WO2021109994A1 - 生态混凝土及制备方法、高耐久海洋混凝土结构建造方法 - Google Patents

生态混凝土及制备方法、高耐久海洋混凝土结构建造方法 Download PDF

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WO2021109994A1
WO2021109994A1 PCT/CN2020/133106 CN2020133106W WO2021109994A1 WO 2021109994 A1 WO2021109994 A1 WO 2021109994A1 CN 2020133106 W CN2020133106 W CN 2020133106W WO 2021109994 A1 WO2021109994 A1 WO 2021109994A1
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concrete
powder
fiber
calcium carbonate
sand
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PCT/CN2020/133106
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English (en)
French (fr)
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吕建福
汪明军
胡新宇
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哈尔滨工程大学
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Priority claimed from CN201911210503.0A external-priority patent/CN111268958A/zh
Priority claimed from CN201911210464.4A external-priority patent/CN111253124A/zh
Application filed by 哈尔滨工程大学 filed Critical 哈尔滨工程大学
Publication of WO2021109994A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021109994A1/zh

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/50Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
    • A01K61/54Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of bivalves, e.g. oysters or mussels
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/70Artificial fishing banks or reefs
    • A01K61/77Artificial fishing banks or reefs of monolithic form, e.g. blocks
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/04Portland cements
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/06Aluminous cements
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/08Slag cements
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a technology for inducing the attachment of marine fixed organisms, in particular to an ecological concrete and a preparation method and a method for constructing a high-durability marine concrete structure, belonging to the cross field of marine fixed organisms and marine concrete.
  • Reinforced concrete is widely used in the construction of marine infrastructure, such as harbor terminals, cross-sea bridges, ocean platforms, and subsea tunnels.
  • corrosion of steel bars caused by chloride ion erosion greatly shortens the service life of reinforced concrete structures and brings a huge economic burden to the society.
  • representative anti-corrosion technologies mainly include high-performance concrete, surface coatings, FRP bars, steel bar rust inhibitors, and electrochemical protection technologies.
  • These anti-corrosion technologies all have some shortcomings or deficiencies, such as one or more of the difficulty of construction, the lack of durability of materials easily aging, long-term unpredictability, and high cost.
  • most of the current anti-corrosion technologies are aimed at the splash area, and for the anti-corrosion in the tidal range, there are problems of fewer measures, high costs, and poor anti-corrosion effects.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to solve the problems of the existing concrete substrates with single-doped calcium materials, which have too much calcium material content, severely poor concrete durability and low efficiency of inducing oyster larvae adhesion, and to provide a method that can induce fixation.
  • the fiber-reinforced ecological concrete is fast and densely attached to the surface of the concrete and has high durability, and a preparation method thereof.
  • the purpose of the present invention is achieved as follows:
  • the present invention uses low-alkalinity cement, and adds dark pigments, biological calcium powder, calcium carbonate powder, trace elements, chopped fibers and a method of controlling the permeability of concrete to concrete.
  • the concrete has a high ability to induce the attachment and metamorphosis of the oyster larvae, and ensures the high durability of the concrete without pollution to the marine environment.
  • the invention also includes such structural features:
  • Its material components include: gelling materials, gravel, sand, water, dark pigments, biological calcium powder, calcium carbonate powder, trace elements, chopped fibers and superplasticizers, the weight ratio is: 12.5% ⁇ 22.0%, 39.4% ⁇ 49.8%, 24.9% ⁇ 37.3%, 6.2% ⁇ 8.7%, 0.2% ⁇ 1.7%, 0.15 ⁇ 1.0%, 0.15 ⁇ 1.0%, 0.1% ⁇ 1.0%, 0.1% ⁇ 1.0% and 0.02 % ⁇ 0.1%.
  • the dark pigment is one or two of iron oxide black, aniline black, carbon black, antimony sulfide, iron oxide red, and organic pigment red. And according to the degree of influence on the performance of concrete, these pigments are modified, and one of transparent resin, silicone, dimethylsiloxane, and superhydrophobic materials is used for modification.
  • the biological calcium powder is: beef bone powder
  • the biological calcium carbonate powder includes one or more of oyster shell powder, fish bone powder, egg shell powder, and coral powder, with a fineness of 100 mesh to 1000 mesh. .
  • the method for modifying biological calcium powder is: treating egg shell powder, coral powder, oyster shell powder, and fish bone powder between 100 mesh and 500 mesh with the following acids, including acetic acid, acetic acid, silicic acid, One or two of sulfuric acid; and the following acids are used to treat cattle bone meal from 100 mesh to 500 mesh, including one or two of diluted phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid.
  • acids including acetic acid, acetic acid, silicic acid, One or two of sulfuric acid; and the following acids are used to treat cattle bone meal from 100 mesh to 500 mesh, including one or two of diluted phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid.
  • the calcium carbonate powder is: calcite, chalk, limestone, marble, aragonite, travertine powder, and processed light calcium carbonate, active calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate whiskers and ultrafine light carbonic acid One or more of calcium, and the fineness is greater than 200 mesh.
  • the trace elements are: zinc, iron, potassium and phosphorus, which can be selected from natural minerals, industrial products or chemical reagents, including zinc sulfate, calcium phosphate, zinc phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, iron sulfate, and nitric acid
  • zinc sulfate calcium phosphate
  • zinc phosphate zinc phosphate
  • potassium sulfate potassium nitrate
  • iron sulfate and nitric acid
  • ammonium, potassium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, and iron phosphate modify them to achieve the slow release of corresponding ions and reduce or eliminate the adverse effects on the performance of concrete.
  • substances containing nitrogen and phosphorus are not selected.
  • the chopped fiber is: inorganic fiber (12-40 mm in length), such as one or more of basalt fiber, alkali-resistant glass fiber, and carbon fiber.
  • the cementitious material is one of Portland cement mixed with mineral admixtures, sulphoaluminate cement and alkali-activated cementitious materials.
  • the mineral admixtures in Portland cement with mineral admixtures include one or more combinations of silica fume, slag powder and fly ash;
  • sulphoaluminate cements include fast hardening sulphoaluminate One or two of salt cement, high-strength sulphoaluminate cement, and expanded sulphoaluminate cement;
  • alkali-activated cementitious material is one of alkali-activated slag, alkali-activated slag + fly ash.
  • the sand is one or more of river sand, machine-made sand (the parent rock is basalt or granite), or desalinated sea sand.
  • a method for preparing fiber-reinforced ecological concrete includes the following steps:
  • S1 Accurately weigh cementitious materials, gravel, sand, water, dark pigments, biological calcium powder, calcium carbonate powder, trace elements, chopped fibers and superplasticizers;
  • the purpose of the present invention is to build a highly durable and ecological reinforced concrete structure in the marine environment, solve the problem of short service life of the reinforced concrete structure in the marine environment and unfavorable to the ecology, and provide an ecological high durability in the marine environment Concrete structure construction method.
  • the construction method consists of the following parts:
  • the invention also includes such structural features:
  • the concrete material components used include: cementitious materials, gravel, sand, water, dark pigments, biological calcium powder, calcium carbonate powder, trace elements, chopped fibers and superplasticizer.
  • the weight ratio is: 12.5% ⁇ 22.0%, 39.4% ⁇ 49.8%, 24.9% ⁇ 37.3%, 6.2% ⁇ 8.7%, 0.2% ⁇ 1.7%, 0.15 ⁇ 1.0%, 0.15 ⁇ 1.0%, 0.1% ⁇ 1.0%, 0.1% ⁇ 1.0% and 0.02% ⁇ 0.1%.
  • Cultivation of oyster eyepoint larvae Collect mature oyster broodstock from the local sea area, obtain sperm and eggs through dissection, artificial insemination, and cultivate indoors to the stage of eyepoint larvae.
  • the cultivation process uses sand-filtered seawater with a density of 2-10 cells/mL, and changes the water every two days. Feeding golden algae or diatom concentrate bait. According to the development of the larvae, the feeding amount is gradually increased from 20,000 cells/mL To 90,000 cells/mL.
  • the dark pigment is one or two of iron oxide black, aniline black, carbon black, antimony sulfide, iron oxide red, and organic pigment red. And according to the degree of influence on the performance of concrete, these pigments are modified, and one of transparent resin, silicone, dimethylsiloxane, and superhydrophobic materials is used for modification.
  • the biological calcium powder is: beef bone powder
  • the biological calcium carbonate powder includes one or more of oyster shell powder, fish bone powder, egg shell powder, and coral powder, with a fineness of 100 mesh to 1000 mesh. .
  • the method for modifying biological calcium powder is: treating egg shell powder, coral powder, oyster shell powder, and fish bone powder between 100 mesh and 500 mesh with the following acids, including acetic acid, acetic acid, silicic acid, One or two of sulfuric acid; and the following acids are used to treat cattle bone meal from 100 mesh to 500 mesh, including one or two of diluted phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid.
  • acids including acetic acid, acetic acid, silicic acid, One or two of sulfuric acid; and the following acids are used to treat cattle bone meal from 100 mesh to 500 mesh, including one or two of diluted phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid.
  • the calcium carbonate powder is: calcite, chalk, limestone, marble, aragonite, travertine powder, and processed light calcium carbonate, active calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate whiskers and ultrafine light carbonic acid One or more of calcium, and the fineness is greater than 200 mesh.
  • the trace elements are: zinc, iron, potassium and phosphorus, which can be selected from natural minerals, industrial products or chemical reagents, including zinc sulfate, calcium phosphate, zinc phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, iron sulfate, and nitric acid
  • zinc sulfate calcium phosphate
  • zinc phosphate zinc phosphate
  • potassium sulfate potassium nitrate
  • iron sulfate and nitric acid
  • ammonium, potassium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, and iron phosphate modify them to achieve the slow release of corresponding ions and reduce or eliminate the adverse effects on the performance of concrete.
  • substances containing nitrogen and phosphorus are not selected.
  • the chopped fiber is: inorganic fiber (12-40 mm in length), such as one or more of basalt fiber, alkali-resistant glass fiber, and carbon fiber.
  • the cementing material is one of Portland cement, sulphoaluminate cement, and alkali-activated cementing material mixed with mineral admixtures.
  • the mineral admixtures in Portland cement with mineral admixtures include one or more combinations of silica fume, slag powder and fly ash;
  • sulphoaluminate cements include fast hardening sulphoaluminate One or two of salt cement, high-strength sulphoaluminate cement, and expanded sulphoaluminate cement;
  • alkali-activated cementitious material is one of alkali-activated slag, alkali-activated slag + fly ash.
  • the sand is one or more of river sand, machine-made sand (the parent rock is basalt or granite), or desalinated sea sand.
  • a method for preparing fiber-reinforced ecological concrete includes the following steps:
  • S1 Accurately weigh cementitious materials, gravel, sand, water, dark pigments, biological calcium powder, calcium carbonate powder, trace elements, chopped fibers and superplasticizers;
  • the fixed frame added when the oyster is attached on site is in the form of a keel-skeleton, which has two structures: upper and lower structures.
  • the lower part adopts a high-strength and light-weight sealed enclosure
  • the upper part adopts a double-layer screen, of which the outer screen
  • the sieve aperture is 80-300 mesh, and the specific pattern is shown in Figure 7.
  • the raw materials in the fiber-reinforced ecological concrete are: dark pigments, gelling materials, gravel, sand, water, superplasticizer and chopped fibers, among which, dark pigments .
  • the weight ratio of cementitious material, crushed stone, sand, water and superplasticizer are: 0.2% ⁇ 1.7%, 12.5% ⁇ 22.0%, 39.4% ⁇ 49.8%, 24.9% ⁇ 37.3%, 6.2% ⁇ 8.7 % And 0.02% ⁇ 0.1%.
  • the material components are: bio-calcium powder, cementing material, crushed stone, sand, water and superplasticizer, among them, bio-calcium powder, cementing material , Gravel, sand, water and superplasticizer weight ratio: 0.15 ⁇ 1.37%, 12.5% ⁇ 22.0%, 39.4% ⁇ 49.8%, 24.9% ⁇ 37.3%, 6.2% ⁇ 8.7% and 0.02% ⁇ 0.1.
  • the raw materials in the fiber-reinforced ecological concrete are: calcium carbonate powder, cementitious material, crushed stone, sand, water and superplasticizer, among them, calcium carbonate powder, cementitious material , Gravel, sand, water and superplasticizer weight ratio: 0.15 ⁇ 1.37%, 12.5% ⁇ 22.0%, 39.4% ⁇ 49.8%, 24.9% ⁇ 37.3%, 6.2% ⁇ 8.7% and 0.02% ⁇ 0.1%.
  • the beneficial effect of the present invention is that: the purpose of the present invention is to induce the attachment of fixed organisms, mainly oysters, and the attachment of barnacles is considered when the reinforced concrete is anti-corrosive in the tidal range.
  • the inducing ability of bovine bone meal is fully exerted, the dosage of bovine bone meal is greatly reduced, and the anti-corrosion treatment and modification are carried out to realize a compound inducer mainly based on bovine bone meal. Its small content hardly affects the strength and permeability of concrete, at the same time it has a strong adhesion of oyster larvae, and solves the problem of mildew in concrete.
  • the invention adopts the new anti-corrosion technology of marine anchoring organisms, which can greatly improve the durability of reinforced concrete, at the same time improve the ecological environment of the sea area, and change the current situation that the construction of concrete engineering destroys the ecological environment, and can instead repair the destroyed ecological environment.
  • Figure 1 shows the mold on the surface of concrete mixed with 10% bovine bone powder in different proportions (under standard curing);
  • Figure 2 shows the different mixing ratios of modified 10% beef bone meal with a fineness greater than 200 meshes
  • Figure 3 shows the attachment of oyster larvae in the laboratory reference concrete mix ratio
  • Figure 4 shows the attachment of oyster larvae in the laboratory with a compound inducer mainly mixed with beef bone meal
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the actual sea attachment experiment 210d
  • Figure 6 is a 300d schematic diagram of a solid sea attachment experiment
  • Figure 7 shows the enclosure structure form of oyster larvae attached to the site
  • Example 1 The mixing ratio of ordinary Portland cement concrete.
  • the weight ratios of ordinary Portland cement, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder are: 17.1%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%. , 0.03%.
  • the parent rock of the gravel is one of basalt and diabase, and its maximum particle size is no more than 50mm, and the gradation is good;
  • the sand is river sand, machine-made sand (the parent rock is granite, basalt One) or desalinated one or more of the sea sand, and the gradation is good.
  • the said water should comply with the water standard for concrete (JGJ63-2006), Cl - content ⁇ 1000mg/L, PH value>4.5, and has little effect on the initial setting time difference and final setting time, strength and permeability of cement. And the above materials selected in Examples 1-22 are the same.
  • Example 2 Reference concrete mixing ratio, the weight ratios of ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent powder are: 10.26%, 0.86%, 5.98% , 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 3 The weight ratio of unmodified dark pigment, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder is 0.51%, 10.26%, 0.79%, 5.54%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 4 The weight ratio of unmodified dark pigment, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder is 0.86%, 10.26%, 0.75%, 5.23%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 5 The weight ratio of unmodified dark pigment, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent powder is 1.37%, 10.26%, 0.68%, 4.79%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the weight ratio of the powder is 0.51%, 10.26%, 0.79%, 5.54%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the weight ratio of the agent powder is: 0.86%, 10.26%, 0.75%, 5.23%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the weight ratio of the agent powder is: 1.37%, 10.26%, 0.68%, 4.79%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the modified dark pigment uses 196 transparent resin, mixed with 3% curing agent and 1.5% accelerator, and the volume ratio of pigment to resin is 1:0.2; curing at room temperature for 4 hours, curing at 60°C for 4 hours, and then Crush it and grind it with a vibrating mill, and the fineness is greater than 400 mesh.
  • the black pigment has a great influence on the permeability of concrete, and with the increase of the content, the attachment of oyster larvae decreases.
  • the alkali exudation of the concrete is increased.
  • the iron oxides in the concrete may be converted into iron ions, resulting in an increase in the concentration of iron ions, which will inhibit the attachment of oyster larvae.
  • the resin coated pigments and then ground into powder can greatly improve the impermeability of concrete, especially when the content is 1.37%, the electric flux only increases by 3.2%.
  • the attachment of oysters continued to increase, which was different from the 1.37% content before modification, which showed that the attachment rate of oyster larvae decreased.
  • Example 9 The weight ratios of unmodified bovine bone powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water, and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder are: 0.51%, 10.26%, 0.79 %, 5.54%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 10 The weight ratios of unmodified bovine bone powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water, and polycarboxylate water-reducing agent powder are: 0.86%, 10.26%, 0.75 %, 5.23%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 11 The weight ratios of unmodified bovine bone powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder are: 1.37%, 10.26%, 0.68 %, 4.79%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 12 The weight ratios of modified bovine bone powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder are: 0.51%, 10.26%, 0.79%. , 5.54%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 13 The weight ratio of modified bovine bone powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, gravel, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder is 0.86%, 10.26%, 0.75%, respectively , 5.23%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 14 The weight ratios of modified bovine bone powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water reducer powder are: 1.37%, 10.26%, and 0.68%. , 4.79%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the 100 mesh beef bone meal is chemically modified by using dilute phosphoric acid with a concentration of 2%, and then the dried beef bone meal is combined with slag.
  • the powder is mixed at 1:4 and ground with a vibrating mill until the fineness is greater than 200 mesh.
  • the modified bovine bone meal increases its contact with the alkaline substances in the concrete, and at the same time, the internal microstructure of the concrete is denser, without the moldy phenomenon that appeared before.
  • the permeability of concrete is improved even at low dosage. Even if the dosage reaches 1.37%, the electric flux increases by only 4.2%, and the attachment change rate of oyster larvae increases from 205% to 400%.
  • the weight ratio of sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent powder is 0.51%, 0.86%, 0.51%, 10.26%, 0.62%, 4.34%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the weight ratio of sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent powder is 0.86%, 0.86%, 0.51%, 10.26%, 0.58%, 4.03%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the reference concrete on the basis of the reference concrete, it is compounded with dark pigments, oyster shell powder, and beef bone powder to provide the necessary Ca 2+ for the attachment and metamorphosis of the oysters through the reference concrete, and it has a lower alkalinity; at the same time, the dark pigments the concrete darker, absorbed almost all of the visible light, the concrete surface becomes black, a dark environment; shell powder and adding bovine bone attachment which provides the necessary 3 HCO -, PO 4 3-, and various trace elements , To jointly promote the attachment of oysters, so that when the dark pigment is 0.86%, the oyster shell powder is 0.51%, and the beef bone meal is 0.51%, the adhesion change rate can reach 317%. When the dark pigment is 0.86%, the oyster shell When the powder is 0.51% and the beef bone powder is 0.86%, the increase in adhesion change rate is 517%.
  • Example 17 The weight ratios of calcium carbonate powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder are: 0.51%, 10.26%, 0.79%, 5.54%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 18 The weight ratios of calcium carbonate powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent powder are: 0.86%, 10.26%, 0.75%, 5.23%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • Example 19 The weight ratios of calcium carbonate powder, ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, blast furnace slag powder, crushed stone, sand, water and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent powder are: 1.37%, 10.26%, 0.68%, 4.79%, 46.67%, 29.0%, 7.2%, 0.03%.
  • the mineral admixture is replaced by equal amounts of 600 mesh calcium carbonate powder with different dosages.
  • the impermeability of concrete weakens, but the electric flux of concrete is lower than the reference value. Even when the content is 1.37%, it is still better than the impermeability of the reference group.
  • the probability of calcium carbonate dissolution in concrete is increased, thereby increasing the rate of change of adhesion.
  • the specific performance is 0.51%, 0.86% and 1.37%, respectively, and the change rate of oyster larvae adhesion. Increased by 20%, 40% and 50% respectively.
  • the modified zinc sulfate method is as follows: select diatomaceous earth with SiO 2 content> 90% and fineness of 600 mesh diatomaceous earth, add 150 g of water in a mixer at 60 °C, and then add 100 g of zinc sulfate, and stir until the dissolution is complete. To be used; then heat 150g of the above diatomaceous earth to 60°C and add it to the solution, stir in a stirrer with a rotation speed of 200-500 rpm for 10 minutes, and then dry in a drying oven at a drying temperature of 100°C.
  • the modified zinc sulfate can be obtained.
  • zinc sulfate, bovine bone powder, calcium carbonate powder and dark pigment are compounded to provide the necessary Ca 2+ for the attachment and metamorphosis of oysters through the reference concrete, and it has a lower alkalinity; while the concrete dark pigment darkening absorb almost all of the visible light, the concrete surface becomes black, a dark environment; spiked bovine bone meal and calcium carbonate which provides the necessary adhesion HCO 3 -, PO 4 3- , As well as various trace elements in beef bone meal.
  • the Zn 2+ provided by zinc sulfate can promote the early attachment of oyster larvae.
  • the above-mentioned ions and dark colors required for the early induction of attachment and metamorphosis of oyster larvae can be satisfied. Good results are obtained.
  • the dark pigment is 0.86%
  • the beef bone powder is 0.51%
  • the calcium carbonate powder is 0.51%
  • the zinc sulfate is 0.3%
  • the adhesion change rate can reach 580%
  • the dark pigment is 0.86%
  • calcium carbonate powder is 0.51%
  • zinc sulfate 0.6%
  • the adhesion change rate is 652%.
  • the seawater in the pool is the Yellow Sea seawater after sand filtration.
  • the degree is about 32% to 34%. After the seawater level is higher than the concrete specimen, the oxygen pipes are evenly distributed in the test pool to prepare the oyster larvae.
  • test After the test lasts for 30 days, drain the water in the test pool, take out the test piece, and analyze the number of oysters on the surface of the test piece and the survival rate.
  • the statistics take the smooth bottom surface when the concrete is poured.
  • Comparative Document 1 a new type of concrete artificial reef and its preparation method CN104529286 A
  • the purpose of the present invention is different from the comparison document: Although the comparison document 1 is mixed with oyster shell powder in the concrete, its purpose is to use waste, repair and improve the artificial reef.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to induce the attachment of sessile organisms, mainly oysters, and the attachment of barnacles is considered when the reinforced concrete is anti-corrosive in the tidal range.
  • Comparative Document 2 is mixed with oyster shells or oyster shell powder in the concrete, its purpose is mainly realized by the surface bionics, collecting fish, microorganisms, and algae. , Increase the number of microorganisms and improve the water environment, without mentioning oysters.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to induce the attachment of sessile organisms, mainly oysters, and the attachment of barnacles is considered when the reinforced concrete is anti-corrosive in the tidal range.
  • Comparative Document 2 points out that biological calcium carbonate powder (150-200 mesh) with a cement content of less than 10% is not obvious for inducing adhesion.
  • modified beef bone powder and biological calcium carbonate powder fineness: 100-1000 mesh
  • the optimum blending amount of beef bone powder and biological calcium carbonate powder is within 10% of the gelling material. .
  • shell powder is added to the concrete to induce the attachment of fixed organisms, and the mixing amount of the shell powder accounts for less than 10% of the mass of the cementing material, which is not only simple in construction, but also can greatly increase the attachment of oysters.
  • Comparative Document 3 uses 80 mesh beef bone powder, calcium powder and gypsum powder, which are separately mixed into concrete.
  • the fineness of all the calcareous materials in the present invention is greater than 100 mesh, which is greater than the material fineness in the reference document 3. It is also mixed with bovine bone powder and modified, taking into account the concrete particle gradation and its inducing ability.
  • the present invention gives full play to the inducing ability of bovine bone powder, greatly reduces the amount of bovine bone powder, and carries out anti-corrosion treatment and modification, and realizes the compound induction based on bovine bone powder. It has a small content and hardly affects the strength and permeability of concrete. At the same time, it has strong adhesion of oyster larvae, and solves the problem of mildew in concrete. Compared with the concrete without the inducer, the number of oyster larvae on the concrete with the inducer increased significantly, as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
  • the comparative documents and the literature data that have been consulted show that the calcium content is very important for the attachment of oyster larvae.
  • some current experimental results also prove that adding an appropriate amount of calcium carbonate to cement-based materials can promote the attachment and growth of oyster larvae.
  • the pH value in the pore solution is generally greater than 12.5.
  • the pH value of the saturated calcium hydroxide solution is about 12 at room temperature, so the calcium ion concentration in the concrete pore solution is about 5mmol/L;
  • the solubility of calcium is very small, only 9.5 ⁇ 10 -5 mol/L (9.5 ⁇ 10 -2 mmol/L) at 25°C.
  • Comparative Document 4 composite Portland cement, slag Portland cement, pozzolanic Portland cement, fly ash Portland cement and aluminate cement are used: ordinary Portland cement and minerals are used in the present invention.
  • the compound admixture of admixtures is used to achieve low alkalinity cement; among them, silica fume is a kind of mineral admixture with high activity, and the appropriate amount of admixture has a significant effect on the durability of reinforced concrete in the marine environment. Through optimized design and experiments, it can be A low alkalinity cement with excellent strength and durability is obtained.
  • the concrete in Comparative Document 4 is used to enrich marine organisms, which mainly starts from the size and diversity of attached biomass, and the main attached organisms are various algae.
  • the research purpose of the present invention is to induce the attachment of oysters, but the tolerance of oysters and barnacles to alkalinity is higher than that of algae, and the attachment and metamorphosis of oysters require a large amount of calcium ions, so the two concretes seem to be the same, but in reality There is a big difference.
  • Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 are the comparison of the biological attachment conditions of the comparative document 4 after the actual sea attachment experiment of about 210 days and the present invention after the actual sea attachment experiment of 300 days.
  • dark pigments one or two of iron oxide black, aniline black, carbon black, antimony sulfide, iron oxide red, and organic pigment red
  • the color of the concrete darkens the color of the concrete and makes the oyster larvae think it is a dark environment. It induces the oyster larvae to reach the dark concrete surface by themselves, increases the chance of contact between the larvae and the concrete surface, and achieves an increase in the induced attachment rate of the oyster larvae.
  • the impermeability of concrete is designed and controlled, and the main measures are: the selection of the type of dark pigment, the control of the addition amount, and the modification.
  • Marine biological researchers in order to clarify the attachment mechanism of oysters and the purpose of breeding and proliferation, study the attachment and metamorphosis of different ions to marine sessile organisms, belonging to the Department of Marine Biology. It is quite different from marine concrete engineering or concrete materials disciplines, and they are completely two major disciplines. Through the intersection of marine sessile organisms and concrete disciplines, it is obtained that the corresponding substances are added to concrete to induce the attachment of oyster larvae on the concrete surface. Because soluble salts have a great influence on the performance of concrete, such as affecting early workability, setting time, and later strength and impermeability, the present invention uses diatomaceous earth as a carrier to fix these inorganic salts on the diatomaceous earth.
  • the strength and permeability of concrete are the two most important properties of concrete.
  • the addition of different inducers to the benchmark concrete will have an impact on the performance of the concrete. Therefore, when considering the addition of different substances to promote the attachment, metamorphosis and later growth of the oyster larvae, the overall strength and strength of the concrete must be controlled first.
  • the permeability does not have a big impact, and then select the raw materials according to the compatibility of various raw materials. When the performance of the raw materials cannot meet the actual requirements, the raw materials are modified and then added to achieve the desired function.
  • adding an inducer to the concrete must ensure that the change in the impermeability of the concrete is within a controllable range, such as the change does not exceed 10%. Only in this way can the induction effects of these be compared. Otherwise, it is impossible to evaluate the effect of single-mixing inducer or compound-mixing inducer on the induction effect of oyster larvae.
  • fibers can enhance the strength of concrete, especially the tensile strength.
  • the alkali-resistant fiber is combined with the ecological concrete to enhance the properties of crack resistance, bending resistance and fatigue resistance of the concrete. It can reduce the early cracking of concrete when applied to breakwater components, and reduce the damage rate of the components during transportation and fixing at the sea, especially increasing the ability to resist extreme loads such as typhoons.
  • On-site attachment ensure that the mold removal time is within the period of concentrated attachment and metamorphosis of the plankton larvae of the oyster, in July in the north and June in the south.
  • After removing the mold immediately install the fixing frame and fence on the surface of the concrete structure.
  • the lower part is connected by a sealed fence, and a 150-mesh screen fence is used above the mid-tide line, and it is tightly connected with the sealed fence below.
  • Monitoring larval attachment and management monitoring the attachment density of oyster larvae on the concrete surface reaches 40/100cm 2 , stopping the attachment of oyster larvae, and cleaning and collecting the remaining larvae; at the same time, monitoring the type and quantity of plankton in the sea area, and decide Whether to continue to put bait and remove the fence.
  • Cultivation of oyster eye-point larvae collect mature oyster broodstock from the local sea area, obtain sperm and eggs through dissection, artificial insemination, and cultivate indoors until more than 70% of the larvae reach the stage of eye-point larvae.
  • the cultivation process uses sand filtered seawater with a density of 7 cells/mL. The water is changed every three days.
  • the golden algae concentrated bait is fed. According to the development of the larvae, the feeding amount is from 25,000 cells/mL to 40,000 cells/mL , 60,000 cells/mL increased to 80,000 cells/mL.
  • On-site attachment ensure that the mold removal time is within the period of concentrated attachment and metamorphosis of oyster plankton larvae. Choose June in the north and May in the south. After removing the mold, immediately install the fixing frame and fence on the surface of the concrete structure. The 180-mesh fence is used above the mid-tide line, and the lower part is connected by a sealed fence and closely connected with the upper screen. Put the oyster eye spot larvae that were filtered and collected in step 2 and transported to the construction site with low temperature and dry dew at 5 to 7 pm in the enclosure, and the amount of seedlings was 3/10mL.
  • Monitoring larval attachment and management monitoring the attachment density of oyster larvae on the concrete surface reaches 45/100cm 2 , stopping the attachment of oyster larvae, and cleaning and collecting the remaining larvae; at the same time, monitoring the type and quantity of plankton in the sea area, and decide Whether to continue to put bait and remove the fence.
  • Example A1 and Example A2 are the same as the example of the preparation method of a fiber-reinforced ecological concrete, and will not be listed again.
  • Comparative Document 1 a new type of concrete artificial reef and its preparation method CN104529286 A
  • the purpose of the present invention is different from the comparison document: Although the comparison document 1 is mixed with oyster shell powder in the concrete, its purpose is to use waste, repair and improve the artificial reef.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to induce the attachment of sessile organisms, mainly oysters, and the attachment of barnacles is considered when the reinforced concrete is anti-corrosive in the tidal range.
  • Comparative Document 2 is mixed with oyster shells or oyster shell powder in the concrete, its purpose is mainly realized by the surface bionics, collecting fish, microorganisms, and algae. , Increase the number of microorganisms and improve the water environment, without mentioning oysters.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to induce the attachment of sessile organisms, mainly oysters, and the attachment of barnacles is considered when the reinforced concrete is anti-corrosive in the tidal range.
  • Comparative Document 2 points out that biological calcium carbonate powder (150-200 mesh) with a cement content of less than 10% is not obvious for inducing adhesion.
  • modified beef bone powder and biological calcium carbonate powder fineness: 100-1000 mesh
  • the optimum blending amount of beef bone powder and biological calcium carbonate powder is within 10% of the gelling material. .
  • shell powder is added to the concrete to induce the attachment of fixed organisms, and the mixing amount of the shell powder accounts for less than 10% of the mass of the cementing material, which not only has simple construction, but also greatly increases the adhesion amount of oysters.
  • Comparative Document 3 uses 80 mesh beef bone powder, calcium powder and gypsum powder, which are separately mixed into concrete.
  • the fineness of all the calcareous materials in the present invention is greater than 100 mesh, which is greater than the material fineness in the reference document 3. It is also mixed with bovine bone powder and modified, taking into account the concrete particle gradation and its inducing ability.
  • a vibration mill is used to grind beef bone meal.
  • the fineness is greater than 80 mesh, because the beef bone meal contains a large amount of collagen, the agglomeration is serious and the grinding cannot be continued.
  • the dilute acid modification technology is used and combined with other substances to be ground to obtain modified biological calcium powder with a small particle size and a fineness of more than 200 meshes.
  • the prepared bio-calcium powder retains the original substance of bio-calcium, increases the release rate of the substance that induces the attachment of oyster larvae, and reduces the amount of bio-calcium powder, thereby reducing the impact on the performance of cement concrete.
  • the present invention gives full play to the inducing ability of bovine bone powder, greatly reduces the amount of bovine bone powder, and carries out anti-corrosion treatment and modification, and realizes the compound induction based on bovine bone powder. It has a small content and hardly affects the strength and permeability of concrete. At the same time, it has strong adhesion of oyster larvae, and solves the problem of mildew in concrete. Compared with the concrete without the inducer, the number of oyster larvae on the concrete with the inducer increased significantly, as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
  • the comparative documents and the literature data that have been consulted show that the calcium content is very important for the attachment of oyster larvae.
  • some current experimental results also prove that adding an appropriate amount of calcium carbonate to cement-based materials can promote the attachment and growth of oyster larvae.
  • the pH value in the pore solution is generally greater than 12.5.
  • the pH value of the saturated calcium hydroxide solution is about 12 at room temperature, so the calcium ion concentration in the concrete pore solution is about 5mmol/L;
  • the solubility of calcium is very small, only 9.5 ⁇ 10 -5 mol/L (9.5 ⁇ 10 -2 mmol/L) at 25°C.
  • Comparative Document 4 composite Portland cement, slag Portland cement, pozzolanic Portland cement, fly ash Portland cement and aluminate cement are used: ordinary Portland cement and minerals are used in the present invention.
  • the compound admixture of admixtures is used to achieve low alkalinity cement; among them, silica fume is a kind of mineral admixture with high activity, and the appropriate amount of admixture has a significant effect on the durability of reinforced concrete in the marine environment. Through optimized design and experiments, it can be A low alkalinity cement with excellent strength and durability is obtained.
  • the concrete in Comparative Document 4 is used to enrich marine organisms, which mainly starts from the size and diversity of attached biomass, and the main attached organisms are various algae.
  • the research purpose of the present invention is to induce the attachment of oysters, but the tolerance of oysters and barnacles to alkalinity is higher than that of algae, and the attachment and metamorphosis of oysters require a large amount of calcium ions, so the two concretes seem to be the same, but in reality There is a big difference.
  • Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 are the comparison of the biological attachment conditions of the comparative document 4 after the actual sea attachment experiment of about 210 days and the present invention after the actual sea attachment experiment of 300 days.
  • dark pigments one or two of iron oxide black, aniline black, carbon black, antimony sulfide, iron oxide red, and organic pigment red
  • the color of the concrete darkens the color of the concrete and makes the oyster larvae think it is a dark environment. It induces the oyster larvae to reach the dark concrete surface by themselves, increases the chance of contact between the larvae and the concrete surface, and achieves an increase in the induced attachment rate of the oyster larvae.
  • the impermeability of concrete is designed and controlled, and the main measures are: the selection of the type of dark pigment, the control of the addition amount, and the modification.
  • Marine biological researchers in order to clarify the attachment mechanism of oysters and the purpose of breeding and proliferation, study the attachment and metamorphosis of different ions to marine sessile organisms, belonging to the Department of Marine Biology. It is quite different from marine concrete engineering or concrete materials disciplines, and they are completely two major disciplines. Through the intersection of marine sessile organisms and concrete disciplines, it is obtained that the corresponding substances are added to concrete to induce the attachment of oyster larvae on the concrete surface. Because soluble salts have a great influence on the performance of concrete, such as affecting early workability, setting time, and later strength and impermeability, the present invention uses diatomaceous earth as a carrier to fix these inorganic salts on the diatomaceous earth.
  • the strength and permeability of concrete are the two most important properties of concrete.
  • the addition of different inducers to the benchmark concrete will have an impact on the performance of the concrete. Therefore, when considering the addition of different substances to promote the attachment, metamorphosis and later growth of the oyster larvae, the overall strength and strength of the concrete must be controlled first.
  • the permeability does not have a big impact, and then select the raw materials according to the compatibility of various raw materials. When the performance of the raw materials cannot meet the actual requirements, the raw materials are modified and then added to achieve the desired function.
  • adding an inducer to the concrete must ensure that the change in the impermeability of the concrete is within a controllable range, such as the change does not exceed 10%. Only in this way can the induction effects of these be compared. Otherwise, it is impossible to evaluate the effect of single-mixing inducer or compound-mixing inducer on the induction effect of oyster larvae.
  • fibers can enhance the strength of concrete, especially the tensile strength.
  • the alkali-resistant fiber is combined with the ecological concrete to enhance the properties of crack resistance, bending resistance and fatigue resistance of the concrete. It can reduce the early cracking of concrete when applied to breakwater components, and reduce the damage rate of the components during transportation and fixing at the sea, especially increasing the ability to resist extreme loads such as typhoons.

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Abstract

一种诱导海洋固着生物附着与应用技术,尤其涉及一种生态混凝土及制备方法、高耐久海洋混凝土结构建造方法。生态混凝土具有诱导剂掺量小,不影响混凝土强度及渗透性以及诱导固着生物快速、致密附着的特点,同时高耐久海洋混凝土结构建造方法可大幅度提高结构耐久性,实现改善、修复海域生态环境的作用。

Description

生态混凝土及制备方法、高耐久海洋混凝土结构建造方法
本申请要求于2019年12月2日提交中国专利局、申请号为201911210503.0,发明名称为“一种纤维增强生态混凝土及制备方法”的中国专利申请的优先权,要求2019年12月2日提交中国专利局、申请号为201911210464.4,发明名称为“一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种诱导海洋固着生物附着的技术,尤其涉及一种生态混凝土及制备方法、高耐久海洋混凝土结构建造方法,属于海洋固着生物与海洋混凝土交叉领域。
背景技术
钢筋混凝土广泛应用于海洋基础设施建设中,如海港码头、跨海大桥、海洋平台和海底隧道等。然而,因氯离子侵蚀导致的钢筋锈蚀问题极大的缩短了钢筋混凝土结构的服役寿命,给社会带来巨大的经济负担。迄今为止,对于海洋环境下的钢筋混凝土工程,具有代表性的防腐蚀技术主要包括高性能混凝土、表面涂层、FRP筋、钢筋阻锈剂和电化学防护技术等。这些防腐蚀技术都存在一些缺点或不足,如施工难度大、材料易老化耐久性不足、长期不可预见性、成本高等中的一个或多个。此外,目前的防腐蚀技术大多数是针对于浪溅区,而对于潮差区的防腐蚀,存在措施少、成本高以及防腐蚀效果差的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决目前采用单掺钙质材料的混凝土底质,存在钙质材料掺量过大,混凝土耐久性严重不良以及诱导牡蛎幼虫附着效率低的问题而提供一种可使诱导固着生物快速、致密地附着在混凝土表面且高耐久的纤维增强生态混凝土及制备方法。
本发明的目的是这样实现的:本发明通过使用低碱度水泥,并在混凝土中添加深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维并控制混凝土渗透性的方法,使混凝土具有高诱导牡蛎幼虫附着、变态的能力,并保证了混凝土的高耐久性,又对海洋环境无污染。
本发明还包括这样一些结构特征:
其材料组分包括:胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂,重量配比依次为:12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%、0.2%~1.7%、0.15~1.0%、0.15~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%和0.02%~0.1%。
优选的,所述的深色颜料为:氧化铁黑、苯胺黑、炭黑、硫化锑、氧化铁红、有机颜料红中的一种或两种。并根据对混凝土的性能影响程度,进行这些颜料的改性,采用透明树脂、有机硅、二甲硅氧烷、超疏水材料中的一种进行改性处理。
优选的,所述的生物钙粉为:牛骨粉,生物碳酸钙粉包括牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉、鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉中的一种或几种复合,其细度为100目~1000目。
优选的,所述的生物钙粉改性方法为:对100目到500目间的鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉、牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括乙酸、醋酸、硅酸、亚硫酸中的一种或两种;以及对100目到500目牛骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括稀释的磷酸、硫酸、盐酸和硝酸中的一种或两种。
优选的,所述的碳酸钙粉为:方解石、白垩、石灰岩、大理石、文石、石灰华粉末,以及经加工处理的轻质碳酸钙、活性碳酸钙、碳酸钙晶须和超细轻质碳酸钙中的一种或几种,且细度大于200目。
优选的,所述的微量元素为:锌、铁、钾和磷,其可以选择天然矿物、工业产品或者化工试剂,包括硫酸锌、磷酸钙、磷酸锌、硫酸钾、硝酸钾、硫酸铁、硝酸铵、磷酸钾、磷酸铵、磷酸铁中一种或多种,并对其进行改性,使之实现相应离子的缓释及减少或者消除对混凝土性能的不良影响。不过,对于富营养化的区 域,不选择有氮、磷元素的物质。
优选的,所述的短切纤维为:无机纤维(长12~40mm),如玄武岩纤维、耐碱玻璃纤维、碳纤维中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述的胶凝材料为:掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥,硫铝酸盐水泥、碱激发胶凝材料中一种。其中掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥中的矿物掺合料包括硅灰、矿渣粉和粉煤灰中的一种或多种组合;硫铝酸盐水泥,包括快硬硫铝酸盐水泥、高强硫铝酸盐水泥、膨胀硫铝酸盐水泥中的一种或两种;碱激发胶凝材料为碱激发矿渣、碱激发矿渣+粉煤灰中的一种。
优选的,所述的砂为:河砂、机制砂(母岩为玄武岩或花岗岩)或者淡化海砂中的一种或几种。
一种纤维增强生态混凝土的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1:精确称量胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂;
S2:先将碎石、砂放入混凝土搅拌机中搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入胶凝材料、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉及微量元素再继续搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入短切纤维、水和超塑化剂搅拌3~8分钟;搅拌均匀后,进行浇筑、振捣,随后进行标准养护28d或根据实际情况进行养护,即可制得一种纤维增强生态混凝土。本发明的目的是为了在海洋环境下建造一个高耐久、生态型的钢筋混凝土结构,解决钢筋混凝土结构在海洋环境中服役寿命短、对生态不利的问题而提供一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法。
本发明的目的是这样实现的:建造方法由以下部分构成:
(1)混凝土结构修建位置海区调查
(2)牡蛎眼点幼虫的培养
(3)混凝土结构的建造
(4)现场附着
(5)监测幼虫附着与管理:
本发明还包括这样一些结构特征:
所用的混凝土材料组分包括:胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%、0.2%~1.7%、0.15~1.0%、0.15~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%和0.02%~0.1%。
具体技术方案步骤如下:
(1)混凝土结构修建位置海区调查:调研该海区的牡蛎优势种属以及是否有牡蛎附着,并对该海区进行不同季节的气温、海水温度、溶解氧、浮游生物、总溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、活性硅酸盐,Ca 2+、Zn 2+、K +等进行调研,以及历年台风次数,强度等进行调研;
(2)牡蛎眼点幼虫的培养:采集当地海域的成熟牡蛎亲贝,通过解剖法获得精子和卵子,人工授精,并在室内培养至眼点幼虫时期。培育过程使用砂滤海水,密度为2-10个/mL,每两天全量换水一次,投喂金藻或硅藻浓缩饵料,根据幼虫发育情况,投喂量由2万细胞/mL逐渐增加到9万细胞/mL。
(3)混凝土结构的建造:采用现场浇筑的方法,将高诱导海洋固着生物附着、变态及促进生长的纤维增强生态混凝土浇筑在预先准备好的模板内,并养护14d以上;
(4)现场附着:于牡蛎浮游幼虫集中附着变态期,在结构上加装固定架,低潮线以下部分密封围挡,上部采用80~200目的筛网和下面的密封围挡紧密连接,然后将(2)中的牡蛎眼点幼虫过滤收集后低温干露运输至施工现场,放入围挡中,放苗量为1~5个/10mL。
(5)监测幼虫附着与管理:监测牡蛎幼虫在混凝土表面的附着情况,并根据实际情况采取相应的措施。
(3)中所述的纤维增强生态混凝土中的原材料,如下:
优选的,所述的深色颜料为:氧化铁黑、苯胺黑、炭黑、硫化锑、氧化铁红、有机颜料红中的一种或两种。并根据对混凝土的性能影响程度,进行这些颜料的改性,采用透明树脂、有机硅、二甲硅氧烷、超疏水材料中的一种进行改性处理。
优选的,所述的生物钙粉为:牛骨粉,生物碳酸钙粉包括牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉、鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉中的一种或几种复合,其细度为100目~1000目。
优选的,所述的生物钙粉改性方法为:对100目到500目间的鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉、牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括乙酸、醋酸、硅酸、亚硫酸中的一种或两种;以及对100目到500目牛骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括稀释的磷酸、硫酸、盐酸和硝酸中的一种或两种。
优选的,所述的碳酸钙粉为:方解石、白垩、石灰岩、大理石、文石、石灰华粉末,以及经加工处理的轻质碳酸钙、活性碳酸钙、碳酸钙晶须和超细轻质碳酸钙中的一种或几种,且细度大于200目。
优选的,所述的微量元素为:锌、铁、钾和磷,其可以选择天然矿物、工业产品或者化工试剂,包括硫酸锌、磷酸钙、磷酸锌、硫酸钾、硝酸钾、硫酸铁、硝酸铵、磷酸钾、磷酸铵、磷酸铁中一种或多种,并对其进行改性,使之实现相应离子的缓释及减少或者消除对混凝土性能的不良影响。不过,对于富营养化的区域,不选择有氮、磷元素的物质。
优选的,所述的短切纤维为:无机纤维(长12~40mm),如玄武岩纤维、耐碱玻璃纤维、碳纤维中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述的胶凝材料为:掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥、硫铝酸盐水泥、碱激发胶凝材料中的一种。其中掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥中的矿物掺合料包括硅灰、矿渣粉和粉煤灰中的一种或多种组合;硫铝酸盐水泥,包括快硬硫铝酸盐水泥、高强硫铝酸盐水泥、膨胀硫铝酸盐水泥中的一种或两种;碱激发胶凝材料为碱激发矿渣、碱激发矿渣+粉煤灰中的一种。
优选的,所述的砂为:河砂、机制砂(母岩为玄武岩或花岗岩)或者淡化海砂中的一种或几种。
一种纤维增强生态混凝土的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1:精确称量胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂;
S2:先将碎石、砂放入混凝土搅拌机中搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入胶凝材料、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉及微量元素再继续搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入短切纤维、水和超塑化剂搅拌3~8分钟;搅拌均匀后,进行浇筑、振捣,随后进行标准养护28d或根据实际情况进行养护,即可制得一种纤维增强生态混凝土。
优选的,所述的牡蛎现场附着时加装的固定架采用龙骨—骨架形式,其为上下两种结构,下部采用高强、轻质的密封围挡,上部采用双层筛网,其中外部筛网筛孔孔径为80~300目,具体样式见图7。
(3)中所述的纤维增强生态混凝土中的原材料,其材料组分为:深色颜料、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、超塑化剂和短切纤维,其中,深色颜料、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:0.2%~1.7%、12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%和0.02%~0.1%。
(3)中所述的纤维增强生态混凝土中的原材料,其材料组分为:生物钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂,其中,生物钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:0.15~1.37%、12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%和0.02%~0.1。
(3)中所述的纤维增强生态混凝土中的原材料,其材料组分为:碳酸钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂,其中,碳酸钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:0.15~1.37%、12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%和0.02%~0.1%。
本发明的有益效果在于:本发明的目的是诱导固着生物附着,主要为牡蛎,在潮差区钢筋混凝土防腐蚀时,考虑藤壶的附着。通过控制采用稀酸改性和复合粉磨技术,充分发挥牛骨粉的诱导能力,大幅度降低牛骨粉掺量,并进行防腐蚀处理及改性,实现了以牛骨粉为主的复合诱导剂,其掺量小,几乎不影响混凝土强度和渗透性,同时具有很强的牡蛎幼虫附着能力,且解决了混凝土的发霉问题。本发明采用海洋固着生物新型的防腐蚀技术,可以大幅度提高钢筋混凝土耐久性,同时改善该海域的生态环境,并改变了建造混凝土工程破坏生态环境的现状,反而可以修复已破坏的生态环境。
附图说明
图1是掺加10%牛骨粉的不同配合比的混凝土表面发霉情况(标准养护下);
图2是掺加细度大于200目、改性的10%牛骨粉的不同配合比;
图3是实验室基准混凝土配合比牡蛎幼虫附着情况;
图4是实验室掺加牛骨粉为主的复合诱导剂配合比牡蛎幼虫附着情况;
图5是实海附着实验210d示意图;
图6是实海附着实验300d示意图;
图7是牡蛎幼虫现场附着围护结构形式;
具体实施方式
下面结合附图与具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细描述。
这些实施例仅用来说明本发明,并不限制本发明的范围。实施例1~22实施方法相同,而它们的混凝土配合比如下:
实施例1:普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土配合比,普通硅酸盐水泥、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:17.1%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
其中所述的碎石的母岩为玄武岩和辉绿岩中一种,其最大粒径不超过50mm,且级配良好;所述的砂为河砂、机制砂(母岩为花岗岩、玄武岩中的一种)或者淡化海砂中的一种或几种,且级配良好。所述的水应符合混凝土用水标准(JGJ63-2006),Cl -含量<1000mg/L,PH值>4.5,对水泥初凝时间差及终凝时间、强度及渗透性影响小。且实施例1~22中所选以上材料相同。
实施例2:基准混凝土配合比,普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:10.26%、0.86%、5.98%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
Figure PCTCN2020133106-appb-000001
以上实例表明,将高炉矿渣粉及硅灰掺入混凝土中,不但可以填充水泥等颗粒间的空隙,还可以发生火山灰反应,进而改善过渡区界面微结构,这样既保证了混凝土的基本强度,又降低了混凝土自身碱度以及渗透性。在达到了降低混凝土与其接触海水间碱度差效果的同时,其低渗透性也可以控制碱的释放速率,最后使牡蛎幼虫更易附着于混凝土表面。
实施例3:未改性深色颜料、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.51%、10.26%、0.79%、5.54%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例4:未改性深色颜料、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.86%、10.26%、0.75%、5.23%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例5:未改性深色颜料、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:1.37%、10.26%、0.68%、4.79%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例6:改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.51%、10.26%、0.79%、5.54%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例7:改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.86%、10.26%、0.75%、5.23%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例8:改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:1.37%、10.26%、0.68%、4.79%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
其中改性深色颜料采用196透明树脂,掺加3%的固化剂和1.5%促进剂同颜料混合,且颜料与树脂的体积比为:1:0.2;常温固化4h,60℃固化4h,然后敲碎,用振动磨研磨,细度大于400目即可。
Figure PCTCN2020133106-appb-000002
黑色颜料对混凝土的渗透性影响很大,并且随着掺量的增加,牡蛎幼虫附着量减少。一方面是由于混凝土渗透性增加,增大了混凝土的碱的渗出,另一方面,可能由于其中的铁氧化物转换为铁离子,导致铁离子浓度增加,会抑制牡蛎幼虫的附着。针对该问题,采用树脂包覆颜料后,再粉磨成粉末,可以大幅度提高混凝土的抗渗性,特别是掺量为1.37%时,其电通量仅增加3.2%。同时随着深色颜料的增加,牡蛎附着持续增加,不同于改性前在掺量为1.37%,表现为牡蛎幼虫附着率下降。
实施例9:未改性牛骨粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.51%、10.26%、0.79%、5.54%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例10:未改性牛骨粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.86%、10.26%、0.75%、5.23%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例11:未改性牛骨粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:1.37%、10.26%、0.68%、4.79%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例12:改性牛骨粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.51%、10.26%、0.79%、5.54%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例13:改性牛骨粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.86%、10.26%、0.75%、5.23%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例14:改性牛骨粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:1.37%、10.26%、0.68%、4.79%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
将100目的牛骨粉加入到浓度2%的磷酸溶液,两者的重量比为1:3,温度为20~30℃,在转速为200~500转/分搅拌器内搅拌30分钟,采用3000~5000转/分的离心机离心3分钟,倒掉上清液,并用水清洗离心后的固体物质的固体物质2~3次,洗涤水不再显示酸性;将离心后的固体物质在40℃真空干燥,将干燥的牛骨粉与矿渣粉按1:4混合,用振动磨粉磨到细度大于200目,待用。
Figure PCTCN2020133106-appb-000003
注:将改性牛骨粉细度粉磨到200目~300目
针对牛骨粉粉磨难度大,一般在100目左右就很难再继续粉磨,这里通过先采用浓度为2%的稀磷酸对100目的牛骨粉进行化学改性,然后将干燥的牛骨粉与矿渣粉按1:4混合,用振动磨粉磨到细度大于200目。这样改性后的牛骨粉,增大了其与混凝土中碱性物质的接触,同时混凝土内部的微观结构更加致密,没出现前面所出现的发霉现象。且经改性后,渗透性在低掺量的情况下,混凝土的抗渗性还有所改善。即使掺量达到1.37%,其电通量增加只有4.2%,以及牡蛎幼虫的附着变化率从205%增加到400%。
实施例15:改性牛骨粉、改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、牡蛎壳粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.51%、0.86%、0.51%、10.26%、0.62%、4.34%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例16:改性牛骨粉、改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、牡蛎壳粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.86%、0.86%、0.51%、10.26%、0.58%、4.03%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
Figure PCTCN2020133106-appb-000004
本实例通过在基准混凝土的基础上,复合掺加深色颜料、牡蛎壳粉、牛骨粉,通过基准混凝土为牡蛎附着、变态提供必要的Ca 2+,且具有较低的碱度;同时深色颜料使混凝土颜色变深,吸收了几乎所有的可见光,混凝土表面变为黑色,提供了阴暗的环境;掺加贝壳粉和牛骨粉提供其附着必需的HCO 3 -、PO 4 3-,以及各种微量元素,共同促进牡蛎的附着,使得牡蛎幼虫在深色颜料为0.86%、牡蛎壳粉为0.51%、牛骨粉0.51%时,其附着变化率可达317%,当深色颜料为0.86%、牡蛎壳粉为0.51%、牛骨粉0.86%时,附着变化率增幅为517%。
实施例17:碳酸钙粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.51%、10.26%、0.79%、5.54%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例18:碳酸钙粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.86%、10.26%、0.75%、5.23%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例19:碳酸钙粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:1.37%、10.26%、0.68%、4.79%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
Figure PCTCN2020133106-appb-000005
本实施例通过使用不同掺量的600目碳酸钙粉等量取代矿物掺合料。随着碳酸钙粉含量的增加,混凝土抗渗性能减弱,但混凝土的电通量低于基准值,即使在掺量为1.37%时,其仍比基准组的抗渗性要好。随着碳酸钙粉掺量的增加,增大了混凝土中的碳酸钙溶解的几率,从而使得附着变化率增加,具体表现为掺量分别为0.51%、0.86%及1.37%,牡蛎幼虫附着变化率分别提高了20%,40%及50%。
实施例20:硫酸锌、改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、改性牛骨粉、碳酸钙粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.3%、0.86%、0.86%、0.51%、10.26%、0.54%、3.77%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
实施例21:硫酸锌、改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、改性牛骨粉、碳酸钙粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.6%、0.86%、0.86%、0.51%、10.26%、0.50%、3.51%、46.67%、29.0%、7.2%、0.03%。
改性的硫酸锌方法如下:选取硅藻土SiO 2含量>90%,细度600目的硅藻土,在60℃的搅拌器内,加入150g水,然后加入100g硫酸锌,搅拌到溶解完全,待用;然后将150g上述的硅藻土加热到60℃添加到溶液中,转速为200~500转/分的搅拌器内搅拌10分钟,然后在烘干温度为100℃的干燥箱中干燥,即可得到改性的硫酸锌。
Figure PCTCN2020133106-appb-000006
本实例通过在基准混凝土的基础上,复合掺加硫酸锌、牛骨粉、碳酸钙粉和深色颜料,通过基准混凝土为牡蛎附着、变态提供必要的Ca 2+,且具有较低的碱度;同时深色颜料使混凝土颜色变深,吸收了几乎所有的可见光,混凝土表面变为黑色,提供了阴暗的环境;掺加牛骨粉和碳酸钙粉提供其附着必需的HCO 3 -、PO 4 3-,以及牛骨粉内的各种微量元素,硫酸锌提供的Zn 2+可促进牡蛎幼虫的早期附着,以上从牡蛎幼虫的早期诱导附着、变态所需的离子及深色方面给予全方位的满足,得到很好的效果,深色颜料为0.86%、牛骨粉为0.51%、碳酸钙粉为0.51%,以及硫酸锌为0.3%时,其附着变化率可达580%,当深色颜料为0.86%、牛骨粉为0.86%、碳酸钙粉为0.51%,以及硫酸锌为0.6%时,附着变化率为652%。
实施例22:硫酸锌、改性深色颜料(氧化铁黑:苯胺黑混合物质量比=1:1)、改性牛骨粉、碳酸钙粉、普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、高炉矿渣粉、碎石、砂、水、短切纤维和聚羧酸减水剂粉重量配比依次为:0.6%、0.86%、0.86%、0.51%、10.26%、0.50%、3.51%、46.42%、28.85%、7.2%、0.4%、0.03%。
实施例1~22实施方法具体操作步骤如下:
按照上述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土的制备方法,制备3个Φ100×50mm圆柱体试件和5块200×200×30mm长方体试件,分别用于测试该混凝土28d抗氯离子渗透性和标准养护28d后实验室内牡蛎幼虫附着变态情况。具体操作步骤如下:
(一)试件成型
1、计算并按照上述的质量精确称量普通硅酸盐水泥、矿物掺合料、碎石、砂、水、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、深色颜料、生物钙粉、短切纤维和聚羧酸减水剂粉。
2、先将碎石和砂放入混凝土搅拌机中搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入硅酸盐水泥、矿物掺合料、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、生物钙粉、深色颜料,再继续搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入短切纤维、水和超塑化剂搅拌2~6分钟;搅拌均匀后,进行浇筑、振捣、拆模,即可制得3个Φ100×50mm圆柱体试件和5块200×200×30mm长方体试件;最后将其放入标准养护室持续28d,并在各龄期进行相应的渗透性能评价,以及在28d后进行实验室内牡蛎幼虫附着、变态实验。
(二)快速氯离子渗透实验具体步骤如下:
根据标准《Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration》(ASTM1202-2017),标准养护28d时,分别从养护室中取出3个Φ100×50mm圆柱体试件,并将其表面水分及杂物清理干净,待其表面干燥后在圆柱体试件侧面涂刷一薄层环氧树脂。然后将试件放入真空饱水机中持续20至24h。然后取出试件清理表面,并将其置于有机玻璃模具中,同时检测试件与模具之间密封性后,在其两侧模具之中分别装入质量浓度为3%的氯化钠溶液(电极连电源负极)和摩尔浓度为0.3mol/L的氢氧化 钠溶液(电极连电源正极)。接着启动实验仪器,在6h后记录实验数据,后两个试件重复上述操作。最后根据规范进行强度计算。
(三)室内牡蛎幼虫附着变态实验具体步骤如下:
标准养护28d后,分别从养护室中取出200×200×30mm长方体试件,并将其表面水分及杂物清理干净,随后放入试验池中,池中海水为砂滤后的黄海海水,盐度约为32%~34%,待海水水位高于混凝土试件后,将氧气管均匀散布在试验池中,准备牡蛎幼虫投放。
并在诱导牡蛎附着试验开始后,将试验池内海水每日进行更换,换水量为试验池总容量的1/3,使用筛网(≥200目)堵在排水口,防止未附着的牡蛎幼苗随水流失,将筛网上的幼苗再次投放到试验池中,之后每日9时及19时使用胶头滴管定时定量投喂小球藻,并观察牡蛎附着情况。
试验持续30d后,将试验池中的水排出,取出试件,对试件表面牡蛎数目及成活率进行统计记录分析,统计时取混凝土浇筑成型时光滑的底面。
与目前已知的几种典型的现有技术相比,本发明的特点是:
与对比文件1(一种新型混凝土人工鱼礁及其制备方法CN104529286 A)相比,区别在于:
本发明中的目的与对比文件不同:对比文件1虽然在混凝土中掺加牡蛎壳粉,但它的目的是废弃物利用,修复和完善人工鱼礁。而本发明的目的是诱导固着生物附着,主要为牡蛎,在潮差区钢筋混凝土防腐蚀时,考虑藤壶的附着。
与对比文件2(一种仿生混凝土人工鱼礁及其制备方法2015CN104938384 A)相比,区别在于:
(1)本发明中的目的与对比文件2不同:对比文件2虽然在混凝土中掺加牡蛎壳或牡蛎壳粉,但它的目的主要通过表面的仿生性来实现,集鱼、集微生物、藻类,增加微生物数量改善水体环境,未提及牡蛎。而本发明的目的是诱导固着生物附着,主要为牡蛎,在潮差区钢筋混凝土防腐蚀时,考虑藤壶的附着。
(2)对比文件2指出,水泥掺量10%以下的生物碳酸钙粉(150~200目)对诱导附着不明显。但本发明在研究过程中采用改性的牛骨粉与生物碳酸钙粉(细度:100~1000目),得到了牛骨粉和生物碳酸钙粉的最适掺量为胶凝材料的10%以内。
(3)通过对牛骨粉和生物碳酸钙粉的改性,具体为对100目到500目间的鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉、牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括乙酸、醋酸、硅酸、亚硫酸等中的一种或两种;对100目到500目牛骨粉采用以下酸处理,包括稀释的磷酸、硫酸、盐酸和硝酸中的一种或两种。
(4)对比文件在混凝土表面镶嵌牡蛎壳施工困难,也并不是每个工程表面都能采用这样的方法,可行性低。本发明在混凝土内中加入贝壳粉以诱导固着生物附着,且贝壳粉的掺量占胶凝材料质量的10%以下,不仅施工简单还能大幅度增加牡蛎附着量。
(5)海洋环境下,近年来出现了多次的人工鱼礁腐蚀严重的现象,主要受厌氧微生物硫杆菌分泌的生物硫酸和其它细菌分泌的酸性物质等共同作用造成了严重的腐蚀。而碳酸钙抗酸腐蚀的能力很弱,因此,细度较大的碳酸钙含量过高会造成严重的酸腐蚀。
与对比文件3(范瑞良.基质类型对牡蛎附着、生长、种群建立及礁体发育的影响[D])相比,区别在于:
(1)对比文件3,使用了80目的牛骨粉、钙粉和石膏粉,分别单独掺加于混凝土中。本发明中所有的钙质材料的细度均大于100目,大于对比文件3中的材料细度。同样是掺加了牛骨粉,进行了改性,并考虑混凝土颗粒级配及其的诱导能力。
(2)常温条件下,用振动磨进行牛骨粉的粉磨,当细度大于80目后,由于牛骨粉含有大量的胶原蛋白,结团严重,无法继续粉磨。本发明中采用了稀酸改性技术,并与其它物质复合粉磨,得到了粒径小的牛骨粉,细度>200目的改性生物钙粉。所制备的生物钙粉,保留了生物钙的原有的物质,并增大了其诱导牡蛎幼虫附着物质的释放速率,并降低生物钙粉掺量,从而降低对水泥混凝土性能的影响。
(3)由于牛骨粉中含有丰富的胶原蛋白等有机物质,这些物质的大量掺入会引起混凝土强度和抗渗性下降,特别是超过5%后,增大掺量,混凝土强度迅速下降、抗渗性显著变差,以及标准养护条件下混凝土表 面会长霉。图1是混凝土试件发霉的情况。图2为改性后混凝土的表面情况。
从图1中可以看出,混凝土表面的霉呈白色絮状,几乎覆盖了整个混凝土表面;相同的牛骨粉掺量、龄期、养护条件,图2中的混凝土表面则没有发霉。
本发明通过控制采用稀酸改性和复合粉磨技术,充分发挥牛骨粉的诱导能力,大幅度降低牛骨粉掺量,并进行防腐蚀处理及改性,实现了以牛骨粉为主的复合诱导剂,其掺量小,几乎不影响混凝土强度和渗透性,同时具有很强的牡蛎幼虫附着能力,且解决了混凝土的发霉问题。相对于不掺加诱导剂的混凝土,掺加诱导剂的混凝土牡蛎幼虫附着个数明显增加,具体见图3及图4。
对比文件及查阅到的文献资料表明:钙含量对牡蛎幼虫的附着至关重要,同样目前一些实验结果也证明在水泥基材料中掺加适量的碳酸钙质的物质可以促进牡蛎幼虫的附着及生长。但是水泥混凝土中有大量的钙离子,孔溶液中的pH值一般大于12.5,饱和氢氧化钙溶液的pH值在常温约为12,所以混凝土孔溶液中的钙离子浓度约5mmol/L;而碳酸钙的溶解度很小,在25℃时只有9.5×10 -5mol/L(9.5×10 -2mmol/L)。目前认为诱导牡蛎附着的钙离子浓度最佳范围为10~25mmol/L,即使将牡蛎幼虫放置在饱和的碳酸钙溶液中,也没有足够的Ca 2+浓度为牡蛎附着提供适宜的离子浓度。进一步说,水泥混凝土内部的Ca(OH) 2可以较快的释放出来,而碳酸钙的溶解则需要较长的时间。因此,可以确定在混凝土中掺入碳酸钙质材料促进牡蛎幼虫的附着,Ca 2+不是起主导作用。牡蛎的早期附着、变态与HCO 3 -有关,在变态时和Ca 2+一起生成碳酸钙的次生壳。掺加碳酸钙后,由于碳酸钙与CO 2和水反应,生成Ca(HCO 3) 2后参与附着,是其对牡蛎幼虫附着促进的根本机理。
水泥基材料中碳酸钙掺量有一个最适掺量,可以从以下三方面进行解释:
1)对于等量取代水泥,随着碳酸钙掺量的增加,混凝土中的碱被稀释,总的碱度在降低,但是随着碳酸钙掺量的增加,混凝土中的碳酸钙溶解几率增大,其溶液中的HCO 3 -含量增加,所以促进牡蛎的附着与变态;但是掺量过大时,混凝土的渗透性急剧增大,混凝土中的碱和碳酸根快速渗出,使得碱的负面效应凸显,而碳酸根的临界或者负面效应初显,所以表现为附着量降低;
2)对于等量取代骨料,其随着掺量的增加,混凝土的渗透性下降,会导致钙离子及OH -的渗出减少,但碳酸根离子的渗透速率会先渐增大,到达一定值时,表现为牡蛎附着达到最大值;而随着掺量继续增大,则钙离子下降幅度大,而碳酸根则也可能会降低,会出现钙离子浓度限制牡蛎幼虫的附着,表现为附着量降低;
3)对于等量取代矿物掺合料,同样随着掺量的增加,渗透性在增加,且由于碳酸钙的增加,使牡蛎附着要求所需的HCO 3 -浓度达到了一个合适范围,表现为牡蛎幼虫附着增加;随着矿物掺合料掺量继续增大,降低了矿物掺合料的掺量,从而渗出的碱量增加,碳酸根增加,但过多的碱及HCO 3 -离子会抑制牡蛎幼虫附着。
与对比文件4(李真真,公丕海,关长涛,et al.不同水泥类型混凝土人工鱼礁的生物附着效果[J].渔业科学进展,2017,38(5):57-63.)相比,区别在于:
对比文件4中使用了复合硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥和铝酸盐水泥:本发明中采用了普通硅酸盐水泥与矿物掺合料的复合掺加来实现低碱度水泥;其中硅灰是矿物掺合料中一种活性高,适宜掺量对海洋环境下钢筋混凝土耐久性提升效果明显,通过优化设计及实验,可以得到强度和耐久性均优的低碱度水泥。同时利用硅灰混凝土的高抗渗性特点,即使混凝土内部碱度较高,仍有大量的牡蛎幼虫附着、变态及生长。以及采用低碱度的硫铝酸盐水泥的复合,调控水泥混凝土的碱度,为牡蛎幼虫附着提供适宜的pH值。此外,海洋植物和牡蛎、藤壶等固着生物耐碱能力不同,且在附着期及后期需要的环境不同,如藤壶和牡蛎的附着、变态及后期生长都需要大量的钙离子。
对比文件4中的混凝土用于富集海洋生物,其主要从附着生物量的大小和多样性出发,主要附着的生物为各种藻类等。本发明中研究目的则是诱导牡蛎附着,但是牡蛎和藤壶对碱度的耐受性要高于藻类,并且牡蛎的附着、变态需要大量的钙离子,所以说两种混凝土看似一样,实则存在很大区别。图5和图6分别是对比文件4经过210d左右的实海附着实验和本发明经过300d的实海附着实验后生物附着的情况对比。
因此,由于这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、海洋植物与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过对比文件1而获得本发明中的将混凝土碱度降低与钙离子浓度之间的平衡与海洋固着生物的附着紧密关联的技术特征。
另外,本发明中独有的特点及其具有的有益效果如下:
深色颜料
利用牡蛎眼点幼虫的避光特性,采用深色颜料(氧化铁黑、苯胺黑、炭黑、硫化锑、氧化铁红、有机颜料红中的一种或两种)掺入混凝土中,改变混凝土的颜色,使混凝土的颜色变深,让牡蛎幼虫认为就是黑暗环境,诱导牡蛎幼虫自行到达深色的混凝土表面,增加幼虫与混凝土表面的接触几率,实现牡蛎幼虫诱导附着率增加。具体为:
海洋生物研究人员,为了养殖增殖或者是为了消除不期望出现的种群等情况下,考虑了采用不同颜色的底质对海洋固着生物的附着的研究,属于海洋生物学科。和海洋混凝土工程或者混凝土材料学科相差较大,完全是两个大的学科。通过海洋固着生物与混凝土学科的交叉,得到了采用深色混凝土进行牡蛎幼虫的诱导附着。本发明中采用添加深色颜料,用加深混凝土表面的颜色来促进牡蛎幼虫的附着。混凝土中掺入其它的材料,都会对混凝土的性能产生影响。本发明考虑到不同水泥的混凝土,其表面的颜色均有差异。因此,根据水泥的类型和掺量来确定深色物质的掺量。深色颜料也会影响混凝土的性能。最为重要的是,掺加深色颜料的同时,若不控制混凝土中的碱和Ca 2+等渗透速率,释放出的碱会影响固着生物幼虫的附着、变态及生长,就会出现掺量大于一定值时,幼虫附着量有所降低。本发明中对混凝土的抗渗性进行了设计和控制,主要措施为:深色颜料类型的选取、掺加量的控制及进行改性。随着深色物质掺量的增加,幼虫附着率先增大,当掺量为胶凝材料的0.5%~6%时,幼虫的附着量最大,但之后小幅增加或者保持不变。
微量元素
根据牡蛎体内富集大量的锌,远远高于它所生存的海水,同时其体内还含有较多的Fe、P和K元素。同时,溶液中适宜的Zn 2+,K +浓度可以促进牡蛎幼虫的早期附着与变态。因此,采用硫酸锌、硫酸钾、硝酸钾、硫酸铁、磷酸锌、硝酸铵、磷酸钾、磷酸铵、磷酸铁、磷酸钙作为微量元素掺入混凝土中,并通过对这些物质的改性,使混凝土的强度和抗渗性基本保持不变,实现牡蛎幼虫诱导附着率大幅度增加。具体为:
海洋生物研究人员,为了明晰牡蛎附着机理及养殖增殖的目的,研究不同的离子对海洋固着生物的附着、变态研究,属于海洋生物学科。和海洋混凝土工程或者混凝土材料学科相差较大,完全是两个大的学科。通过海洋固着生物与混凝土学科的交叉,得到了采用混凝土中加入相应的物质,来诱导牡蛎幼虫在混凝土表面的附着。因可溶性盐类对混凝土的性能影响很大,如影响早期的工作性、凝结时间以及后期的强度与抗渗性,本发明通过采用硅藻土为载体,把这些无机盐固定在硅藻土的内部,减小可溶性盐对混凝土的性能影响,同时利用硅藻土对混凝土性能提升的作用,实现在掺加这些诱导物质时,仍可以保持混凝土的良好力学性能和抗渗性能。另外由于硅藻土作为载体具有缓释作用,使可溶性盐释放较缓慢,特别是经过海水浸泡超过一定时间后,释放速率维持在一个很小的速率。因此,同样这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、化学与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过现有的背景而获得本发明中的将微量元素掺入混凝土,改变混凝土表面微量元素的离子含量和控制混凝土渗透性与具有高诱导牡蛎幼虫附着能力的混凝土紧密关联的技术特征。
混凝土渗透性
混凝土的强度和渗透性是混凝土最主要的两个性能。而在基准混凝土中掺加不同的诱导剂,都会对混凝土性能产生影响,因此,在考虑掺加不同物质促进牡蛎幼虫附着、变态及后期生长时,首先一定要从整体控制其对混凝土的强度和渗透性不产生大的影响,然后再根据各种原材料的配伍性去选择原材料,当原材料性能不能满足实际要求时,则通过对原材料的改性后再加入,从而达到我们期望的功能。但实际上,前述的相关研究虽然考虑到了钙质的掺量对牡蛎幼虫附着的影响,但是不考虑混凝土本身的性能,不去考虑水灰比以及钙质的掺量以及养护等,而混凝土渗透性的变化会使混凝土内部碱和离子渗漏的速率改变,混凝土的抗渗 性越差,其内部的碱和离子的渗漏速率越大,可能是指数形式的增长。因此,这些释放出来的碱和离子会对幼虫产生很大影响,可能出现从促进附着变为抑制附着的情况,特别水泥掺量大时,这种情况会更严重。因此,混凝土中掺加诱导剂,一定要保证混凝土的抗渗性的变化在可控的范围内,如变化不超过10%。这样才能对这些的诱导效果进行比较,否则的话,则无法评价单掺诱导剂或者诱导剂复合掺加对牡蛎幼虫诱导效果的影响。
只有掌握了海洋固着生物在附着、变态及后期生长的所需的最适环境,并能从混凝土的抗渗性高度出发进行设计混凝土,而不是只考虑各种原材料的掺量而忽略由此带来的混凝土的抗渗性改变。因此,同样这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、化学与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过现有的背景而获得本发明中的混凝土抗渗性的整体控制与诱导剂促进牡蛎高效诱导附着能力的紧密关联的技术特征。
此外,纤维可以增强混凝土的强度,特别是抗拉强度。本发明中将耐碱的纤维与具有生态性的混凝土结合,增强了混凝土的抗裂、抗弯、耐疲劳的特性。其可以减少混凝土在应用于防波堤构件时的早期开裂,以及降低构件在运送和在海边固定过程中的损坏率,特别是增加抵抗台风等极端荷载的能力。
因此,由于这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、海洋植物与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过对比文件而获得本发明中的深色颜料掺入混凝土中改变颜色、牛骨粉改性、粉磨技术和控制混凝土渗透性与具有高效诱导牡蛎附着能力和高耐久性的混凝土紧密关联的技术特征。且无法通过对比文件而获得本发明中的将混凝土碱度降低与钙离子浓度之间的平衡与海洋固着生物的附着紧密关联的技术特征。
实施例A1:
(1)混凝土结构修建位置海区调查:调研该海区的牡蛎优势种属以及是否有牡蛎附着,并每季度进行15次测试并记录该海区的气温、海水温度、溶解氧、浮游生物、总溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐,活性硅酸盐以及Ca 2+、Zn 2+、K +离子,同时对历年台风次数,强度进行调研;并查阅多年的海域气象和水文资料;分析海洋混凝土工程结构建造的可行方法及解决措施;
(2)牡蛎眼点幼虫的培养:采集当地海域的成熟牡蛎亲贝,通过解剖法获得精子和卵子,人工授精,并在室内培养至60%以上的幼虫达到眼点幼虫时期。培育过程使用砂滤海水,密度为5个/mL,每两天全量换水一次,投喂金藻浓缩饵料,并根据幼虫发育情况,投喂量从2万细胞/mL、3万细胞/mL、5万细胞/mL增加到9万细胞/mL。
(3)混凝土结构的建造:浇筑混凝土前3天在建造的位置绑扎好钢筋并支好混凝土模板,浇筑前进行检查;并制备高诱导海洋固着生物附着、变态及促进生长的纤维增强生态混凝土,在风浪较小的天气进行混凝土的现场浇筑,带模板养护14d。
(4)现场附着:保证拆模时间在牡蛎的浮游幼虫集中附着变态期内,北方选择在7月,南方选择在6月。拆模后,立即在混凝土结构表面安装固定架及围挡,下部采用密封的围挡连接,中潮线以上采用150目的筛网围栏,并和下面的密封围挡紧密连接。在下午5点~7点将步骤二中过滤收集后低温干露运输至施工现场的牡蛎眼点幼虫放入围挡中,放苗量为2个/10mL。
(5)监测幼虫附着与管理:监测牡蛎幼虫在混凝土表面的附着密度达到40个/100cm 2,停止牡蛎幼虫附着,并清理、收集剩余幼虫;同时监测该海域的浮游生物的种类和数量,决定是否继续投放饵料和拆除围挡。
实施例A2:
(1)混凝土结构修建位置海区调查:调研该海区的牡蛎优势种属以及是否有牡蛎附着,调研历年台风次数和强度,对建造区多年的海域气象和水文资料进行查阅;同时每个季度对该海区的气温、海水温度、溶解氧、浮游生物、总溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、活性硅酸盐以及Ca 2+、Zn 2+、K +离子进行测试并记录,分析海洋混凝土工程结构建造的可行方法及解决措施;
(2)牡蛎眼点幼虫的培养:采集当地海域的成熟牡蛎亲贝,通过解剖法获得精子和卵子,人工授精,在室内培养至70%以上的幼虫达到眼点幼虫时期。培育过程使用砂滤海水,密度为7个/mL,每三天全量换水一次,投喂金藻浓缩饵料,并根据幼虫发育情况,投喂量从2.5万细胞/mL、4万细胞/mL、6万细胞/mL增加到8万细胞/mL。
(3)混凝土结构的建造:浇筑混凝土前5天在建造的位置绑扎好钢筋并支好混凝土模板,建筑前进行检查;并制备高诱导海洋固着生物附着、变态及促进生长的纤维增强生态混凝土,在风浪较小的天气进行混凝土的现场浇筑,带模板养护14d。
(4)现场附着:保证拆模时间在牡蛎的浮游幼虫集中附着变态期内,北方选择在6月,南方选择在5月。拆模后,立即在混凝土结构表面安装固定架及围挡,中潮线以上采用180目的围栏,下部采用密封的围挡连接,并和上面的筛网紧密连接。在下午5点~7点将步骤二中过滤收集后低温干露运输至施工现场的牡蛎眼点幼虫放入围挡中,放苗量为3个/10mL。
(5)监测幼虫附着与管理:监测牡蛎幼虫在混凝土表面的附着密度达到45个/100cm 2,停止牡蛎幼虫附着,并清理、收集剩余幼虫;同时监测该海域的浮游生物的种类和数量,决定是否继续投放饵料和拆除围挡。
实施例A1和实施例A2中用于浇筑的混凝土的实施例与一种纤维增强生态混凝土的制备方法的实施例相同,不再列出。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
与对比文件1(一种新型混凝土人工鱼礁及其制备方法CN104529286 A)相比,区别在于:
本发明中的目的与对比文件不同:对比文件1虽然在混凝土中掺加牡蛎壳粉,但它的目的是废弃物利用,修复和完善人工鱼礁。而本发明的目的是诱导固着生物附着,主要为牡蛎,在潮差区钢筋混凝土防腐蚀时,考虑藤壶的附着。
与对比文件2(一种仿生混凝土人工鱼礁及其制备方法2015CN104938384 A)相比,区别在于:
(1)本发明中的目的与对比文件2不同:对比文件2虽然在混凝土中掺加牡蛎壳或牡蛎壳粉,但它的目的主要通过表面的仿生性来实现,集鱼、集微生物、藻类,增加微生物数量改善水体环境,未提及牡蛎。而本发明的目的是诱导固着生物附着,主要为牡蛎,在潮差区钢筋混凝土防腐蚀时,考虑藤壶的附着。
(2)对比文件2指出,水泥掺量10%以下的生物碳酸钙粉(150~200目)对诱导附着不明显。但本发明在研究过程中采用改性的牛骨粉与生物碳酸钙粉(细度:100~1000目),得到了牛骨粉和生物碳酸钙粉的最适掺量为胶凝材料的10%以内。
(3)通过对牛骨粉和生物碳酸钙粉的改性,具体为对100目到500目间的鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉、牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括乙酸、醋酸、硅酸、亚硫酸中的一种或两种;对100目到500目牛骨粉采用以下酸处理,包括稀释的磷酸、硫酸、盐酸和硝酸中的一种或两种。
(4)对比文件在混凝土表面镶嵌牡蛎壳施工困难,也并不是每个工程表面都能采用这样的方法,可行性低。本发明在混凝土内中加入贝壳粉以诱导固着生物附着,且贝壳粉的掺量占胶凝材料质量的10%以下,不仅施工简单、还能大幅度增加牡蛎附着量。
(5)海洋环境下,近年来出现了多次的人工鱼礁腐蚀严重的现象,主要受厌氧微生物硫杆菌分泌的生物硫酸和其它细菌分泌的酸性物质等共同作用造成了严重的腐蚀。而碳酸钙抗酸腐蚀的能力很弱,因此,细度较大的碳酸钙含量过高会造成严重的酸腐蚀。
与对比文件3(范瑞良.基质类型对牡蛎附着、生长、种群建立及礁体发育的影响[D])相比,区别在于:
(1)对比文件3,使用了80目的牛骨粉、钙粉和石膏粉,分别单独掺加于混凝土中。本发明中所有的钙质材料的细度均大于100目,大于对比文件3中的材料细度。同样是掺加了牛骨粉,进行了改性,并考虑混凝土颗粒级配及其的诱导能力。
(2)常温条件下,用振动磨进行牛骨粉的粉磨,当细度大于80目后,由于牛骨粉含有大量的胶原蛋白, 结团严重,无法继续粉磨。本发明中采用了稀酸改性技术,并与其它物质复合粉磨,得到了粒径小的牛骨粉,细度>200目的改性生物钙粉。所制备的生物钙粉,保留了生物钙的原有的物质,并增大了其诱导牡蛎幼虫附着物质的释放速率,并降低生物钙粉掺量,从而降低对水泥混凝土性能的影响。
(3)由于牛骨粉中含有丰富的胶原蛋白等有机物质,这些物质的大量掺入会引起混凝土强度和抗渗性下降,特别是超过5%后,增大掺量,混凝土强度迅速下降、抗渗性显著变差,以及标准养护条件下混凝土表面会长霉。图1是混凝土试件发霉的情况。图2为改性后混凝土的表面情况。
从图1中可以看出,混凝土表面的霉呈白色絮状,几乎覆盖了整个混凝土表面;相同的牛骨粉掺量、龄期、养护条件,图2中的混凝土表面则没有发霉。
本发明通过控制采用稀酸改性和复合粉磨技术,充分发挥牛骨粉的诱导能力,大幅度降低牛骨粉掺量,并进行防腐蚀处理及改性,实现了以牛骨粉为主的复合诱导剂,其掺量小,几乎不影响混凝土强度和渗透性,同时具有很强的牡蛎幼虫附着能力,且解决了混凝土的发霉问题。相对于不掺加诱导剂的混凝土,掺加诱导剂的混凝土牡蛎幼虫附着个数明显增加,具体见图3和图4。
对比文件及查阅到的文献资料表明:钙含量对牡蛎幼虫的附着至关重要,同样目前一些实验结果也证明在水泥基材料中掺加适量的碳酸钙质的物质可以促进牡蛎幼虫的附着及生长。但是水泥混凝土中有大量的钙离子,孔溶液中的pH值一般大于12.5,饱和氢氧化钙溶液的pH值在常温约为12,所以混凝土孔溶液中的钙离子浓度约5mmol/L;而碳酸钙的溶解度很小,在25℃时只有9.5×10 -5mol/L(9.5×10 -2mmol/L)。目前认为诱导牡蛎附着的钙离子浓度最佳范围为10~25mmol/L,即使将牡蛎幼虫放置在饱和的碳酸钙溶液中,也没有足够的Ca 2+浓度为牡蛎附着提供适宜的离子浓度。进一步说,水泥混凝土内部的Ca(OH) 2可以较快的释放出来,而碳酸钙的溶解则需要较长的时间。因此,可以确定在混凝土中掺入碳酸钙质材料促进牡蛎幼虫的附着,Ca 2+不是起主导作用。牡蛎的早期附着、变态与HCO 3 -有关,在变态时和Ca 2+一起生成碳酸钙的次生壳。掺加碳酸钙后,由于碳酸钙与CO 2和水反应,生成Ca(HCO 3) 2后参与附着,是其对牡蛎幼虫附着促进的根本机理。
水泥基材料中碳酸钙掺量有一个最适掺量,可以从以下三方面进行解释:
1)对于等量取代水泥,随着碳酸钙掺量的增加,混凝土中的碱被稀释,总的碱度在降低,但是随着碳酸钙掺量的增加,混凝土中的碳酸钙溶解几率增大,其溶液中的HCO 3 -含量增加,所以促进牡蛎的附着与变态;但是掺量过大时,混凝土的渗透性急剧增大,混凝土中的碱和碳酸根快速渗出,使得碱的负面效应凸显,而碳酸根的临界或者负面效应初显,所以表现为附着量降低;
2)对于等量取代骨料,其随着掺量的增加,混凝土的渗透性下降,会导致钙离子及OH -的渗出减少,但碳酸根离子的渗透速率会先渐增大,到达一定值时,表现为牡蛎附着达到最大值;而随着掺量继续增大,则钙离子下降幅度大,而碳酸根则也可能会降低,会出现钙离子浓度限制牡蛎幼虫的附着,表现为附着量降低;
3)对于等量取代矿物掺合料,同样随着掺量的增加,渗透性在增加,且由于碳酸钙的增加,使牡蛎附着要求所需的HCO 3 -浓度达到了一个合适范围,表现为牡蛎幼虫附着增加;随着矿物掺合料掺量继续增大,降低了矿物掺合料的掺量,从而渗出的碱量增加,碳酸根增加,但过多的碱及HCO 3 -离子会抑制牡蛎幼虫附着。
与对比文件4(李真真,公丕海,关长涛,et al.不同水泥类型混凝土人工鱼礁的生物附着效果[J].渔业科学进展,2017,38(5):57-63.)相比,区别在于:
对比文件4中使用了复合硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥和铝酸盐水泥:本发明中采用了普通硅酸盐水泥与矿物掺合料的复合掺加来实现低碱度水泥;其中硅灰是矿物掺合料中一种活性高,适宜掺量对海洋环境下钢筋混凝土耐久性提升效果明显,通过优化设计及实验,可以得到强度和耐久性均优的低碱度水泥。同时利用硅灰混凝土的高抗渗性特点,即使混凝土内部碱度较高,仍有大量的牡蛎幼虫附着、变态及生长。以及采用低碱度的硫铝酸盐水泥的复合,调控水泥混凝土的碱度,为牡蛎幼虫附着提供适宜的pH值。此外,海洋植物和牡蛎、藤壶等固着生物耐碱能力不同,且在附着期及后期需要的环境不同,如藤壶和牡蛎的附着、变态及后期生长都需要大量的钙离子。
对比文件4中的混凝土用于富集海洋生物,其主要从附着生物量的大小和多样性出发,主要附着的生物为各种藻类等。本发明中研究目的则是诱导牡蛎附着,但是牡蛎和藤壶对碱度的耐受性要高于藻类,并且牡蛎的附着、变态需要大量的钙离子,所以说两种混凝土看似一样,实则存在很大区别。图5和图6分别是对比文件4经过210d左右的实海附着实验和本发明经过300d的实海附着实验后生物附着的情况对比。
因此,由于这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、海洋植物与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过对比文件1而获得本发明中的将混凝土碱度降低与钙离子浓度之间的平衡与海洋固着生物的附着紧密关联的技术特征。
另外,本发明中独有的特点及其具有的有益效果如下:
深色颜料
利用牡蛎眼点幼虫的避光特性,采用深色颜料(氧化铁黑、苯胺黑、炭黑、硫化锑、氧化铁红、有机颜料红中的一种或两种)掺入混凝土中,改变混凝土的颜色,使混凝土的颜色变深,让牡蛎幼虫认为就是黑暗环境,诱导牡蛎幼虫自行到达深色的混凝土表面,增加幼虫与混凝土表面的接触几率,实现牡蛎幼虫诱导附着率增加。具体为:
海洋生物研究人员,为了养殖增殖或者是为了消除不期望出现的种群等情况下,考虑了采用不同颜色的底质对海洋固着生物的附着的研究,属于海洋生物学科。和海洋混凝土工程或者混凝土材料学科相差较大,完全是两个大的学科。通过海洋固着生物与混凝土学科的交叉,得到了采用深色混凝土进行牡蛎幼虫的诱导附着。本发明中采用添加深色颜料,用加深混凝土表面的颜色来促进牡蛎幼虫的附着。混凝土中掺入其它的材料,都会对混凝土的性能产生影响。本发明考虑到不同水泥的混凝土,其表面的颜色均有差异。因此,根据水泥的类型和掺量来确定深色物质的掺量。深色颜料也会影响混凝土的性能。最为重要的是,掺加深色颜料的同时,若不控制混凝土中的碱和Ca 2+等渗透速率,释放出的碱会影响固着生物幼虫的附着、变态及生长,就会出现掺量大于一定值时,幼虫附着量有所降低。本发明中对混凝土的抗渗性进行了设计和控制,主要措施为:深色颜料类型的选取、掺加量的控制及进行改性。随着深色物质掺量的增加,幼虫附着率先增大,当掺量为胶凝材料的0.5%~6%时,幼虫的附着量最大,但之后小幅增加或者保持不变。
微量元素
根据牡蛎体内富集大量的锌,远远高于它所生存的海水,同时其体内还含有较多的Fe、P和K元素。同时,溶液中适宜的Zn 2+,K +浓度可以促进牡蛎幼虫的早期附着与变态。因此,采用硫酸锌、硫酸钾、硝酸钾、硫酸铁、磷酸锌、硝酸铵、磷酸钾、磷酸铵、磷酸铁、磷酸钙作为微量元素掺入混凝土中,并通过对这些物质的改性,使混凝土的强度和抗渗性基本保持不变,实现牡蛎幼虫诱导附着率大幅度增加。具体为:
海洋生物研究人员,为了明晰牡蛎附着机理及养殖增殖的目的,研究不同的离子对海洋固着生物的附着、变态研究,属于海洋生物学科。和海洋混凝土工程或者混凝土材料学科相差较大,完全是两个大的学科。通过海洋固着生物与混凝土学科的交叉,得到了采用混凝土中加入相应的物质,来诱导牡蛎幼虫在混凝土表面的附着。因可溶性盐类对混凝土的性能影响很大,如影响早期的工作性、凝结时间以及后期的强度与抗渗性,本发明通过采用硅藻土为载体,把这些无机盐固定在硅藻土的内部,减小可溶性盐对混凝土的性能影响,同时利用硅藻土对混凝土性能提升的作用,实现在掺加这些诱导物质时,仍可以保持混凝土的良好力学性能和抗渗性能。另外由于硅藻土作为载体具有缓释作用,使可溶性盐释放较缓慢,特别是经过海水浸泡超过一定时间后,释放速率维持在一个很小的速率。因此,同样这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、化学与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过现有的背景而获得本发明中的将微量元素掺入混凝土,改变混凝土表面微量元素的离子含量和控制混凝土渗透性与具有高诱导牡蛎幼虫附着能力的混凝土紧密关联的技术特征。
混凝土渗透性
混凝土的强度和渗透性是混凝土最主要的两个性能。而在基准混凝土中掺加不同的诱导剂,都会对混凝土性能产生影响,因此,在考虑掺加不同物质促进牡蛎幼虫附着、变态及后期生长时,首先一定要从整体控 制其对混凝土的强度和渗透性不产生大的影响,然后再根据各种原材料的配伍性去选择原材料,当原材料性能不能满足实际要求时,则通过对原材料的改性后再加入,从而达到我们期望的功能。但实际上,前述的相关研究虽然考虑到了钙质的掺量对牡蛎幼虫附着的影响,但是不考虑混凝土本身的性能,不去考虑水灰比以及钙质的掺量以及养护等,而混凝土渗透性的变化会使混凝土内部碱和离子渗漏的速率改变,混凝土的抗渗性越差,其内部的碱和离子的渗漏速率越大,可能是指数形式的增长。因此,这些释放出来的碱和离子会对幼虫产生很大影响,可能出现从促进附着变为抑制附着的情况,特别水泥掺量大时,这种情况会更严重。因此,混凝土中掺加诱导剂,一定要保证混凝土的抗渗性的变化在可控的范围内,如变化不超过10%。这样才能对这些的诱导效果进行比较,否则的话,则无法评价单掺诱导剂或者诱导剂复合掺加对牡蛎幼虫诱导效果的影响。
只有掌握了海洋固着生物在附着、变态及后期生长的所需的最适环境,并能从混凝土的抗渗性高度出发进行设计混凝土,而不是只考虑各种原材料的掺量而忽略由此带来的混凝土的抗渗性改变。因此,同样这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、化学与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过现有的背景而获得本发明中的混凝土抗渗性的整体控制与诱导剂促进牡蛎高效诱导附着能力的紧密关联的技术特征。
此外,纤维可以增强混凝土的强度,特别是抗拉强度。本发明中将耐碱的纤维与具有生态性的混凝土结合,增强了混凝土的抗裂、抗弯、耐疲劳的特性。其可以减少混凝土在应用于防波堤构件时的早期开裂,以及降低构件在运送和在海边固定过程中的损坏率,特别是增加抵抗台风等极端荷载的能力。
因此,由于这部分知识涉及到海洋固着生物、海洋植物与海洋混凝土工程学科的交叉,无论是混凝土及工程领域或者海洋生物领域的技术人员,无法通过对比文件1-3而获得本发明中的深色颜料掺入混凝土中改变颜色、牛骨粉改性、粉磨技术和控制混凝土渗透性与具有高效诱导牡蛎附着能力和高耐久性的混凝土紧密关联的技术特征。且无法通过对比文件4而获得本发明中的将混凝土碱度降低与钙离子浓度之间的平衡与海洋固着生物的附着紧密关联的技术特征。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (19)

  1. 一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:由包括胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂制成,胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂,重量配比依次为:12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%、0.2%~1.7%、0.15~1.0%、0.15~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%和0.02%~0.1%。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述深色颜料为:氧化铁黑、苯胺黑、炭黑、硫化锑、氧化铁红、有机颜料红中的一种或两种。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述的深色颜料,根据对混凝土的性能影响程度,进行颜料的改性,采用透明树脂、有机硅、二甲硅氧烷、超疏水材料中的一种进行改性处理。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述的生物钙粉为牛骨粉,生物碳酸钙粉包括牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉、鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉中的一种或几种复合,其细度为100目~1000目。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述的生物钙粉对100目到500目间的鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉、牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括乙酸、醋酸、硅酸、亚硫酸中的一种或两种;以及对100目到500目牛骨粉采用以下酸处理,包括稀释的磷酸、硫酸、盐酸和硝酸中的一种或两种。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述的碳酸钙粉为:方解石、白垩、石灰岩、大理石、文石、石灰华粉末,以及经加工处理的轻质碳酸钙、活性碳酸钙、碳酸钙晶须和超细轻质碳酸钙中的一种或几种,且细度大于200目。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述的微量元素锌、铁、钾和磷,其可以选择天然矿物、工业产品或者化工试剂,包括硫酸锌、磷酸钙、磷酸锌、硫酸钾、硝酸钾、硫酸铁、硝酸铵、磷酸钾、磷酸铵、磷酸铁中一种或多种,并对其进行改性,使之实现相应离子的缓释及减少或者消除对混凝土性能的不良影响;对于富营养化的区域,不选择有氮、磷元素的物质。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述的短切纤维为无机纤维(长12~40mm),包括玄武岩纤维、耐碱玻璃纤维、碳纤维中的一种或几种。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种纤维增强生态混凝土,其特征是:所述的胶凝材料为掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥,硫铝酸盐水泥、碱激发胶凝材料中一种;其中掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥中的矿物掺合料包括硅灰、矿渣粉和粉煤灰中的一种或多种组合;硫铝酸盐水泥,包括快硬硫铝酸盐水泥、高强硫铝酸盐水泥、膨胀硫铝酸盐水泥中的一种或两种;碱激发胶凝材料包括碱激发矿渣、碱激发矿渣+粉煤灰中的一种。
  10. 一种纤维增强生态混凝土的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
    S1:精确称量胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂;
    S2:先将碎石、砂放入混凝土搅拌机中搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入胶凝材料、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉及微量元素再继续搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入短切纤维、水和超塑化剂搅拌3~8分钟;搅拌均匀后,进行浇筑、振捣,随后进行标准养护28d或根据实际情况进行养护,即可制得一种纤维增强生态混凝土。
  11. 一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:包括如下步骤:
    混凝土结构修建位置海区调查:调研该海区的牡蛎优势种属以及是否有牡蛎附着,并对该海区进行不同季节的气温、海水温度、溶解氧、浮游生物、总溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、活性硅酸盐,Ca 2+、Zn 2+、K +等进行调研,以及历年台风次数,强度等进行调研;
    牡蛎眼点幼虫的培养:采集当地海域的成熟牡蛎亲贝,通过解剖法获得精子和卵子,人工授精,并在室内培养至眼点幼虫时期;培育过程使用砂滤海水,密度为2-10个/mL,每两天全量换水一次,投喂金藻或硅藻浓缩饵料,根据幼虫发育情况,投喂量由2万细胞/mL逐渐增加到9万细胞/mL;
    混凝土结构的建造:采用现场浇筑的方法,将高诱导海洋固着生物附着、变态及促进生长的纤维增强生态混凝土浇筑在预先准备好的模板内,并养护14d以上;
    现场附着:于牡蛎浮游幼虫集中附着变态期,在结构上加装固定架,低潮线以下部分密封围挡,上部采用80~200目的筛网和下面的密封围挡紧密连接,然后将(2)中的牡蛎眼点幼虫过滤收集后低温干露运输至施工现场,放入围挡中,放苗量为1~5个/10mL;
    监测幼虫附着与管理:监测牡蛎幼虫在混凝土表面的附着情况,并根据实际情况采取相应的措施。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述的纤维增强生态混凝土由胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂制成,胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%、0.2%~1.7%、0.15~1.0%、0.15~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%、0.1%~1.0%和0.02%~0.1%。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述的纤维增强生态混凝土中的原材料包括:
    所述的深色颜料为:氧化铁黑、苯胺黑、炭黑、硫化锑、氧化铁红、有机颜料红中的一种或两种;并根据对混凝土的性能影响程度,进行这些颜料的改性,采用透明树脂、有机硅、二甲硅氧烷、超疏水材料中的一种进行改性处理;
    所述的生物钙粉为:牛骨粉,生物碳酸钙粉包括牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉、鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉中的一种或几种复合,其细度为100目~1000目;
    所述的生物钙粉改性方法为:对100目到500目间的鸡蛋壳粉、珊瑚粉、牡蛎壳粉、鱼骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括乙酸、醋酸、硅酸、亚硫酸中的一种或两种;以及对100目到500目牛骨粉采用以下酸进行处理,包括稀释的磷酸、硫酸、盐酸和硝酸中的一种或两种;
    所述的碳酸钙粉为:方解石、白垩、石灰岩、大理石、文石、石灰华粉末,以及经加工处理的轻质碳酸钙、活性碳酸钙、碳酸钙晶须和超细轻质碳酸钙中的一种或几种,且细度大于200目;
    所述的微量元素为:锌、铁、钾和磷,其可以选择天然矿物、工业产品或者化工试剂,包括硫酸锌、磷酸钙、磷酸锌、硫酸钾、硝酸钾、硫酸铁、硝酸铵、磷酸钾、磷酸铵、磷酸铁中一种或多种,并对其进行改性,使之实现相应离子的缓释及减少或者消除对混凝土性能的不良影响;不过,对于富营养化的区域,不选择有氮、磷元素的物质;
    所述的短切纤维为:无机纤维,如玄武岩纤维、玻璃纤维、碳纤维中的一种或几种;
    所述的胶凝材料为:掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥,硫铝酸盐水泥、碱激发胶凝材料中一种;其中掺加矿物掺合料的硅酸盐类水泥中的矿物掺合料包括硅灰、矿渣粉和粉煤灰中的一种或多种组合;硫铝酸盐水泥,包括快硬硫铝酸盐水泥、高强硫铝酸盐水泥、膨胀硫铝酸盐水泥中的一种或两种;碱激发胶凝材料为碱激发矿渣、碱激发矿渣+粉煤灰中的一种;
    所述的砂为:河砂、机制砂或者淡化海砂中的一种或几种。
  14. 根据权利要求11所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述纤维增强生态混凝土的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
    S1:精确称量胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉、微量元素、短切纤维和超塑化剂;
    S2:先将碎石、砂放入混凝土搅拌机中搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入胶凝材料、深色颜料、生物钙粉、碳酸钙粉及微量元素再继续搅拌0.5~1分钟;然后加入短切纤维、水和超塑化剂搅拌3~8分钟;搅拌均匀后,进行浇筑、振捣,随后进行标准养护28d或根据实际情况进行养护,即可制得一种纤维增强生态混凝土。
  15. 根据权利要求11所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述的牡蛎浮游幼虫集中附着变态期,为5~10月。
  16. 根据权利要求11所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述的牡蛎现场附着时加装的固定架采用龙骨—骨架形式,其为上下两种结构,下部采用高强、轻质的密封围挡,上部采用双层筛网,其中外部筛网筛孔孔径为80~200目。
  17. 根据权利要求11所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述的纤维增强生态混凝土由包括深色颜料、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂制成,深色颜料、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:0.2%~1.7%、12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%和0.02%~0.1%。
  18. 根据权利要求11所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述的纤维增强生态混凝土由包括生物钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂制成,生物钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:0.15~1.37%、12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%和0.02%~0.1%。
  19. 根据权利要求11所述的一种海洋环境下生态型高耐久混凝土结构建造方法,其特征是:所述的纤维增强生态混凝土由包括碳酸钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂制成,碳酸钙粉、胶凝材料、碎石、砂、水和超塑化剂重量配比依次为:0.15~1.37%、12.5%~22.0%、39.4%~49.8%、24.9%~37.3%、6.2%~8.7%和0.02%~0.1%。
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