WO2021121528A1

WO2021121528A1 - Nutraceutical composition for mental activity

Info

Publication number: WO2021121528A1
Application number: PCT/DK2020/050401
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rune Rønhave LAURSEN; Søren Michael LANGE
Original assignee: Clutch Cognition Aps
Priority date: 2019-12-20
Filing date: 2020-12-21
Publication date: 2021-06-24
Also published as: EP4075986A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to sage extract-, green oat extract-, ginseng root extract-, and/or L-theanine-comprising nutraceutical compositions and/or products suitable for mental activities, such as e-sport, chess or other sedentary activities, including methods of their manufacture.

Description

NUTRACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR MENTAL ACTIVITY

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to nutraceutical compositions, in particular to nutraceutical compositions for mental activities, such as e-sport, chess and/or other sedentary activities.

Background of the Invention

WO 2012/103637 A1 concerns functional foods and beverages with synergistic properties to promote homeostasis.

KENNEDY, D. O. (2019) Sports Medicine, Vol. 49, suppl. 1, pages 539-588 concerns phytochemicals for improving aspects of cognitive function and psychological state potentially relevant to sports performance.

There are many nutraceuticals products on the market designed for physical sport activities, i.e. non-sedentary sports. In particular, prior art energy drinks or related products (gels, energy bars and the like) are not suitable for e-sports, which are sedentary activities requiring very high mental alertness for a sustained period of time, in contrast to conventional sport activities, such as running, biking, triathlon and the like. For example, e-sport matches are typically played out over periods of 3 hours or more.

Prior art energy products commonly comprise caffeine, “fast sugars”, unnecessary vitamins, and there is often a need for frequent intake (e.g. gels every 20-30 min for endurance sports).

STATE energy drink (https://statedrinks.com/en/) comprises caffeine, taurine, vitamin B6, green tea extract and palatinose.

RUNTIME performance drink (https://runtime.gg/) comprises vitamin C, vitamin B5 and B6, magnesium, palatinose, green tea extract, ginseng extract, acai extract and guarana extract.

G-FUEL (https://gfuel.com/) has been marketed for e-sports. It comprises vitamins (C, E, B6, B12), niacin, caffeine (300 mg!) and salts. KOIOS (https://koiosbeveragecorp.com/product claims “brain support”, and comprises:

MCT (medium chain triglyceride) oil, Hericium Erinaceus (Lion’s Mane mushroom), electrolytes, Alpha GPC (L- Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine), ciwuija (Siberian

Ginseng), caffeine from Green Tea, L-theanine, and L-tyrosine.

There is a need for a nutraceutical specifically designed for sedentary activities and thus providing and/or supporting one or more of the following:

• mental peak-performance (by e.g. improving focus and alertness and reducing nervousness)

• productivity (by stabilizing blood-sugar rather than being based on fast-acting sugars or being non-nutritive)

• health (by stabilizing blood-sugar and by being high in dietary fibre - a nutrient that is underrepresented in western diet)

• noticeable effect upon intake preferably within 20 min upon intake

• low number of servings, e.g. 1, 2, or 3.

Common energy drinks comprise caffeine. Caffeine has the advantage that it works very rapidly and very noticeably, but the effect is rather very short-lived. So even though the consumer feels awakened for a while, before long, he/she will feel less energetic than to begin with.

It has also been a goal to develop a caffeine-free alternative to energy drinks, in particular also in view of potential negative side-effects and negative health-effects associated with caffeine. Summary of the invention

The present invention was made in view of the prior art described above, and the object of the present invention concerns compositions for improving mental performance comprising active ingredients. Surprisingly and unexpectedly, the inventors have realised that it is possible to provide a nutraceutical composition for improving mental performance comprising active ingredients from one or more of Salvia , green oat, ginseng and/or green tea, such as extracts from Salvia officinalis , green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L- theanine, and optionally palatinose. Suitable compositions, such as nutraceutical compositions can be formulated in different ways, such as e.g. as a fluid, a liquid, a semi-solid or a solid composition. For example, the use of Salvia officinalis extract in such compositions has thereto been deemed incompatible due to taste issues, and the current recommendation was to use the ingredient e.g. form of capsules.

In a first aspect the present invention concerns a composition or product comprising one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract; ginseng root extract; and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof. Such a composition may also comprise a slow uptake carbohydrate source, such as palatinose.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises sage extract and green oat extract; and optionally ginseng root extract; and/or optionally L-theanine.

In some embodiments, said sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine can be provided in physiologically active amounts, such as being formulated as a serving, comprising e.g. 100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract; 200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract; and optionally 20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract; and/or optionally 20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine, wherein “n” is the number of servings per day, such as one, two, three or more servings per day.

In a second aspect the present invention relates to a method for providing a composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition according to the first, fifth, or sixth aspect, said method comprising: a) Providing a composition comprising one or more active ingredient(s) selected from sage extract, green oat extract; ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; wherein said active ingredients are provided proportional in weight to their intended concentration in the product; and optionally wherein said composition comprising active ingredients is provided as a concentrate, such as a powder or stock solution dissolved in an aqueous fluid; b) Incorporating a portion or aliquot of the composition comprising active ingredients of step (a) to a further composition; c) Processing said aliquot-containing further composition from step (b) to provide the product; and optionally wherein said product is formulated as a serving or a concentrate to be diluted e.g. with water, such as hot or boiling water to provide a serving; d) wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients in an amount sufficient to provide a physiological effect, such as improvement of mental performance upon consumption of said product or serving; and optionally, e) wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients at one or more amounts corresponding to a serving formulation, such as a serving formulation according to the first aspect of the invention.

Said further composition can essentially be conventional or customary beverage-, carbonated beverage-, concentrated beverage-, powder-, bar- (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball-, confectionary-, chocolate-, jelly- , gel-, chewing gum-, pill-, capsule-, cracker-, cookie-, bread mix-, veggie mix-, instant soup-, instant noodle cup-, protein powder-, or seniors powder-composition, as illustrated in Examples 1-20. Thus, the second aspect may also concern “nutraceutical infusion” of a product, such as a foodstuff, such as a method for nutraceutical infusion of a foodstuff, comprising incorporation of one or more of sage extract; green oat extract; ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof in concentration or dosage as disclosed herein, such as to provide a physiological effect upon consumption.

In a third aspect the present invention pertains to a composition, product or concentrate provided or obtainable by a method according to the second aspect, such as a product comprising 0.01 to 99.99 %, 0.1 to 99.9% or 1-99% of a composition or concentrate according to the first aspect. In some embodiments, such products are e.g. one or more of: beverage, carbonated drink, powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, gel, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder.

In a fourth aspect the present invention concerns a packaged product comprising a composition or product according to the first aspect, third, fifth, or sixth aspect. In some embodiments, the product can e.g. be a drink in a container, such as Tetra Pak packaging, glass, plastic, can (alu can), cardboard, coated cardboard and the like. In a fifth aspect the present invention pertains to a beverage, e.g. a carbonated beverage comprising:

- 0.015-0.152, such as 0.030-0.091, 0.038-0.076, 0.045-0.061 or around 0.045% Sage extract (e.g. Sibelius sage); - 0.030-0.242, such as 0.061-0.182, 0.091-0.152, 0.106-0.136 or around 0.12% Green oat extract (e.g. Neuravena); and optionally

- 0.006-0.364, such as 0.012-0.303, 0.024-0.227, 0.036-0.152, 0.045-0.091, or around 0.06 or 0.012% Ginseng extract (e.g. Panax Ginseng root extract (C.A. Meyer)); and optionally - 0.003-0.121, such as 0.006-0.091, 0.008-0.061, 0.015-0.045 or around 0.015% L- theanine (>99% pure), [or 0.01-0.40, such as 0.02-0.30, 0.03-0.20, 0.05-0.15 or around 0.05% L-theanine-rich green tea extract (e.g. “Suntheanine Natural” or “Sunphenon PH30”)]; and optionally the beverage may further comprise further components/ingredients, such as one or more of: one or more slow uptake carbohydrate, one or more sweeteners, one or more dietary fibre sources, one or more vitamins, one or more flavouring components, and/or one or more acids, including any combinations thereof.

In a sixth aspect the present invention relates to a composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition, e.g. in the form of a beverage, for example a carbonated beverage comprising palatinose and one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine. In some embodiments, such a product may comprise (per serving): 5-40 g palatinose; and one or more of (per serving): ginseng root extract (e.g. 20 - 1200 pg); sage extract (e.g. 100 - 1000 mg); L-theanine (e.g. 50- 200 mg), and/or green oat extract (200 - 1600 mg), including any combination thereof.

A composition or product according to the sixth aspect may comprise one or more composition(s) or product(s) according to any one of the preceding aspects. Furthermore, a composition or product according the sixth aspect may comprise any feature and/or embodiment as disclosed in any of the other aspects.

In a seventh aspect the present invention pertains to a method for nutraceutical infusion of a food product during manufacture of said food product, said method comprising incorporation of: (I) one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L- theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; or

(II) palatinose, and one or more of one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; in a concentration adapted to provide a concentration and/or dosage as disclosed in the context of any one of the preceding aspects.

In some embodiments, said food product is a product according to any one of the preceding aspects. Generally, and with respect to all aspects, L-theanine can be provided from green tea. Thus, in some embodiments, the L-theanine is provided from green tea. Thus, in some embodiments, the L-theanine, e.g. L-theanine-rich extract or the like does not comprise or comprises only low amounts, such as physiologically non-significant amounts of caffeine and/or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).

Furthermore, and with respect to all aspects, sage extract can be provided from sage species such as Salvia officinalis or Salvia lavandulifolia. In some embodiments, such a sage extract does not comprise or comprises only low amounts of thujone, such as physiologically non-significant amounts.

Thus, with respect to all embodiments, a composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition can be provided e.g. in the form of a beverage, for example a carbonated beverage, comprising one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine, and optionally palatinose, wherein the content of one or more of: caffeine, EGCG, and/or thujone is low, such as physiologically non significant amounts, and/or significantly below recognized safety recommendations.

In summary, the present invention provides compositions and products for improving mental performance comprising active ingredients, as well as methods of their manufacture, where products can e.g. be provided by incorporation of active ingredients from one or more of Salvia , green oat, ginseng, green tea; and optionally palatinose in physiologically active amounts. In some embodiments, said compositions and/or products are in accordance with the general requirements for commercially distributed foodstuffs in EU (https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/general_food_law_en) and all EU member states. In some embodiments, said compositions and/or products have been developed and/or formulated as not to be categorized as a dietary supplement, such as defined by the Danish Food Authorities (Fodevarestyrelsen): (https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/Selvbetjening/lovstof/Sider/Kosttilskud%E2%80 %931ovstof.aspx)

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 illustrates a process for providing carbonated beverage.

Fig. 2 illustrates a process for providing capsules.

Detailed Description of the Invention

In the context of the present invention, unless indicated otherwise, "%" indicates % weight/weight (w/w).

In the context of the present invention, the terms "about", "around", "approximately" or the symbol

can be used interchangeably, and are meant to comprise variations generally accepted in the field, e.g. comprising analytical errors and the like. Thus "about" may also indicate measuring uncertainty commonly experienced in the art, which can be in the order of magnitude of e.g. +/- 1, 2, 5, 10, or even 25 per cent (%).

The term "comprising" is to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated parts, steps, features, or components, but does not exclude the presence of one or more additional parts, steps, features, or components. For example, a composition comprising a chemical compound may thus comprise additional chemical compounds.

The term “in some embodiments” is to be understood as “in one or more embodiment(s)”

In the context of the present invention, the term "nutraceutical" is meant to comprise a food or part of a food, such as a fortified food or dietary supplement that may provide benefits for the consumer, such as one or more of medicinal, health and/or physiological benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of diseases or conditions. "Nutraceutical" may also be called a "bioceutical". A "nutraceutical" can also be considered as pharmaceutical alternative claiming physiological benefits and/or other advantages for the consumer. In the context of the present invention, the term “serving” is meant to comprise a pre packaged amount of a composition, consumable, food, and/or beverage, which may also be referred to as "fast-moving consumer goods" (FMCG). Examples include a can/bottle of a carbonated beverage, a protein bar or a cup of instant noodles. A serving will comprise an amount of product that is generally compatible with consumption within 30 minutes or less, for a given product type, e.g. 33 cl of soda. A serving can also be an amount of the given product that is meaningful and/or reasonable for the consumer. A serving is generally meant to encompass a physiological dose of nutraceuticals, achievable by ingesting 1, 2, 3, 4 or potentially 5 servings of a given composition or product. Some servings may include amounts of nutraceuticals that can yield a lesser effect with ingestion of just 1 serving, but a larger effect with ingestion of up to 5 servings. Generally, serving(s) is/are devised so as to not contain harmful amounts of functional ingredients (e.g. nutraceuticals) if used according to the recommended consumption level (typically between 1 and 5 servings a day).

“Dosage” can be defined as the amount of a given ingredient (e.g. a nutraceutical ingredient) in a composition, product or serving. Dosage and/or serving size may be different for animals or humans. Dosage and or serving size may be different according to age (e.g. children, juveniles, adults, seniors). Furthermore, dosage and/or serving size may also be related or standardised to body weight, e.g. for an adult with a bodyweight of 75 kg.

Further definition may be provided elsewhere.

A product, serving, composition such as a nutraceutical composition according to the present invention may provide one or more, 2, 3, 4, 5, or preferably all 6 of the following features or effects: i. supporting and/or improving cognitive function and/or mental performance; ii. working acutely (such as manifestation of physiological effect within 20 or 30 minutes after consumption/intake); iii. based on natural ingredients (in particular no artificial sweeteners or artificial flavourings); iv. comprises both nutraceutical components that are non-nutritive, but also a nutritional element designed to support sustained mental activity without compromising metabolic health associated with typical Western sedentary lifestyle (e.g. sitting on a chair all day using predominantly your brain rather than your body; e.g. when playing computer games or the like); v. appealing taste and overall sensory profile; and/or vi. not comprising caffeine (caffeine is believed not to be ideal for sustained mental performance due to side effects, such as ‘crash’ effect, increased restlessness and/or nervousness, increased cortisol and epinephrine at rest, such as levels of cortisol after caffeine consumption similar to those experienced during acute stress, jitters, reduced sleep quality and addiction with withdrawal symptoms such as headache.

Furthermore, it is desirable that suitable active ingredients are compatible with conventional processes in the food industry, such as solubility in water, tolerance to low-pH and/or heat, allowing for baking or pasteurization. This allows for different applications and formulations, and processes of their manufacture.

It can furthermore be desirable that the active ingredients show a relevant physiological effect at dosages significantly below their toxicity levels, which reduces the risk of overdosing when e.g. accidentally consuming more servings per day than recommended.

Sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract and L-theanine provide:

- an acute onset of action (e.g. physiological effect measurable within 20 or 30 min after intake;

- a physiological effect potent and/or relevant enough to act as a cognitive enhancer;

- not ruining or being incompatible with an appealing taste of a beverage and/or other product form; and/or

- being permitted for use in food/beverages in relevant jurisdictions, such as EU or USA.

It may furthermore be desirable that the active ingredients, as well as any other relevant component or ingredient can be classified as one or more of: “natural”, “ecological”, “organic”, “gluten-free”, “vegan”, and/or “clean label”. In some embodiments, the product, serving, composition and/or nutraceutical according to the present invention can be classified as one or more of: “natural”, “ecological”, “organic”, “gluten-free”, “vegetarian”, “vegan”, and/or “clean label”.

The inventors have found that compositions comprising one or more of sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine fulfil a significant number of requirements listed above.

The present invention provides novel compositions and/or formulations suitable to be formulated and/or consumed in a way that is very different from capsules or pills common for conventional dietary supplements. The formulations can e.g. be provided in products spanning as wide as drink, gel, bar, powder (concentrate) or instant meal.

Compositions according to the present invention may be further be supplemented with nutritional components supportive of sustained mental performance (such as providing the right amount of energy for mental, not physical work, at the right release rate) and metabolic health in a sedentary yet mentally active setting (such as stabilising blood sugar rather than doing the opposite).

Sibelius Sage

In the context of the present invention, the terms ” Sibelius Sage”, ” Sibelius Sage extract”, or ” Salvia officinalis extract” can be used interchangeably. Sibelius Sage is a dried extract from Salvia officinalis. It can also be or comprise an extract of Salvia lavandulifolia. Salvia extracts can e.g. be standardised to more than 2.5% rosmarinic acid. Sibelius Sage extract is believed to enhance secondary memory and alertness and maintain cognitive health (https://www.sibeliusnaturalproducts.com/sibelius-sage), thus being supportive of mental performance. It is believed that Sibelius Sage is not used in other energy drinks on the market.

Suitable dosage per day can be around 100-1000mg. I some embodiments, the sage extract does not comprise significant amounts of thujone.

A sage extract may refer to a concentrate of physiologically active constituents from leaves of Salvia officinalis and/or Salvia lavandulifolia extracted using water, ethanol or another solvent. An example of how such a concentrate can be produced is given below: Leaves are mechanically harvested and dried in a hot air drier (continuous process drier; indirect fired heating).

Salvia officinalis - ethanolic/water extraction protocol

• Grind up lOg of leaves using mortar and pestle · Weigh out 0.1 g into 6x Eppendorf tube

• Add 600 mΐ of 70% EtOH to each tube

• Incubate shaking at 39 degrees Celsius for 3 hours

• Combine tubes and filter sterilise using a 0.2 pm filter and 5 ml syringe

• Pipette 1.5 ml into a 1.5 ml tube and centrifuge for 1 min at 13k rpm and transfer supernatant to a fresh tube.

• Evaporate solvent by placing in speed vac (40 degrees Celsius) for 3-5 hours.

The resulting dried powdered ethanolic extract is in the form of a fine green-brown powder.

Green oat extract In the context of the present invention, the terms ’’Neuravena”, ’’Neuravena®”, ’’green oat extract”, ’’wild oat extract”, ” oat straw extract” or ’’green oat straw extract” can be used interchangeably.

Green oat preparations have traditionally been used in treating fatigue, poor concentration and irritable mood since medieval times. Using a bioassay-guided development approach, Frutarom has scientifically substantiated and confined this effect for a selected green oat variety. Due to its dual activity profile on Monoamine Oxidase B and Phosphodiesterase 4, two CNS (Central Nervous System) enzymes closely linked to mental health, Neuravena® has a strengthening and balancing effect on the brain and mind. Green oat extract is commonly provided from its stems and/or leaves, which are harvested earlier while the grass is still green. It is believed to be high in iron, manganese, and zinc. Green oat extract is believed to offer many health benefits, including improvements in brain health, insomnia, stress, and physical and sexual performance. Green oat extract is believed to improve overall mental fitness and to enhance cognitive function. It is e.g. branded as ’’Neuravena®”, and is commonly provided as powder, and can be standardised on: flavonoids > 0.3 % (calculated as Isovitexin).

Suitable dosage per day can be around 200-1600mg. Green oat extract may refer to a concentrate of physiologically active constituents from Avena sativa extracted using water, ethanol or another solvent. An example of how a suitable extract can be provided is given below:

500 kg of Avena sativa , e.g. hull-less oat, e.g. variety N0141 -1 500kg are frozen overnight at -18°C. The frozen grain is ground through a F1TZ MILL® COMMINUTOR® (The Fitzpatrick Company: Elmhurst, Illinois) equipped with a 1/8G1 inch screen to produce a coarse oatmeal (100% passed through a 10 Mesh and <10% passed through a 100 Mesh screen sieve).

The meal is vigorously dispersed in 1500 kg of 50% (w/w) ethanol at 20°C and mixed for 2 - 16 hours. The resulting slurry is centrifuged through a decanter centrifuge (Westphalia Separator). The pH of the supernatant is adjusted to pH 2.8 ± 0.5 with hydrochloric acid (17.5% w/w) and stirred for one hour.

The extract is then subjected to ultrafiltration using 5,000 MWCO spiral membrane (21.4m2 Synder Filtration, Vacaville, CA).

The sterile permeate is concentrated using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration (15m2 FilmTec Corporation, Minneapolis, MN). Before RO concentration the pH is adjusted to pH 6 ± 0.5). This yields a liquid oat extract that can be converted to powder using e.g. evaporation (followed by grinding) or spray-drying.

Ginseng root extract

In the context of the present invention, the terms ’’Ginseng root extract, Panax, Panax Ginseng root extract, or Panax Ginseng root extract (C.A. Meyer)” can be used interchangeably. Ginseng root extract is believed to improve mental stamina. Ginseng is the root of plants in the genus Panax, such as Korean ginseng (P. ginseng ), South China ginseng (P. notoginseng), and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius ), typically characterised by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin.

It is believed that the active components in ginseng comprise ginsenosides. Their concentration may vary in different extracts.

Suitable dosage per day can be around 20-1200 pg ginseng root extract.

Alternatively, a suitable dosage per day can be around 0.5-30 pg ginsenosides. Ginseng root extract may refer to a concentrate of physiologically active constituents from roots of the ginseng plant extracted using water, ethanol or another solvent. Common to such extracts is that they usually comprise no less than 1.5% ginsenosides. An example of how a suitable extract can be provided is given below:

Ginseng extracts can be produced by many different protocols, e.g. as follows:

- 50 g of Panax ginseng is minced and added to 700mL of water and boiled for 4 hours.

- The mixture is cooled down to room temperature and filtrated to remove solid parts.

- The filtrate is then concentrated under vacuum to produce ginseng extract. - Optionally, the extract can be converted to powder form by spray-drying.

Green tea extract

Green tea extract comprises different concentrations of L-theanine. Recently developed green tea extract by Taiyo comprises around 30% L-theanine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only green tea extract on the market with significant L- theanine content (others may typically be significantly lower, such as around 1%). In recipes comprising green tea extract, the dosage in mg per day will depend on the extract’s content of L-theanine and will have to be adjusted accordingly. E.g. when the L-theanine concentration is 25%, 800 mg tea extract must be provided to ensure a 200 mg per day dosage of L-theanine.

L-theanine

In the context of the present invention, ”L-theanine” , ’’Suntheanine Natural” “Sunphenon TH30” or ’’Suntheanine®” can be used interchangeably. Suntheanine® contains pure L-theanine, an amino acid found in green tea which is associated with supporting mental calmness and relaxation. Suntheanine® is produced via a process, resulting in essentially pure L-theanine for maximum effectiveness. L- theanine is believed to be the most relevant component of green tea extract in the context of the present invention. A major reason for adding tea extract is the presence of L-theanine, with its beneficiary impact on e.g. mental calmness and relaxation. Currently, addition of L-theanine may not be permitted in EU, in contrast to e.g. US. However, it can be provided through its presence in green tea extract, such as Sunphenon, e.g. SunphenonTH30 provided by Taiyo. This can be relevant for jurisdictions such as EU, where pure L-theanine is not permitted for use in food and beverages, but only in dietary supplements.

There are different energy drinks on the market comprising green tea extracts, but to the best of our knowledge they do not contain significant levels of L-theanine. Suitable dosage per day can be around 20-800 mg L-theanine.

An example for providing an L-theanine- enriched green tea extract is given below.

Green tea extract may refer to a concentrate of physiologically active constituents, particularly L-theanine, from leaves of green tea species (e.g. Camellia sinensis ) extracted using water, ethanol or another solvent. An example of how such a green tea extract enriched in L-theanine can be provided is given below:

About 200 g of commercial process quality green tea leaves are extracted with about 1600 g of deionized water, at about 75-85° C. (about 167-186° F.) for approximately 45 minutes. The resulting slurry is filtered through two layers of muslin cloth and yields about 1200 g of crude tea extract. The residual leaves are re-extracted with deionized water under the foregoing conditions and again filtered through muslin cloth. The tea extracts are combined and subjected to microfiltration via a 0.45 pm pleated filter (1.5 ft2, acrylic co-polymer on a polypropylene-polyester support.) The resulting permeate is then subjected to nanofiltration using a Millipore® 1000 Dalton Molecular Weight Cut Off (MWCO) filter. The resulting permeate is then used to produce a clarified tea extract with lighter colour and reduced bitterness. The retentates from these filtrations, which contain theanine, are combined to yield a theanine-containing retentate with a volume of about 200 mL and about 9.8° Brix. This theanine extract has a theanine concentration of about 700 mg/L. The theanine extract is also viscous in consistency and is, therefore, diluted with deionized water in a 1 : 1 ratio, and used as feed in the next step.

Amberlite XAD 16HP® (Rohm & Haas) is packed in a column (2.5 cm ID><75 cm height) to give a column volume of about 350 mL. The column is washed with about 4- 5 column volumes of deionized water. The diluted theanine extract from the foregoing extraction step is pumped into the column until breakthrough occurs (about 100 mL). The column is first eluted with deionized water to remove the non-phenolic materials including theanine and other polysaccharides. When the eluate gives no precipitate or a clouding reaction with ethanol, the water elution is stopped. This eluate contains about 257 mg/L theanine and about 6 mg/mL tea polysaccharides. It is then nanofiltered using a 1000 Dalton MWCO membrane to separate the high molecular weight non-phenolic materials from theanine. When the theanine-rich extract is concentrated back to the original solution value of about 9.8° Brix, it yields a theanine concentration of about 6500 mg/L, showing a concentration effect of greater than nine times. It is substantially devoid of tea polyphenols. The theanine-rich extract may be added to the clarified tea extract to enhance its theanine concentration, or alternately, the theanine-rich extract may be subjected to further clean-up by ion exchange chromatography. The liquid concentrate may be reduced to powder-form by e.g. evaporation followed by grinding or spray-drying.

In some embodiments, the L-theanine is provided from green tea, such as a green tea extract. It can be advantageous that the L-theanine provided from green tea does not comprise significant amounts of caffeine and/or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Generally, in the context of a neutraceutical as disclosed herein, in particular a neutraceutical for improving mental performance, physiological active amounts of caffeine and/or EGCG can be undesired. In some embodiments, the L-theanine-rich tea extract comprises less than 2 % (per weight) caffeine. In some embodiments, the L- theanine does not provide physiologically active and/or physiologically relevant amounts of caffeine, such as below 4 mg/serving. Further considerations and/or embodiments concerning caffeine are provided herein. In some embodiments, the L- theanine does not comprise significant amounts of caffeine. In some embodiments, the L-theanine does not comprise significant amounts of EGCG. Further considerations and/or embodiments concerning EGCG are provided herein.

According to the first aspect of the invention, a composition or product is provided, such as a nutraceutical composition or product for human or animal consumption, comprising one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract; ginseng root extract; and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof. In some embodiments, said composition/product may comprise:

A. Sage extract, green oat extract, and optionally ginseng root extract, and/or L- theanine;

B. Sage extract, and optionally one or more of: green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; C. Green oat extract; and optionally one or more of: sage extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof;

D. Ginseng root extract; and optionally one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; E. L-theanine; and optionally one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, and/or ginseng root extract, including any combination(s) thereof;

Usually, said herein said sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L- theanine are provided in physiologically active amounts, such as to provide a desired effect upon consumption by a subject (human or animal).

In some embodiments, said composition or product can be formulated as a serving. Generally, unless clear from the context, the terms “composition” and “product” may be used interchangeably. Generally, a “product” is disclosed herein is a composition, but a “composition” does not have to be a product.

A composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more active ingredients, such as sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L- theanine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises sage extract, and optionally one or more of: green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises green oat extract, and optionally one or more of: sage extract, ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises ginseng root extract, and one or more of sage extract, green oat extract, and/or L-theanine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises L- theanine, and one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, and/or ginseng root extract. In some preferred embodiments, the composition comprises sage extract and green oat extract, and optionally ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine.

In some embodiments, said one or more active ingredient(s) is/are present in physiologically active amounts in a composition or product. In some embodiments, one or more of sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine are provided in physiologically active amounts. Such physiologically active amounts can e.g. be 100- 1000 mg for sage extract; 200 - 1600 mg for green oat extract; 20 - 1200 pg for ginseng root extract; and 20 - 800 mg for L-theanine. In some embodiments, sage extract and green oat extract are provided in physiologically active amounts; and optionally also ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine.

In some embodiments, a nutraceutical composition or product for human or animal consumption is provided, wherein said composition or product is formulated as a serving comprising:

(I) 100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract;

200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract; and optionally

20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract;

20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine; and/or

(II) palatinose, such as 10-25 g palatinose per serving; and one or more of:

100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract;

200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract;

20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract; and/or 20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine; including any combination(s) thereof wherein n is the number of servings per day; and optionally, wherein n = 1, 2, 3, or more.

In some embodiments, a composition can be formulated as a serving wherein “h^'” indicates the number of servings per day, said serving comprising 100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract. In some embodiments, said serving comprises 200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract. In some embodiments, said serving comprises 20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract. In some embodiments, said serving comprises 20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine.

In some embodiments, the number of servings per day is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, the number of servings is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, the number of servings is more than three.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or serving is provided, comprising one or more of: 200/n - 600/n mg, 250/n - 500/n mg, 300/n - 400/n mg or around 300/n mg sage extract; 400/n - 1200/n mg, 600/n - 1000/n, 700/n - 900/n mg, or around 800 mg green oat extract; 20/n - 1200/n pg, 40/n - 1000/n pg, 80/n - 750/n gg, 120/n - 500/n gg, 150/n - 300/n gg, or around 200/n gg ginseng root extract; and 20/n - 800/n mg, 40/n - 600/n mg, 50/n - 400/n mg, 100/n - 300/n mg, or around 200/n mg, L- theanine, wherein “n” can be 1, 2, 3, 4 or more than 4. It is believed that the ranges indicated above provide a physiological effect.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or serving is provided with a physiologically active amount of sage extract being around 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, or more than 1000 mg sage extract.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or serving is provided with a physiologically active amount of green oat extract being around 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, or more than 1600 mg. In some embodiments, a composition, product or serving is provided with a physiologically active amount of ginseng root extract being around 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 400, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200 or more than 1200 pg.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or serving is provided with a physiologically active amount of ginseng root extract, comprising 0.5-30 pg ginsenosides, such as around 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30 or more than 30 pg ginsenosides.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or serving is provided with an active amount of L-theanine being around 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or more than 800 mg.

According to the invention, one or more composition(s), products and/or servings can be provided for human and/or animal consumption. In some embodiments, a nutraceutical consumption for human and/or an animal consumption is provided.

A composition or product according to the invention can e.g. be provided as a fluid, such as a liquid, such as an aqueous liquid or gel, or in solid form. In some embodiments, a composition, such as a carbonated liquid is provided. In some embodiments, the carbonated liquid possesses an acidic pH, such as a pH around or below 3, 4 or 5. In some embodiments, the pH is in the range of 2.8 - 3.6; 3.0 - 3.4 or around 3.2. A composition according to the invention can also be provided or formulated in solid form, such as a powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder.

In some embodiments, a composition according to the invention can be formulated and/or provided as a concentrate, such as a concentrated powder stock or stock solution, e.g. as disclosed in Example 1.

A composition, product or concentrate according to the invention may also comprise further ingredients, such as: one or more dietary fibre sources, one or more slow uptake carbohydrate sources, one or more sweeteners, one or more flavour components, one or more colouring components, one or more vitamins, one or more acids, including any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may comprise one or more of:

- a dietary fibre source, such as inulin, e.g. agave inulin, chicory root fibre inulin, or inulin from peas.

- a sweetener, such as a saccharide, e.g. sucrose, glucose, fructose and/or isomaltulose, applesugar and/or a steviol glycoside;

- a flavour component, such as orange, lemon, lime, lemongrass, mango, berries, peach, apple, caramel, etc.;

- a colouring component;

- gingko biloba extract;

- cordyceps extract;

- bacopa monnieri extract;

- spearmint extract;

- chufa extract, resveratrol (preferably cis resveratrol);

- mangiferi;

- citicholine; and/or

- one or more vitamins, such as vitamin C or vitamin B; including any combination(s) thereof. In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may comprise a dietary fibre source, such as inulin, e.g. agave inulin, chicory root fibre inulin or inulin from peas. Dietary fibre(s) or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes. Dietary fibres usually comprise non-starch polysaccharides, such as cellulose, resistant starch, resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, chitin, pectin, beta-glucan, and oligosaccharides.

Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants, industrially most often extracted from chicory. The inulins belong to a class of dietary fibres known as fructans. Apart from chicory root, inulin can e.g. also be agave inulin or inulin from peas.

Dietary fibres may comprise soluble and/or insoluble fibres.

Soluble fibre - which dissolves in water - is usually fermented quite readily in the colon into gases and physiologically active by-products, such as short-chain fatty acids produced in the colon by gut bacteria; it is viscous, may be called prebiotic fibre, and delays gastric emptying which, in humans, can result in an extended feeling of fullness. Insoluble fibre - which does not dissolve in water - is usually inert to digestive enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal tract and provides bulking. Some forms of insoluble fibre, such as resistant starches, can be fermented in the colon. Bulking fibres absorb water as they move through the digestive system, and may ease defecation.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may also comprise a dietary fibre source rich in galactomannan. Galactomannan fibre sources may comprise ingredients such as bean fibre, guar bean fibre, partially hydrolysed guar bean fibre, Sunfiber® and enzymatically hydrolysed guar gum. Such ingredients may provide that beneficial characteristics for certain embodiments of the invention in that they contribute with one or more of::

• no or very little taste (imperceptible by the human tongue at levels granting eligibility for EFSA’s source of fibre or high in fibre nutrition claims (1.5 g fibre per 100 kcal and 3 g fibre per 100 kcal respectively))

• insignificant or very low viscosity (as low as, or even lower, than 10 mPa-s in 5% aqueous solution)

• no colour (imperceptible by the human eye) • high pH stability (stable for at least a year at pH levels as low as 3.0 or even lower) In some embodiments, the dietary fibre source rich in galactomannan provides at least 3, or preferably all of the above effects. Galactomannan sources, such as Sunfiber®, have been shown high potential for lowering the gastrointestinal index of foods, thus distributing the energy content over a longer duration of time. This may in turn lead to a stabilizing effect on blood sugar/glucose, which can be beneficial for the present invention in that mental performance over several hours is positively affected by a stable blood sugar. Most commercially available nutritional mental performance aids either destabilize blood sugar by providing rapid and large increases in blood sugar or do little to impact blood sugar by providing no or very little macronutrients, thus letting blood sugar continually decrease to levels suboptimal for mental performance. Large and rapid increases in blood sugar, on the other hand, will often trigger release of insulin, which can also have a negative effect on mental performance. It is believed that an intermediate and/or stable blood sugar level will provide and/or contribute to an improved for mental performance.

In some embodiments of the invention, the soluble galactomannan fibre that is used of the commercial kind called Sunfiber®, which to the best of our knowledge is, hitherto, not used in other commercially available ready-to-drink beverages. It is believed that other galactomannan fibre sources, in particular or preferably essentially similar fibre sources could be used as well.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may also comprise a slow uptake carbohydrate source, such as isomaltulose or galactose. Examples of slow uptake carbohydrate sources comprise e.g. isomaltulose and galactose. In the context of the present invention, the terms ’’isomaltulose”, ’’Palatinose” or ’’Palatinose®” can be used interchangeably. Isomaltulose is a disaccharide carbohydrate composed of glucose and fructose; its CAS Number is 13718-94-0 and its chemical name is 6-0-a-D- glucopyranosyl-D-fructose. The glucose and fructose are linked by an alpha-1, 6- glycosidic bond. Isomaltulose is e.g. present in honey and sugarcane extracts. It tastes similar to sucrose (table sugar) with about half the sweetness. Isomaltulose is also known by the trade name Palatinose. Isomaltulose is slow to be digested and absorbed, thus gradually released as glucose and fructose into the bloodstream. Further embodiments concerning compositions and products comprising e.g. palatinose are provided in the sixth aspect of the invention.

In some embodiments, a composition or product, in particular a nutraceutical product or a composition is provided e.g. in the form of a beverage, for example a carbonated beverage comprising: a slow uptake carbohydrate source, such as palatinose and/or galactose, and one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract; ginseng root extract; and/or L-theanine; including any combination(s) thereof. In some embodiments, the composition or product comprises 5-40, or 10-25 g palatinose per serving. In some embodiments, said composition or product may comprises one or more of (per serving):

- 100 - 1000 mg sage extract

- 200 - 1600 mg green oat extract;

- 20 - 1200 pg ginseng root extract; and/or

- 50 - 200 mg L-theanine; including any combinations thereof.

Thus in some embodiments, said composition or product comprises e.g. 100-1000 mg sage extract per serving. In some embodiments, said composition or product comprises e.g. 200-1600 mg green oat extract per serving. In some embodiments, said composition or product comprises e.g. 20-1200 pg ginseng root extract per serving. Thus in some embodiments, said composition or product comprises 50-200 mg L- theanine per serving.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may also comprise a sweetener, such as one or more of; saccharide, sucrose, glucose, fructose, isomaltulose, steviol glycoside and applesugar, including any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the sweetener is or comprises one or more of isomaltulose, applesugar, and a steviol glycoside, sometimes referred to as “stevia” herein. Applesugar such as applesugar™ is a product derived from apples, usually apple juice concentrates. It is rich in fibres (around 50%), comprises antioxidants and tastes sweet and has a similar sweetness power as sucrose. The glycaemic index is low (e.g. < 37). Applesugar may possess little or no residual apple flavour. In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may also comprise a flavour component, such as one or more flavours selected from orange, lemon, lime, lemongrass, mango, berries, peach, apple, caramel, etc. A flavour component according to the present invention is preferably a natural flavour component, e.g. one or more flavours selected from orange, lemon, lime, lemongrass, mango, berries (such as raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, black currant, or red currant), cherry, peach, apple, caramel, pomegranate, passion fruit, pineapple, kiwi, plum, grape, cucumber, mint, coconut including any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may further comprise a colouring component. A colouring component according to the present invention may comprise one or more food-grade colouring components. In some embodiments, the one or more colouring component is a natural component, such as carotenoid (E160, E161, E164), chlorophyllin (E140, E141), anthocyanin (E163), betanin (E162), annatto (E160b), caramel colouring (E150a-d), carmine (E120), elderberry juice (E163), lycopene (E160d), paprika (E160c) or Turmeric (E100). In some embodiments, the colouring component may also influence the taste of the product and act as a flavour component and vice versa. In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may further comprise a further active ingredient. Thus in some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate is provided comprising one or more of: gingko biloba extract, cordyceps extract, bacopa monnieri extract, spearmint extract, chufa extract, resveratrol (preferably cis resveratrol), mangiferin and/or citicholine, including any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate may further comprise a vitamin. Thus in some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate is provided comprising one or more vitamins, such as vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or ascorbate, vitamin B (e.g. vitamin B5 also known as pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, and/or vitamin B12) and/or vitamin D (e.g. vitamin D3) including any combination thereof. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid and/or ascorbate) is believed to be associated with promoting psychological function. Vitamin C possesses anti-oxidant properties, which may be useful for some formulations according to the present invention. Suggested dosage range for vitamin C is at least 9 mg vitamin C per day.

Acids and/or their salts customary in the field can be provided e.g. to acidify, stabilise, increase shelf life, and/or to influence the taste of the composition or product. These can e.g. be selected from citric acid, citrate, trisodium citrate, malic acid, or phosphoric acid. Adjustment of pH can be conducted using acids, such as food-grade acids and/or salts thereof commonly accepted in the field. These comprise e.g. citric acid or salts thereof, e.g. citrate, such as trisodium citrate, phosphoric acid or malic acid, but also acetic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid and/or tartaric acid could be used as well.

In some embodiments, pH adjustment may also be provided by adding a fruit juice, such as e.g. a juice from a sour fruit, such as from a citrus fruit, such as lemon, grapefruit, orange or lime.

In some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate is provided that does not comprise one or more of: caffeine, EGCG, thujone, artificial sweetener, rhodiola rosea extract, ashwagandha extract, maca root extract, guarana extract, ciwuija extract, acai extract, green coffee extract, mango leaf extract, mangiferin, or theacrine, phosphatidylserine, L-carnitine, choline, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-tyrosine, or taurine. In some embodiments, “not comprising” can be understood as to be below a threshold customary in the field, such as in trace amounts and/or below physiological significance upon intake. “No comprising” may also be e.g. 5, 10, 20x or more than 20x below a safety recommendation.

However, in some embodiments, a composition, product or concentrate is provided that may comprise further ingredients, such as further physiologically active ingredients. Such further ingredients may comprise one or more of: mangiferin, cordyceps extract, bacopa monnieri extract, spearmint extract, chufa extract, resveratrol (preferably cis resveratrol), citicholine, rhodiola rosea extract, ashwagandha extract, theacrine, and/or maca root extract, including any combination thereof.

According to the invention, a composition, product or serving can be provided for improving mental performance, such as one or more of alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, and/or hand- eye coordination, including any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a physiological effect is provided within at least 20 or 30 minutes after ingestion. Examples of physiological effects may comprise one or more of: improved mental performance, alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, hand-eye coordination, including any combination thereof.

Physiological effects can be measured or assessed according to methods or protocols known in the art. In some embodiments, a physiological effect can be measured or assessed according to one or more methods disclosed herein, such as in Examples Ills, or other methods customary in the field.

In a second aspect the present invention relates to a method for providing a composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition according to the first aspect, said method comprising: a) Providing a composition comprising one or more active ingredient(s), wherein said active ingredient(s) comprise one or more of sage extract, green oat extract; and optionally ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine; wherein said active ingredients are provided proportional in weight to their intended concentration in the product; and optionally wherein said composition comprising active ingredients is provided as a concentrate, such as a powder or stock solution dissolved in an aqueous fluid; b) Incorporating a portion of the composition (i.e. an aliquot) comprising active ingredients of step (a) to a further composition; c) Processing said aliquot-containing further composition from step (b) to provide the product; and optionally wherein said product is formulated as a serving or a concentrate to be diluted e.g. with water, such as hot or boiling water to provide a serving; d) wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients in an amount sufficient to provide a physiological effect, such as improvement of mental performance upon consumption of said product or serving by a customer; and optionally, e) wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients at one or more amounts corresponding to a serving formulation, such as a serving formulation disclosed herein.

Said further composition in step (b) can simply consist of a conventional or customary beverage-, carbonated beverage-, concentrated beverage-, powder-, bar- (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball-, confectionary-, chocolate-, jelly-, gel-, chewing gum-, pill-, capsule-, cracker-, cookie-, bread mix-, veggie mix-, instant soup-, instant noodle cup-, protein powder-, or seniors powder- composition. A concentrated beverage can e.g. be a concentrate, requiring e.g. dilution with water, such as e.g. 5x, lOx, or more.

In some embodiments, said active ingredients may comprise sage extract and green oat extract; and optionally ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine.

In some embodiments, said composition comprising one or more active ingredient(s) comprises palatinose.

Examples 1-20 illustrate the possibility of modifying existing recipes by e.g. “nutraceutical infusion” via incorporating relevant active ingredients, such as sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine into production processes. As the required concentrations or dosages of said active ingredients are low, this can be done without relevant changes of existing production processes, such as industrial processes. Thus a method is provided for “nutraceutical infusion” of a product, such as a conventional foodstuff, by incorporating active ingredients according to e.g. the first aspect of the invention, including compositions, dosages and servings as disclosed herein. According to some embodiments, said “nutraceutical infusion” provides a product, such as a foodstuff or food product, providing a physiological effect as disclosed herein. In some embodiments said nutraceutical infusion of a food product, comprises incorporation of: sage extract and green oat extract; and optionally ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine, in a concentration and/or dosage as disclosed herein, during manufacture of said food product. The food product can e.g. be one or more of: beverage, carbonated beverage, concentrated beverage, powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, gel, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder. In a third aspect the present invention pertains to a composition, product or concentrate provided or obtainable by a method according to the second aspect, such as a product comprising 0.01 to 99.99 %, 0.1 to 99.9% or 1-99% of a composition or concentrate according to the first aspect. In some embodiments, such products are e.g. one or more of: beverage, carbonated drink, powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, gel, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder. In some embodiments, a product is provided consisting essentially of a composition as disclosed herein, e.g. according to the first aspect. The product can also be a “nutraceutically infused” product.

In a fourth aspect the present invention concerns a packaged product comprising a composition according to the first aspect, or a product according to the third aspect. In some embodiments, the product can e.g. be a drink in a container, such as Tetra Pack packaging, glass, plastic, can (alu can), cardboard, coated cardboard and the like. Other customary packaging means are believed to be suitable as well.

In a fifth aspect the present invention pertains to a beverage, e.g. a carbonated or uncarbonated beverage, comprising active ingredient sage - and green oat extract, such as in physiologically active amounts. In some embodiments, the beverage is a carbonated beverage, optionally pH-adjusted to around pH 3.2 as disclosed herein. As with other products according to the present invention, their concentration is dependent on the serving size. Commonly, a beverage will comprise around 0.015-0.152 % Sage extract (e.g. Sibelius sage), and/or around 0.030-0.242 green oat extract (e.g. Neuravena). In some embodiments, the concentration of sage extract is 0.030-0.091, 0.038-0.076, 0.045-0.061 or around 0.045%. The concentration of sage extract can also be around 0.015, 0.030, 0.050, 0.070, 0.09, 0.12, 0.14, 0.15% or more. In some embodiments, the concentration of green oat extract is 0.061-0.182, 0.091-0.152, 0.106- 0.136. In some embodiments, the concentration of green oat extract is around 0.030, 0.040, 0.060, 0.080, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15, 0.17, 0.20, 0.220, 0.240% or more. In some further embodiments, the concentration of sage- and/or green oat extract can be more than 0.152 and 0.242%, respectively. A carbonated or uncarbonated beverage according to the invention may furthermore comprise ginseng extract and/or L-theanine. In some embodiments, the concentration of ginseng extract is around 0.012-0.303, 0.024-0.227, 0.036-0.152, or 0.045-0.091, or around 0.60%. In some embodiments, the concentration of ginseng extract is around 0.006, 0.010, 0.020, 0.050, 0.070, 0.100, 0.120, 0.150, 0.200, 0.250, 0.300, 0.364 or more than 0.364%. In some embodiments, the concentration of L-theanine is 0.003- 0.121, such as 0.006-0.091, 0.008-0.061, 0.015-0.045 or around 0.015%. This applies e,g. for >99% pure L theanine. The concentration can be adjusted when using e.g. green tea extract with a lower content of L-theanine, e.g.0.01-0.40, 0.02-0.30, 0.03-0.20, 0.05- 0.15 or around 0.05% L-theanine-rich green tea extract (e.g. “Suntheanine Natural” or “Sunphenon TH30”). In some embodiments, the concentration of L-theanine is around 0.003, 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025, 0.030, 0.035, 0.040, 0.045% or more.

Thus in some embodiments, the uncarbonated or carbonated beverage comprises - 0.015-0.152, 0.030-0.091, 0.038-0.076, 0.045-0.061 or around 0.045% Sage extract (e.g. Sibelius sage); and 0.030-0.242, 0.061-0.182, 0.091-0.152, 0.106-0.136 or around 0.12% Green oat extract (e.g. Neuravena).

In some embodiments, the uncarbonated or carbonated beverage comprises - 0.5-15, 2.0-10.0, 4.0-8.0, 5.0-7.0 or around 6.0% isomaltulose (Palatinose); and one or more of:

- 0.015-0.152, 0.030-0.091, 0.038-0.076, 0.045-0.061 or around 0.045% Sage extract (e.g. Sibelius sage);

- 0.030-0.242, 0.061-0.182, 0.091-0.152, 0.106-0.136 or around 0.12% Green oat extract (e.g. Neuravena);

- 0.006-0.364, 0.012-0.303, 0.024-0.227, 0.036-0.152, 0.045-0.091, or around 0.06 or 0.012% Ginseng extract (e.g. Panax Ginseng root extract (C.A. Meyer)); and/or

- 0.003-0.121, 0.006-0.091, 0.008-0.061, 0.015-0.045 or around 0.015% L-theanine (>99% pure), or 0.01-0.40, 0.02-0.30, 0.03-0.20, 0.05-0.15 or around 0.05% L- theanine-rich green tea extract (e.g. “Suntheanine Natural” or “Sunphenon PH30”); including any combination(s) thereof.

In some embodiments, said uncarbonated or carbonated comprises further:

- 0.003-0.121, 0.006-0.091, 0.008-0.061, 0.015-0.045 or around 0.015% L-theanine (>99% pure), and/or 0.01-0.40, 0.02-0.30, 0.03-0.20, 0.05-0.15 or around 0.05% L- theanine-rich green tea extract (e.g. “Suntheanine Natural” or “Sunphenon PH30”), including any combination thereof.

Further ingredients may be provided in the beverage, such as one or more sweeteners, one or more dietary fibre sources, one or more vitamins, one or more flavouring components and the like. In some embodiments, the beverage comprises further components/ingredients, such as one or more of: one or more slow uptake carbohydrate, one or more sweeteners, one or more dietary fibre sources, one or more vitamins, one or more flavouring components, and/or one or more acids, including any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the beverage may further comprise one or more of: 0.5-15, 2.0- 10.0, 4.0-8.0, 5.0-7.0 or around 6.0% isomaltulose (Palatinose); 0.01-1.0, 0.05-0.8, 0.1- 0.7, 0.2 -0.5, 0.3-0.4 or around 0.35% steviol glycoside-based sweetener (e.g. SteviaSweet); 0-10%, 1.0-7.0, 1.5-5.0, 2.0-4.0 or around 3.0% applesugar; and/or

00.1-5.0%, e.g. 0.1-4.5, 0.5-4.0, 1.0-3.8; 2.0-3.6%, 3.0-3.5%, or around 3.4% sucrose.

In some embodiments, the beverage comprises one or more of: 0.1-3.0 %, 0.2-2.0, 0.5- 1.7, 1.0- 1.6, or around 1.5% Inulin (e.g. Orafti HSI); ascorbic acid (e.g. 0.003% or more); and/or the beverage may also comprise further ingredients, such as flavour components disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the beverage is an uncarbonated beverage.

In some embodiments, the beverage is a carbonated beverage.

According to the invention, such a beverage can be formulated to provide a physiological effect, such as an improvement of mental performance upon consumption of 1, 2, or 3 servings of a customary serving size, such as around 33 cl. Other serving sizes could be smaller or greater, e.g. lOcl, 20cl, 25cl or 40cl. In some preferred embodiments, the serving size of the (carbonated) beverage is 33cl, and the number of servings is 2. In some embodiments, the serving size may be corrected according to age, sex/and or weight. In some embodiments, the serving size is for an adult of around 55 or 75 kg. As indicated earlier, said physiological effect or improvement of mental performance can e.g. be one or more of improved alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, and/or hand- eye coordination. According to some embodiments, said physiological effect will be noticeable within at least 20 or 30 minutes after ingestion. Improvement of mental performance and/or physiological effect can be measured using a method, technique, procedure or protocols customary in the art, and/or as described in any one of Examples 21-23.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a beverage is provided comprising around 6% palatinose, 0.35% SteviaSweet, 0.1% Neuravena, 0.09% Sibelius sage, 0.012% Ginseng extract, 1.5% Orafti HIS, and 0.045% Sunphenon TH30. Said beverage can be carbonized and comprise further ingredients, such as vitamins and/or flavourings. It may also be a carbonated beverage, and it can be pH-adjusted, such as to around pH 3.2. Further embodiments for beverages can be deduced from the Examples.

In a sixth aspect the present invention relates to a composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition, e.g. in the form of a beverage, for example a carbonated or uncarbonated beverage comprising palatinose and one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract, ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine.

In some embodiments, the composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition, e.g. in the form of a beverage, for example a carbonated beverage may comprise (per serving):

- 5-40, or 10-25 g palatinose, and

- 50-200 mg L-theanine

In some embodiments, such a composition or product may further comprise one or more of sage extract; green oat extract, and or ginseng root extract, such as one or more of (per serving):

- 100 - 1000 mg sage extract;

- 200 - 1600 mg green oat extract; and/or

- 20 - 1200 pg ginseng root extract. In some embodiments, the composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition, e.g. in the form of a beverage, for example a carbonated beverage may comprise (per serving):

- 5-40, or 10-25 g palatinose; and

- 100 - 1000 mg sage extract; and optionally one or more of: green oat extract, L-theanine and/or ginseng root extract, such as one or more of (per serving):

- 50-200 mg L-theanine

- 200 - 1600 mg green oat extract; and/or

- 20 - 1200 pg ginseng root extract.

- 5-40, or 10-25 g palatinose; and

- 200 - 1600 mg green oat extract; and optionally one or more of: sage extract, L-theanine, and/or ginseng root extract, such as one or more of (per serving):

- 100 - 1000 mg sage extract;

- 50-200 mg L-theanine; and/or

- 20 - 1200 pg ginseng root extract.

- 5-40, or 10-25 g palatinose; and

- 20 - 1200 pg ginseng root extract; and optionally one or more of: sage extract, L-theanine and/or green oat extract, such as one or more of (per serving):

- 100 - 1000 mg sage extract;

- 50-200 mg L-theanine; and/or

- 200 - 1600 mg green oat extract. In some embodiments, such a product or composition may comprise any feature as disclosed in any of the other aspects.

In some embodiments, the product or composition according to the sixth aspect is an uncarbonated beverage. In some embodiment, the product or composition is a carbonated beverage.

In a seventh aspect, the present invention pertains to a method for nutraceutical infusion of a food product during manufacture of said food product, said method comprising incorporation of: (I) one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; or (II) palatinose, and one or more of one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L- theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; in a concentration adapted to provide a concentration and/or dosage as disclosed in the context of any one of the preceding aspects.

In some embodiments, said food product is a product according to any one of the preceding aspects.

The following may relate to all aspects and/or embodiments enclosed herein: In some embodiments, a composition, product, beverage etc is provided that can be classified as one or more of: “natural”, “ecological”, “organic”, “gluten-free”, “vegetarian”, “vegan”, and/or “clean label”.

Threshold for what constitutes a low level or insignificant amount of caffeine: To the best of the inventors knowledge, there is no clear threshold for what designates physiologically relevant dosage of caffeine. This can be partly due to lack of data and partly since the metabolism of caffeine may vary amongst individuals and there may be a habituation effects of regular caffeine intake and/or genetics. It is however widely accepted that for most people a cup of regular black coffee (typically with a caffeine content of 70-140 mg) or an energy drink (typically >30 mg caffeine per 100 ml, thus >75-150 mg caffeine per serving depending on serving size (250-500 ml)) does yield a notable and measurable effect on both cognitive, physiological and metabolic parameters. Dietary supplements containing single serve caffeine dosages of up to 400 mg of caffeine are not uncommon. In order to maintain a high and/or sufficient safety margin, a threshold of caffeine can be provided. In some embodiments, caffeine is provided (per serving) at no more than e.g. 15 mg or below, 10 mg or below, 7.5 mg or below, 5.0 mg or below, or even 4.0 mg or below of caffeine per serving. In some embodiments, such a level is believed to constitute a low level, insignificant amount, and/or physiologically irrelevant level of caffeine. In some embodiments, the caffeine threshold is at least 5, 10 or 20 times lower than the amount of caffein in a cup of regular black coffee. In some embodiments, the amount of caffeine per serving can be based on a rational safety margin principle where we consider dosages as low as <1.5 mg caffeine per 100 ml or <4 mg caffeine per serving to be much lower than typical intake levels that they are extremely unlikely to have a notable effect on human behaviour.

EGCG, member of the catechin family and a polyphenol, is a common constituent of green tea and extracts hereof. In fact, in many dietary supplements comprising green tea extracts, these extracts are added for the purpose of fortifying the product with EGCG. EGCG fortification/supplementation is commonly done on the basis of the compound being a potent antioxidant that can protect against cellular damage and certain diseases and disease symptoms. It is not a compound that is generally linked to cognitive performance, and thus EGCG is not believed to be a compound that is relevant for the present nutraceutical composition for mental activity. Furthermore, since EGCG is also considered to be responsible for the majority if not all cases of adverse effects relating to green tea and green tea extracts (including nausea and liver damage), it can be relevant for the present invention to ensure that only very low or insignificant levels of EGCG are provided.

Threshold for what constitutes low level or insignificant amount of EGCG: According to a scientific opinion by EFSA on the safety of green tea catechins, and in particular EGCG, (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009618/pdf/EFS2-16- e05239.pdf), common and safe consumption levels of EGCG from green tea infusions and supplements are within the range of 90-300 mg per day, whereas high levels of EGCG are designated as the range of 300-866 mg per day. Furthermore, EFSA states that daily consumption levels of EGCG of 800 mg or more can be statistically associated with hepatotoxic effects. Based on EFSAs designation of consumption of 90-300 mg EGCG per day as common and safe.

In order to maintain a high and/or sufficient safety margin, a threshold of EGCG can be provided. In some embodiments, EGCG is provided (per serving) at no more than e.g.30 mg or below, 15 mg or below, 10 mg or below, 7.5 mg or below, 5.0 mg or below, or even 4.5 mg or below of EGCG per serving. In some embodiments, such a level is believed to constitute a low level, insignificant amount, and/or physiologically irrelevant level of EGCG. In some embodiments, the EGCG threshold is at least 5, 10 or 20 times lower than EFSA’s safe range for daily consumption. In some embodiments, the amount of EGCG per serving can be based on a rational safety margin principle where dosages as low as <4.5 mg EGCG per serving can be considered to ensure nor risks to the consumers, even upon regular intake over a longer period. In some embodiments, similar considerations may apply, mutatis mutandis , for caffeine and/or thujone.

Furthermore, and again with respect to all aspects, sage extract can be provided from sage species such as Salvia officinalis or Salvia Lavandulifolia. In some embodiments, such a sage extract does not comprise or comprises only low amounts of thujone, such as physiologically non-significant amounts.

Thujone is a ketone and monoterpene that is a natural constituent of sage such as Salvia officinalis. Thujone has been associated with neurologically adverse effects in humans such as muscle spasms and convulsions. In some embodiments, sage extract can be a key ingredient in a composition or product etc. as presented herein. However, it is believed that this is not because of thujone. In some embodiments, thujone not desirable, especially not elevated concentrations of thujone. Thus, in some embodiments thujone levels are provided that are considered low and/or of insignificant levels, while still harnessing the cognitive benefits of sage extract.

Threshold for what constitutes low level or insignificant amount of thujone: According to a public statement by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) regarding thujone safety and human consumption, the average daily intake of thujone is estimated to be within the range of 0.3 to 1.0 mg/person. Furthermore, from a safety perspective the EMA recommends that herbal medicines do not deliver more than 3.5 mg of thujone per person per day. Thus, in some embodiments, the amount of thujone in a composition or product is adjusted to be below 0.3 mg per day. In order to maintain a high and/or sufficient safety margin, a threshold of thujone can be provided. In some embodiments, thujone is provided (per serving) at no more than e.g. 0.1 mg or below, 0.05 mg or below, 0.025mg or below, 0.20 mg or below, or even 0.015 mg of thujone per serving. In some embodiments, such a level is believed to constitute a low level, insignificant amount, and/or physiologically irrelevant level of thujone. In some embodiments, the thujone threshold is at least 5, 10 or 20 times lower than the lowest estimate of average daily intake of thujone from EMA.

In summary, a wide range of product formulations, compositions and/or products can be provided according to the invention. In particular, it is believed that existing recipes for a wide range of conventional product types can be used, as only minor modification, in particular incorporation of one or more physiological active ingredients in a suitable concentration, such as per serving is needed, as disclosed herein. Thus, in some embodiments this can be a beverage, carbonated beverage, powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, j elly, gel, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder. Such products are often provided in some kind of packaging, to contain and/or protect the product. In some embodiments, a packaged product comprising a composition comprising active ingredients is provided. In some embodiments, the product is a beverage, such as a drink in a container, such as Tetra Pack, glass, plastic, can (e.g. aluminium can), cardboard, coated cardboard and the like.

Due to careful selection of the relevant ingredients, a composition, product or concentrate can be provided that fulfil certain regulatory or marketing needs. In some embodiments a nutraceutical composition, product or concentrate is provided, that can be classified and/or marketed as one or more of: “natural”, “ecological”, “organic”, “gluten-free”, “vegetarian”, “vegan”, and/or “clean label”. In the context of the present invention, the term “clean label” is meant to comprise a composition, concentrate or product that contains natural ingredients and no artificial ingredients or synthetic chemicals.

Among other formulations, the inventors developed different formulations of a beverage: see e.g. Examples 1-3. One of them comprises a small amount of common sugar (sucrose), which was necessary in terms of taste, albeit not optimal in terms of nutrition. The other two versions however (lime and raspberry) do not contain the sucrose, but stevia, which was made plausible due to the specific nature of the added flavours. Several flavours were tested that did not complement the stevia (i.e. mask the well-known off-notes that stevia has), so making stevia work sufficiently well to replace the sucrose can actually be seen as a cumbersome and significant task.

Example 2 illustrates beverage formulations designed for 2 servings a day. If aiming at only 1 serving, the concentration of active ingredients can be doubled. If aiming at 3 servings, the concentration of active ingredients could be reduced by 2/3. This principle can be applied for other formulations or products as well.

Regarding taste, it may be relevant to note that the combination of palatinose (which is not very sweet in itself (-50% of sucrose)) combined with the chosen fibre source (a specific type of inulin) provides an important sweetness base that allows the product to either comprise only a very small amount of sucrose (considering the norm) or sufficiently little stevia to render it sensorially relevant.

The specific inulin type was chosen out of a total of approximately 50 prospect fibre types, of which 5 were tested in practice. It was chosen specifically for its taste synergy with the recipe. It is believed that other inulin types can be used as well.

For carbonated beverages, a target product pH of 3.2 has been suggested as a compromise between good product stability, shelf-life and sensory profile. It is generally desirable that a product such as a beverage does not show growth of unwanted microorganisms during storage, which is primarily ensured by choosing a low pH in the product. Conversely, the product pH cannot be too low, or it would impact the stability of active components in the product or may even impact the consumer upon intake. Furthermore, very low pH levels could compromise the sensory appeal of the product. Thus, our chosen compromise is 3.2, but various iterations of the product are believed to work within broader pH ranges, such as at least 2.8-3.6.

The 4 nutraceutical components, also called active ingredients in the recipe, are as follows:

• A sage extract (Sibelius Sage may be preferred as they provide a good documentation of commercially available sage extracts). They also base their extract on a specific sage species, and even a specific cultivar) - an important aspect of our R&D in terms of clinical potency). It is believed that other sage extracts can be used as well.

• A green oat extract (brand name Neuravena - to our knowledge not used in other energy drinks). It is believed that other green oat extracts can be used as well.

• Panax Ginseng root extract (C.A. Meyer) - adds to the specific nature and benefit of the formulation (e.g. mental stamina). It is believed that other ginseng root extracts can be used as well.

• L-theanine (in the shape of “Suntheanine Natural” aka. (also known as) “Sunphenon TH30”, which is a branded theanine ingredient, that is actually labelled as a green tea extract. There are several different green tea extracts used in energy drinks, but none of them seem to comprise significant amounts of theanine. It is believed that other types of L-theanine, including L-theanine-rich green tea extracts can be used as well.

There is scientific evidence (clinical studies) supporting effects on e.g. cognitive function of these 4 active ingredients.

Concluding remarks

It is believed that many other products can be formulated comprising one or more of the major active ingredients and providing a beneficial effect according to the present invention, see e.g. section Examples or other references thereto herein.

Furthermore, it has been a goal to provide products providing an acute effect (meaning that it is something you ingest, and you will benefit from within not later than around 20-30 minutes forward for a prolonged period of time. Many ingredients associated with cognitive benefit only confer an effect if taken daily over the course of many days (typically 1-2 months), where the effect slowly builds up. Such ingredients are believed not to provide an acute effect, such as an acute physiological effect, e.g. one or more of improved mental performance, alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, hand-eye coordination, including any combination thereof. Furthermore, it is preferred that formulations comprise only or predominantly only clinically relevant dosages of the relevant ingredients, such as active ingredients and/or ingredients providing a physiological effect.

Generally, products, formulations, servings and/or compositions according to the present invention comprise only clinically relevant dosages of the relevant active ingredients. Preferably, the active ingredient(s) are considered stable, such as temperature and/or acid tolerant, thus allowing for conventional production processes, including heat treatment, such as pasteurisation or baking; or their use in beverages with a relatively low pH. Thereby, it is also possible to provide products with shelf lives customary in the field, e.g. carbonated beverages with a shelf life of e.g. 6 month or 1 year.

Hereinafter, the present invention is also described in more detail with reference to the Numbered Embodiments, and Examples, which, however, are not intended to limit the present invention.

Numbered Embodiments

1. A composition or product, such as a nutraceutical composition or product for human or animal consumption, comprising one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract; ginseng root extract; and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof, such as:

A. Sage extract and green oat extract, and optionally ginseng root extract, and/or L- theanine;

D. Ginseng root extract; and optionally one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof;

E. L-theanine; and optionally one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, and/or ginseng root extract, including any combination(s) thereof;

2. A composition or product according to embodiment 1, wherein said sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine are provided in physiologically active amounts.

3. A composition or product according to embodiment 1 or 2 formulated as a serving, said serving comprising one or more of:

100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract;

200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract;

20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract;

20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine; including any combination thereof, wherein n is the number of servings per day; and optionally, wherein n = 1, 2, 3, or more, such as a nutraceutical composition or product for human or animal consumption, wherein said composition or product is formulated as a serving comprising;

(I) 100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract;

200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract; and optionally

20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract;

20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine; or

(II) palatinose, such as 10-25 g palatinose per serving; and one or more of:

100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract;

200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract;

20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract; and/or

20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine; including any combination(s) thereof wherein n is the number of servings per day; and optionally, wherein n = 1, 2, 3, or more. 4. A composition or product according to embodiment 3 comprising one or more of:

200/n - 600/n mg, 250/n - 500/n mg, 300/n - 400/n mg or around 300/n mg sage extract;

400/n - 1200/n mg, 600/n - 1000/n, 700/n - 900/n mg, or around 800 mg green oat extract;

20/n - 1200/n pg, 40/n - 1000/n pg, 80/n - 750/n pg, 120/n - 500/n pg, 150/n

- 300/n pg, or around 200/n pg ginseng root extract; and/or

20/n - 800/n mg, 40/n - 600/n mg, 50/n - 400/n mg, 100/n - 300/n mg, or around

200/n mg L-theanine; including any combination(s) thereof.

5. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein said composition is provided as a concentrate.

6. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein said composition is provided as a fluid, such as a liquid or gel, or in solid form, or any combination thereof.

7. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein said composition is a carbonated liquid; and/or wherein said composition possesses an acidic pH, such as a pH below around or below 3, 4 or 5, and/or a pH in the range of 2.8 - 3.6; 3.0 - 3.4 or around 3.2.

8. A composition or product according to any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein said composition is provided in solid form, such as a powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder.

9. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a dietary fibre source, such as inulin, e.g. agave inulin, chicory root fibre inulin, or inulin from peas.

10. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a slow uptake carbohydrate source, such as isomaltulose or galactose.

11. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, said composition further comprising a sweetener, such as a saccharide, e.g. sucrose, glucose, fructose and/or isomaltulose, applesugar and/or a steviol glycoside. 12. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments further comprising a flavour component, such as orange, lemon, lime, lemongrass, mango, berries, peach, apple, caramel, etc.

13. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments further comprising a colouring component.

14. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments further comprising one or more of: gingko biloba extract, cordyceps extract, bacopa monnieri extract, spearmint extract, chufa extract, resveratrol (preferably cis resveratrol), mangiferin and/or citicholine.

15. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments comprising one or more vitamins, such as vitamin C, vitamin B.

16. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein said composition or product does not comprise one or more of: caffeine, artificial sweetener, Rhodiola rosea extract, ashwagandha extract, maca root extract, guarana extract, ciwuija extract, acai extract, green coffee extract, mango leaf extract, mangiferin, or theacrine, phosphatidylserine, L-carnitine, choline, L- leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-tyrosine, or taurine.

17. Composition or product, such as a nutraceutical product or a composition according to any one of the preceding claims, e.g. in the form of a beverage, for example a carbonated beverage comprising: a slow uptake carbohydrate source, such as palatinose and/or galactose, and one or more of: sage extract; green oat extract; ginseng root extract; and/or L-theanine; including any combination(s) thereof.

18. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein 5-40, or 10-25 g palatinose are provided per serving.

19. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising one or more of (per serving):

- 100 - 1000 mg sage extract

- 200 - 1600 mg green oat extract;

- 20 - 1200 pg ginseng root extract; and/or

- 50-200 mg L-theanine; including any combinations thereof.

20. Composition or product according any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising 100 - 1000 mg sage extract per serving. 21. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising 200 - 1600 mg green oat extract per serving.

22. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising 20 - 1200 pg ginseng root extract per serving.

23. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising 50-200 mg L-theanine per serving.

24. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments comprising L-theanine, wherein the L-theanine is provided from green tea.

25. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the L-theanine does not comprise significant amounts of caffeine, and/or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and/or wherein the sage extract does not comprise significant amounts of thujone.

26. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition does not comprise (per serving):

- caffeine,

- caffeine in a physiologically active amount, and/or

- more than 15 mg, 10 mg, 7.5 mg, 5.0 mg, or 4.0 mg caffeine per serving.

27. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition does not comprise (per serving):

- EGCG,

- EGCG in a physiologically active amount, or

- more than 30 mg, 15 mg, 10 mg, 7.5 mg. 5.0 mg, or 4.5 mg EGCG per serving.

28. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition does not comprise (per serving):

- thujone,

- thujone in a physiologically active amount, or

- more 0.1 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.025mg, 0.20 mg, or 0.015 mg thujone per serving.

29. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein said composition or product is a composition or product for improving mental performance, such as one or more of alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, and/or hand-eye coordination. 30. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein said composition or product provides a physiological effect within at least 20 or 30 minutes after ingestion; and optionally wherein said physiological effect is improved mental performance, alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, and/or hand-eye coordination.

31. A composition or product according to embodiment 29 or 30, wherein said improvement of mental performance and/or physiological effect can be measured using a method, technique, procedure and/or protocol as described in any one of

Examples 21-23.

32. A method for providing a composition or product according to any one of the preceding embodiments, said method comprising: a) Providing a composition comprising one or more active ingredient(s), wherein said active ingredient(s) comprise(s) one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract; ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; and optionally a low-uptake carbohydrate such as palatinose; wherein said active ingredients are provided proportional in weight to their intended concentration in the product; and optionally wherein said composition comprising active ingredients is provided as a concentrate, such as a powder or stock solution dissolved in an aqueous fluid; b) Incorporating a portion or aliquot of the composition comprising active ingredients of step (a) to a further composition; c) Processing said aliquot-containing further composition from step (b) to provide the product; and optionally wherein said product is formulated as a serving or a concentrate to be diluted e.g. with water, such as hot or boiling water to provide a serving; wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients in an amount sufficient to provide a physiological effect, such as improvement of mental performance upon consumption of said product or serving; and optionally, wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients at one or more amounts corresponding to a serving formulation, such as a serving formulation according to any one of embodiments 4-31.

33. A method according to embodiment 32, wherein said further composition is essentially a conventional beverage-, carbonated beverage-, concentrated beverage- , powder-, bar- (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball-, confectionary-, chocolate-, jelly-, gel-, chewing gum-, pill-, capsule-, cracker-, cookie-, bread mix-, veggie mix-, instant soup-, instant noodle cup-, protein powder-, or seniors powder-composition.

34. A product obtained or obtainable by a method according to embodiment 32 or 33, and/or according to any one of Examples 1-20.

35. A product consisting essentially of a composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, and/or comprising 0.01 to 99.99 %, 0.1 to 99.9% or 1-99% of a composition or concentrate, or a product according to any one of the preceding embodiments.

36. A product according to embodiment 34 or 33, wherein said product is one or more of: beverage, carbonated beverage, concentrated beverage, powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, gel, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder.

37. A packaged product comprising a composition according to any one of embodiments 1-31, or a product according to any one of embodiments 34-36.

38. A packaged product according to embodiment 37, wherein said product is a drink in a container, such as Tetra Pak packaging, glass, plastic, glass, can (alu can), cardboard, coated cardboard and the like.

39. A beverage, comprising:

I)

- 0.015-0.152, 0.030-0.091, 0.038-0.076, 0.045-0.061 or around 0.045% Sage extract (e.g. Sibelius sage); and

- 0.030-0.242, 0.061-0.182, 0.091-0.152, 0.106-0.136 or around 0.12% Green oat extract (e.g. Neuravena); or

P)

- 0.5-15, 2.0-10.0, 4.0-8.0, 5.0-7.0 or around 6.0% isomaltulose (Palatinose); and one or more of:

- 0.030-0.242, 0.061-0.182, 0.091-0.152, 0.106-0.136 or around 0.12% Green oat extract (e.g. Neuravena); and/or - 0.006-0.364, 0.012-0.303, 0.024-0.227, 0.036-0.152, 0.045-0.091, or around 0.06 or 0.012% Ginseng extract (e.g. Panax Ginseng root extract (C.A. Meyer));

- 0.003-0.121, 0.006-0.091, 0.008-0.061, 0.015-0.045 or around 0.015% L- theanine (>99% pure), or 0.01-0.40, 0.02-0.30, 0.03-0.20, 0.05-0.15 or around 0.05% L-theanine-rich green tea extract (e.g. “Suntheanine Natural” or

“Sunphenon PH30”); including any combination(s) thereof. A beverage according to embodiment 39, further comprising:

- 0.003-0.121, 0.006-0.091, 0.008-0.061, 0.015-0.045 or around 0.015% L- theanine (>99% pure), or 0.01-0.40, 0.02-0.30, 0.03-0.20, 0.05-0.15 or around 0.05% L-theanine-rich green tea extract (e.g. “Suntheanine Natural” or “ Sunphenon PH30”) . A beverage according to embodiment 39 or 40, further comprising one or more of:

- 0.5-15, 2.0-10.0, 4.0-8.0, 5.0-7.0 or around 6.0% isomaltulose (Palatinose);

- 0.01-1.0, 0.05-0.8, 0.1-0.7, 0.2 -0.5, 0.3-0.4 or around 0.35% steviol glycoside-based sweetener (e.g. SteviaSweet); - 0-10%, 1.0-7.0, 1.5-5.0, 2.0-4.0 or around 3.0% applesugar; and/or

- 00.1-5.0%, e.g. 0.1-4.5, 0.5-4.0, 1.0-3.8; 2.0-3.6%, 3.0-3.5% or around 3.4% sucrose. A beverage according to any one of embodiments 39-41, further comprising one or more of: - 0.1-3.0 %, 0.2-2.0, 0.5- 1.7, 1.0- 1.6, or around 1.5% Inulin (e.g. Orafti HSI);

- ascorbic acid (e.g. 0.003% or more); and/or

- a flavouring agent, such as a flavour component according to embodiment 12 A beverage according to any one of embodiments 39-42, wherein said beverage is a carbonated beverage. A beverage according to any one of embodiments 39-43, wherein said beverage is formulated to provide an improvement of mental performance upon consumption of 1, 2, or 3 servings of around 33 cl. 45. A beverage according to any one of embodiments 39-44, wherein said beverage is formulated to provide an improvement of mental performance upon consumption of two servings of around 33 cl.

46. A composition or product according to any one of embodiments 1-31, 35-38, or a product provided according to embodiment 32 or 33, or a beverage according to any one of embodiments 39-45, wherein said composition, product, or beverage can be classified as one or more of: “natural”, “ecological”, “organic”, “gluten-free”, “vegetarian”, “vegan”, and/or “clean label”.

47. A method for nutraceutical infusion of a food product during manufacture of said food product, said method comprising incorporation of:

(I) one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L- theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; or

(II) palatinose, and one or more of one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract, ginseng root extract, and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; in a concentration adapted to provide a concentration and/or dosage according to any one of the preceding embodiments.

48. Method according to embodiment 47, wherein the food product is a product according to any one of the preceding embodiments.

49. Method according to embodiment 47 or 48, wherein said product is one or more of: beverage, carbonated beverage, concentrated beverage, powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, gel, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Stock powder matrices comprising active ingredients can be provided as follows: Ingredients are weighed and homogenised.

Stock solutions can be provided by dissolving a stock powder matrix in water, such as a lOx concentrated stock.

nseng

Sage Green oat L- root Total extract extract theanine extract

100 200 0 0 300

1000 1600 0 0 2600

300 800 0 0 1100

100 200 20 0 320

1000 1600 800 0 3400

300 800 200 0 1300

100 200 20 20 340

1000 1600 800 1200 4600

300 800 200 200 1500

300 800 100 100 1300

150 400 50 40 640

300 800 100 400 1600

165 400 50 40 655

0 400 50 40 490

165 0 50 40 255

165 400 0 40 605

165 400 50 0 615

300 800 75 50 1225

0 0 75 50 125

0 800 0 50 850

0 800 75 0 875

300 0 0 50 350

300 0 75 0 375

300 0 0 0 300

0 800 0 0 800

0 0 200 0 200

0 0 0 200 200

Stock powder example matrix (percent)

Green oat Ginseng root

Sage extract L-theanine Sum extract extract

33,33% 66,67% 0,00% 0,00% 100%

38,46% 61,54% 0,00% 0,00% 100%

27,27% 72,73% 0,00% 0,00% 100%

31,25% 62,50% 6,25% 0,00% 100%

29,41% 47,06% 23,53% 0,00% 100%

23,08% 61,54% 15,38% 0,00% 100%

29,41% 58,82% 5,88% 5,88% 100%

21,74% 34,78% 17,39% 26,09% 100% 9 20,00% 53,33% 13,33% 13,33% 100%

10 23,08% 61,54% 7,69% 7,69% 100% 11 23,44% 62,50% 7,81% 6,25% 100% 12 18,75% 50,00% 6,25% 25,00% 100%

13 25,19% 61,07% 7,63% 6,11% 100%

14 0,00% 81,63% 10,20% 8,16% 100%

15 64,71% 0,00% 19,61% 15,69% 100%

16 27,27% 66,12% 0,00% 6,61% 100%

17 26,83% 65,04% 8,13% 0,00% 100%

18 24,49% 65,31% 6,12% 4,08% 100%

19 0,00% 0,00% 60,00% 40,00% 100%

20 0,00% 94,12% 0,00% 5,88% 100% 21 0,00% 91,43% 8,57% 0,00% 100% 22 85,71% 0,00% 0,00% 14,29% 100%

23 80,00% 0,00% 20,00% 0,00% 100%

24 100,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 100%

25 0,00% 100,00% 0,00% 0,00% 100%

26 0,00% 0,00% 100,00% 0,00% 100% 27 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 100,00% 100%

Example 2

CARBONATED BEVERAGE

A carbonated beverage can be obtained according to the process according to Fig. 1. For selection and test of different compositions and their effect, laboratory scale experiments for beverages or other products comprising e.g. carbohydrates can e.g. be performed using the following setup:

Ingredients are mixed, tap water is added in sufficient amount and optionally heated to around 70 or 80°C for 5 minutes to provide a syrup (stock solution). After filtering (optional) to remove insoluble components, the syrup is added to an appropriate amount of commercially available sparkling/carbonated water (e.g. Danish “Dansk Vand”). This setup is especially useful to test appropriate flavours, to assess the influence of different components on unwanted behaviours such as foaming, and/or for taste panels. Different recipes are provided below (Products A-E) Product A Product C

Palatinose 6.0%

Sucrose 3.4% SteviaSweet 0.35%

Neuravena 0.10% Neuravena 0.10%

Sibelius sage 0.09% Sibelius sage 0.09%

Ginseng 0.012% Ginseng 0.012%

Ascorbic acid 0.003% Ascorbic acid 0.003%

Orafti HSI 1.5% Orafti HSI 1.5%

Suntheanine natural 0.045% Suntheanine natural 0.045%

Lemongrass flavour 0.050% Raspberry flavour 0.050%

Mango flavour 0.050% Adjust pH to 3.2 using citric acid

Adjust pH to 3.2 using citric acid Fill with carbonated water to 100% Fill with carbonated water to 100%

Product D

Product B Palatinose 8.0%

SteviaSweet 0.20%

Palatinose 6.0% Sunphenon TH30 0.133%

SteviaSweet 0.35% Raspberry flavour 0.050%

Neuravena 0.10% Adjust pH to 3.2 using citric acid

Sibelius sage 0.09% Fill with carbonated water to 100%

Ginseng 0.012%

Ascorbic acid 0.003% Product E

Orafti HSI 1.5% Palatinose 8.0%

Suntheanine natural 0.045% SteviaSweet 0.20%

Lime flavour 0.050% Sunphenon TH30 0.133%

Caramel toffee flavour 0.050% Sunfiber^® 1.5%

Adjust pH to 3.2 using citric acid Raspberry flavour 0.050% Fill with carbonated water to 100% Adjust pH to 3.2 using citric acid Fill with carbonated water to 100%

Other carbonated beverages can e.g. be provided according to Example 3. Products A, B, C, D or E2 can e.g. be used with a serving size of 33cl and 2 serving per day. The target product pH can be set e.g. at 3.2 as a compromise between good product stability, shelf-life, and sensory profile. It is desirable that the product does not show growth of microorganisms during storage, which is primarily ensured by choosing a low pH in the product. Conversely, the product pH cannot be too low, or it would impact the stability of active components in the product or may even impact the consumer upon intake. Furthermore, very low pH levels could compromise the sensory appeal of the product. Various iterations of the product are believed to work within broader pH ranges, such as at least within 2.8-3.6. Example 3

BEVERAGE

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial beverage production, e.g. at the step where the other ingredients are mixed.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X ml of beverage, where X is the desired serving size. This may marginally dilute the other constituents of the beverage to an extent that is practically insignificant, especially when X is >60 ml, which is typical for the industry. This will provide nutraceutical infusion of the product.

Example 4

GEL

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial gel production, e.g. during or after the base gel mix is provided but before heat treatment.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of gel, where X is the desired serving size, to provide a nutraceutical infused gel.

Example 5 POWDER

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial dry -blend powder mix production at or after the step where the other dry powder components are blended.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of powder mix, where X is the desired serving size, to provide a nutraceutical infused powder mix.

Example 7 RAW BALL

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial raw ball production at or after the step where the raw ball mass is mixed to homogeneity.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of raw ball mass, where X is the desired serving size, to provide nutraceutical infused raw balls. Example 8

CONFECTIONARY

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial raw ball production at the step where the confectionary mass is mixed to homogeneity, or if producing chocolate coated confectionary, it can be added to the chocolate mass at the stage where it is melted, after which the chocolate needs stirring until the nutraceutical powders are homogenously dispersed.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of confectionary mass, where X is the desired serving size, to provide nutraceutical infused confectionary.

Example 9

CHOCOLATE

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial chocolate production e.g. at the step where the chocolate mass is melted and stirred to ensure that nutraceutical stock powder matrix is dispersed homogenously.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of chocolate mass, where X is the desired serving size, to provide nutraceutical infused chocolate. Example 10

JELLY

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial jelly production e.g. after the base jelly mix has been produced but before heat treatment. E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of gel, where X is the desired serving size, to provide a nutraceutical infused serving of jelly.

Example 11

CAPSULE Figure 2 illustrates a process for providing capsules where:

- Ingredients are weighed off individually with an accuracy of at least 99%. Alternatively, a stock powder composition, such as a nutraceutical stock composition (“stock powder matrix”) according to Example 1, can be used. - Ingredients are sieved through a suitable filter to eliminate lumps and potential foreign objects.

- A filling agent, lubricant, desiccant and/or further components may be added to the functional ingredients, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose.

- The powders are mixed using suitable equipment, e.g. a rotating drum, until the mix has achieved homogeneity, usually in the form of a dry powder.

- The ingredients are packed into capsules of a suitable size using suitable automated equipment (capsule filler). Capsules can e.g. be size 0 gelatine or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose capsules.

- The filled capsules are cleaned (removal of dust from outside surface) using conventional equipment.

- The capsules are validated and weight verified by industry standards. Faulty capsules are rejected while approved capsules are sent for primary packaging.

Example 15

CRACKER

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial cracker production at the step where the base cracker mix is mixed.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of cracker mix, where X is the desired serving size, to provide a nutraceutical infused serving of cracker.

Example 16

COOKIE

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial cookie production, e.g. at the step where the base cookie mix is mixed.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of cookie mix, where X is the desired serving size, to provide a nutraceutical infused serving of cookie.

Examplel 17

BREAD MIX A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial bread or bread mix production e.g. at the step, where other dry ingredients are mixed.

E.g. 13.0 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-13.0 g of bread mix, where X is the unit size for one bread mix, to provide a nutraceutical infused package of bread mix.

Example 18

ENERGY BAR

The ingredients used in preparing the energy bar are:

Cherries, raisins, pumpkin seed, Chia seeds, hemp seed, coconut and nutraceutical powder stock (see Example 1):

Energy bar formulation:

Ingredients % w/w Potion sizes 40 g

Cherries dried 32%

Raisins dried 29%

Desiccated coconut 14 %

Pumpkin seeds 7.75 %

Chia seeds 7 %

Hemp seeds 3.5 %

Goji berries 3.5 %

Nutraceutical powder stock 3.25 % (Stock powder matrix 10, Example 1) All ingredients are added to a food grinder, particle size 3mm, and processed until a coherent homogenous mass is obtained.

Shortening (sunflower seed oil, less than 0.2 % of total recipe weight) is spread on the bottom and the sides of an aluminium pan and the bar mass is then spread on the pan. Shortening is not listed as an ingredient since it is used at an insignificant level. It is classified by FDA (2004) as a processing aid that has a functional effect in the processing, but not in the food.

The Product is baked in a conventional band oven at 92 °C for 14 minutes.

After cooling to 8 °C, the energy bars are cut into 40 g servings and packed using vacuum packaging. Other bars, such as energy bar, protein bar, muesli bar, muesli crunch or granola crunch can be produced as follows:

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial bar production e.g. at the step where the bar mass is mixed to homogeneity.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of bar mass, where X is the desired serving size, to provide nutraceutical infused bar.

Example 19 INSTANT SOUP

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during an industrial instant soup production. The nutraceuticals are added and mixed together with the other instant soup ingredients to the intended packaging.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of instant soup mix, where X is the desired serving size, to provide a nutraceutical infused unit of instant soup.

Example 20

INSTANT NOODLE CUP

A suitable amount of a nutraceutical stock powder matrix according to Example 1 is added during instant noodle cup production. The nutraceuticals are added and mixed together with the other instant noodle cup ingredients to the intended packaging.

E.g. 1.30 g of stock powder matrix 10 are added per X-1.3 g of instant noodle mix, where X is the desired serving size, to provide a nutraceutical infused unit of instant noodle cup.

Example 21

Assessment of improvement of mental performance/physiological effect such as alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, and/or hand-eye coordination are performed by methods and/or protocols customary in the field. These may comprise:

• Else of electroencephalogram to show effects e.g. in the left front temporal area, known to be involved in cognitive tasks.

• Stroop color-word test, an accepted model for concentration and alertness • Computerized mental performance assessment system (Compass) for testing e.g. concentration, executive function and episodic memory.

• Electroenchephalography for detection of changes in alpha brain waves as a surrogate marker for relaxation, and/or decreased nervousness.

• Enhanced memory testable by: (a) Delayed Word Recall test or (b) Cognitive Drug Research computerized assessment battery.

• State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) or Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) can be used for assessment of mood and anxiety under stressful situations.

Example 22

Evaluation of physiological effect in regard to e-sport.

E-sports discipline: Counter-Strike Global Offensive.

Ideal test subject: a highly trained individual with a stable baseline performance. >4000 hours of in-game time, ideally a ladder rank of global elite.

Over the course of at least one month (ideally 2 months), the test subject is expected to play with the same team in official matches at least every other day on average. The players on the team will remain in the same in-game roles throughout the test period. On days where matches are played, the test subject will switch between (one day at a time) consuming 33 cl of a beverage according to e.g. Example 2 vs nothing, vs placebo or vs any other energy drink depending on what the desired reference should be. Team mates of the test subject will refrain from using performance aids throughout the test period, or use the same kind of aids throughout the whole period.

Ultimately, a relative increase in rating 2.0, ADR, KAST and K-D-ratio will reveal that the test subject has improved more on days using the mental performance beverage than his team mates. As performance-fluctuations are common in e-sports, it may be important to use a longer test period such as one month or more in order to attain significant test results. The test period may be reduced significantly when using more test subjects.

Example 23

The effect can be validated using healthy test individuals. Test setup:

Three tests will be performed on three consecutive days. Designate a point in time on those given days, e.g. 1 pm. The test subject will fast for the following three hours. Subsequently a blood sugar measurement will be performed on the test subject. On day 1, 2 and 3 the test subject will ingest either of the following beverages each representing market relevant alternatives: 33 cl of a beverage according to e.g. Example 2, 33 cl of isocaloric market standard energy drink (based on conventional sugar and caffeine) or 33 cl of non-nutritive market standard energy drink. Ideally more test subjects are included in the test, and the order of beverage consumption is randomised. After consuming the beverages on each of the three test days, the blood sugar will be monitored using standard medical equipment with measurements taken every 15 minutes for the following 3 hours. Three hours represents a typical duration of matches of many competitive e-sports disciplines, and thus a physiologically relevant timespan. The test should show that during the test phase, 33 cl of a beverage according to e.g. Example 2 will raise blood sugar less abruptly but for longer than market standard nutritive energy drinks, and it will counteract blood sugar declines associated with non nutritive energy drinks in the given setup. In other words, the mental performance beverage will increase the amount of time the blood sugar levels remain in a desirable window such as 100-120 mg/dl for atypical individual.

For this test to provide the most meaningful result, ideally, the test subject will have eaten roughly the same type of diet 24h before each test day.

Claims

1. A nutraceutical composition or product for human or animal consumption, wherein said composition or product is formulated as a serving comprising;

(I) 100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract;

200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract; and optionally

20/n - 1200/n pg ginseng root extract;

20/n - 800/n mg L-theanine; or

(II) palatinose, such as 10-25 g palatinose per serving; and one or more of:

100/n - 1000/n mg sage extract;

200/n - 1600/n mg green oat extract;

2. A composition or product according to claim 1, comprising one or more of:

20/n - 1200/n pg, 40/n - 1000/n pg, 80/n - 750/n pg, 120/n - 500/n pg, 150/n - 300/n pg, or around 200/n pg ginseng root extract; and/or 20/n - 800/n mg, 40/n - 600/n mg, 50/n - 400/n mg, 100/n - 300/n mg, or around 200/n mg L-theanine; including any combination(s) thereof; and optionally, wherein n=l, 2, 3.

3. A composition or product according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said composition is provided as a fluid, such as a liquid or gel, or in solid form.

4. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said composition is a carbonated liquid; and/or wherein said composition possesses an acidic pH, such as a pH below around or below 3, 4 or 5, and/or a pH in the range of 2.8 - 3.6; 3.0 - 3.4 or around 3.2.

5. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said composition is provided in solid form, such as a powder, bar (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball, confectionary, chocolate, jelly, chewing gum, pill, capsule, cracker, cookie, bread mix, veggie mix, instant soup, instant noodle cup, protein powder, or seniors powder.

6. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a slow uptake carbohydrate source, such as isomaltulose or galactose, such as 5-40, or 10-25 g palatinose per serving.

7. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, said composition further comprising one or more of:

- a colouring component;

- gingko biloba extract;

- cordyceps extract;

- bacopa monnieri extract;

- spearmint extract;

- chufa extract, resveratrol (preferably cis resveratrol);

- mangiferi;

- citicholine; and/or

- one or more vitamins, such as vitamin C or vitamin B; including any combination(s) thereof.

8. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said composition or product does not comprise one or more of: caffeine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), thujone, artificial sweetener, Rhodiola rosea extract, ashwagandha extract, maca root extract, guarana extract, ciwuija extract, acai extract, green coffee extract, mango leaf extract, mangiferin, or theacrine, phosphatidylserine, L-camitine, choline, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L- tyrosine, or taurine, including any combination(s) thereof.

9. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims comprising L-theanine, wherein the L-theanine is provided from green tea.

10. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the L-theanine does not comprise significant amounts of caffeine and/or EGCG.

11. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sage extract does not comprise significant amounts of thujone.

12. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition does not comprise (per serving):

- caffeine, - caffeine in a physiologically active amount, and/or

- more than 15 mg, 10 mg, 7.5 mg, 5.0 mg, or 4.0 mg caffeine per serving.

13. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition does not comprise (per serving):

- EGCG, - EGCG in a physiologically active amount, or

- more than 30 mg, 15 mg, 10 mg, 7.5 mg. 5.0 mg, or 4.5 mg EGCG per serving.

14. Composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition does not comprise (per serving):

- thujone, - thujone in a physiologically active amount, or

- more 0.1 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.025mg, 0.20 mg, or 0.015 mg thujone per serving.

15. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said composition or product is a composition or product for improving mental performance, such as one or more of alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, and/or hand-eye coordination.

16. A composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said composition or product provides a physiological effect within at least 20 or 30 minutes after ingestion; and optionally wherein said physiological effect is improved mental performance, alertness, focus, mental stamina, mood, reduced nervousness, memory, executive function, reaction time, and/or hand-eye coordination.

17. A composition or product according to claim 15 or 16, wherein said improvement of mental performance and/or physiological effect can be measured using a method, technique, procedure and/or protocol as described in any one of Examples 21-23.

18. A method for providing a composition or product according to any one of the preceding claims, said method comprising: a) Providing a composition comprising one or more active ingredient(s), wherein said active ingredient(s) comprise(s) one or more of: sage extract, green oat extract; ginseng root extract and/or L-theanine, including any combination(s) thereof; and optionally a low-uptake carbohydrate such as palatinose; wherein said active ingredients are provided proportional in weight to their intended concentration in the product; and optionally wherein said composition comprising active ingredients is provided as a concentrate, such as a powder or stock solution dissolved in an aqueous fluid; b) Incorporating a portion or aliquot of the composition comprising active ingredients of step (a) to a further composition; c) Processing said aliquot-containing further composition from step (b) to provide the product; and optionally wherein said product is formulated as a serving or a concentrate to be diluted e.g. with water, such as hot or boiling water to provide a serving; wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients in an amount sufficient to provide a physiological effect, such as improvement of mental performance upon consumption of said product or serving; and optionally, wherein said product and/or serving from step (c) comprises said active ingredients at one or more amounts corresponding to a serving formulation, such as a serving formulation according to any one of claims 1-17.

19. A method according to claim 18, wherein said further composition is essentially a conventional beverage-, carbonated beverage-, concentrated beverage-, powder-, bar- (e.g. food bar, muesli bar, protein bar, muesli crunch, granola crunch), raw ball- , confectionary-, chocolate-, jelly-, gel-, chewing gum-, pill-, capsule-, cracker-, cookie-, bread mix-, veggie mix-, instant soup-, instant noodle cup-, protein powder- , or seniors powder-composition.

20. A beverage, comprising:

- 0.015-0.152, 0.030-0.091, 0.038-0.076, 0.045-0.061 or around 0.045% Sage extract (e.g. Sibelius sage); and - 0.030-0.242, 0.061-0.182, 0.091-0.152, 0.106-0.136 or around 0.12% Green oat extract (e.g. Neuravena).

21. A beverage according to claim 20, further comprising:

- 0.006-0.364, 0.012-0.303, 0.024-0.227, 0.036-0.152, 0.045-0.091, or around 0.06 or 0.012% Ginseng extract (e.g. Panax Ginseng root extract (C.A. Meyer)); and/or - 0.003-0.121, 0.006-0.091, 0.008-0.061, 0.015-0.045 or around 0.015% L-theanine (>99% pure), or 0.01-0.40, 0.02-0.30, 0.03-0.20, 0.05-0.15 or around 0.05% L- theanine-rich green tea extract (e.g. “Suntheanine Natural” or “Sunphenon PH30”).

22. A beverage according to claim 20 or 21, further comprising one or more of:

- 0.5-15, 2.0-10.0, 4.0-8.0, 5.0-7.0 or around 6.0% isomaltulose (Palatinose);

- 0.01-1.0, 0.05-0.8, 0.1-0.7, 0.2 -0.5, 0.3-0.4 or around 0.35% steviol glycoside- based sweetener (e.g. SteviaSweet);

- 0-10%, 1.0-7.0, 1.5-5.0, 2.0-4.0 or around 3.0% applesugar; and/or

- 00.1-5.0%, e.g. 0.1-4.5, 0.5-4.0, 1.0-3.8; 2.0-3.6%, 3.0-3.5% or around 3.4% sucrose.

23. A beverage according to any one of claims 20- 22, further comprising one or more of:

- 0.1-3.0 %, 0.2-2.0, 0.5- 1.7, 1.0- 1.6, or around 1.5% Inulin (e.g. Orafti HSI);

- ascorbic acid (e.g. 0.003% or more); and/or

- a flavouring agent, such as a flavour component according to claim 7.

24. A beverage according to any one of claims 20-23, wherein said beverage is a carbonated beverage.

25. A beverage according to any one of claims 20-23, wherein said beverage is an uncarbonated beverage.

26. A beverage according to any one of claims 20-25, wherein said beverage is formulated to provide an improvement of mental performance upon consumption of 1, 2, or 3 servings of around 33 cl.