动距离,
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100015
    表示车辆j在理想路面附着系数
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100016
    的路面行驶的最小纵向制动距离。
  4. 如权利要求1或2综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,由所述道路曲率确定的相对动能E j,c表示为式(57),令车辆j在转向时车轮转角δ j逆时针为正,则所述道路曲率的纵向梯度调整系数k x,c示为式(58),所述道路曲率的横向梯度调整系数k y,c示为式(59):
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100017
    k x,c=1  (58)
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100018
    上述各式中,v d表示道路的设计速度,
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100019
    表示路面附着系数,F jZ表示地面对车辆j提供的垂向支持力,F jY表示路面提供的车辆j横向上的附着力,y i表示点i在x方向上的坐标,y j表示车辆j在y方向上的坐标。
  5. 如权利要求1或2综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,由所述道路坡度i r确定的相对动能E j,s表示为式(63),所述道路坡度i r的纵向梯度调整系数k x,s和所述道路坡度i r的横向梯度调整系数k y,s均为1:
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100020
    上式中,m j表示车辆j的质量,
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100021
    表示车辆j的加速度,t 1表示车辆j进入坡道的起始时刻,t 2表示结束时刻。
  6. 如权利要求1或2综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,由所述环境能见度确定的相对动能为0;所述环境能见度的纵向梯度调整系数k x,e表示 为式(67),所述环境能见度的横向梯度调整系数k y,e表示为式(68):
    k y,e=1  (67)
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100022
    上述各式中,D e表示当前环境能见度,D 0表示驾驶人在良好交通环境下的视距,k j,e为与驾驶人的真实视力有关的常数。
  7. 如权利要求1或2综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,由所述车道线确定的相对动能为0;所述车道线的纵向梯度调整系数k x,d表示为式(36),所述车道线的横向梯度调整系数k y,d表示为式(37):
    k x,d=1  (36)
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100023
    A j=r max+l 1  (33)
    B j=l w+l 2+l cj  (34)
    上述各式中,l 1为车辆长度的一半,l w为一倍车道宽,l 2为车辆宽度的一半,l cj为车辆与车道中心线间的距离。
  8. 如权利要求1或2综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,由所述道路限速规则确定的相对动能E jl表示为式(42),所述道路限速规则的纵向梯度调整系数k x,l表示为式(43),所述道路限速规则的横向梯度调整系数k y,l表示为式(44):
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100024
    k x,l=1  (43)
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100025
    A j=r max+l 1  (33)
    B j=l w+l 2+l cj  (34)
    上述各式中,m j表示车辆j的质量,v l表示道路限速值,v l,m表示道路的最低限速,v l,h表示道路的最高限速,v j,max表示车辆j能行驶的最大速度,l 1为车辆长度的一半,l w为一倍车道宽,l 2为车辆宽度的一半,l cj为车辆与车道中心线间的距离。
  9. 一种综合考虑人-车-路各因素的行车风险统一量化方法,其特征在于,包括:
    建立由下式表示的初始行车安全场模型;
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100026
    其中,F ji表示车辆j对其所处交通环境中任一位置点i造成的风险场力,F max表示与车辆j的速度v j相对应的最大风险场力,E j,0表示基于车辆j的速度确定的动能,r ji表示车辆j的质心与所述位置点i的距离,r 0表示驾驶人对风险的关注范围半径,r min表示发生碰撞时,车辆j的质心与所述位置点i的距离,r max表示自由流车辆间距,
    对于r min≤r ji≤r max的情形,建立由下式表示的第一统一行车风险场模型,用于确定车辆j对其所处交通环境中任一位置点i造成的风险场力F ji
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100027
    或者,对于r min≤r ji≤r max的情形,建立由下式表示的第二统一行车风险场模型,用于确定车辆j对其所处交通环境中任一位置点i的风险势能U ji
    Figure PCTCN2020142390-appb-100028
    其中,x ji表示所述车辆j的质心与所述位置点i的纵向距离,y ji表示所述车辆j的质心与所述位置点i的横向距离,E j为动能E j,0与基于多种交通环境因素确定的相对动能之和,所述交通环境因素包括路面附着系数、道路曲率、道路坡度、环境能见度、车道线和道路限速规则,当忽略车辆j的速度或所述交通环境因素中的任一因素时,所述速度或因素对应的动能取值为0;k x为车辆j的速度的纵向调整系数以及各所述交通环境因素的纵向调整系数之积,k y为车辆j的速度的横向调整系数以及各所述交通环境因素的横向调整系数之积,当忽略车辆j的速度或所述交通环境因素中的任一因素时,所述速度或因素对应的纵向调整系数或横向调整系数取值为1,
    对于交通环境中任一位置点i处的风险或者位于交通环境中任一位置点i处的车辆的风险,以r max半径范围内的所有他车对所述位置点i处造成的的风险场力之和表示;或者以r max半径范围内的所有他车对所述位置点i的风险势能之和表示。
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