WO2021222131A1 - Capture d'agents pathogènes améliorées à l'aide d'une modification de surface active - Google Patents

Capture d'agents pathogènes améliorées à l'aide d'une modification de surface active Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021222131A1
WO2021222131A1 PCT/US2021/029220 US2021029220W WO2021222131A1 WO 2021222131 A1 WO2021222131 A1 WO 2021222131A1 US 2021029220 W US2021029220 W US 2021029220W WO 2021222131 A1 WO2021222131 A1 WO 2021222131A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pathogen
fabric
binding
binding chemical
capturing material
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Application number
PCT/US2021/029220
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English (en)
Inventor
Farzin HATAMI
Jeffrey D. Chinn
Original Assignee
Hatami Farzin
Chinn Jeffrey D
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hatami Farzin, Chinn Jeffrey D filed Critical Hatami Farzin
Publication of WO2021222131A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021222131A1/fr
Priority to US17/727,795 priority Critical patent/US20220249885A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
    • B01D53/0407—Constructional details of adsorbing systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/01—Deodorant compositions
    • A61L9/014—Deodorant compositions containing sorbent material, e.g. activated carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/08—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material
    • B01D39/083—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material of organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/08—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material
    • B01D39/086—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material of inorganic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/10—Filter screens essentially made of metal
    • B01D39/12—Filter screens essentially made of metal of wire gauze; of knitted wire; of expanded metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
    • B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
    • B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
    • B01D39/2003—Glass or glassy material
    • B01D39/2017—Glass or glassy material the material being filamentary or fibrous
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
    • B01D39/2027—Metallic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
    • B01D39/2055—Carbonaceous material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M16/00—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/22—Proteins
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
    • D21H27/08—Filter paper
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2209/00—Aspects relating to disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L2209/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2209/14—Filtering means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/04—Additives and treatments of the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0414—Surface modifiers, e.g. comprising ion exchange groups
    • B01D2239/0428—Rendering the filter material hydrophobic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/04—Additives and treatments of the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0435—Electret
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/04—Additives and treatments of the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0442—Antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal additives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/04—Additives and treatments of the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0471—Surface coating material
    • B01D2239/0478—Surface coating material on a layer of the filter
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
    • B01D2253/25—Coated, impregnated or composite adsorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/91—Bacteria; Microorganisms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/45—Gas separation or purification devices adapted for specific applications
    • B01D2259/4541—Gas separation or purification devices adapted for specific applications for portable use, e.g. gas masks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/0001—Making filtering elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
    • B01D46/0028—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions provided with antibacterial or antifungal means

Definitions

  • Standard protective materials including air filters, personal protective equipment (PPE) (such as masks and medical and military grade protective apparel), and a variety of similar products employ mechanical means to block the flow of airborne particles through the materials based on the size of the particles.
  • PPE personal protective equipment
  • These protective materials reduce exposure to airborne pathogens but inadequately safeguard against harmful pathogens, including COVID-19.
  • protective materials may become saturated with a range of pathogenic bacteria and viruses during typical use; and, upon doffing and disposal, these materials turn into one of the main sources of transmitting the same microorganisms in the air and infecting handling personnel.
  • HEPA High-Efficiency Particulate Air
  • One aspect of this disclosure relates to a method or coating for permanently bonding one or more different pathogens, including an airborne protein-encapsulated pathogen, to a medium such as a fabric.
  • Another aspect of this disclosure relates to a method or coating for permanently bonding one or more different pathogens, including an airborne virus, an airborne bacteria, or an airborne fungus, to a fabric such as in the form of a filter or a garment.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional molecule, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein- encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional molecule, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is bonded to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a protein- encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, and where the bifunctional silane is configured to bond to oxygen on the fabric.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a virus-binding chemical, wherein the virus-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a virus protein or a virus glycan.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the fabric is configured in a form of a filter medium that is configured to allow air to pass therethrough, wherein the pathogen- binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo- functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to covalently bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a virus-binding chemical, wherein the fabric is configured in a form of a filter medium that is configured to allow air to pass therethrough, wherein the virus-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a virus protein or a virus glycan.
  • a coating fluid for treating a fabric comprises a pathogen-binding chemical including a multifunctional or bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a coating fluid for treating a fabric comprises a pathogen-binding chemical including a multifunctional or bifunctional silane including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or the second functional group comprises an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group.
  • a coating fluid for treating a fabric comprises a pathogen-binding chemical including a multifunctional or bifunctional silane including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the second functional group comprises an organo-functional amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group, any one of which is configured to bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a pathogen-binding chemical including a multifunctional or bifunctional silane including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the second functional group comprises an organo-functional amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group, any one of which is configured to bond to
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to independently bind IgG and a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a virus-binding chemical, wherein the virus-binding chemical is configured to independently bind IgG and an airborne pathogen.
  • a virus-removing filter comprises a virus-capturing body containing one or more pathogen- binding chemicals including at least one of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 23 NO 3 Si), (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C 9 H 20 O 5 Si), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si), 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (C 6 H 17 NO 3 Si), triethoxysilylpropylmaleamic acid (C 13 H 25 NO 6 Si), (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane (C 14 H 26 N 2 O 3 Si), 3-(N,N- dimethylaminopropyl)aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 2 Si), and 3- azi
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises one or more of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 23 NO 3 Si), (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C 9 H 20 O 5 Si), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si), 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (C 6 H 17 NO 3 Si), triethoxysilylpropylmaleamic acid (C 13 H 25 NO 6 Si), (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane (C 14 H 26 N 2 O 3 Si), 3-(N,N- dimethylaminopropyl)aminopropylmethyldimethoxysi
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens comprises a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the fabric is configured in a form of a filter medium that is configured to allow air to pass therethrough, wherein the pathogen- binding chemical comprises one or more of the pathogen-binding chemical comprises one or more of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 23 NO 3 Si), (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C 9 H 20 O 5 Si), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si), 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (C 6 H 17 NO 3 Si), triethoxysilylpropylmaleamic acid (C 13 H 25 NO 6 Si), (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane (C
  • a method of for making the pathogen-capturing material comprises: providing a fabric; and treating the fabric with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • a method of for making the pathogen-capturing material comprises: providing a fabric; and treating the fabric with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group which is configured to bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein- encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group
  • a method for capturing airborne pathogens comprises: providing a fabric treated with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane having one or more of amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group, any one of which is configured to covalently bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the fabric has opposing first and second sides; and causing air to sequentially pass through the first and second sides of the fabric; wherein prior to entering the first side of the fabric, the air has a measurable amount of protein-encapsulated airborne pathogens that are contagious to humans; wherein the amino group, the epoxy group, the carboxylate group, or the azide group of the pathogen-binding chemical of the fabric binds protein-encapsulated airborne pathogens flowing through the fabric; and wherein the air exiting the second side of the fabric contains no
  • a pathogen-capturing material for binding airborne pathogens produced by a process comprising: providing a fabric; and treating the fabric with a pathogen-binding chemical, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group which is configured to bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, including at least a first functional group and a second functional group, wherein the first functional group is configured to bond to the fabric and the second functional group is configured to bond to a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen, wherein the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of
  • the fabric is configured in a form of a wearable garment. [0032] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the fabric is configured in a form of personal protective equipment. [0033] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the personal protective equipment is one of surgical attire, an isolation gown, and a hazmat garment. [0034] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the fabric is configured in a form of a filter medium. [0035] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the filter medium is configured to allow air to pass therethrough. [0036] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the filter medium is configured for employment in an air circulation system.
  • the filter medium is one or more of a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, a media filter, a spun-glass filter, and a pleated filter.
  • HEPA high-efficiency particulate air
  • the filter medium comprises one or more of fiberglass, paper, cotton, polyester, metal, and carbon fiber.
  • the filter medium is configured in the form of a mask.
  • the filter is one of a surgical mask, a KN95 mask, an N95 mask, a surgical N95 mask, an N99 mask, an N100 mask, an R95 mask, a P95 mask, a P99 mask, and a P100 mask.
  • the filter in an untreated state has a MERV rating greater than or equal to 10.
  • the filter in an untreated state has a MERV rating greater than or equal to 12.
  • the filter in an untreated state has a MERV rating greater than or equal to 13.
  • the filter in a treated state has a MERV rating greater than or equal to 12. [0045] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the filter in a treated state has a MERV rating greater than or equal to 13. [0046] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the filter in a treated state has a MERV rating greater than or equal to 16. [0047] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the filter in a treated state has a MERV rating greater than or equal to 19. [0048] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to remove air-suspended virus from air.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is nonbiologically produced. [0050] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is synthetic. [0051] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is nonmetallic. [0052] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane. [0053] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane. [0054] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a trialkoxy silane.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional trialkoxy silane. [0056] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional trialkoxy silane. [0057] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a triethoxy silane. [0058] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional triethoxy silane. [0059] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional triethoxy silane.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes a linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups. [0061] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes a linker of 2 to 12 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups. [0062] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes a linker of 2 to 8 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes an aliphatic linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups, and wherein atoms in the linker are predominately carbon.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes an aliphatic linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups, wherein atoms in the linker are predominately carbon, and wherein the linker contains one or more of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes an aliphatic linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups, and the aliphatic linkers is flexible.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes an aliphatic linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups, and wherein the one or more of the terminal groups includes a simple amine.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes an aliphatic linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups, wherein the linker includes an internal simple amine, and wherein the one or more of the terminal groups includes a simple amine.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes an aliphatic linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups, wherein the linker includes a bis amine.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane that includes an aliphatic linker of 2 to 18 atoms between a silicon atom and one or more terminal functional groups, wherein the linker includes a bis amine and a phenyl group.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having an organo-functional amino group configured to covalently bond a virus protein or a virus glycan.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having an epoxy group configured to covalently bond a virus protein or a virus glycan.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a multifunctional silane having an epoxy group configured to bond to one or more of an amine, a serine, a tyrosine, and a cysteine on the airborne pathogen.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to two or more of a virus, a bacteria, and a fungus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to two or more different viruses. [0075] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to two or more different bacteria. [0076] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to two or more different fungi. [0077] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a single silicon atom and a single linker. [0078] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises an alkylsilane.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises an aminosilane.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 23 NO 3 Si).
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C 9 H 20 O 5 Si).
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si). [0083] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (C 6 H 17 NO 3 Si). [0084] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises triethoxysilylpropylmaleamic acid (C 13 H 25 NO 6 Si).
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane (C 14 H 26 N 2 O 3 Si). [0086] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises 3-(N,N- dimethylaminopropyl)aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 2 Si). [0087] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical comprises 3-azidopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 21 N 3 O 3 Si).
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a maleamic acid.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a calixarene.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is covalently bonded to the fabric.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is covalently bonded to an oxygen atom on the fabric.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical bonds to the fabric exothermically.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to covalently bond to a virus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to exothermically bond to a virus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to a spike protein of a virus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to a membrane protein of a virus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to an envelope protein of a virus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to a phospholipid bilayer of a virus. [0099] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to multiple different viruses. [00100] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to IgG. [00101] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to human IgG. [00102] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to covalently bond to IgG.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to covalently bond to human IgG.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to a virus of one or more of Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bornaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to one or more of Adenovirus, Arenavirus, Coronavirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, Filovirus, Monkeypox, Morbillivirus, Orthomyxovirus, Parainfluenza, Paramyxovirus, Parvovirus B19, Poxvirus, Reovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Rhinovirus, Togavirus, and Varicella.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond a phospholipid bilayer of a pathogenic bacteria.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to bond to a virus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to permanently bond to a virus.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to permanently bond to airborne pathogenic bacteria.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is configured to permanently bond to oxygen atoms on the fabric.
  • the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 10 nm.
  • the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 5 nm.
  • the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 2 nm.
  • the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 1 nm.
  • the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 0.5 nm.
  • the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth in a range between 0.5 nm and 2 nm. [00117] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical that is noncontiguous. [00118] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • more than or equal to 75% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • more than or equal to 90% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 3 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 3 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • more than or equal to 90% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 3 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • the fabric before and after treatment with the pathogen-binding chemical exhibits no difference in airflow as detected by a Retrotec DM32 manometer.
  • treatment of the fabric with the pathogen-binding chemical does not impede airflow through the fabric.
  • the fabric is configured in a form of a filter medium that is configured to allow air to pass therethrough, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises a bifunctional silane having one or more of an organo-functional amino group and an epoxy group, either one of which is configured to covalently bond to a virus protein or a virus glycan.
  • treatment of the fabric with the pathogen-binding chemical results in non-toxic reaction biproducts below their toxicity threshold limit values (TLVs) to humans.
  • TLVs toxicity threshold limit values
  • treatment of the fabric with the pathogen-binding chemical results in known reaction biproducts, wherein the known reaction biproducts are non-toxic to humans.
  • the fabric is configured in a form of a filter medium that is configured to allow air to pass therethrough, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises one or more of 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 23 NO 3 Si), (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C 9 H 20 O 5 Si), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si), 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (C 6 H 17 NO 3 Si), triethoxysilylpropylmaleamic acid (C 13 H 25 NO 6 Si), (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltri
  • the fabric comprises a filter, wherein the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 5 nm, and wherein more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • the fabric comprises a filter, wherein the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 5 nm, wherein more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals, and wherein the first functional group of the pathogen-binding chemical is bound to oxygen on the fabric.
  • the fabric comprises a filter, wherein the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 5 nm, wherein more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals, wherein the first functional group of the pathogen-binding chemical is bound to oxygen on the fabric, and wherein the second functional is configured to bond to one or more of an amine, a serine, a tyrosine, and a cysteine on the airborne pathogen.
  • the fabric comprises a filter, wherein the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 5 nm, wherein more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals, wherein the first functional group of the pathogen-binding chemical is bound to oxygen on the fabric, wherein the second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group, and wherein the second functional is configured to bond to one or more of an amine, a serine, a tyrosine, and a cysteine on the airborne pathogen.
  • the fabric comprises a filter, wherein the multifunctional chemical comprises a multifunctional silane, wherein the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 5 nm, wherein more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals, wherein the first functional group of the pathogen-binding chemical is bound to oxygen on the fabric, wherein the second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group, and wherein the second functional is configured to bond to one or more of an amine, a serine, a tyrosine, and a cysteine on the airborne pathogen.
  • the multifunctional chemical comprises a multifunctional silane
  • the treated fabric has a coating of the pathogen-binding chemical with a depth of less than or equal to 5 nm, wherein more than or equal to 50% the pathogen-binding chemicals bound to
  • the first functional group or second functional group comprises one or more of an amino group, an epoxy group, a carboxylate group, and an azide group which is configured to bond to a protein or a glycan on a protein-encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • treating the fabric employs a plasma treatment with the pathogen-binding chemical.
  • treating the fabric employs a corona discharge-like treatment with the pathogen-binding chemical.
  • the fabric is treated in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber.
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • the fabric is treated in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber.
  • PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
  • the fabric is moved into a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber, and the pathogen- binding chemical is preheated before treating the fabric.
  • the fabric is moved into a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber; the fabric is pretreated with oxygen and optionally subsequently pretreated with water or an alcohol; and the pathogen-binding chemical is preheated before treating the fabric.
  • the fabric is subjected to a plasma pretreatment step with one or more of oxygen, water, and an alcohol before treating the fabric.
  • the fabric is moved into a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber; the fabric is subjected to a plasma pretreatment step with one or more of oxygen, water, and an alcohol; and the pathogen-binding chemical is preheated before treating the fabric.
  • the fabric is pretreated with one or more of oxygen, water, and an alcohol.
  • the fabric is pretreated with oxygen and subsequently pretreated with water or an alcohol.
  • pretreatment chemicals are applied low-pressure glow discharge.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric in a sub-atmospheric gas-phase flow- through reactor.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 25°C.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 40°C. [00150] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 150°C. [00151] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 125°C. [00152] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 100°C.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 80°C. [00154] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 70°C. [00155] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 40°C and less than or equal to 150°C. [00156] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 6666 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 3333 Pa. [00158] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 1000 Pa. [00159] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 500 Pa. [00160] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 133 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 1 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 10 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 10 Pa and less than or 133 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 25°C.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 40°C. [00166] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 150°C. [00167] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 125°C. [00168] In some additional, alternative, or selectively cumulative embodiments, a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 100°C.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 80°C.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 70°C.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 40°C and less than or equal to 150°C.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 6666 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 3333 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 1000 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 500 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure less than or equal to 133 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 1 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 10 Pa.
  • a pretreatment chemical is applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 10 Pa and less than or 133 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric in a treatment of less than or equal to 1 hour.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric in a treatment of less than or equal 45 minutes.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical is applied to the fabric in a treatment of less than or equal 30 minutes.
  • the fabric is configured in a form of a filter medium that is configured to allow air to pass therethrough, wherein the pathogen-binding chemical comprises one or more of 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 23 NO 3 Si), (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C 9 H 20 O 5 Si), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si), 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (C 6 H 17 NO 3 Si), triethoxysilylpropylmaleamic acid (C 13 H 25 NO 6 Si), (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane (C 14 H 26 N 2 O 3 Si), 3- (N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (C 11 H 28
  • treating the fabric with a pathogen-binding chemical results in non-toxic reaction biproducts below their threshold limit values (TLVs) to humans.
  • treating the fabric with a pathogen-binding chemical results in known reaction biproducts, wherein the known reaction biproducts are non-toxic to humans.
  • Selectively cumulative embodiments are embodiments that include any combination of multiple embodiments that are not mutually exclusive.
  • FIG. 1A is a pictorial illustration, showing an airstream containing pathogens passing through an untreated prior art filter that allows the pathogens to pass through it.
  • FIG. 1B is a pictorial illustration, showing a treated filter binding pathogens and preventing their propagation through the filter.
  • FIGS.2A-2C present respective Tables 1A-1C that show examples of chemicals that can be used in coatings to bind pathogens.
  • FIG.3 is bar graph showing the relative binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and IgG applied independently in fixed concentrations to control plates and microtiter plates treated with a different one four bifunctional silane chemicals listed in Tables 2A- 2C.
  • FIGS.4A and 4B are bar graphs showing the relative binding of IgG applied at different concentrations to microtiter plates treated with N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si).
  • FIG.5 is a bar graph showing the relative binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein applied at different concentrations to microtiter plates treated with a different one of three of the bifunctional silane chemicals listed in Tables 2A-2C.
  • FIG.6 is a bar graph showing the relative binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein applied at different concentrations to microtiter plates treated with a different one of four other of the bifunctional silane chemicals listed in Tables 2A-2C.
  • FIG. 7 depicts the relative binding of a model protein to pieces of facemasks coated with a different one of three bifunctional silane chemicals as well as to uncoated and hydrophobic controls. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [00196] Example embodiments are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
  • An object may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may be interpreted accordingly.
  • all connections and all operative connections may be direct or indirect.
  • all connections and all operative connections may be rigid or non-rigid.
  • Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Thus, the same or similar numbers may be described with reference to other drawings even if they are neither mentioned nor described in the corresponding drawing. Also, even elements that are not denoted by reference numbers may be described with reference to other drawings.
  • submicron size ( ⁇ l ⁇ m) droplets can linger in the air for greater distances and can even stay aloft for long periods of time. These droplets can carry the infectious virus and other pathogens.
  • Current masks, filters, respirators and a variety of similar products that are supposed to prevent users from inhaling hazardous droplets/particles can be ineffective. At most, these products provide a barrier to these pathogens.
  • some microscopic particles bounce around in zigzag patterns within these conventional products and are not captured by them.
  • Many viruses and other pathogens that are trapped in a filter can stay there and eventually "die” without further harmful effects. However, some viruses (similar to SARS-CoV-2) can live for up to three days on surfaces and are inefficiently trapped.
  • FIG. 1A is a pictorial illustration, showing an airstream 10 containing pathogens 12 passing through untreated prior art filter 14 (or other untreated prior art PPE fabric) that allows the pathogens 12 to pass through it.
  • the filter 14 may be capable of capturing some pathogens based on mechanical aspects of the filter 14, such pore size, but airborne pathogens 12, such as viruses and bacteria can pass through the filter 14.
  • Viruses are composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) packaged within a phospholipid bilayer obtained from the host cell upon exiting the cell.
  • This phospholipid bilayer contains specific proteins that facilitate entry into a target cell.
  • the protein-rich phospholipid bilayer constitutes the viral “coat,” i.e., a virus is a protein- encapsulated pathogen.
  • the scientific community has developed a detailed understanding of the specific structure and composition of the viral coats of most common viruses.
  • the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (which causes COVID-19) contains multiple proteins in the phospholipid bilayer on the viral particle surface, all of which have been sequenced and characterized.
  • These encapsulating proteins include: the spike protein (involved in host cell infectivity), the membrane protein (facilitating the structural integrity of the viral particle), and the envelope protein (facilitating structural integrity of the viral coat). Each of these proteins provides unique opportunities for viral capture based on structure or charge. [00207] These proteins can also be targeted for viral capture by taking advantage of known post-translational modifications that occur after the proteins are initially synthesized by a virus.
  • the envelope protein for example, is post-translationally modified via palmitoylation (the covalent attachment of fatty acids to cysteine residues found on the outside of the viral membrane), providing additional opportunities for viral capture.
  • viral particles can be captured based on the negative charge intrinsic to phospholipids.
  • bacterial pathogens are also encapsulated by a phospholipid layer that is densely populated with protein, i.e., bacteria can also be a protein-encapsulated pathogen.
  • fungal pathogens are also encapsulated by a phospholipid layer that is densely populated with protein, i.e., fungi can also be a protein-encapsulated pathogen.
  • the pathogen need not be an infectious pathogen.
  • a pathogen may be simply be an allergen, such as allergens that are protein encapsulated.
  • some fungi cause allergies without causing infection.
  • FIG. 1B is a pictorial illustration, showing a treated filter 20 (or other PPE fabric) that bonds or chemically immobilizes pathogens 12 and prevents their propagation through the treated filter 20 so that the airstream 10 is substantially devoid of pathogens.
  • Moieties were considered that could bond to fabrics and/or exposed pathogen functional groups, such as proteins and/or glycans. Fabrics include woven and nonwoven material as well as natural or synthetic materials.
  • fabrics do not include materials that are solid and inflexible at typical ambient temperatures, such as glass or polystyrene plates.
  • a fabric may include materials employed for, or configured as, a filter medium, a garment, or any type of PPE.
  • Filter media may include any type of material that is configured to allow air to pass through it, such as a fibrous or porous material. Examples of filter media include, but are not limited to, fiberglass, paper, cotton, polyester, metal, carbon fiber, combinations thereof, or other pliable materials. Filters may be configured as HEPA or nonHEPA filters. The filter may have a MERV rating that is greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 12, greater than or equal to 13, greater than or equal to 16, or greater than or equal to 19.
  • the filter may have a MERV rating that is less than or equal to 22, less than or equal to 19, less than or equal to 17, less than or equal to 15, less than or equal to 12, or less than or equal to 10.
  • a MERV rating may be in a range between any of these values.
  • the filter may be configured to form a face mask, such as one of a surgical mask, a KN95 mask, an N95 mask, a surgical N95 mask, an N99 mask, an N100 mask, an R95 mask, a P95 mask, a P99 mask, and a P100 mask.
  • the filter may be configured to serve in air filtration or air purification systems, such as for hospitals, airlines, clean rooms, buildings, public spaces, schools, places of worship, churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, hotel rooms, cruise line cabins, athletic gyms, restaurants, and homes.
  • Garments may include any type of apparel including, but not limited to, gowns, hair coverings, gloves, booties, protective eye wear, white coats, lab coats, scrubs, etc.
  • PPE item One will appreciate that many garments can be classified as PPE item, and that facemasks can be classified as either a garment or PPE item, as well as a filter.
  • the pathogen-binding agents may be nonbiologically produced or derived.
  • the pathogen-binding agents may be synthetic chemicals, such as those that could be readily employed in a manufacturing process.
  • the pathogen-binding chemicals themselves, may be non-toxic to humans or may be used in concentration below their toxicity threshold limit values (TLVs) to humans.
  • the pathogen-binding chemicals may be nonmetallic.
  • treatment of the fabrics with the pathogen- binding chemicals may result in known reaction biproducts that are non-toxic to humans or result in known reaction biproducts below their toxicity threshold limit values (TLVs) to humans.
  • TLVs toxicity threshold limit values
  • some chemicals deemed toxic to humans may be employed. For examples, toxic chemicals that irreversibly bond to fabrics may be applied to an area of fabric that does not come into contact with humans.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently bond to one or more of the fabrics and, more particularly, may bond to the fabric in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently bond to one or more of a virus, bacteria, fungus, and human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and, more particularly, may bond to one or more of a virus, bacteria, fungus, and human IgG in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • IgG immunoglobulin G
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently bond to multiple different viruses, bacteria, and fungi and, more particularly, may bond to multiple different viruses, bacteria, and fungi in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently (or noncovalently) bond to a protein coat of one or more of a virus, bacteria, and fungus and, more particularly, may bond to a protein coat of one or more of a virus, bacteria, and fungus, in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen- binding chemical may covalently (or noncovalently) bond to the proteins and/or glycans of one or more of an airborne protein-encapsulated virus, fungus, and bacteria and, more particularly, may bond to the proteins and/or glycans of one or more of an airborne protein-encapsulated virus, bacteria, and fungus, in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently (or noncovalently) bond to a phospholipid bilayer of a pathogen and, more particularly, may bond to a phospholipid bilayer of pathogen in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently (or noncovalently) bond to phospholipid bilayer of bacteria and, more particularly, may bond to phospholipid bilayer of bacteria in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently (or noncovalently) bond to phospholipid bilayer of a fungus and, more particularly, may bond to phospholipid bilayer of a fungus in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently (or noncovalently) bond to phospholipid bilayer of a virus and, more particularly, may bond to phospholipid bilayer of a virus in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may covalently (or noncovalently) bond to one or more of a spike protein, membrane protein, and envelope protein of a virus and, more particularly, may bond to one or more of spike protein, membrane protein, and envelope protein of a virus in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may bind to a virus of one or more of Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bornaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae and, more particularly, may bond to one or more of these viruses in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may bind to one or more of Adenovirus, Arenavirus, Coronavirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, Filovirus, Influenza virus, Monkeypox virus, Morbillivirus, Orthomyxovirus, Parainfluenza, Paramyxovirus, Parvovirus B19, Poxvirus, Reovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Rhinovirus, Togavirus, and Varicella virus and, more particularly, may bond to one or more of these viruses in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may bind to one or more bacteria, such as in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the bacteria may be one or more of, but not limited to, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces israelii, Alkaligenes, Bacillus anthracis, Bordetella pertussis, Cardiobacterium, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacteria diphtheria, Coxiella burnetiid, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella parisiensis, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Moraxella lacunata, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium,
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may bind to one or more fungi, such as in an endothermic reaction, an exothermic reaction, or an irreversible reaction.
  • the fungi may be one or more of, but not limited to, Absidia corymbifera, Acremonium spp., Alternaria Aureobasidium pullulans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Botrytis cinera, Candida albicans, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium herbarum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Emericella nidulans, Epicoccum nigrum, Eurotium amstelodami, Eurotium herbariorium, Eurotium rubrum, Exophiala jeanselmei, Fusarium
  • Pathogen-binding agents that may be applied as coatings for fabrics may include moieties with bio-reactive functional groups. These pathogen-binding agents include multifunctional (including bifunctional) molecules. Some of the functional groups may be configured to have an affinity to bond to the fabrics, either generically or with individualized selectivity. For example, functional groups that have an affinity to bond with exposed oxygen groups on the fabrics may be selected. In some embodiments, silane functional groups may be selected. [00225] Functional groups that may facilitate binding to pathogen proteins may include, but are not limited to, amino groups, epoxy groups, carboxyl groups, aldehyde groups, and sulfur groups, and any combination thereof. The amino groups may bind noncovalently to negative charges on protein.
  • the epoxy groups may facilitate covalent binding to amine, serine, and tyrosine on the pathogen proteins.
  • the pathogen-binding agents may include multifunctional (including bifunctional) silanes with organo-functional amino and/or epoxy groups that can robustly or covalently bond to the fabrics and to the proteins and/or glycans of a protein- encapsulated airborne pathogen.
  • Some examples of useful silane functional groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamine, hydrogen chloride, silazane, methoxy, and ethoxy.
  • multifunctional silanes that are useful as pathogen-binding agents for fabric coatings may include, but are not limited to, include trialkoxy silanes, such as trimethoxy silanes and triethoxy silanes.
  • multifunctional silanes that are useful as pathogen-binding agents for fabric coatings may have, for example, linker(s) of 2 to 18 atoms between the fabric surface attachment point or nearest silane functional group and one or more of a variety of terminal functional groups at the other end of the linking chain.
  • the linker(s) may have 2 to 12 or 2 to 8 atoms between the fabric surface attachment point or nearest silane functional group and one or more of a variety of terminal functional groups at the other end of the linking chain.
  • multifunctional silanes that are useful as pathogen- binding agents for fabric coatings may have, for example, linker(s) of 2 to 18 atoms between the silicon atom and one or more of a variety of terminal functional groups at the other end of the linking chain.
  • the linker(s) may have 2 to 12 or 2 to 8 atoms between the silicon atom and one or more of a variety of terminal functional groups at the other end of the linking chain.
  • the linkers may be aliphatic linking chains. Thus, the atoms in these linkers may be predominately carbon, but the linker may also contain one or more of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
  • the aliphatic linkers may be flexible as the flexibility of these linkers may be configured by manipulating the number of carbon atoms and the types and numbers of noncarbon atoms. One will appreciate that the aliphatic linker may have more than 18 atoms or that the linker may be nonaliphatic. [00230] Additionally, flexible aliphatic linkers containing an amine, such as a simple amine, at the terminal end may be useful for binding exposed pathogen proteins. Linkers that contain both a basic internal amine within the linker and at its terminal end may be particularly useful for binding exposed pathogen proteins.
  • the linker may be a bis amine linker.
  • the bis amine linker may include a phenyl group that may add hydrophobicity to the linker.
  • a linker may have hydrophobic and polar cationic amine entities that may provide additive effects in binding to the proteins of airborne pathogens.
  • the phenyl group may also add an element of rigidity to the linker.
  • the linker may include a terminal azide functional group.
  • Examples of specific multifunctional silanes that may be employed as pathogen-binding chemicals include, but are not limited to, (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C 9 H 20 O 5 Si), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si), 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (C 6 H 17 NO 3 Si), triethoxysilylpropylmaleamic acid (C 13 H 25 NO 6 Si), (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane (C 14 H 26 N 2 O 3 Si), 3-(N,N- dimethylaminopropyl)aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (C
  • hydrophobic chemical coatings that prevent bonding may be employed. These hydrophobic chemical coating materials may change the surface tension and other properties of the fabrics from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Such coatings may repel aerosolized water droplets that may be associated with airborne pathogen transfer.
  • the water-associated pathogens may be deterred from entering the input side of a filter, mask, or other fabric material, and/or the water- associated pathogens may be diverted from the fabrics in a manner suitable for collection, neutralization, or destruction.
  • hydrophobic chemicals include, but are not limited to, perfluorosilanes, nonafluorohexyltriethoxylsilane (C12H19F9O 3 Si), (Tridecafluoro-1, 1, 2, 2-TetrahydroOctyl) Triethoxysilane (C 14 H19F13O 3 Si), (Heptadecafluoro-1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrahydrodecyl) Triethoxysilane (C16H19F17O 3 Si), and (Tridecafluoro-1, 1, 2, 2-TetrahydroOctyl) Triechlorosilane (C8H4Cl3F13Si).
  • the pathogen-bonding chemicals may be applied to fabrics in a variety of ways.
  • the fabrics may be dipped or immersed in a fluid of the pathogen- bonding chemical or a dilution of it.
  • the pathogen-bonding chemical or a dilution of it in a carrier fluid may be sprayed onto the fabric.
  • These techniques may be potentially useful for fabrics such as garments and any “nonbreathable” PPE fabrics wherein there is no need for the coating to penetrate interior layers of the fabrics and coat these interior layers from all angles.
  • a spray of liquid or aerosolized pathogen-bonding chemical may be useful in a manufacturing or commercial setting to coat nonfabric surfaces as well as fabric surfaces that are likely to come in contact with human skin.
  • Such surfaces may include one or more of, but are not limited to, elevator buttons, mobile phones, and remote controllers.
  • the pathogen-bonding chemicals may alternatively be applied to fabrics, particularly (but not exclusively) fabrics for air filters (including facemasks), via a vapor deposition system such as physical vapor (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
  • PVD physical vapor
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • reaction chambers for one or more of low-pressure CVD, aerosol- assisted CVD, direct liquid-injection CVD, hot-wall CVD, cold-wall CVD, or plasma- enhanced CVD (PECVD) may be employed.
  • a plasma treatment or pretreatment e.g. a corona discharge-like treatment renders most fabric surfaces amenable to surface modification.
  • the pathogen-bonding chemical may be applied to a fabric at an ambient temperature and/or pressure or at a controlled temperature and/or pressure. In some embodiments, the fabric treatment may be applied at an elevated temperature.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may be applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 25°C, greater than or equal to 40°C, greater than or equal to 50°C, or greater than or equal to 60°C.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may be applied to the fabric at a temperature less than or equal to 150°C, less than or equal to 125°C, less than or equal to 100°C, less than or equal to 90°C, less than or equal to 75°C, less than or equal to 60°C, or less than or equal to 50°C.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may be applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 25°C and less than or equal to 100°C or at a temperature within any range in between, especially within any range having the previously specified endpoints.
  • the treatment temperature may alternatively be less than 25°C or alternatively be greater than 150°C.
  • the fabrics can be treated at up to the highest temperature that the fabrics and pathogen-binding chemicals can both withstand without jeopardizing their intact properties. Generally, higher temperatures may increase reaction rates, thereby reducing treatment time.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may be applied to the fabric at a pressure that is less than or equal to 6666 pascals (Pa), less than or equal to 3333 Pa, less than or equal to 1000 Pa, less than or equal to 500 Pa, or less than or equal to 133 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may be applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 1 Pa, greater than or equal to 10 Pa, or greater than 100 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may be applied to the fabric at a pressure that is greater than or equal to 10 Pa and less than or 1333 Pa or at a pressure within any range in between, especially within any range having the previously specified endpoints.
  • the treatment may be applied to the fabric at a pressure that is greater than or equal to 1 Pa and less than or 100 Pa.
  • the treatment pressure may alternatively be less than 100 Pa or alternatively be greater than 6666 Pa.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may be applied to the fabric at a temperature greater than or equal to 25°C and less than or equal to 100°C and at pressure that is greater than or equal to 10 Pa and less than or 1333 Pa.
  • any combination of the above temperature and pressure ranges may be employed.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical treatment may be conducted in less than or equal to 2 hours, less than or equal to 1 hour, less than or equal to 45 minutes, less than or equal to 30 minutes, or less than or equal to 15 minutes. Alternatively or additionally, the pathogen-binding chemical may be conducted in greater than or equal to 5 minutes, greater than or equal to 10 minutes, or greater than or equal to 15 minutes. In some embodiments, the pathogen-binding chemical treatment may be conducted in greater than or equal to 10 minutes and less than or equal to 30 minutes, or at a time period within any range in between, especially within any range having the previously specified endpoints.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical treatment may alternatively be conducted for less than 5 minutes or may alternatively be conducted for greater than 2 hours.
  • much of the treatment time involves waiting for the reaction chamber to reach the desired vacuum pressure and that the overall treatment time may be reduced as the size and efficiency of the vacuum pump is increased.
  • the fabric may be treated until it is saturated the pathogen-binding chemical.
  • the fabric does not exhibit significant increase in total binding of the pathogen-binding chemical regardless of exposure to increased concentrations of the pathogen-binding chemical or increased treatment time. Accordingly, concentrations of pathogen-binding chemical used for treatment of fabrics may be (but need not be) quite small.
  • the amount of pathogen-binding chemical used for treatment of fabrics does not require precise control or monitoring.
  • the actual concentration of pathogen-binding chemical in the reaction chamber may be dependent on the temperature and pressure within the reaction chamber.
  • the pathogen-binding chemical may form a coating that has a depth of less than or equal to 10 nanometers (nm), less than or equal to 5 nm, less than or equal to 2 nm, less than or equal to 1 nm, or less than or equal to 0.5 nm.
  • Many pathogen-binding chemicals may form a coating that has a depth in a range between 0.5 nm and 2 nm; however, ranges between any of these endpoints may be possible.
  • pathogen-binding chemicals may form a coating with a depth greater than 10 nm.
  • the coating may employ individual pathogen-binding chemicals that bind to the fabric and not to each other, or the coating may employ individual pathogen-binding chemicals that bind to the fabric as well as to each other. Thus, some crosslinking of the pathogen-binding chemicals may occur.
  • more than 50% of the pathogen-binding chemicals that are bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals, more than 75% of the pathogen-binding chemicals that are bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals, or more than 90% of the pathogen-binding chemicals that are bound to the fabric are crosslinked to fewer than or equal to 5 of the same pathogen-binding chemicals.
  • the coating may be considered to be a layer that may be noncontiguous with an average depth within the above ranges. Moreover, the layer may have a substantially uniform depth, or the layer may deviate substantially from the average depth.
  • the pathogen-binding chemicals bond to the fabric in a manner that does not impede airflow.
  • untreated fabrics and fully saturated fabrics showed no change in airflow detectable by an airflow meter.
  • Airflow tests employed a fan in a small box having a 5.08 cm x 5.08 cm (2 inch x 2 inch) opening for insertion of a manometer tube for a Retrotec DM32 manometer.
  • the airflow (cubic feet per minute) was measured of the fan without a clinical mask, with an uncoated clinical mask, and with a clinical mask coated with pathogen-binding chemical.
  • the difference in airflow through the untreated mask and the treated mask was undetectable.
  • the fabrics may be treated with the pathogen-binding chemicals in discrete batches or in a flow-through process.
  • the fabric may also be treated with multiple different pathogen-binding chemicals. For example, two or more pathogen-binding chemicals may be applied to a fabric, or three or more pathogen-binding chemicals may be applied to a fabric. These treatments may be simultaneous, partly overlapping, or discretely sequential.
  • a first pathogen-binding chemical may be selected for higher capability for binding virus and second pathogen-binding chemical may be selected for higher capability for binding bacteria, fungus, and/or IgG.
  • a first pathogen-binding chemical may be selected for higher capability for binding to a first type of virus coat protein and second pathogen-binding chemical may be selected for higher capability for a second different type of virus protein.
  • a first pathogen-binding chemical may be selected for higher capability for binding to a first specific virus (or type of virus) and second pathogen-binding chemical may be selected for higher capability for a second different specific virus (or type of virus).
  • the pathogen-binding chemicals may be heated or vaporized in a vaporization chamber that is discrete from the fabric treatment chamber.
  • Vaporization may occur in the absence or presence of a carrier fluid, which may be a liquid or a gas.
  • Carrier fluids may include one of more of nitrogen or an inert gas, such as argon, helium, xenon, krypton, and neon.
  • the fabrics may be pretreated to enhance the surface attachment of the pathogen-binding chemicals. Examples of fabric pretreatments include, but are not limited to, fabric exposure to oxygen, water, or alcohol. Exposure may include a soaking, rinsing, or treatment in a low-pressure discharge chamber. Some fabric pretreatments may include sequential treatments by multiple different substances. In some embodiments, sequential treatment with oxygen and then water or alcohol may be employed.
  • sequential treatment with oxygen followed by water and then followed by alcohol may be employed.
  • Purges are not necessary between the pretreatments, and purges are not necessary between the pretreatment and the application of the pathogen-binding chemical.
  • evacuation to vacuum base pressure between the pretreatments, and between the pretreatment and the application of the pathogen-binding chemical may be employed.
  • the pretreatment(s) may be applied to the fabric at a pressure that is less than or equal to 6666 pascals (Pa), less than or equal to 3333 Pa, less than or equal to 1000 Pa, less than or equal to 500 Pa, or less than or equal to 133 Pa.
  • the pretreatment(s) may be applied to the fabric at a pressure greater than or equal to 1 Pa, greater than or equal to 10 Pa, or greater than 100 Pa. In some embodiments, the pretreatment(s) may be applied to the fabric at a pressure that is greater than or equal to 10 Pa and less than or 1333 Pa or at a pressure within any range in between, especially within any range having the previously specified endpoints. In some embodiments, the pretreatment(s) may be applied to the fabric at a pressure that is greater than or equal to 1 Pa and less than or 100 Pa. One will appreciate, however, that the pretreatment pressure may alternatively be less than 100 Pa or alternatively be greater than 6666 Pa.
  • a vapor adhesion layer may be introduced after the pretreatment(s) and before the pathogen-bonding chemical vapor is applied.
  • a vapor adhesion layer may include one or more of a metal oxide, such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, or titanium oxide. Employing a vapor adhesion layer may provide better surface adhesion to some fabrics. However, the potential small adhesion gain by employing a vapor adhesion layer may not justify the added cost and time, especially in view of the utility of the above-described pretreatment(s).
  • Suitable multifunctional silanes were identified and their utility was verified using the material-coating procedures and protein-binding assays as described below.
  • a coating method employed a sub-atmospheric gas-phase flow-through pressure reactor suitable for large batch processing.
  • commercially available equipment Model RPX-540 from Integrated Surface Technologies, located at 3475-Edson Way, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA, was employed for chemical vapor deposition to apply nano-coating to selected materials, including microtiter plates and fabrics.
  • a first pretreatment employed a plasma discharge of oxygen (6.66- 26.66 Pa ( ⁇ 50-200 mtorr)) for 2 to 15 minutes at 50-400 Watts (40 kHz or 13.56 MHz) and a second pretreatment employed a plasma discharge of water (6.66-26.66 Pa ( ⁇ 50-200 mtorr)) for 2 to 15 minutes at 20-200 Watt (40 kHz or 13.56 MHz).
  • a plasma discharge of oxygen (6.66- 26.66 Pa ( ⁇ 50-200 mtorr)
  • a second pretreatment employed a plasma discharge of water (6.66-26.66 Pa ( ⁇ 50-200 mtorr)) for 2 to 15 minutes at 20-200 Watt (40 kHz or 13.56 MHz).
  • carrier gas O 2 and/or Argon
  • Human IgG (R&D Systems, catalogue # 1-001-A) was initially used as a chemistry screening tool to narrow the scope of chemistries to be tested for capture of the novel coronavirus spike protein and then later used in tests for comparison and as a model for binding bacterial pathogens.
  • Purified SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was applied directly (in duplicate experiments) to the controls and the ones treated with the chemicals listed in Tables 1A-1C. This procedure was performed at a fixed concentration or in serial dilutions of the viral protein for various time points to determine kinetics of protein capture. A solution with no protein served as an additional control. The tested articles were washed before analysis.
  • the tested articles were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) three times for 5 minutes each wash; however, one will appreciate that different wash solutions, different number of washes, and/or different time periods may be employed.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • Quantitation of viral protein or IgG capture was determined by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format with an anti-spike protein-Fc reagent and a secondary antibody to crystallizable fragment (Fc) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) followed by development with a tetramethylbenzine (TMB) reagent that was detected with spectrophotometry (absorption at 450 nm).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • Fc secondary antibody to crystallizable fragment conjugated to horseradish peroxidase
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • TMB tetramethylbenzine
  • FIG.3 is bar graph showing the relative binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and IgG applied independently in a fixed concentration to control plates and microtiter plates treated with a different one of four of the bifunctional silane chemicals listed in Tables 2A-2C.
  • the developed test plates subjected to nonprotein solution showed only background binding and no significant differences between the different samples.
  • the uncoated microtiter plates did not capture either the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or IgG.
  • the control high-protein-binding plate bonded to the two proteins relatively equally but bonded them less efficiently than the test plates coated with the example four bifunctional silane molecules.
  • FIGS.4A and 4B are bar graphs showing the relative binding of IgG applied at different concentrations to microtiter plates treated with N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 11 H 28 N 2 O 3 Si), one of the bifunctional silane chemicals listed in Tables 2A-2C.
  • FIG. 4A shows duplicative tests of exposure to IgG at three concentrations
  • FIG. 4B shows a replicative experiment that includes greater dilutions. 50 microliters (mL) of each solution was applied to the wells. The initial concentration of IgG started at 1 ⁇ g/ml.
  • FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the relative binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein applied at different concentrations to microtiter plates treated with a different one of three of the bifunctional silane chemicals listed in Tables 2A-2C.
  • the high-protein-binding ELISA plate and the chemically coated plates showed little significant difference to the nonprotein solution.
  • the chemically coated plates all outperformed the high-protein-binding ELISA plate.
  • the CCH4502 and CCH1053 chemicals outperformed the high-protein-binding ELISA plate, but the CCH9021 chemical slightly underperformed the high-protein-binding ELISA plate.
  • FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing the relative binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein applied at different concentrations to microtiter plates treated with a different one of four other of the bifunctional silane chemicals listed in Tables 2A-2C.
  • the chemical coatings employing chemicals CCH17654 and CCH51082 significantly outperformed the control high-protein-binding ELISA plate.
  • CCH9021, CCH1053, and CCH17654 all contain amino groups that may bind non-covalently to negative charges on the protein or to sugars.
  • CCH4502 contains an epoxy group that may facilitate covalent binding to amine, serine, tyrosine, and/or cysteine on protein or to phospholipids.
  • FIG. 7 depicts the relative binding of a model protein to pieces of facemasks coated with a different one of three bifunctional silane chemicals as well as to uncoated had hydrophobic controls.
  • pairs of pieces of standard facemasks (Machimpex, catalogue # 1005-544-988) were nanocoated with one of the various chemicals.
  • IgG was used as a model for protein capture as it behaved similar to the full- length coronavirus spike protein in plate-binding assays and is likely to have similar activity to that of bacterial coat proteins.
  • the IgG was applied to the facemask fabric and incubated for 30 minutes prior to washing in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Detection of the captured protein after washing was performed by applying 200 ⁇ l Gel-Code protein staining dye (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalogue # 24590) directly to the materials and incubating for one hour. Color change indicating protein capture was documented by photography. As seen in FIG. 7, both CCH1053 and CCH9021 efficiently captured the protein onto facemask relative to the uncoated facemask.

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Abstract

Des tissus, tels que ceux utilisés dans des filtres à air, des masques faciaux, des vêtements ou des PPE, sont revêtus d'agents de liaison à des agents pathogènes, tels que des produits chimiques qui se lient à des agents pathogènes aériens encapsulés dans des protéines. Certains de ces agents de liaison à des agents pathogènes comprennent des produits chimiques multifonctionnels qui se lient aux tissus et à des protéines et/ou des glycanes exposés sur les agents pathogènes. Certains de ces agents de liaison à des agents pathogènes comprennent des silanes multifonctionnels.
PCT/US2021/029220 2020-04-29 2021-04-26 Capture d'agents pathogènes améliorées à l'aide d'une modification de surface active WO2021222131A1 (fr)

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040050254A1 (en) * 1996-07-25 2004-03-18 Atsuo Tanaka Air purifying filter using modified enzymes
US7067194B2 (en) * 2001-06-26 2006-06-27 Accelr8 Technology Corporation Functional surface coating
WO2012094459A2 (fr) * 2011-01-06 2012-07-12 Glezer Eli N Cartouches d'essai et leurs procédés d'utilisation
US20120241391A1 (en) * 2011-03-25 2012-09-27 Receptors Llc Filtration article with microbial removal, micro-biocidal, or static growth capability
WO2020081720A1 (fr) * 2018-10-16 2020-04-23 Yale University Système électronique pour la capture et la caractérisation de particules

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040050254A1 (en) * 1996-07-25 2004-03-18 Atsuo Tanaka Air purifying filter using modified enzymes
US7067194B2 (en) * 2001-06-26 2006-06-27 Accelr8 Technology Corporation Functional surface coating
WO2012094459A2 (fr) * 2011-01-06 2012-07-12 Glezer Eli N Cartouches d'essai et leurs procédés d'utilisation
US20120241391A1 (en) * 2011-03-25 2012-09-27 Receptors Llc Filtration article with microbial removal, micro-biocidal, or static growth capability
WO2020081720A1 (fr) * 2018-10-16 2020-04-23 Yale University Système électronique pour la capture et la caractérisation de particules

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