WO2021097865A1 - 面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法 - Google Patents

面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法 Download PDF

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WO2021097865A1
WO2021097865A1 PCT/CN2019/120769 CN2019120769W WO2021097865A1 WO 2021097865 A1 WO2021097865 A1 WO 2021097865A1 CN 2019120769 W CN2019120769 W CN 2019120769W WO 2021097865 A1 WO2021097865 A1 WO 2021097865A1
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host
code rate
rate adjustment
live broadcast
target
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PCT/CN2019/120769
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English (en)
French (fr)
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崔勇
王子逸
胡晓宇
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清华大学
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Priority to US17/424,796 priority Critical patent/US11470372B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N7/00—Television systems
    • H04N7/14—Systems for two-way working
    • H04N7/15—Conference systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/21—Server components or server architectures
    • H04N21/218—Source of audio or video content, e.g. local disk arrays
    • H04N21/2187—Live feed
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/231—Content storage operation, e.g. caching movies for short term storage, replicating data over plural servers, prioritizing data for deletion
    • H04N21/23106—Content storage operation, e.g. caching movies for short term storage, replicating data over plural servers, prioritizing data for deletion involving caching operations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/24—Monitoring of processes or resources, e.g. monitoring of server load, available bandwidth, upstream requests
    • H04N21/2402—Monitoring of the downstream path of the transmission network, e.g. bandwidth available
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/25—Management operations performed by the server for facilitating the content distribution or administrating data related to end-users or client devices, e.g. end-user or client device authentication, learning user preferences for recommending movies
    • H04N21/266—Channel or content management, e.g. generation and management of keys and entitlement messages in a conditional access system, merging a VOD unicast channel into a multicast channel
    • H04N21/2662—Controlling the complexity of the video stream, e.g. by scaling the resolution or bitrate of the video stream based on the client capabilities
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
    • H04N21/44—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs
    • H04N21/44004—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs involving video buffer management, e.g. video decoder buffer or video display buffer

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of streaming media, and particularly relates to an adaptive code rate adjustment method for multi-person interactive live broadcast.
  • the current multi-person video conferencing system aims at minimizing the cost of service providers and user delays, and focuses on the selection of transcoding servers, without considering the different preferences and priorities of multiple users.
  • users of traditional video conferences take turns to speak, and the tolerable delay is about 400 milliseconds.
  • the interaction between different anchors is more frequent, and the tolerable delay is about 100 milliseconds.
  • Traditional video conferences The solution cannot meet the demand.
  • the existing live broadcast scenario considers a single video source to be sent to a large number of viewers, while in the many-to-many microphone scenario, there will be more constraints to consider (such as: uplink and downlink bandwidth constraints), as well as the need for real-time interaction .
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide an adaptive code rate adjustment method for multi-person interactive live broadcast, by reasonably adjusting the code rate of the host in the multi-person interactive live broadcast scenario, and overall consideration of various constraints Conditions, maximize the host’s user experience and complete real-time interaction.
  • An adaptive bit rate adjustment method for multi-person interactive live broadcasting including the following steps:
  • the historical data of uplink and downlink bandwidth is calculated, prediction is made, and the receiving buffer of the host is counted, and then the periodic code rate adjustment strategy is adopted, the adaptive code rate adjustment method is called at equal intervals, and the new statistics are input According to the new statistical data, the new code rate is calculated as the encoding parameter and output to the encoder, and finally a feedback closed loop is formed.
  • the present invention can reasonably adjust the code rate generated by the host on the premise of the given uplink and downlink bandwidth and the buffer information of the host, so as to maximize the QoE of the system.
  • Figure 1 is a flowchart of an adaptive code rate adjustment method.
  • Figure 2 is a diagram of the multi-person interactive live broadcast architecture.
  • an adaptive bit rate adjustment method for multi-person interactive live broadcast of the present invention the main steps of which are as follows:
  • Step (1) the adaptive bit rate adjustment controller on the server side reads the buffer occupancy of each host and the bandwidth prediction value of the uplink and downlink. That is, the input of the present invention is the predicted value of the uplink and downlink bandwidth and the receiving buffer of the host.
  • Step (2) using a nonlinear programming method, calculate the target code rate table. Specifically, in order to maximize the system QoE, calculate the target bit rate of each pair of the sender and receiver It is necessary to consider the limitations of the uplink and downlink and the host buffer, namely:
  • QoE Quality of Experience
  • user experience mainly includes the following four items:
  • q() is the function between the video quality and the video bit rate (in the current scheme, a logarithmic function is used)
  • the system time when the host i starts to generate the wth frame The system time when the host j starts to receive the wth frame from the host i, and K is the number of accumulated statistical frames.
  • Step (3) in order to eliminate the system error in the modeling and measurement process, the present invention adjusts the online update target bit rate through buffer feedback adjustment
  • the buffer occupancy of the w+1th frame can be estimated when the bandwidth remains unchanged.
  • the real cache occupancy can be obtained.
  • the difference between the target value and the actual value reflects the rate of change of the bandwidth and determines the magnitude of the bit rate adjustment.
  • the PI controller is mainly used in the process of feedback adjustment. The specific steps are as follows:
  • Step (3a) use the proportional controller to calculate the difference between the actual cache occupancy and the target cache occupancy:
  • Z p is the proportional term of the PI controller
  • K p is the proportional term coefficient of the PI controller;
  • Step (3b) use the integral controller to integrate the difference between the actual cache occupancy and the target cache occupancy:
  • Z i is the integral term of the PI controller
  • K i is the integral term coefficient of the PI controller
  • Step (3c) based on buffer feedback adjustment to obtain the final updated target bit rate value:
  • Step (4) In order to solve the bandwidth limitation of the uplink and the limitation of the coding capability of the transmitting end, the present invention clusters the target code rate to obtain the final actual code rate.
  • the present invention defines QoE loss as K-means clustering is performed in the space formed by the code rate and the corresponding QoE (in this space, the metric is the QoE distance rather than the geometric distance), and the actual code rate value that minimizes the global QoE loss is obtained
  • Step (5) Output the number of code streams and corresponding code rates that each anchor needs to generate That is, the actual bit rate corresponding to the wth frame sent by the host i to the host j.
  • FIG. 2 is a system architecture diagram, which mainly includes three parts: sender, server and receiver.
  • each anchor is both a sender and a receiver.
  • the sending end generates the SVC encoded multi-rate video stream and transmits it to the server end, the server end sends the appropriate SVC layer to the corresponding receiving end, and the receiving end performs buffering and playback.
  • the adaptive code rate adjustment scheme runs on the server side, comprehensively considers the uplink and downlink bandwidth and the buffer situation of the receiving end, makes a code rate decision that maximizes the global QoE, and informs the sender, and the sender generates the corresponding code rate as required and performs SVC encoding.
  • the present invention proposes an adaptive bit rate adjustment scheme for multi-person interactive live broadcast.
  • a clustering algorithm based on QoE loss is used to determine the actual bitrate of the host.
  • the plan takes into account various global constraints, including uplink and downlink bandwidth and the host's buffer occupancy, and the final output actual bit rate can maximize the host's user experience.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
  • Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)
  • Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)

Abstract

本发明公开了一种面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，包括如下步骤：1)使用非线性规划方法，计算每一对发送端和接收端的目标码率；2)通过缓存反馈调节在线更新目标码率，以消除建模和测量过程中的系统误差；3)基于QoE损失对目标码率进行聚类，得出最终的实际码率。在实际应用中，统计上下行链路带宽的历史数据，进行预测，并统计主播端的接收缓存，之后采用周期性的码率调节策略，等间隔调用所述自适应码率调节方法，输入新统计的数据，根据新的统计数据计算出新的码率作为编码参数输出给编码器，最终形成反馈闭环。本发明通过对多人互动直播场景下主播端的码率合理调节，统筹考虑各种约束条件，最大化主播的用户体验，完成实时的交互。

Description

面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法 技术领域
本发明属于流媒体技术领域，特别涉及一种面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法。
背景技术
目前多人视频会议系统以最小化服务提供商的成本和用户延迟为目标，关注转码服务器的选择问题，没有考虑多个用户之间不同的偏好和优先级问题。此外，传统视频会议的用户之间轮流发言，可容忍的延迟在400毫秒左右，而多人互动直播场景中不同主播之间的互动更为频繁，可容忍的延迟在100毫秒左右，传统视频会议的解决方案无法满足需求。
现有直播场景考虑单个视频源发送给大量的观众，而在多对多连麦的场景中会有更多的约束条件需要考虑(如：上下行链路带宽的约束)，以及实时交互的需求。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术的缺点，本发明的目的在于提供一种面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，通过对多人互动直播场景下主播端的码率合理调节，统筹考虑各种约束条件，最大化主播的用户体验，完成实时的交互。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用的技术方案是：
一种面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，包括如下步骤：
1)使用非线性规划方法，计算每一对发送端和接收端的目标码率；
2)通过缓存反馈调节在线更新目标码率，以消除建模和测量过程中的系统误差；
3)基于QoE损失对目标码率进行聚类，得出最终的实际码率。
在实际应用中，统计上下行链路带宽的历史数据，进行预测，并统计主播端的接收缓存，之后采用周期性的码率调节策略，等间隔调用所述自适应码率调节方法，输入新统计的数据，根据新的统计数据计算出新的码率作为编码参数输出给编码器，最终形成反馈闭环。
与现有技术相比，本发明可以在给定上下行链路带宽和主播端缓存信息的前提下，合理地对主播产生的码率做出调节，最大化系统的QoE。
附图说明
图1是自适应码率调节方法流程图。
图2是多人互动直播架构图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例详细说明本发明的实施方式。
参考图1，本发明一种面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，其主要步骤如下：
步骤(1)，服务器端的自适应码率调节控制器读入各个主播的缓存占用量以及上下行链路的带宽预测值。即，本发明的输入为上下行链路带宽的预测值和主播端的接收缓存。
步骤(2)，使用非线性规划方法，计算目标码率表。具体来说，为了最大化系统QoE，计算出每一对发送端和接收端的目标码率
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000001
需要考虑到上下行链路以及主播缓存的限制条件，即：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000005
其中各参数定义为：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000006
主播i发送给主播j的第w帧对应的目标码率；
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000007
主播j开始接收来自主播i的第w帧时的目标接收端缓存量；
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000008
主播j开始接收来自主播i的第w帧时的实际接收端缓存量；
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000009
主播i发送给主播j的第w帧对应的帧大小；
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000010
主播i发送给主播j的第w帧对应的帧时长；
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000011
主播i发送第w帧时的平均上行链路带宽；
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000012
主播j接收第w帧时的平均下行链路带宽；
(x) +＝max{x,0}：从x和0中取最大值；
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000013
表示主播j接收来自主播i的第w帧时的平均下行链路带宽，
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000014
QoE：Quality of Experience，用户体验，主要包括以下四项：
(1)累计视频质量：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000015
(2)累计视频质量的抖动：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000016
(3)累计卡顿时长：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000017
(4)延迟：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000018
其中q()为刻画视频质量和视频码率之间的函数(在目前方案中采用对数函数)，
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000019
为主播i开始产生第w帧时的系统时间，
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000020
为主播j开始接收来自主播i的第w帧时的系统时间，K为累计统计帧的数量。
步骤(3)，为了消除建模和测量过程中的系统误差，本发明通过缓存反馈调节在线更新目标码率
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000021
给定主播开始下载第w帧时的缓存占用量和带宽情况，可以估计当带宽不变时第w+1帧的缓存占用量。然而，在主播实际开始下载第w+1帧时，可以获得真实的缓存占用量。目标值和实际值之间的差异反映了带宽的变化率，并决定了码率调整的幅度。在反馈调节的过程中主要用到了 PI控制器，具体步骤如下：
步骤(3a)，利用比例控制器计算实际缓存占用量和目标缓存占用量之间的差值：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000022
以消除预测误差，其中Z p为PI控制器比例项，K p为PI控制器比例项系数；
步骤(3b)，利用积分控制器对实际缓存占用量和目标缓存占用量之间的差值进行积分：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000023
以消除累积的系统误差，其中Z i为PI控制器积分项，K i为PI控制器积分项系数；
步骤(3c)，基于缓存反馈调节获得最终更新的目标码率值：
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000024
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000025
步骤(4)为了解决上行链路的带宽限制和发送端编码能力的限制，本发明对目标码率进行聚类，得出最终的实际码率。本发明定义QoE损失为
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000026
在码率及相应QoE构成的空间(在这个空间中，度量的指标是QoE距离而非几何距离)内进行K-means聚类，得出使全局QoE损失最小的实际码率值
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000027
步骤(5)输出每个主播需要产生的码流路数及相应码率
Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-000028
即主播i发送给主播j的第w帧对应的实际码率。
图2是系统架构图，主要包括三个部分：发送端，服务器端和接收端。在实践中，每个主播既是发送端也是接收端。发送端产生SVC编码的多码率视频流传输到服务器端，服务器端将合适的SVC层发送给相应的接收端，接收端进行缓存、播放。自适应码率调节方案运行在服务器端，综合考虑上下行链路带宽和接收端缓存情况，做出使全局QoE最大的码率决策，并通知发送端，发送端按要求产生相应码率并进行SVC编码。
在实际的应用中，需统计上下行链路带宽的历史数据，进行预测，并统计主播端的接收缓存，之后采用周期性的码率调节策略，等间隔调用上述码率调节方法，输入新统计的数据，根据新的统计数据计算出新的码率作为编码参数 输出给编码器即可，最终形成反馈闭环。
综上所述，本发明提出了一个面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方案。首先使用非线性规划方案来处理复杂的约束条件，获得每对主播间的目标码率。再根据在线的缓存反馈调整目标码率，以校正预测误差。最后使用基于QoE损失的聚类算法来确定主播的实际码率。该方案统筹考虑了全局的各种限制条件，包括上下行链路带宽和主播的缓存占用量情况，最终输出的实际码率能够最大化主播的用户体验。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    1)使用非线性规划方法，计算每一对发送端和接收端的目标码率；
    2)通过缓存反馈调节在线更新目标码率，以消除建模和测量过程中的系统误差；
    3)基于QoE损失对目标码率进行聚类，得出最终的实际码率。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1)中，利用服务器端的自适应码率调节控制器读入各个主播的缓存占用量以及上下行链路的带宽预测值，在计算每一对发送端和接收端的目标码率
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100001
    时，考虑上下行链路以及主播缓存的限制条件以最大化系统QoE，即为：
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100002
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100004
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100005
    其中各参数定义为：
    QoE：Quality of Experience，用户体验
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100006
    主播i发送给主播j的第w帧对应的目标码率
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100007
    主播j开始接收来自主播i的第w帧时的目标接收端缓存量；
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100008
    主播j开始接收来自主播i的第w帧时的实际接收端缓存量；
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100009
    主播i发送给主播j的第w帧对应的帧大小；
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100010
    主播i发送给主播j的第w帧对应的帧时长；
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100011
    主播i发送第w帧时的平均上行链路带宽；
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100012
    主播j接收第w帧时的平均下行链路带宽；
    (x) +＝max{x,0}：从x和0中取最大值；
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100013
    表示主播j接收来自主播i的第w帧时的平均下行链路带宽，
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100014
  3. 根据权利要求1所述面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，其特征在于，所述步骤2)中，缓存反馈调节主要用到PI控制器，具体步骤如下：
    步骤(2a)，利用比例控制器计算实际缓存占用量和目标缓存占用量之间的差值：
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100015
    以消除预测误差，其中Z p为PI控制器比例项，K p为PI控制器比例项系数；
    步骤(2b)，利用积分控制器对实际缓存占用量和目标缓存占用量之间的差值进行积分：
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100016
    以消除累积的系统误差，其中Z i为PI控制器积分项，K i为PI控制器积分项系数；
    步骤(2c)，基于缓存反馈调节获得最终更新的目标码率值：
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100017
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100018
  4. 根据权利要求1所述面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3)中，定义QoE损失为
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100019
    在码率及相应QoE构成的空间内进行K-means聚类，得出使全局QoE损失最小的实际码率值
    Figure PCTCN2019120769-appb-100020
  5. 根据权利要求1所述面向多人互动直播的自适应码率调节方法，其特征在于，在实际应用中，统计上下行链路带宽的历史数据，进行预测，并统计主播端的接收缓存，之后采用周期性的码率调节策略，等间隔调用所述自适应码率调节方法，输入新统计的数据，根据新的统计数据计算出新的码率作为编码参数输出给编码器，最终形成反馈闭环。
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