WO2021196078A1 - 光束偏振态的调控装置和方法 - Google Patents

光束偏振态的调控装置和方法 Download PDF

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WO2021196078A1
WO2021196078A1 PCT/CN2020/082764 CN2020082764W WO2021196078A1 WO 2021196078 A1 WO2021196078 A1 WO 2021196078A1 CN 2020082764 W CN2020082764 W CN 2020082764W WO 2021196078 A1 WO2021196078 A1 WO 2021196078A1
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phase
polarization
objective lens
electric field
field component
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PCT/CN2020/082764
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English (en)
French (fr)
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翁晓羽
屈军乐
刘丽炜
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深圳大学
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Priority to PCT/CN2020/082764 priority Critical patent/WO2021196078A1/zh
Publication of WO2021196078A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021196078A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of optics, in particular to a device and method for adjusting and controlling the polarization state of a light beam.
  • Amplitude, phase, and polarization are the three natural attributes of light beams.
  • the study of the three has not only deepened people's understanding of the behavior of light beams, but also caused great breakthroughs in the field of optics.
  • people have witnessed the great success of scalar optics with amplitude and phase control as the core.
  • scalar optics theory such as free-space optical communications, optical tweezers, photolithography, optical imaging, holographic displays, and so on. These optical applications have greatly changed people's lifestyles and significantly improved people's living standards.
  • the polarization state of the light beam can be controlled.
  • the superposition of left and right circularly polarized beams with different phases or the superposition of horizontal and vertical linear polarized beams can generate special vector beams (see the document "Generation of arbitrary vector beams with a spatial light modulator and a common path interferometric arrangement" Optics Letters. 32(24), 3549-3551(2007).).
  • this method has the following shortcomings: First, the two-beam coherent superposition requires a precise interference optical path, which greatly increases the difficulty of the application of this method; second, the phases of the two orthogonal beams need to be controlled independently, which requires Complex algorithms are not conducive to pixel-level polarization control; third, the energy utilization rate is low, generally not exceeding 10%.
  • the polarization converter based on the geometric phase principle can achieve more than 90% energy utilization, because the polarization converter can only directly convert horizontal or vertical linearly polarized light into spatially varying linearly polarized light, we It is impossible to generate a vector beam with both a circular polarization state and a linear polarization state from this kind of polarization converter (see the literature "Optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in inhomogeneous anisotropic media" Physical Review Letters.96(16), 163905 (2006).). This further illustrates that the polarization converter based on geometric phase cannot achieve arbitrary polarization control.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a light beam polarization state control device and method aiming at the shortcomings and difficulties of the prior art, aiming to provide a simple beam control device to realize dynamic real-time pixel-level control of the light beam polarization state.
  • the present invention provides a light beam polarization state control device.
  • the light beam polarization state control device includes: a polarizer, a phase plate, a 4f optical system, a polarization converter, a first objective lens, and a low pass arranged in sequence.
  • the filter and the second objective lens, the polarizer, the phase plate, the 4f optical system, the polarization converter, the first objective lens, the low-pass filter and the second objective lens share a central axis;
  • the 4f optical system includes a first lens and a second lens, the phase plate is located on the front focal plane of the first lens, the polarization converter is located on the back focal plane of the second lens, and the low-pass filter Located at the back focal plane of the first objective lens;
  • the external light is converted into horizontal linearly polarized light through the polarizer, and enters the phase plate;
  • the phase plate adjusts the phase of the linearly polarized light into a phase distribution of ⁇ , and passes through the 4f optical system and then enters the polarization converter vertically to obtain the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and its polarization state is spatially changed.
  • the electric field distribution is expressed as:
  • phase represents the function of extracting the phase
  • i is an imaginary number
  • ⁇ is a phase control factor
  • ⁇ 0 is the polarization control factor
  • the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and whose polarization state is spatially changed passes through the first objective lens and is decomposed into a first electric field component E inner focused beam and a second electric field component E outer focused beam, which can be expressed as
  • ⁇ L> and ⁇ R> represent the left and right circular polarization modes respectively;
  • the first electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam enter the low-pass filter, and the second electric field component E outer focused beam is filtered out, thereby obtaining the first electric field component E inner focused beam;
  • the focused light beam of the first electric field component E inner passes through the second objective lens to obtain a polarized light beam with a desired polarization distribution.
  • the phase plate is obtained by encoding or processing and coating with a phase spatial light modulator.
  • the generalized phase distribution The first electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam of the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and its polarization state changes spatially through the first objective lens are spatially separated in the focal area of the first objective lens.
  • the distance between the first lens and the second lens is the sum of their focal lengths.
  • the distance between the first objective lens and the second objective lens is the sum of the focal lengths of the two.
  • the polarization converter is a liquid crystal polarization control polarization converter.
  • the transmittance of the low-pass filter is expressed as:
  • r 0 is the effective aperture radius of the low-pass filter.
  • the present invention also provides a method for adjusting the polarization state of a light beam.
  • the adjusting method is applied to the adjusting device described above, and the adjusting method includes:
  • the external light is converted into horizontal linearly polarized light through the polarizer and enters the phase plate;
  • the phase of the linearly polarized light is adjusted to a phase distribution of ⁇ through the phase plate, and is perpendicularly incident to the polarization converter after passing through the 4f optical system to obtain the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and its polarization state is spatially changed,
  • the electric field distribution is:
  • phase represents the function of extracting the phase
  • i is an imaginary number
  • ⁇ is a phase control factor
  • ⁇ 0 is the polarization control factor
  • the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and whose polarization state is spatially changed passes through the first objective lens and is decomposed into a first electric field component E inner focused beam and a second electric field component E outer focused beam, which can be expressed as
  • ⁇ L> and ⁇ R> represent the left and right circular polarization modes respectively;
  • the first electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam enter the low-pass filter, and the second electric field component E outer focused beam is filtered out, thereby obtaining the first electric field component E inner focused beam;
  • the focused light beam of the first electric field component E inner passes through the second objective lens to obtain a polarized light beam with a desired polarization distribution.
  • the generalized phase distribution The first electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam of the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and its polarization state changes spatially through the first objective lens are spatially separated in the focal area of the first objective lens.
  • the transmittance of the low-pass filter is expressed as:
  • r 0 is the effective aperture radius of the low-pass filter.
  • the polarization converter is a liquid crystal polarization control polarization converter.
  • the device and method for adjusting the polarization state of a beam include: a polarizer, a phase plate, a 4f optical system, a polarization converter, a first objective lens, a low-pass filter, and The second objective lens, the polarizer, the phase plate, the 4f optical system, the polarization converter, the first objective lens, the low-pass filter and the second objective lens share a central axis, and the 4f optical system includes a first lens and a second lens ,
  • the phase plate is located at the front focal plane of the first lens, the polarization converter is located at the rear focal plane of the second lens, and the low-pass filter is located at the rear focal plane of the first objective lens; external light passes through
  • the polarizer is converted into horizontal linearly polarized light and enters the phase plate; the phase plate adjusts the phase of the linearly polarized light into a phase distribution of ⁇ , and enters the polarization conversion vertically after passing through the 4f optical system
  • the electric field distribution is as
  • phase represents the function of extracting the phase
  • i is an imaginary number
  • ⁇ is a phase control factor
  • ⁇ 0 is the polarization control factor
  • the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and its polarization state is spatially changed passes through the first objective lens, and is decomposed into the first electric field component E inner focusing
  • the beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam can be expressed as
  • ⁇ L> and ⁇ R> represent left and right circular polarization modes respectively; the first electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam enter the low-pass filter, and the second electric field component The E outer focused light beam is filtered out to obtain the first electric field component E inner focused light beam; the first electric field component E inner focused light beam passes through the second objective lens to obtain a polarized light beam with a desired polarization distribution.
  • This application uses the one-to-one correspondence between the phase and the polarization, and directly controls the polarization state of the beam through the adjustment of the phase.
  • phase of the light beam can be controlled by real-time dynamic pixelation using a phase control device, such as a phase spatial light modulator, the pixelated phase will inevitably produce a pixelated polarization output. Therefore, the present invention can not only achieve real-time dynamic control of polarization, but also The precision of polarization control can reach a single pixel.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a first embodiment of a device for adjusting and controlling the polarization state of a light beam according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a detailed structure of the 4f optical system in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • 3a is a schematic diagram of the total light intensity distribution of spatially varying linearly polarized light emitted by the polarization converter in the embodiment of the present invention
  • 3b is a light intensity distribution diagram of the spatially varying linearly polarized light emitted by the polarization converter in the embodiment of the present invention after passing through the polarizer;
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a low-pass filter in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is another experimental result diagram of light beams with different polarization distributions generated by phase plates with different phase distributions in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the light beam polarization state control device includes: a polarizer 1, a phase plate 2, a 4f optical system 3, and a polarization converter arranged in sequence 4.
  • the two objective lenses 7 share a central axis,
  • the 4f optical system 3 includes a first lens 8 and a second lens 9, the phase plate 2 is located on the front focal plane of the first lens 8, and the polarization converter 4 is located on the back focal plane of the second lens 9;
  • the low-pass filter 6 is located on the back focal plane of the first objective lens 5;
  • the incident light beam enters the polarizer 1 vertically, and sequentially passes through the phase plate 2, the 4f optical system 3, the polarization converter 4, the objective lens 5, the low-pass filter 6, and the objective lens 7, and finally exits the desired polarization distribution beam from the objective lens 7.
  • the polarizer 1, the phase plate 2, the 4f optical system 3, the polarization converter 4, the objective lenses 5, 7, and the low-pass filter 6 share a central axis.
  • an example is provided for explanation:
  • the incident light is a linearly polarized beam with a diameter of 4mm and a wavelength of 633nm. Beams of other wavelengths can be used for specific implementation;
  • Polarizer 1 is a polarizer with a wavelength of 633nm for incident light, or a broadband polarizer with a working wavelength of 633nm; its polarization direction is the horizontal direction;
  • optical system 3 is realized by lenses 8, 9 with a focal length of 100mm, and the distance between lenses 8, 9 is 200mm;
  • the polarization converter 4 adopts Q-plate or other implementation methods.
  • the numerical apertures of the objective lenses 5 and 7 are both 0.01, and the apertures can also be other values in specific implementation;
  • the incident light is a linearly polarized beam with a diameter of 4mm and a wavelength of 633nm.
  • the polarizer After passing through the polarizer 1, rotate the polarizer so that the polarizing direction of the polarizer is horizontal, and the beam exiting from the polarizer is horizontal Of linearly polarized light.
  • phase plate 2 The phase of phase plate 2 is expressed as
  • the phase plate 2 and the polarizer 1 share a central axis. After the horizontal linearly polarized light beam emitted by the polarizer passes through the phase plate 2, the phase of the light beam becomes a phase distribution of ⁇ . At this point, by adjusting the parameters of the phase plate And ⁇ realize the control of the phase of the horizontally polarized beam emitted from the phase plate.
  • the 4f optical system 3 is composed of a lens 8 and a lens 9.
  • the focal lengths of the lens 8 and the lens 9 are both 100 mm, the distance between the two is 200 mm, and they share a central axis with the polarizer. Since the phase plate 2 is located on the front focal plane of the lens 8 in the 4f optical system, the phase ⁇ of the phase plate can be projected onto the back focal plane of the lens 9 in the 4f optical system.
  • the polarization converter 4 shares a central axis with the polarizer 1 and is located on the back focal plane of the lens 9 in the 4f optical system.
  • the polarization converter 4 is implemented by Q-plate.
  • the horizontal linearly polarized light emitted by the 4f optical system 3 is incident perpendicularly to the polarization converter 4. Due to the polarization and phase control of the polarization converter 4 and the phase plate 3, the light beam emitted from the polarization converter 4 can be expressed as:
  • i is an imaginary number
  • ⁇ is the phase of the phase plate 2
  • ⁇ 0 is the light polarization control factor.
  • ⁇ 0 0. It can be seen from the outgoing beam E of the polarization converter 4 that the beam not only has the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2, but also has a linearly polarized light whose polarization state changes in space.
  • the objective lens 5 shares a central axis with the polarizer 1, and its numerical aperture is 0.01.
  • the spatially varying linearly polarized light beam emitted from the polarization converter 4 is focused by the objective lens 5.
  • a low-pass filter 6 is placed on the focal plane of the objective lens 5.
  • the low-pass filter 6 and the polarizer 1 share a central axis.
  • the energy utilization rate of the optical system is 50%.
  • the polarization distribution of E inner only depends on the parameter of the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2 And ⁇ . In other words, by adjusting the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2, the electric field component E inner of the focused beam can be controlled.
  • the objective lens 7 shares the aforementioned central axis, and its numerical aperture is the same as that of the objective lens 5, both of which are 0.01. After the focused light beam E inner emitted by the low-pass filter 6 enters the objective lens 7, since the numerical apertures of the objective lenses 5 and 7 are equal, the objective lens 7 restores the focused light beam E inner emitted by the low-pass filter 6 to a polarized light beam with a diameter of 4 mm .
  • the polarized light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is a restoration result of the focused light beam E inner emitted by the low-pass filter 6.
  • the polarized light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 can be directly controlled by the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2.
  • different phases of the phase plate 2 can emit light beams with different polarization distributions from the objective lens 7. Specifically, when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig. 5(a), the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the vertical linearly polarized light beam in the square area; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig.
  • the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background right-handed circularly polarized light and the square area left-handed circularly polarized light; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is shown in Figure 5(g), the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the square area right Composed of circularly polarized beams.
  • Figure 5 (b, e, h) is the total light intensity distribution of the outgoing beam in the above three cases.
  • Figure 5 (c, f, i) are the light intensity distribution diagrams of the outgoing beam passing through the polarizer with the horizontal polarization direction and the quarter wave plate with the fast axis at 45 degrees from the horizontal direction in the above three cases.
  • phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2 can be pixelated and dynamically controlled in real time through a phase spatial light modulator or other optical elements. If the phase of the square area in Figure 5 (a, d, g) is reduced to a single pixel, the polarization corresponding to the pixel will also change accordingly.
  • the position of each component, as well as the light path passing direction and sequence are the same as those in the above embodiment, and will not be repeated here.
  • different phase plates 2 can emit light beams with different polarization distributions from the objective lens 7. Specifically, when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig.
  • the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the vertical linearly polarized light beam in the square area; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig. 6(d) , The light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background right-handed circularly polarized light and the square area left-handed circularly polarized light; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Figure 6(g), the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the square area right Composed of circularly polarized beams.
  • Figure 6 (b, e, h) is the total light intensity distribution of the outgoing beam in the above three cases.
  • Figure 6 (c, f, i) is the light intensity distribution diagram of the outgoing beam passing through the polarizer with the horizontal polarization direction and the quarter wave plate with the fast axis at 45 degrees from the horizontal direction in the above three cases.
  • the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2 can be pixelated and dynamically controlled in real time through a phase spatial light modulator or other optical elements. If the phase of the square area in Figure 6 (a, d, g) is reduced to a single pixel, the polarization corresponding to the pixel will also change accordingly.
  • the device and method for adjusting the polarization state of a beam include: a polarizer, a phase plate, a 4f optical system, a polarization converter, a first objective lens, a low-pass filter, and The second objective lens, the polarizer, the phase plate, the 4f optical system, the polarization converter, the first objective lens, the low-pass filter and the second objective lens share a central axis, and the 4f optical system includes a first lens and a second lens ,
  • the phase plate is located on the front focal plane of the first lens, the polarization converter is located on the back focal plane of the second lens, and the low-pass filter is located on the back focal plane of the first objective lens; external light
  • the linearly polarized light converted into the horizontal direction by the polarizer enters the phase plate; the phase plate adjusts the phase of the linearly polarized light into a phase distribution of ⁇ , and enters the polarized light vertically after passing through the 4f optical system
  • the converter obtains linearly
  • phase represents the function of extracting the phase
  • i is an imaginary number
  • ⁇ is a phase control factor
  • ⁇ 0 0
  • m 30
  • the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and its polarization state is spatially changed passes through the first objective lens and is decomposed into the first objective lens.
  • the electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam, E inner and E outer are respectively:
  • ⁇ L> and ⁇ R> represent the left and right circular polarization modes respectively; the first electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam perpendicularly enter the low-pass filter, and the second electric field
  • the focused light beam of the component E outer is filtered out to obtain the first electric field component E inner light beam; the first electric field component E inner light beam passes through the second objective lens to obtain a polarized light beam with a desired polarization distribution.
  • This application uses the one-to-one correspondence between the phase and the polarization, and directly controls the polarization state of the beam through the adjustment of the phase.
  • the present invention can not only achieve real-time dynamic control of polarization, but also The precision of polarization control can reach a single pixel.
  • This method not only achieves dynamic real-time pixel-level polarization control, but also has an energy utilization rate of up to 50%.
  • the present invention also avoids high-precision interference systems, complex algorithms, expensive and precise processing, and the like.
  • the present invention also provides a method for adjusting the polarization state of a light beam, which is applied to the adjusting device as described in any one of the above, and the adjusting method includes:
  • the external light is converted into horizontal linearly polarized light through the polarizer, and enters the phase plate;
  • phase represents the function of extracting the phase
  • i is an imaginary number
  • Is a constant factor
  • the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and whose polarization state is spatially changed passes through the first objective lens, and is decomposed into a first electric field component E inner focused beam and a second electric field component E outer focused beam, wherein,
  • the first electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam enter the low-pass filter, and the second electric field component E outer focused beam is filtered out, thereby obtaining the first electric field component E inner beam;
  • the light beam of the first electric field component E inner passes through the second objective lens to obtain a polarized light beam with a desired polarization distribution.
  • the device for adjusting the polarization state of the beam includes: a polarizing plate 1, a phase plate 2, a 4f optical system 3, a polarization converter 4, a first objective lens 5, a low-pass filter 6 and a second objective lens 7 arranged in sequence.
  • the polarizing plate 1 , The phase plate 2, the 4f optical system 3, the polarization converter 4, the first objective lens 5, the low-pass filter 6, and the second objective lens 7 share a central axis,
  • the 4f optical system 3 includes a first lens 8 and a second lens 9, the phase plate 2 is located at the front focal plane of the first lens 8, and the polarization converter 4 is located at the back focal plane of the second lens 9, so The low-pass filter 6 is located on the back focal plane of the first objective lens 5;
  • the incident light beam enters the polarizer 1 vertically, and sequentially passes through the phase plate 2, the 4f optical system 3, the polarization converter 4, the objective lens 5, the low-pass filter 6, and the objective lens 7, and finally exits the desired polarization distribution beam from the objective lens 7.
  • the polarizer 1, the phase plate 2, the 4f optical system 3, the polarization converter 4, the objective lenses 5, 7, and the low-pass filter 6 share a central axis.
  • an example is provided for explanation:
  • the incident light is a linearly polarized beam with a diameter of 4mm and a wavelength of 633nm. Beams of other wavelengths can be used in specific implementations;
  • Polarizer 1 is a polarizer with a wavelength of 633nm for incident light, or a broadband polarizer with a working wavelength of 633nm; its polarization direction is the horizontal direction;
  • optical system 3 is realized by lenses 8, 9 with a focal length of 100mm, and the distance between lenses 8, 9 is 200mm;
  • the numerical apertures of objective lenses 5 and 7 are both 0.01;
  • the incident light is a linearly polarized beam with a diameter of 4mm and a wavelength of 633nm.
  • the polarizer 1 After passing through the polarizer 1, rotate the polarizer 1 so that the polarization direction of the polarizer 1 is horizontal, and then the beam emerges from the polarizer 1 It is linearly polarized light in the horizontal direction.
  • phase plate 2 The phase of phase plate 2 is expressed as
  • the phase plate 2 and the polarizer 1 share a central axis. After the horizontal linearly polarized beam emitted by the polarizer passes through the phase plate 2, the phase of the beam becomes a phase distribution of ⁇ . At this point, by adjusting the parameters of the phase plate And ⁇ realize the control of the phase of the horizontally polarized beam emitted from the phase plate.
  • the 4f optical system 3 is composed of lenses 8,9.
  • the focal lengths of the lenses 8, 9 are both 100 mm, the distance between the two lenses is 200 mm, and they share a central axis with the polarizer. Since the phase plate 2 is located on the front focal plane of the lens 8 in the 4f optical system 3, the phase ⁇ of the phase plate can be projected onto the back focal plane of the lens 9 in the 4f optical system 3.
  • the polarization converter 4 shares a central axis with the polarizer 1 and is located on the back focal plane of the lens 9 in the 4f optical system 3.
  • the polarization converter 4 is implemented by Q-plate.
  • the horizontal linearly polarized light emitted by the 4f optical system 3 is incident perpendicularly to the polarization converter 4. Due to the polarization and phase control of the polarization converter 4 and the phase plate 3, the light beam emitted from the polarization converter 4 can be expressed as:
  • i is an imaginary number
  • ⁇ is the phase of the phase plate 2
  • ⁇ 0 is the polarization control factor.
  • ⁇ 0 0. It can be seen from the outgoing beam E of the polarization converter 4 that the beam not only has the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2, but also has a linearly polarized light whose polarization state changes in space.
  • the objective lens 5 shares a central axis with the polarizer 1, and its numerical aperture is 0.01.
  • the spatially varying linearly polarized light beam emitted from the polarization converter 4 is focused by the objective lens 5.
  • a low-pass filter 6 is placed on the focal plane of the objective lens 5.
  • the low-pass filter 6 and the polarizer 1 share a central axis.
  • the electric field components E inner and E outer are equal in size, after passing through the low-pass filter 6, the energy utilization rate of the optical system is 50%.
  • the electric field component E inner of the focused beam can be controlled by adjusting the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2.
  • the objective lens 7 shares the aforementioned central axis, and its numerical aperture is the same as that of the objective lens 5, both of which are 0.01. After the focused light beam E inner emitted by the low-pass filter 6 enters the objective lens 7, since the numerical apertures of the objective lenses 5 and 7 are equal, the objective lens 7 restores the focused light beam E inner emitted by the low-pass filter 6 to a polarized light beam with a diameter of 4 mm .
  • the polarized light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is a restoration result of the focused light beam E inner emitted by the low-pass filter 6.
  • the polarized light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 can be directly controlled by the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2.
  • different phases of the phase plate 2 can emit light beams with different polarization distributions from the objective lens 7. Specifically, when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig. 5(a), the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the vertical linearly polarized light beam in the square area; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig.
  • the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background right-handed circularly polarized light and the square area left-handed circularly polarized light; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is shown in Figure 5(g), the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the square area right Composed of circularly polarized beams.
  • Figure 5 (b, e, h) is the total light intensity distribution of the outgoing beam in the above three cases.
  • Figure 5 (c, f, i) are respectively the light intensity distribution diagrams of the outgoing beam passing through the polarizer with the horizontal polarization direction and the quarter wave plate with the fast axis at 45 degrees from the horizontal direction in the above three cases.
  • phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2 can be pixelated and dynamically controlled in real time through a phase spatial light modulator or other optical elements. If the phase of the square area in Figure 5 (a, d, g) is reduced to a single pixel, the polarization corresponding to the pixel will also change accordingly.
  • the position of each component, as well as the light path passing direction and sequence are the same as those in the above embodiment, and will not be repeated here.
  • different phase plates 2 can emit light beams with different polarization distributions from the objective lens 7. Specifically, when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig.
  • the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the vertical linearly polarized light beam in the square area; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Fig. 6(d) , The light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background right-handed circularly polarized light and the square area left-handed circularly polarized light; when the phase distribution of the phase plate 2 is as shown in Figure 6(g), the light beam emitted by the objective lens 7 is composed of the background horizontal linearly polarized light and the square area right Composed of circularly polarized beams.
  • Figure 6 (b, e, h) is the total light intensity distribution of the outgoing beam in the above three cases.
  • Figure 6 (c, f, i) is the light intensity distribution diagram of the outgoing beam passing through the polarizer with the horizontal polarization direction and the quarter wave plate with the fast axis at 45 degrees from the horizontal direction in the above three cases.
  • the phase ⁇ of the phase plate 2 can be pixelated and dynamically controlled in real time through a phase spatial light modulator or other optical elements. If the phase of the square area in Figure 6 (a, d, g) is reduced to a single pixel, the polarization corresponding to the pixel will also change accordingly.
  • the device and method for adjusting the polarization state of a beam include: a polarizer, a phase plate, a 4f optical system, a polarization converter, a first objective lens, a low-pass filter, and The second objective lens, the polarizer, the phase plate, the 4f optical system, the polarization converter, the first objective lens, the low-pass filter and the second objective lens share a central axis, and the 4f optical system includes a first lens and a second lens ,
  • the phase plate is located on the front focal plane of the first lens, the polarization converter is located on the back focal plane of the second lens, and the low-pass filter is located on the back focal plane of the first objective lens; external light
  • the linearly polarized light converted into the horizontal direction by the polarizer enters the phase plate; the phase plate adjusts the phase of the linearly polarized light into a phase distribution of ⁇ , and enters the polarized light vertically after passing through the 4f optical system
  • the converter obtains linearly
  • phase represents the function of extracting the phase
  • i is an imaginary number
  • ⁇ is a phase control factor
  • ⁇ 0 0
  • m 30
  • the linearly polarized light whose phase is ⁇ and its polarization state is spatially changed passes through the first objective lens and decomposes into the first objective lens.
  • the electric field component E inner focused beam and the second electric field component E outer focused beam in which,
  • the first electric field component E inner beam and the second electric field component E outer beam enter the low-pass filter, and the second electric field component E outer beam is filtered out, thereby obtaining the first electric field component E inner beam;
  • the light beam of the first electric field component E inner passes through the second objective lens to obtain a polarized light beam with a desired polarization distribution.
  • This application uses the one-to-one correspondence between the phase and the polarization, and directly controls the polarization state of the beam through the adjustment of the phase. Since the phase of the light beam can be controlled by real-time dynamic pixelation using a phase control device, such as a phase spatial light modulator, the pixelated phase will inevitably produce a pixelated polarization output.
  • the present invention can realize the dynamic real-time pixel-level polarization of the beam. Control, and the energy utilization rate can be as high as 50%. Compared with the dual-beam coherent superposition method and metasurface design, and the polarization control method based on the geometric phase principle, the present invention also avoids high-precision interference systems, complex algorithms, expensive and precise processing, and the like.

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Abstract

一种光束偏振态的调控装置和方法，装置包括：依次设置的偏振片（1）、相位板（2）、4f光学系统（3）、偏振转换器（4）、第一物镜（5）、低通滤波器（6）和第二物镜（7），偏振片（1）、相位板（2）、4f光学系统（3）、偏振转换器（4）、第一物镜（5）、低通滤波器（6）和第二物镜（7）共有一中心轴，4f光学系统（3）包括第一透镜（8）和第二透镜（9），相位板（2）位于第一透镜（8）前焦面，偏振转换器（4）位于第二透镜（9）的后焦面，低通滤波器（6）位于第一物镜（5）后焦面。利用相位与偏振之间的一一对应关系，通过相位的调控直接完成光束偏振态的控制。由于光束的相位可以利用相位控制器件实现实时动态像素化控制，因此，不仅可以实现对偏振动态实时控制，而且偏振调控精度可达到单个像素。

Description

光束偏振态的调控装置和方法 技术领域
本发明涉及光学领域，尤其涉及一种光束偏振态的调控装置和方法。
背景技术
振幅、相位、偏振是光束的三个自然属性。纵观光学的发展，对于三者的研究不仅加深人们对光束行为的认识，而且引起光学领域的极大地突破。在过去的几个世纪里，人们已经见证了以振幅与相位调控为核心的标量光学所取得的巨大成功。受益于成熟的振幅及相位调控技术，研究人员基于标量光学理论开创了许多光学应用，比如，自由空间光通信、光镊、光刻技术、光学成像、全息显示等等。这些光学应用极大地改变了人们生活方式，显著地提高人们的生活水平。
然而，作为光学发展一个阶段，标量光学的局限性已经慢慢呈现出来。比如，尽管王健等人提出采用轨道角动量的复用解复用技术可实现通信容量突破性扩大，达到1.37Tb/s(参考J.Wang,Jeng-Yuan Yang,et al,Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing,Nature Photonics,2012,6,488-496)，然而想要进一步增大光波传输的信息容量几乎是不可能的，除非使用具有特殊偏振模式的矢量光束作为信息载体(参见文献“4x 20Gbit/s mode division multiplexing over free space using vector modes and a q-plate mode(de)multiplexer”Optics Letters.40(9),1980-1983(2015).)。在光刻研究方面，偏振优化调控已经被证明了可进一步提高光刻分辨率(参见文献“Source mask polarization optimization”Journal of Micro/Nanolithography,MEMS,and MOEMS.10(3),1-10(2011).)。毫无疑问，光学发展趋势必然是由标量光学向矢量光学迈进，而现在仅仅是矢量光学的开端。开启矢量光学的关键在于实现对光束实时动态像素级别的偏振控制。
一般地，基于两种正交偏振光束相互叠加的原理可以实现光束偏振态的调控。例如，采用不同相位的左右旋圆偏振光束叠加或水平与竖直线偏振光束叠加的方式可产生特殊的矢量光束(参见文献“Generation of arbitrary vector beams with a spatial light modulator and a common path interferometric arrangement” Optics Letters.32(24),3549-3551(2007).)。然而，此方法存在以下不足之处：第一，双光束相干叠加需要精密的干涉光路，这大大增加了此方法应用的难度；第二，该两束正交光束的相位需要独立控制，这需要复杂算法，不利于像素级别偏振控制；第三，能量利用率低下,一般不超过10％。虽然基于几何相原理的偏振转换器可以实现90％以上的能量利用率，但是由于该偏振转换器仅仅只能将水平或竖直的线偏振光直接转换成为空间变化的线偏振光，因此，我们无法从该种偏振转换器中产生一种同时具有圆偏振态与线偏振态的矢量光束(参见文献“Optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in inhomogeneous anisotropic media”Physical Review Letters.96(16),163905(2006).)。这进一步说明了基于几何相的偏振转换器无法实现任意偏振控制。为了实现光束的全偏振调控，研究人员采用超表面结构设计的方法实现了任意偏振态矢量光束的产生，而且其能量利用率大于70％(参见文献“Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission”Nature Nanotechnology.10(11),(2015).)。尽管如此，超表面结构设计加工难度非常大，技术要求极高，加工大尺寸器件所需费用极为昂贵，而且无法实现动态实时可变的偏振调控。
技术解决方案
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的不足及难点，提出一种光束偏振态的调控装置和方法，旨在提出一种简单的光束调控装置，以实现光束偏振态的动态实时像素级调控。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供一种光束偏振态的调控装置，所述光束偏振态的调控装置包括：依次设置的偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜，所述偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜共有一中心轴；
所述4f光学系统包括第一透镜和第二透镜，所述相位板位于所述第一透 镜前焦面，所述偏振转换器位于所述第二透镜的后焦面，所述低通滤波器位于所述第一物镜后焦面；
外界光线经过所述偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入所述相位板；
所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并且经过4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布表示为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000001
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000002
phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000003
为常数因子，β为相位控制因子；
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000004
为广义相位分布，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000005
分别为第一物镜的会聚角及方位角，β 0为偏振控制因子；
相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束，可分别表示为
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000007
其中，<L>、<R>分别表示左、右旋圆偏振模式；
所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束被滤除,从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束；
所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。
可选地，所述相位板用相位型空间光调制器进行编码或加工镀膜获得。
可选地，所述广义的相位分布
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000008
使得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过第一物镜的第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束在第一物镜焦点区域内实现空间分离。
可选地，所述第一透镜和第二透镜之间的距离为两者焦距之和。
可选地，所述第一物镜和第二物镜之间的距离为两者焦距之和。
可选地，所述偏振转换器为液晶偏振调控偏振转换器。
可选地，所述低通滤波器透过率表示为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000009
其中，r 0为低通滤波器有效通光孔径半径。
为实现上述目的，本发明还提供一种光束偏振态的调控方法，所述调控方法应用于如上所述的调整装置，所述调控方法包括：
外界光线经过偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入相位板；
通过所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并经过4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000010
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000011
phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000012
为常数因子，β为相位控制因子；
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000013
为广义相位分布，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000014
分别为第一物镜的会聚角及方位角，β 0为偏振控制因子；
相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束，可分别表示为
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000016
其中，<L>、<R>分别表示左、右旋圆偏振模式；
所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束被滤除,从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束；
所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。
可选地，所述广义的相位分布
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000017
使得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过第一物镜的第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束在第一物镜焦点区域内实现空间分离。
可选地，所述低通滤波器透过率表示为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000018
其中，r 0为低通滤波器有效通光孔径半径。
可选地，所述偏振转换器为液晶偏振调控偏振转换器。
本发明提出的一种光束偏振态的调控装置和方法，通过光束偏振态的调控装置包括：依次设置的偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜，所述偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜共有一中心轴，所述4f光学系统包括第一透镜和第二透镜，所述相位板位于所述第一透镜前焦面，所述偏振转换器位于所述第二透镜的后焦面，所述低通滤波器位于所述第一物镜后焦面；外界光线经过所述偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入所述相位板；所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并经4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000019
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000020
phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000021
为常数因子，β为相位控制因子，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000022
为广义相位分布，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000023
分别为第一物镜的会聚角及方位角，β 0为偏振控制因子；相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束，可分别表示为
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000024
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000025
其中，<L>、<R>分别表示左、右旋圆偏振模式；所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束被滤除,从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束；所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。本申请利用相位与偏振之间的一一对应关系，通过相位的调控直接完成光束偏振态的控制。由于光束的相位可以利用相位控制器件实现实时动态像素化控制，比如相位型空间光调制器，像素化的相位必然产生像素化的偏振输出，因此，本发明不仅可以实现对偏振动态实时控制，而且偏振调控精度可达到单个像 素。
附图说明
图1为本发明光束偏振态的调控装置第一实施例的结构示意图；
图2为本发明实施例中4f光学系统的一细化结构示意图；
图3a为本发明实施例中偏振转换器出射的空间变化线偏振光总光强分布示意图；
图3b为本发明实施例中偏振转换器出射的空间变化线偏振光经过偏振片后光强分布图；
图4为本发明实施例中低通滤波器的一示意图；
图5为本发明实施例中采用不同相位分布的相位板所产生的具有不同偏振分布的光束一实验结果图；
图6为本发明实施例中采用不同相位分布的相位板所产生的具有不同偏振分布的光束另一实验结果图。
本发明的实施方式
应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
请参照图1，在本发明光束偏振态的调控装置的第一实施例中，所述光束偏振态的调控装置包括：依次设置的偏振片1、相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、第一物镜5、低通滤波器6和第二物镜7，所述偏振片1、相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、第一物镜5、低通滤波器6和第二物镜7共有一中心轴，
所述4f光学系统3包括第一透镜8和第二透镜9，所述相位板2位于所述第一透镜8前焦面，偏振转换器4位于所述第二透镜9的后焦面；
所述低通滤波器6位于所述第一物镜5的后焦面；
入射光束垂直入射到偏振片1，并且依次经过相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、物镜5、低通滤波器6、物镜7，最终从物镜7出射所需偏振分布的光束。偏振片1、相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、物镜5，7、低通滤波器6共有一个中心轴。为方便理解，举例进行说明：
入射光为线偏振光束，其直径为4mm，波长为633nm，具体实施可以采 用其他波长的光束；
偏振片1为针对入射光波长633nm的偏振片，或者工作波段包括633nm的宽带偏振片；其起偏方向为水平方向；
相位板2采用相位型空间光调制进行编码实现或直接加工镀膜实现，也可用其他实现方法；其相位参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000026
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000027
为第一物镜5的方位角，m＝30，具体实施中可以为其他值；
4f光学系统3采用焦距均为100mm的透镜8，9实现，透镜8，9相距200mm；
偏振转换器4采用Q-plate或其他实现方法。偏振转换器4出射光束的偏振参数β 0＝0，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000028
其中
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000029
为第一物镜5的方位角，m＝30；
物镜5，7的数值孔径均为0.01，孔径在具体实施中还可以为其他值；
低通滤波器6采用有效通光孔径半径r 0＝400μm的针孔或光阑实现。
如图1所示，入射光为直径4mm，波长为633nm的线偏振光束，经过偏振片1后，旋转偏振片，使得偏振片的起偏方向为水平方向，则从偏振片出射光束为水平方向的线偏振光。
相位板2的相位表示为
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000030
其中，phase表示提取相位的函数；i为虚数；
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000031
为常数因子；在本实施例中，m＝30；β为相位控制因子。如图1所示，该相位板2与偏振片1共有一个中心轴，偏振片出射的水平线偏振光束经过此相位板2之后，其光束的相位成φ相位分布。此时，通过调节相位板的参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000032
和β实现对相位板出射的水平方向线偏振光束相位的控制。
如图2所示，4f光学系统3由透镜8和透镜9组成。本实施例中，透镜8和透镜9的焦距均为100mm，两者相距200mm，并且与偏振片共有一个中心轴。由于相位板2位于4f光学系统中透镜8的前焦面上，因此，相位板的相位φ可以投影到4f光学系统中透镜9的后焦面上。
偏振转换器4与偏振片1共有一个中心轴，并且位于4f光学系统中透镜9的后焦面上。本实施例中，偏振转换器4采用Q-plate实现。4f光学系统3出射的水平线偏振光垂直入射到偏振转换器4上，由于偏振转换器4及相位板3的偏振及相位调控作用，因此，从偏振转换器4出射的光束可表示为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000033
其中，i为虚数；φ为相位板2的相位；β 0为光线偏振控制因子,本实施例中，β 0＝0。由偏振转换器4的出射光束E可知，该光束不仅具有相位板2的相位φ，而且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光。
物镜5，与偏振片1共有一个中心轴，其数值孔径为0.01。从偏振转换器4出射的空间变化线偏振光束由物镜5聚焦，其聚焦光束在物镜5的焦点区域内可表示为E＝E inner+E outer，E inner和E outer分别为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000034
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000035
其中，<L>、<R>分别表示左、右旋圆偏振模式；本实施例中，m＝30。
如图1所示，在物镜5的焦平面上放置低通滤波器6,低通滤波器6与偏振片1共有一个中心轴。物镜5出射的聚焦光束可分解为两个电场分量E inner和E outer。由于电场分量E inner和E outer分别位于物镜5焦平面的不同空间位置，因此，当物镜5出射的聚焦光束E＝E inner+E outer入射到有效通光孔径半径r 0＝400μm的低通滤波器6时，E outer被滤除，从低通滤波器6出射的聚焦光束为E inner。由于电场分量E inner和E outer大小相等，因此，通过低通滤波器6后，光学系统的能量利用率为50％。此外，E inner偏振分布仅仅取决于相位板2相位φ的参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000036
和β。也就是说，通过调节相位板2的相位φ可实现对聚焦光束电场分量E inner的控制。
物镜7，共有上述中心轴，其数值孔径与物镜5相同,均为0.01。低通滤波器6出射的聚焦光束E inner进入物镜7后，由于物镜5，7的数值孔径大小相等，因此，物镜7将低通滤波器6出射的聚焦光束E inner还原为直径4mm的偏振光束。物镜7出射的偏振光束是低通滤波器6出射聚焦光束E inner的还原结果。由于聚焦光束E inner的偏振分布仅仅取决于相位板2相位φ中参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000037
和β,因此，物镜7出射的偏振光束可直接由相位板2的相位φ进行控制。如图5所示，不同的相位板2相位可以从物镜7出射不同偏振分布的光束。具体地，当相位板2相位分布为图5(a)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域竖直线偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图5(d)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景右旋圆偏振光及正方形区域左旋圆偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图5(g)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域 右旋圆偏振光束组成。图5(b,e,h)分别为上述三种情况出射光束的总光强分布。图5(c,f,i)分别为上述三种情况出射光束经过起偏方向为水平方向的偏振片及快轴与水平方向成45度的四分之一波片的光强分布图。在实际应用中，相位板2相位φ可以通过相位型空间光调制器或其他光学元件实现像素化、实时动态的控制。若将图5(a,d,g)的正方形区域相位减小至单个像素，则该像素所对应的偏振也随之改变。
作为另一种实施例，相位参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000038
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000039
分别为第一物镜5的会聚角及方位角，k＝2π/λ,入射光波长λ＝633nm，m＝20，低通滤波器6采用有效通光孔径半径r 0＝310μm的针孔或光阑实现。各部件位置，以及光路通过方向和顺序与上实施例相同，此处不做赘述。结果可以如如图6所示，不同的相位板2相位可以从物镜7出射不同偏振分布的光束。具体地，当相位板2相位分布为图6(a)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域竖直线偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图6(d)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景右旋圆偏振光及正方形区域左旋圆偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图6(g)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域右旋圆偏振光束组成。图6(b,e,h)分别为上述三种情况出射光束的总光强分布。图6(c,f,i)分别为上述三种情况出射光束经过起偏方向为水平方向的偏振片及快轴与水平方向成45度的四分之一波片的光强分布图。在实际应用中，相位板2相位φ可以通过相位型空间光调制器或其他光学元件实现像素化、实时动态的控制。若将图6(a,d,g)的正方形区域相位减小至单个像素，则该像素所对应的偏振也随之改变。
本发明提出的一种光束偏振态的调控装置和方法，通过光束偏振态的调控装置包括：依次设置的偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜，所述偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜共有一中心轴，所述4f光学系统包括第一透镜和第二透镜，所述相位板位于所述第一透镜前焦面，所述偏振转换器位于所述第二透镜的后焦面，所述低通滤波器位于所述第一物镜的后焦面；外界光线经过所述偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入所述相位板；所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并经4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000040
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000041
phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000042
为常数因子，β为相位控制因子；本实施例中，β 0＝0，m＝30；相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束,E inner和E outer分别为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000043
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000044
其中，<L>、<R>分别表示左、右旋圆偏振模式；所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束垂直入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束被滤除,从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner光束；所述第一电场分量E inner光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。本申请利用相位与偏振之间的一一对应关系，通过相位的调控直接完成光束偏振态的控制。由于光束的相位可以利用相位控制器件实现实时动态像素化控制，比如相位型空间光调制器，像素化的相位必然产生像素化的偏振输出，因此，本发明不仅可以实现对偏振动态实时控制，而且偏振调控精度可达到单个像素。此方法不仅实现了动态实时像素级别的偏振控制，而且能量利用率可达50％。与采用双光束相干叠加方式和超表面设计、基于几何相原理的偏振调控方式相比，本发明还避免了高精度的干涉系统、复杂的算法，昂贵及精密的加工等等。
本发明还提供一种光束偏振态的调控方法，所述调控方法应用于如上任一项所述的调控装置，所述调控方法包括：
S10，外界光线经过偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入相位板；
S20，通过所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并经过4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000045
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000046
phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000047
为常数因子，β为相位控制因子；本实施例中，β 0＝0， m＝30；
S30，相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束，其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000048
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000049
S40，所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束被滤除,从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner光束；
S50，所述第一电场分量E inner光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。
光束偏振态的调整装置包括：依次设置的偏振片1、相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、第一物镜5、低通滤波器6和第二物镜7，所述偏振片1、相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、第一物镜5、低通滤波器6和第二物镜7共有一中心轴，
所述4f光学系统3包括第一透镜8和第二透镜9，所述相位板2位于所述第一透镜8前焦面，偏振转换器4位于所述第二透镜9的后焦面，所述低通滤波器6位于所述第一物镜5的后焦面；
入射光束垂直入射到偏振片1，并且依次经过相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、物镜5、低通滤波器6、物镜7，最终从物镜7出射所需偏振分布的光束。偏振片1、相位板2、4f光学系统3、偏振转换器4、物镜5，7、低通滤波器6共有一个中心轴。为方便理解，举例进行说明：
入射光为线偏振光束，其直径为4mm，波长为633nm，具体实施可以采用其他波长的光束；
偏振片1为针对入射光波长633nm的偏振片，或者工作波段包括633nm的宽带偏振片；其起偏方向为水平方向；
相位板2采用相位型空间光调制进行编码实现或直接加工镀膜实现，也可用其他实现方法；其相位参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000050
其中
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000051
为第一物镜5的方位角，m＝30，具体实施中可以为其他值；
4f光学系统3采用焦距均为100mm的透镜8，9实现，透镜8，9相距200mm；
偏振转换器4采用Q-plate或其他实现方法。偏振转换器4出射光束的偏 振参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000052
和β 0＝0，其中m＝30；
物镜5，7的数值孔径均为0.01；
低通滤波器6采用有效通光孔径半径r 0＝400μm的针孔或光阑实现。
如图1所示，入射光为直径4mm，波长为633nm的线偏振光束，经过偏振片1后，旋转偏振片1，使得偏振片1的起偏方向为水平方向，则从偏振片1出射光束为水平方向的线偏振光。
相位板2的相位表示为
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000053
其中，phase表示提取相位的函数；i为虚数；
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000054
为常数因子；在本实施例中,m＝30；β为相位控制因子。如图1所示，该相位板2与偏振片1共有一个中心轴，偏振片出射的水平线偏振光束经过此相位板2之后，该光束的相位成φ相位分布。此时，通过调节相位板的参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000055
和β实现对相位板出射的水平方向线偏振光束相位的控制。
如图2所示，4f光学系统3由透镜8，9组成。本实施例中，透镜8，9的焦距均为100mm，两者相距200mm，并且与偏振片共有一个中心轴。由于相位板2位于4f光学系统3中透镜8的前焦面上，因此，相位板的相位φ可以投影到4f光学系统3中透镜9的后焦面上。
偏振转换器4与偏振片1共有一个中心轴，并且位于4f光学系统3中透镜9的后焦面上。本实施例中，偏振转换器4采用Q-plate实现。4f光学系统3出射的水平线偏振光垂直入射到偏振转换器4上，由于偏振转换器4及相位板3的偏振及相位调控作用，因此，从偏振转换器4出射的光束可表示为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000056
其中，i为虚数；φ为相位板2的相位；β 0为偏振控制因子,本实施例中，β 0＝0。由偏振转换器4的出射光束E可知，该光束不仅具有相位板2的相位φ，而且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光。
物镜5，与偏振片1共有一个中心轴，其数值孔径为0.01。从偏振转换器4出射的空间变化线偏振光束由物镜5聚焦，其聚焦光束在物镜5的焦点区域内可表示为E＝E inner+E outer，其中，E inner和E outer分别为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000057
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000058
本实施例中，m＝30。
如图1所示，在物镜5的焦平面上放置低通滤波器6,低通滤波器6与偏振片1共有一个中心轴。物镜5出射的聚焦光束可分解为两个电场分量E inner和E outer。由于电场分量E inner和E outer分别位于物镜5焦平面的不同空间位置，因此，当物镜5出射的聚焦光束E＝E inner+E outer入射到有效通光孔径半径r 0＝400μm的低通滤波器6时，E outer被滤除，从低通滤波器6出射的聚焦光束为E inner。由于电场分量E inner和E outer大小相等，因此，通过低通滤波器6后，光学系统的能量利用率为50％。此外，由于E inner偏振分布仅仅取决于相位板2相位φ的参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000059
和β，因此，通过调节相位板2的相位φ可实现对聚焦光束电场分量E inner的控制。
物镜7，共有上述中心轴，其数值孔径与物镜5相同,均为0.01。低通滤波器6出射的聚焦光束E inner进入物镜7后，由于物镜5，7的数值孔径大小相等，因此，物镜7将低通滤波器6出射的聚焦光束E inner还原为直径4mm的偏振光束。物镜7出射的偏振光束是低通滤波器6出射聚焦光束E inner的还原结果。由于聚焦光束E inner的偏振分布仅仅取决于相位板2相位φ中参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000060
和β,因此，物镜7出射的偏振光束可直接由相位板2的相位φ进行控制。如图5所示，不同的相位板2相位可以从物镜7出射不同偏振分布的光束。具体地，当相位板2相位分布为图5(a)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域竖直线偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图5(d)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景右旋圆偏振光及正方形区域左旋圆偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图5(g)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域右旋圆偏振光束组成。图5(b,e,h)分别为上述三种情况出射光束的总光强分布。图5(c,f,i)分别为上述三种情况出射光束经过起偏方向为水平方向的偏振片及快轴与水平方向成45度的四分之一波片的光强分布图。在实际应用中，相位板2相位φ可以通过相位型空间光调制器或其他光学元件实现像素化、实时动态的控制。若将图5(a,d,g)的正方形区域相位减小至单个像素，则该像素所对应的偏振也随之改变。
作为另一种实施例，相位参数
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000061
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000062
分别为第一物镜5的会聚角及方位角，k＝2π/λ,入射光波长λ＝633nm，m＝20，低通滤波器6采用有效通光孔径半径r 0＝310μm的针孔或光阑实现。各部件位置，以及光路通过方向和顺序与上实施例相同，此处不做赘述。结果可以如如图6 所示，不同的相位板2相位可以从物镜7出射不同偏振分布的光束。具体地，当相位板2相位分布为图6(a)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域竖直线偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图6(d)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景右旋圆偏振光及正方形区域左旋圆偏振光束组成；当相位板2相位分布为图6(g)时，物镜7出射的光束由背景水平线偏振光及正方形区域右旋圆偏振光束组成。图6(b,e,h)分别为上述三种情况出射光束的总光强分布。图6(c,f,i)分别为上述三种情况出射光束经过起偏方向为水平方向的偏振片及快轴与水平方向成45度的四分之一波片的光强分布图。在实际应用中，相位板2相位φ可以通过相位型空间光调制器或其他光学元件实现像素化、实时动态的控制。若将图6(a,d,g)的正方形区域相位减小至单个像素，则该像素所对应的偏振也随之改变。
本发明提出的一种光束偏振态的调控装置和方法，通过光束偏振态的调控装置包括：依次设置的偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜，所述偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜共有一中心轴，所述4f光学系统包括第一透镜和第二透镜，所述相位板位于所述第一透镜前焦面，所述偏振转换器位于所述第二透镜的后焦面，所述低通滤波器位于所述第一物镜的后焦面；外界光线经过所述偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入所述相位板；所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并经4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布为：
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000063
其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000064
phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000065
为常数因子，β为相位控制因子；本实施例中，β 0＝0，m＝30；相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束，其中，
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000066
Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-000067
所述第一电场分量E inner光束和第二电场分量E outer光束入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer光束被滤除，从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner光束；所述 第一电场分量E inner光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。本申请利用相位与偏振之间的一一对应关系，通过相位的调控直接完成光束偏振态的控制。由于光束的相位可以利用相位控制器件实现实时动态像素化控制，比如相位型空间光调制器，像素化的相位必然产生像素化的偏振输出，因此，本发明可以实现对光束动态实时像素级的偏振控制，而且能量利用率可高达50％。与采用双光束相干叠加方式和超表面设计、基于几何相原理的偏振调控方式相比，本发明还避免了高精度的干涉系统、复杂的算法，昂贵及精密的加工等等。
需要说明的是，在本文中，术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者系统不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素，或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者系统所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下，由语句“包括一个......”限定的要素，并不排除在包括该要素的过程、方法、物品或者系统中还存在另外的相同要素。
上述本发明实施例序号仅仅为了描述，不代表实施例的优劣。
通过以上的实施方式的描述，本领域的技术人员可以清楚地了解到上述实施例方法可借助软件加必需的通用硬件平台的方式来实现，当然也可以通过硬件，但很多情况下前者是更佳的实施方式。
以上仅为本发明的优选实施例，并非因此限制本发明的专利范围，凡是利用本发明说明书及附图内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换，或直接或间接运用在其他相关的技术领域，均同理包括在本发明的专利保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种光束偏振态的调控装置，其特征在于，所述光束偏振态的调控装置包括：依次设置的偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜，所述偏振片、相位板、4f光学系统、偏振转换器、第一物镜、低通滤波器和第二物镜共有一中心轴，
    所述4f光学系统包括第一透镜和第二透镜，所述相位板位于所述第一透镜前焦面，所述偏振转换器位于所述第二透镜的后焦面，所述低通滤波器位于所述第一物镜后焦面；
    外界光线经过所述偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入所述相位板；
    所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并经过4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布表示为：
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100001
    其中，
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100002
    phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100003
    为常数因子，β为相位控制因子；
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100004
    为广义相位分布，
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100005
    分别为第一物镜的会聚角及方位角，β 0为偏振控制因子；
    相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束，可分别表示为
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100006
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100007
    其中，<L>、<R>分别表示左、右旋圆偏振模式；
    所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束被滤除,从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束；
    所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的调控装置，其特征在于，所述相位板用相位型空间光调制器进行编码或加工镀膜获得。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的调控装置，其特征在于，所述广义的相位分布
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100008
    使得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过第一物镜的第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束在第一物镜焦点区域内实现空间分离。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的调控装置，其特征在于，所述第一物镜和第二物镜之间的距离为两者焦距之和。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的调控装置，其特征在于，所述偏振转换器为液晶偏振调控偏振转换器。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的调控装置，其特征在于，所述低通滤波器透过率表示为：
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100009
    其中，r 0为低通滤波器有效通光孔径半径。
  7. 一种光束偏振态的调控方法，其特征在于，所述调控方法应用于如权利要求1～6任一项所述的调控装置，所述调控方法包括：
    外界光线经过偏振片转换为水平方向的线偏振光，进入相位板；
    通过所述相位板将所述线偏振光的相位调整成φ相位分布，并经过4f光学系统后垂直入射至所述偏振转换器，获得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光，其电场分布表示为：
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100010
    其中，
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100011
    phase表示提取相位的函数，i为虚数，
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100012
    为常数因子，β为相位控制因子；
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100013
    为广义相位分布，
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100014
    分别为第一物镜的会聚角及方位角，β 0为偏振控制因子；
    相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过所述第一物镜，分解成第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束，可分别表示为
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100015
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100016
    其中，<L>、<R>分别表示左、右旋圆偏振模式；
    所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束入射所述低通滤波器，第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束被滤除,从而获得所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束；
    所述第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束透过所述第二物镜，获得所需偏振分布的偏振光束。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的调控方法，其特征在于，所述广义的相位分布
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100017
    使得相位为φ且其偏振态为空间变化的线偏振光透过第一物镜的第一电场分量E inner聚焦光束和第二电场分量E outer聚焦光束在第一物镜焦点区域内实现空间分离。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的调控方法，其特征在于，所述低通滤波器透过率表示为：
    Figure PCTCN2020082764-appb-100018
    其中，r 0为低通滤波器有效通光孔径半径。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的调控方法，其特征在于，所述偏振转换器为液晶偏振调控偏振转换器。
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