Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
  • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
  • H04K3/41—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by the control of the jamming activation or deactivation time
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
  • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
  • H04K3/42—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by the control of the jamming frequency or wavelength
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
  • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
  • H04K3/43—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by the control of the jamming power, signal-to-noise ratio or geographic coverage area
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
  • H04K3/80—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function
  • H04K3/84—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function related to preventing electromagnetic interference in petrol station, hospital, plane or cinema
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W8/00—Network data management
  • H04W8/005—Discovery of network devices, e.g. terminals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
  • H04K2203/10—Jamming or countermeasure used for a particular application
  • H04K2203/18—Jamming or countermeasure used for a particular application for wireless local area networks or WLAN
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
  • H04K2203/30—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components
  • H04K2203/32—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components including a particular configuration of antennas
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
  • H04K2203/30—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components
  • H04K2203/34—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components involving multiple cooperating jammers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
  • H04K2203/30—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components
  • H04K2203/36—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components including means for exchanging jamming data between transmitter and receiver, e.g. in forward or backward direction
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
  • H04K3/60—Jamming involving special techniques
  • H04K3/65—Jamming involving special techniques using deceptive jamming or spoofing, e.g. transmission of false signals for premature triggering of RCIED, for forced connection or disconnection to/from a network or for generation of dummy target signal
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
  • H04K3/80—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
  • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
  • H04K3/80—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function
  • H04K3/94—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function related to allowing or preventing testing or assessing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
  • H04W4/80—Services using short range communication, e.g. near-field communication [NFC], radio-frequency identification [RFID] or low energy communication
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
  • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
  • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of communication over wireless networks, such as - but not limited to - Bluetooth networks or other networks with advertisement beacons, for use in various different applications for home, office, retail, hospitality and industry.
• wireless networks such as - but not limited to - Bluetooth networks or other networks with advertisement beacons, for use in various different applications for home, office, retail, hospitality and industry.
• BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
• IoT Internet of Things
• BLE is a low-power/low-cost wireless network technology enabling single-hop communication in a star topology between a master node and a limited number of power-constrained slave nodes.
• BLE provides energy efficient connectivity between power-constrained slave devices and a less power-constrained master device.
• An example of BLE network may consist of a mobile telephone device as master device which can provide Internet or other network connectivity to an ecosystem of resource constrained devices such as sensors, wearables, building automation devices, etc.
• US 2013/178148A1 discloses a method for selectively, dynamically and adaptively jamming the third-party radio communications that are external to a radio communication network to be protected, which optimizes the effectiveness of the jamming of P predefined areas or positions in a network of transmitters.
• a beacon signal (e.g. BLE advertisement) can be filtered by controlling a directional antenna to transmit a jamming signal to a directionally restricted jamming area during transmission of the beacon signal to allow receipt of the beacon signal by a master device.
• proper discovery of target devices in dense network environments can be enabled by using spatially selective “friendly” jamming with a beamforming antenna to jam at least one specific sector of non-target devices on at least one specific advertisement channel, so that a master device can discover a beacon signal (e.g. advertisement) of a target device, in order to successfully connect to it.
• jamming is performed on advertisement channels only, data connection channels are not disturbed. Thereby, a mobile device will be able to connect to a remote target lighting or IoT devices via a single-hop link even in dense environments with lots of advertisements.
• transmission of the jamming signal may be restricted to at least one of a plurality of predetermined advertisement channels used by the wireless network. Thereby, it can be ensured that data exchange through data channels or other channels is not disturbed by the friendly jamming signal.
• the transmission of the jamming signal may be restricted to a specific spatial sector of non-target devices on at least one predetermined advertisement channel of the non-target devices for a predetermined time period.
• the jamming signal may be transmitted on one of the plurality of predetermined advertisement channels only at a time. Jamming only one specific advertisement channel can be performed in a more feasible manner.
• the jamming signal may be transmitted on all predetermined advertisement channels.
• more than one jammer device may be controlled at a time to transmit the jamming signal on all predetermined advertisement channels. Again, this measure supports faster discovery of the target device, since all advertisement channels are jammed at one time.
• the jamming signal may be transmitted in response to a control command received from the master device. This measure ensures proper timing of the jamming procedure to ensure improved reception of the beacon signal from the target device.
• the apparatus may be adapted to determine whether jamming was successful or not. Thereby, the jamming procedure may be repeated until the beacon signal of the target device has been successfully received by the master device.
• the apparatus may be implemented based on discrete hardware circuitries with discrete hardware components, integrated chips, or arrangements of chip modules, or based on signal processing devices or chips controlled by software routines or programs stored in memories, written on a computer readable media, or downloaded from a network, such as the Internet.
• Fig. 1 shows schematically a frequency band with data and advertisement channels of a BLE system
• Fig. 2 shows schematically an advertisement timing schedule of a BLE system
• Fig. 3 shows schematically a high-density network environment with an advertisement collision
• Fig. 4 shows a directional antenna pattern of a sector antenna
• Fig. 5 shows a network environment with a beamforming jamming device according to various embodiments.
• Fig. 6 shows a flow diagram of a jamming-based advertisement filtering procedure according to various embodiments.
• Embodiments of the present invention are now described based on a network environment where scanning and/or connection and/or commissioning procedures are based on BLE advertisements of target devices.
• BLE technology is used for establishing connections to network devices.
• the present invention is equally applicable to any other single-hop technology (e.g. Infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), wireless local area communication (Wi-Fi)) in which beacons or advertisements are used.
• the advertising network devices may be connected to each other via a wireless multi hop technology (e.g. ZigBee PRO, Thread, WirelessHART, SmartRF, CityTouch, IP500, and any other mesh or tree-based technology).
• Advertising is a basis for so called beacons, where small devices periodically broadcast connection information to other devices nearby, e.g. smartphones.
• an installed beacon network can provide a variety of services, such as indoor localization, commissioning, proximity-triggered advertising, mobile payment systems, etc.
• Fig. 1 shows schematically a frequency band with data and advertisement channels of a BLE system as an example of a single-hop system for scanning, connecting to and/or commissioning a target device.
• the BLE physical layer uses the 2.4GHz band (2402-2483.5 MHz) which is divided into forty channels CHO to CH39 with a spacing of 2MHz each.
• Channels 37, 38 and 39 are so-called advertisement channels (ACH) and are used for device discovery, broadcasting information and establishing a connection, whereas the remaining channels are defined as data channels (DCH) and are used for data exchange during a connection.
• the three advertisement channels CH37 to CH39 are spread across the 2.4 GHz band in order to achieve frequency diversity and being robust against interference from other channels (e.g. Wi-Fi, classic Bluetooth, Microwaves, etc.).
• overlapping WiFi channels WCH are shown in Fig. 1.
• a master device e.g. smartphone listens to the advertisement channels CH37 to CH39 to find the Media Access Control (MAC) address of the target device.
• MAC Media Access Control
• Every frame transmitted through a BLE channel has a known preamble followed by a known access address which can be used to synchronize and correlate against.
• the access address and the preamble are fixed to enable broadcast reception.
• the link layer of the BLE protocol distinguishes between three basic device roles, namely, advertiser, scanner and initiator.
• a device in the advertiser role will periodically broadcast frames on each advertising channel. These frames may contain information about the advertiser such as services and features the advertiser supports as well as manufacturer specific information.
• Fig. 2 shows schematically an advertisement timing schedule of a BLE system.
• the fixed interval can be set from 20ms to 10.24s in 0.625ms steps, whereas the random delay is a pseudo-random value between 0 and 10ms.
• the purpose of the latter is to reduce the possibility of collisions between advertisement frames from different co-located devices.
• a short time interval increases the chance of being discovered quickly but also increase the chance of collision with other advertisements.
• the BLE specification allows sending advertisement frames on just one or two channels at the cost of reduced robustness against interference.
• a device in the scanner role will passively listen for frames sent by advertisers in proximity. It may or may not request further information from an advertiser by sending a scan request on the same channel it received the advertiser’s frame. The advertiser will respond to this by sending a scan response containing services that were previously unmentioned or data that did not fit in the advertising frame, e.g. the device name.
• a device that wishes to build a connection with an advertiser is called an initiator.
• the initiator therefore sends a connection request to the advertiser. If the connection request is accepted by the advertiser, both devices will leave the advertising channel and form a connection as specified in the connection request frame.
• advertisements are used to discover and connect to a BLE device.
• a BLE device such as in a IoT horticulture application where the number of nodes is extremely high (e.g. >10.000 nodes)
• device discovery becomes a problem.
• Another example for a high-density environment is a large-area lighting installation such as in a big office, where everybody typically carries at least two or three BLE devices including smartphone, laptop, and wearable device.
• Such scenarios lead to an increased risk of advertisement collisions, particularly when the number of BLE device is bigger than 200.
• Fig. 3 shows schematically a high-density network environment with a lot of advertising BLE devices 12 in different sectors separated by a horizontal and vertical axis.
• a target device 10 broadcasts an advertisement 100 which is blocked due to a collision with other advertisement(s). As a result, a master device 20 cannot discover the target device 10.
• the sectorized friendly jamming can be restricted to at least one specific sector of non-target devices and to at least one of the specific advertisement channels used by the single-hop system (e.g. BLE).
• the single-hop system e.g. BLE
• the friendly jamming may be performed shortly just for a few seconds, so that the short jamming will not significantly disturb other advertisements of non-target devices 12.
• the jamming signal disturbs the content of advertisement packets so that they are discarded at the receiver side, e.g., due to a non-matching error correction checksum or the like.
• the jamming is performed in advertisement channel(s) only, established BLE data connections that work on data channels are not disturbed either.
• Fig. 4 shows an exemplary directional antenna pattern 300 of a sector antenna that can be used by the proposed jammer device as a beamforming antenna to filter-out potentially colliding advertisements of non-target devices located in a specific sector.
• the jamming area can be sectorized and restricted for spatial filtering. That is, jamming can be selectively applied to specific sector(s).
• the power gain can be directed to a specific sector roughly between -90° and +90°.
• Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor or antenna arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This can be achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference at particular angles.
• a beamformer may control the phase and relative amplitude of the advertisement signal at each transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and destructive interference in the wave front.
• information from different sensors or antenna elements is combined in a way that the expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed.
• the improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as directivity of the array.
• Beamforming techniques can be broadly divided into conventional (fixed or switched beam) beamformers and adaptive beamformers or phased array with desired signal maximization mode or interference signal minimization or cancellation mode. Both techniques may be used to implement the proposed sectorized jamming.
• Fig. 5 shows a network environment with a beamforming jammer device 30 according to various embodiments.
• the jammer device 30 comprises a beamforming directional or sector antenna 32 (e.g. as indicated in Fig. 5 by an array of three antenna elements) to provide directivity for jamming specific sectors of the network environment.
• a beamforming directional or sector antenna 32 e.g. as indicated in Fig. 5 by an array of three antenna elements
• Fig. 5 four exemplary sectors are divided into a target sector (upper right sector) with non-jammed BLE devices 12 including the target device 10, and three non-target sectors covered by a directionally restricted jamming area 200 and including jammed BLE devices 14 located within the directional pattern 300 of the beamforming antenna of the jammer device 30.
• the jamming effect of the jammer device 30 may depend on its radio transmitter power, location and influence on the network or the jammed devices.
• the jammer device 30 may jam the network in various ways to make jamming as effective as possible.
• Jamming in wireless networks can be defined as a disruption of existing wireless communications by decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio at receiver sides through the transmission of interfering wireless signals.
• the actual friendly jamming may be accomplished by transmitting something that looks like noise (e.g. pseudorandom bits) at a sufficient power level. If the transmission power is high enough in relation to the jamming area 200, the jamming signal will distort other traffic (i.e. other advertisements) within the jamming area 200 to a point where it’s indistinguishable from noise. Since no more traffic is getting through, other advertisements originating from the jamming area 200 should fail at this point.
• noise e.g. pseudorandom bits
• jamming can be done at different levels, from hindering transmission (e.g. radio jamming) to distorting packets in legitimate communications (e.g. link-layer jamming).
• link-layer jamming By exploiting semantics of the link-layer protocol (i.e. MAC protocol), better jamming efficiency can be achieved compared to blindly jamming the radio signals alone.
• the friendly jamming may be performed only for a few seconds (e.g. 2s). Thus, the target device 10 can be discovered, and advertisements of other devices 14 in the jamming area 200 will not be significantly disturbed.
• the friendly jamming may be performed in advertisement channels only (e.g. CH37, CH38 and CH39 of the BLE system).
• advertisement channels only (e.g. CH37, CH38 and CH39 of the BLE system).
• any BLE device 12 e.g. CH37, CH38 and CH39 of the BLE system.
• the 14 that has an ongoing connection can still work without disturbance from the jammer device 30.
• only a specific spatial sector of a non-target-device advertisement channel may be jammed by the jammer device 30. That is, the sectorized friendly jamming is applied via the directional antenna 32 to jam a specific sector of non-target devices (e.g. the jamming area 200) on a specific advertisement channel for a short time period.
• the advertisements of non-target devices 14 can be easily filtered-out and the target device 10 can be discovered as well.
• the specific sector of the jamming area 200 may be jammed by the jammer device 30 on one specific advertisement channel only. Jamming only one specific advertisement channel is more feasible to be performed. However, the discovery of the target device 10 may take a longer time, i.e., until the jammed advertisement channel is used by the target device 10.
• the specific sector of the jamming area 200 may be jammed by the jammer device 30 on all available advertisement channels (e.g. CH37, CH38, CH39). Jamming all advertisement channels may require more than one jammer device 30 (e.g. one for each advertisement channel). However, this technique can speed up discovery of the target device 10.
• the jamming may be triggered by the master device 20, e.g., when the master device 20 aims at discovering a specific target device 10.
• the jammer device 30 may be a constant jammer that emits continuous, random bits without following a channel sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol of the MAC layer, a deceptive jammer that continuously transmits regular packets instead of random bits, a random jammer that intermittently transmits either random bits or regular packets into networks, a reactive jammer (such as a request-to-send (RTS) / clear-to-send (CTS) jammer that reacts on a sensed RTS message, or a Data/ Acknowledgement jammer that jams the network by corrupting transmissions of data or acknowledgement (ACK) packets), a function-specific jammer (such as a follow-on jammer that hops over all available channels very frequently and jams each channel for a short period of time, or a channel-hopping jammer that hops between different channels proactively with direct channel access by overriding a
• CSMA channel sense multiple access
• a deceptive jammer that continuously transmits regular packets instead of random bits
• the jammer device 30 can be selective if it can be programmed to attack just specific frames. As the advertisements are sent on different channels redundantly, it can be further distinguished between narrowband and wideband jamming depending on whether only a single or multiple advertisement channels are to be jammed at the same time.
• a constant wideband jammer emits noise over a large frequency range. Although it has a low complexity, its efficiency is low and energy consumption is high. This is because such a jammer may have to jam all three advertisement channels simultaneously which are spread over the whole 2.4 GHz band, as shown in Fig. 1.
• a constant narrow-band jammer emits the jamming signal permanently but only on a single advertising channel. As in this case only a single channel can be jammed at a same time, frequency hopping may need to be applied.
• a reactive wideband jammer is based on the observation that advertisements are only sent at certain points in time, e.g. every second. Therefore, it may be sufficient to emit the jamming signal only during frame transmission. Hence, such a periodic jammer needs to synchronize with the advertising source to be filtered out, which requires a sniffing or channel sensing component.
• a reactive narrow-band jammer emits the jamming signal on a single advertising channel only when a frame transmission to be attacked has been detected. Again, frequency hopping may need to be performed in order to not miss beacon frames transmitted on other channels.
• the proposed jammer device 30 may be reactive as only a short jamming signal is intended to be emitted during transmission of an advertisement frame which is long enough to corrupt the frame (e.g. due to an error checking failure).
• the jammer device 30 may be a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) embedded hardware.
• COTS Commercial off-the-shelf
• One option would be to use a Software-Defined Radio (SDR) like the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), but there may be a more economical solution available, such as a small Uniform Serial Bus (USB) device called Ubertooth with less expensive and power-hungry software-defined radio hardware (e.g. USRP).
• SDR Software-Defined Radio
• USB Universal Software Radio Peripheral
• Ubertooth small Uniform Serial Bus
• the jammer device 30 may be software-controlled and the jamming program may be an interrupt-controlled state machine. After a jamming signal transmission is stopped, a transmitter or transceiver of the jammer device 30 may be tuned to the next advertising channel to receive and to repeat the process. To avoid being stuck at one channel a timeout (e.g. 10 ms) may be started (which is the maximum time between two advertising frames on consecutive used advertising channels sent in one advertising event). On a timeout the jammer device 30 may return to the first advertising channel. If no timeout occurs, the jamming process may continue as on the previous channel and repeats on the last channel afterwards.
• a timeout e.g. 10 ms
• Fig. 6 shows a flow diagram of a jamming-based advertisement filtering procedure which may be executed by a control unit (e.g. a software-controlled processor (e.g. Central Processing Unit (CPU) or digital signal processor (DSP)) according to various embodiments.
• a control unit e.g. a software-controlled processor (e.g. Central Processing Unit (CPU) or digital signal processor (DSP)) according to various embodiments.
• CPU Central Processing Unit
• DSP digital signal processor
• the control unit determines the spatially restricted (i.e. directional) jamming area 200 (e.g. at least one jamming sector) e.g. based on a control message (e.g. trigger command) received from the master device 20 or the target device 10.
• the determination may be based on a location or sector information included in the control information or based on a network information about the location of the master device 20 or the target device 10. In the latter case, the target device 10 may have been identified by the master device 20 e.g. in the control message. More specifically, the jamming area 200 is determined as the sector(s) around the directional antenna 32 where the target device 10 is not located.
• step 602 the control unit of the jammer device 30 controls the directional antenna 32 to apply a beamforming processing to direct the directional pattern of the directional antenna 32 (e.g. array of antenna elements) to the directionally restricted jamming area 200.
• a beamforming processing to direct the directional pattern of the directional antenna 32 (e.g. array of antenna elements) to the directionally restricted jamming area 200.
• step 603 the control unit of the jammer device 30 starts the jamming procedure by initiating transmission of the jamming signal or sequence of signals with a specific timing in the directionally restricted jamming area 200.
• the control unit of the jammer device 30 determines whether the jamming was successful or not, e.g., whether a new control message has been received from the same master device 20 within a predetermined time period. If the jamming was not successful (e.g. a new control command has been received from the master device 20), the procedure jumps back to step 602 or 603 and the jamming procedure is repeated (optionally with a new setting of the directivity pattern of the directional antenna 32).
• the procedure continues with an optional step 605 where the control unit of the jammer device waits for a new control command from the network and restarts the procedure at step 601 if a new control command has been received.
• an apparatus control unit
• method jamming-based advertisement filtering procedure
• a master device can easily discover the advertisement of the target device in order to successfully connect to the target device.
• the jamming is performed on advertisement channels only, data connection channels are not disturbed.
• the proposed jamming-based filtering procedures can be applied to and possibly standardized in other types of wireless networks.
• the invention can be applied in any network that implements device discovery, scanning, connection and/or maintenance based on beacon advertisements.
• An example includes a large-scale ZigBee lighting, sensor or horticulture network where single network devices are commissioned using a mobile device such as smartphone or tablet via a single-hop network (e.g. BLE).
• this invention applies to any network environment that implements a network interfacing with a beacon-based single-hop network.
• An example includes a large-scale ZigBee lighting, sensor or horticulture network where single network devices can be contacted using a mobile device such as smartphone or tablet via BLE (e.g. Cheetah or similar).
• BLE radio is used as an example throughout this document, the invention is equally applicable to any other wireless single hop technology (e.g. BLE, IR, NFC, Wi-Fi) e.g. in combination with a wireless multi-hop technology (e.g. ZigBee PRO, Thread, WirelessHART, SmartRF, CityTouch, and any other mesh or tree- based technology).
• a wireless multi-hop technology e.g. ZigBee PRO, Thread, WirelessHART, SmartRF, CityTouch, and any other mesh or tree- based technology.
• any type of jammer can be used as the jammer device to make the invention applicable for any type of wireless technology.
• link-layer jamming may be used for wireless technologies that do not support CSMA Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) or CSMA Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
• CSMA/CD CSMA Collision Detection
• CSMA/CA CSMA Collision Avoidance
• a single unit or device may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims.
• the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
• the described operations like those indicated in Fig. 6 can be implemented as program code means of a computer program and/or as dedicated hardware.
• the computer program may be stored and/or distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium, supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

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• 2021
  • 2021-01-11 CN CN202180009390.7A patent/CN114982260A/zh not_active Withdrawn
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  • 2021-01-11 WO PCT/EP2021/050353 patent/WO2021144215A1/en not_active Ceased
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