WO2021078950A1 - Verfahren, vorrichtung und markersubstanz-kit zur multiparametrischen röntgenfluoreszenz-bildgebung - Google Patents
Verfahren, vorrichtung und markersubstanz-kit zur multiparametrischen röntgenfluoreszenz-bildgebung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021078950A1 WO2021078950A1 PCT/EP2020/079909 EP2020079909W WO2021078950A1 WO 2021078950 A1 WO2021078950 A1 WO 2021078950A1 EP 2020079909 W EP2020079909 W EP 2020079909W WO 2021078950 A1 WO2021078950 A1 WO 2021078950A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/223—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material by irradiating the sample with X-rays or gamma-rays and by measuring X-ray fluorescence
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/04—X-ray contrast preparations
- A61K49/0409—Physical forms of mixtures of two different X-ray contrast-enhancing agents, containing at least one X-ray contrast-enhancing agent which is not a halogenated organic compound
- A61K49/0414—Particles, beads, capsules or spheres
- A61K49/0423—Nanoparticles, nanobeads, nanospheres, nanocapsules, i.e. having a size or diameter smaller than 1 micrometer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/2202—Preparing specimens therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/07—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation secondary emission
- G01N2223/076—X-ray fluorescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/40—Imaging
- G01N2223/401—Imaging image processing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/60—Specific applications or type of materials
- G01N2223/612—Specific applications or type of materials biological material
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for multiparametric X-ray fluorescence imaging on a sample, in which marker substance distributions in the sample are recorded.
- the invention further relates to an imaging device which is set up for X-ray fluorescence imaging on a sample to be examined, and a marker substance kit which is set up for introduction into a sample for X-ray fluorescence imaging on the sample.
- the invention can be used in X-ray fluorescence imaging of samples, in particular biological samples or non-biological samples.
- physio logically active substances also referred to here as active substances or active substance molecules or pharmacologically active substances
- biomarkers antibodies, anti body fragments, biological cells and / or drugs (drug Molecules)
- drug Molecules drug Molecules
- the Measurement of the pharmacokinetics has the particular aim of recording the local concentration of applied active substances in the body as a function of time, since the effectiveness of the active substances depends directly on the concentration (and in which period) they are applied to the therapeutic site of action, e.g. B. by coupling to receptors on cell surfaces.
- Another important application would be the measurement of the distribution of different immune cell types, for example to determine the effectiveness of drugs for the treatment of Crohn's disease and / or ulcerative colitis as well as other immune system-mediated inflammatory diseases. Since several different immune cell types are usually relevant here, the hitherto unsolved challenge is to measure the dynamics of the different immune cell types in the body separately from one another, but at the same time and in the same place.
- PET Positron emission tomography
- PET is a well-known method with which the United distribution z.
- a drug can be detected in the body.
- PET is based on the fact that a radioactive tracer molecule is bound to the drug molecule.
- the tracer molecule emits a positron in the examined body, which annihilates with an electron, whereby two X-ray photons with a characteristic energy of 511 keV are generated. These two X-ray photons are detected, whereby the emission location and thus the location of the drug can be determined by a large number of coincidence measurements.
- PET has a number of disadvantages resulting from the radiation exposure of the body, the complex equipment technology and the limited informative value of multimedia.
- PET provides limited information, since only a single drug distribution can be recorded with one measurement (no simultaneous pharmacokinetics of several active substances). Even if several drugs are applied at the same time, they cannot be measured separately. Since only photons with an energy of 511 keV are generated in all annihilation processes, even different tracer molecules in connection with different drug molecules could not be differentiated and thus no drug-specific emission locations are recorded. PET offers the possibility of sequential measurements by first injecting and detecting a first drug and then injecting and detecting a second drug. However, this is impractical because the diagnostic time window is very limited in PET because of the rapid disintegration of the tracer molecules. The use of PET in multimedia is therefore ruled out in practice.
- SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
- different tracer molecules could be used, which could be distinguished on the basis of different emission energies.
- the tracer molecules can only be bound to biomolecules with great effort (via radiochemistry).
- available tracer molecules for SPECT have very different emission energies and half-lives, so that it is difficult to detect them together: the efficiency of detectors depends very much on the energy of the incoming photons and the number of photons increases depending on the half-life emitted photons differ in strength.
- X-ray fluorescence imaging is another method for recording the distribution of a drug in the body (see, for example, [1] to [3], [9], [11]).
- the diagnostic X-ray fluorescence imaging is based on a marker substance comprising z.
- B. a large number of nanoparticles to be applied in a body to be examined and by means of induced fluorescence im Detect X-ray wavelength range spatially resolved. If ligands are bound to the nanoparticles (functionalized nanoparticles) and the ligands with an active substance, such as. B.
- Gold nanoparticles are mostly used in RFB studies because they are easy to synthesize and their functionalization is based on well-studied coupling chemistry. Further nanoparticles are described in [4], [5], [9], [10] (in connection with computed tomography) and [11]. It is known from [6] to use RFB to detect several different toxic metals that were already present in an organism before the measurement on the basis of their respective X-ray fluorescence in the organism.
- nanoparticles have a strongly asymmetrical mass ratio compared to typical drug molecules, so that the transport of the drug in the body could be dominated by that of the nanoparticles.
- These properties of nanoparticles limit the informative value of the conventional RFB method: If the concentration of gold nanoparticles in a certain organ is measured using RFB, the gold nanoparticles being functionalized with a drug, this can only be based on the measured concentration value it cannot be concluded that this was determined by the drug. It could be that the gold nanoparticles would have reached the same concentration even without the bound drug.
- Another disadvantage of the conventional RFB is that with multi-medication it is not possible to track several different drugs or biomarkers at the same time. This also applies to the simultaneous imaging of the dynamics of different immune cell types. However, such measurements would be important in a number of medical examinations such.
- the technique according to [9] was investigated using a model system in which the nanoparticles are irradiated with high excitation intensities of the exciting X-rays on a thin aluminum substrate.
- the high excitation intensities make it possible to generate sufficiently high fluorescence intensities of the X-ray fluorescence and thus to be able to detect them sensitively.
- the use of the aluminum substrate enables disruptive scattered radiation (background radiation) due to multiple scattering to be largely avoided.
- a further object of the invention is to provide an improved imaging device for X-ray fluorescence imaging for the examination of a sample, the disadvantages of conventional techniques being avoided with the imaging device.
- Another object of the invention is to provide an improved marker substance kit which is set up for introduction into a sample for X-ray fluorescence imaging of the sample.
- the invention is intended to provide a highly sensitive RFB with increased informative value, which enables the measurement of a spatial and / or temporal distribution of one or more active substances in a body of an examined organism, and / or new applications of the RFB, in particular under practical application conditions, provide. It is z.
- the RFB is intended to enable an examination of multimedia with reduced procedural complexity and / or avoid restrictions on short diagnostic time windows.
- the above object is achieved by a method for multiparametric X-ray fluorescence imaging of a sample, the following steps being provided.
- the sample to be examined is pre- preferably with monochromatic or at least narrow-band X-rays, irradiated, with X-ray fluorescence of a first marker substance being excited.
- the sample is generally a shape-retaining object, preferably a body (or part of the body) of a biological organism, particularly preferably a body (or part of the body) of a human or animal subject.
- other non-natural objects such as e.g. B. synthetic biological objects or artificial organs such.
- There is a spatially resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence of the first marker substance in particular by scanning the sample. A distribution of the first marker substance in the sample can be determined from the detected X-ray fluorescence of the first marker substance.
- the sample in addition to the first marker substance, contains at least one further marker substance which is excited to X-ray fluorescence by the X-ray radiation.
- the X-ray fluorescence is preferably excited at the same time when the at least one further marker substance is located in the same irradiated area (beam volume at a position of the irradiation, scan position) as the first marker substance.
- the marker substances are molecular or particulate substances that each contain at least one X-ray fluorescence element as a pure element or in a chemical compound.
- the marker substances are foreign substances to the body that have been specifically added to the sample prior to the RFB method and after the RFB method after a substance-specific residence time the sample is again exited, e.g. B.
- the active substances comprise biological cells, for example for immune cell therapy, and in particular in an application in which the cells are to be tracked using the method according to the invention, the coupled marker substances are preferably contained in the cells or bound to their surface.
- the first and each additional marker substance are each characterized by different X-ray fluorescence.
- the fluorescence lines of the X-ray fluorescence elements of the first and each further marker substance are each different, and in particular they have maxima at different energies and / or different spectral widths.
- the detection comprises a spectrally and spatially resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence (X-ray fluorescence emissions) of the first and each further marker substance, preferably in a single measurement process, e.g. B. by scanning with an X-ray.
- at least one distribution of the at least one further marker substance in the sample is determined from the detected X-ray fluorescence of the first and each further marker substance.
- the result of this multiparametric method is multiple, specific distributions of the first and each additional marker substance in the sample.
- the determined distributions typically do not represent diagnostic information per se.
- the method according to the invention can be followed separately by a medical diagnosis on the sample, the determined distributions being used.
- the first and the at least one further marker substance preferably have the same or similar fluorescence probabilities, attenuations of the X-ray fluorescence in the sample and background noise levels in the sample that the detection of the X-ray fluorescence with the same concentration of the marker substances has comparable statistical significance levels results.
- the single-beam photon energy of the stimulating X-ray radiation is preferably above the absorption edges of all marker substances.
- concentration refers to the mass of a marker substance per (beam) area in the sample, i.e. to the "mass occupancy”.
- the "fluorescence probability" refers to the cross-section of the effect of the individual atoms of the marker substance.
- the number of fluorescence photons generated by a marker substance which provides the detectable signal after the fluorescence has been transmitted through the sample, is determined by the product of the mass occupancy and the effect cross-section for fluorescence of the respective marker substance. If the cross-sections of action of two marker substances and also the transmissions are the same or similar and the mass occupancies are the same or similar, this advantageously provides the same or similar detectable signals of the marker substances.
- the marker substances preferably comprise nanoparticles.
- the nanoparticles have indistinguishable, preferably identical outer surfaces for the sample, which can only differ by specific functionalization, and the interior of which consists of different elements, each of which has its characteristic "fluorescence fingerprint".
- these nanoparticles can have been introduced into the sample from the outside.
- the specific choice of the X-ray fluorescence elements of the marker substances is particularly advantageous for the multiparametric RFB. This choice preferably meets the following criteria:
- the fluorescence lines of the X-ray fluorescence elements should have similar background noise levels due to scattering (single and / or multiple scattering) in the sample, so that together with (b) and (c) the respective statistical significance of the detected Fluorescence lines of the elements have similar levels when the masses (concentrations) of the elements in the X-ray volume are the same.
- z. B the ratio of the number of registered Fluores zenzphotonen to the root of the number of background photons or this ratio quantitatively representative size can be used.
- the square root of the number of background photos is in turn a measure of the statistical background noise.
- Mathematical fit functions of the measured X-ray spectrum in the area of the fluorescence lines can be used to determine both the number of fluorescence photons and that of the background using available numerical methods.
- the criteria (b) to (d) are a particularly important finding of the inventors and of particular advantage for the implementation of embodiments of the invention: if you choose about two X-ray fluorescence elements that are so far apart in the periodic table that their fluorescence Probabilities (ie cross sections), attenuations in the sample, and background noise levels are excessively different, even if the mass occupancy of both elements in the X-ray volume were identical, they would both be detected with widely different sensitivities. This could result in only one of the two types of marker substance being effectively detectable, so that no multiparametric RFB would be achieved.
- the cross-sections of the atoms of the marker substances are known from standard measurements and published tables, and the attenuation of the X-ray fluorescence in the sample can be determined by reference measurements and / or simulations.
- the background is created both by the scattering of the incident photons in the sample and by detector effects educated.
- the background behavior of X-ray fluorescence elements can be determined by numerical simulations or measurements (see, for example, [7]) in order to optimally make the choice of X-ray fluorescence elements according to criteria (b) to (d) .
- the delivery of the marker substances into the sample is not considered to be part of the invention insofar as the delivery involves an invasive intervention in biological material, such as e.g. B. an injection requires.
- the statistical significance levels of the marker substances are maximized by selecting the single-beam photon energy of the X-ray radiation at a distance above the highest absorption edge of the marker substances in the sample such that the background noise levels of the marker substances mi nimal and equal or approximately equal and at the same time the cross-sections and transmis sions of the X-ray fluorescence through the sample are maximum and equal or approximately the same.
- the sizes mentioned are preferably approximately the same if differences in the background noise levels or in the cross sections and transmissions have a negligibly small influence on the detection of the X-ray fluorescence.
- the selection of the single-beam photon energy of the X-ray radiation and the selection of the marker substances are preferably made by optimization, the single-beam photon energy being selected as large as possible compared to the highest absorption edge of the marker substances in the sample, so that input photons are scattered as much as possible must and suffer corresponding energy losses until they fall into the energy range of the X-ray fluorescence lines (minimization of the background noise through necessary multiple scattering, which becomes all the more unlikely the more scattering is necessary for the total energy loss from the radiation energy down to the fluorescence energy range).
- the single-beam photon energy will not have to be selected so high that the effective cross-sections are too greatly reduced.
- the invention provides for the first time a multiparametric X-ray fluorescence imaging on a sample that is suitable for practical use.
- [9] two different nanoparticles are already used, but only in vitro on a very thin substrate.
- the present invention allows the selection of marker substances, which is not described in [9], the reliable RFB on real objects, such as. B. Objects at least the size of a mouse.
- the invention also allows comparative measurements on a single sample, since the simultaneous comparative measurement has the same imaging sensitivity as the actual measurement, so that unambiguous results are obtained.
- an imaging device which is set up for multiparametric X-ray fluorescence imaging for examining a sample and which has an X-ray source device, a detector device and an evaluation device.
- the X-ray source device is configured to irradiate the sample with X-rays, with X-ray fluorescence of a first marker substance and at least one further marker substance in the sample being excited.
- the detector device comprising at least one spectrally resolving X-ray detector, preferably a plurality of spectrally resolving X-ray detectors, is set up for the spectrally resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence of the first and the at least one further marker substance in the sample, the X-ray fluorescence of the first and the at least one further Marker substance each has different fluorescence lines.
- the evaluation device is set up to determine distributions of the first marker substance and the min least one further marker substance in the sample from the detected X-ray fluorescence emissions.
- the imaging device is preferably configured to carry out the method according to the first general aspect of the invention or one of its embodiments.
- the above object is achieved by a marker substance kit which is set up for introduction into a sample for multiparametric X-ray fluorescence imaging on the sample and which contains at least two marker substances which emit X-ray fluorescence when irradiated with X-rays, where fluorescence lines of the marker substances are each different.
- the marker substance kit is preferably seen for use in the method according to the first general aspect of the invention or one of its embodiments, in particular for application into the sample.
- the marker substance kit can be provided in liquid or solid form.
- the composition of the marker substance kit (substances, concentrations, particle sizes) and a preferred photon energy of the irradiated x-ray radiation can be determined by test or reference measurements and / or numerical simulations.
- the spatially resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence of the first and the at least one further marker substance in the sample comprises a detection of the X-ray fluorescence of the marker substances exclusively in at least one spatially limited area in the sample, e.g. B. in the region of at least one organ and / or at least one other part in the organism and / or a spatially resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence of the marker substances over the entire sample.
- the distributions of the first marker substance and the at least one further marker substance each include an assignment of quantity values, such as B. Concentrations (or mass occupancies), absolute amounts of substance and / or relative frequencies of different marker substances of the marker substances for the at least one spatially limited area and / or for location coordinates in the body.
- the distributions of the at least two marker substances result from their transport in the sample, e.g. B. by means of diffusion and / or carrier liquids, such as blood, and from their biological / chemical interaction with the sample.
- the quantity values can be determined directly from the amplitudes of the X-ray fluorescence emissions of the marker substances, since the amplitudes are a measure of the number of X-ray fluorescence elements detected.
- the detected amplitudes of the X-ray fluorescence emissions are also dependent on the transmission, known per se, of the emitted fluorescence photons in the sample. Spatial and / or temporal distributions of the marker substances can be determined.
- the spatial distributions of the marker substances in the sample each include the assignment of the quantity values of the marker substances to the at least one spatially limited area and / or to the location coordinates in the body at a specific point in time.
- the time distributions of the marker substances in the sample each include a time dependency of the assignment of the quantity values of the marker substances to the at least one spatially limited area and / or to the location coordinates in the body.
- a distribution thus includes e.g. B. mean concentration values (and / or their time function) in certain organs and / or a mapping of mass values to certain location coordinates, such as B. a specific scan line or a specific scan area or a specific scan
- the RFB is advantageously extended in such a way that the specific distributions of several different marker substances, such as e.g. B. molecular marker elements or nanoparticles that each have different active substance molecules (active substances), such as. B. carry drugs or anti bodies, or entire biological cells in which they are contained, or which are free of active ingredient molecules, can be measured in vivo.
- B. molecular marker elements or nanoparticles that each have different active substance molecules (active substances), such as. B. carry drugs or anti bodies, or entire biological cells in which they are contained, or which are free of active ingredient molecules
- the preferably simultaneous detection of the distributions of several different marker substances (“multi-parametric X-ray fluorescence imaging") provide additional information about the examined sample, such as. B. Pharmacokinetic information and / or diagnostically evaluable information.
- the first time it is possible for the first time to determine in vivo whether a drug is present in sufficient concentration at a certain location in the sample and whether another drug that interacts with it (e.g. inhibiting) is also present at a significant concentration at the same location .
- Another application is the simultaneous measurement of the pharmacokinetics of drugs, e.g. B. of a new drug and an already approved drug or an alternative drug or generic drug.
- the distribution of different drugs can be determined by binding to different marker substances and recording their distributions. This makes it possible to determine exactly where in the sample various drugs with certain con- centration interact and thus possibly interfere with their respective effects. This is a major advantage for drug development.
- a method for use in multi-parametric tumor diagnostics would e.g. B. carried out so that different marker substances are each coupled with different antibodies in order to recognize the sub-type of an examined tumor. This is of great advantage for subsequent therapy, since the optimal therapy depends on the sub-type of the tumor. In particular in those cases in which a biopsy is not possible (e.g. a tumor in the respiratory center of the brain), it would be a decisive advantage for the subsequent therapy if the sub-type is known.
- An important feature of the invention is to use RFB with various marker substances, referred to herein as first and further marker substances.
- the various marker substances that differ inherently, e.g. B. in their interior, by each ver different fluorescent elements (X-ray fluorescent elements), which give the different fluorescence lines.
- the various marker substances can be used as a further important characteristic in the non-functionalized state, i.e. H. without coupled active substances, be the same in terms of their interaction with the sample, so that they have the same biological, chemical, physiological and / or physical effect on the sample, d. H. are identical for the sample. In the non-functionalized state, the marker substances are therefore indistinguishable from their surroundings, in particular biologically and / or chemically.
- the fluorescence lines of the marker substances are so different that a detector with finite spectral resolution (energy resolution) can distinguish the respective X-ray fluorescence elements in the measured X-ray spectrum of the X-ray fluorescence emissions of the marker substances.
- the X-ray fluorescence elements of the marker substances are preferably selected so that the K and L-alpha / beta lines of these elements have a spectral distance such that the detector device can distinguish these lines in the measured X-ray spectrum.
- the X-ray fluorescence elements of the marker substances preferably have the same or approximate fluorescence probability (cross section) and transmission through the sample as well as comparable minimal background noise levels.
- the spectrally resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence provides an X-ray spectrum with an additive superimposition of the fluorescence lines of the marker substances.
- the individual quantitative contributions of the fluorescence lines can be determined from the X-ray spectrum by numerical deconvolution and / or by comparison with predetermined reference measurements.
- the quantitative values of the marker substances e.g. concentrations, absolute amounts of substance and / or relative fluids of various marker substances
- the optimization for a specifically considered sample can be carried out by numerical simulations of the background noise and / or test measurements with different single-beam photon energies of the X-ray radiation.
- the X-ray fluorescence emissions of the first and the at least one further marker substance are excited by a common excitation beam (or query beam) of the X-rays and detected at the same time. This advantageously minimizes the radiation exposure of the sample and the duration of the process.
- the X-ray fluorescence emissions of the first and the at least one further marker substance are excited and detected simultaneously or sequentially with different excitation beams of the X-rays that have different energies (single-beam photon energies).
- the X-ray source device is designed for the generation of several Anre supply rays of the X-ray radiation by z. B. several sources directed at the sample with different energies are operated simultaneously or sequentially (z. B. immediately following one another).
- the simultaneous excitation and detection has advantages in terms of minimizing the Duration of proceedings.
- the sequential excitation and detection means that the various marker substances are excited step-by-step, preferably in direct succession, and the associated fluorescence is detected. This variant has advantages for the direct detection of the marker substances from their X-ray spectra recorded one after the other.
- marker substances which comprise nanoparticles (or: target particles) and marker molecules.
- the first and each further marker substance each comprise a multiplicity of nanoparticles and / or a multiplicity of marker molecules.
- Nanoparticles are particles with a typical dimension in the range from 2 nm to 100 nm or more, the surfaces of which are suitable or specifically prepared for coupling ligands and / or active substance molecules.
- Marker molecules are individual molecules or molecular aggregates which contain the X-ray fluorescence element and which are suitable for coupling active substance molecules. All parts of a marker substance with a certain X-ray fluorescence element can consist exclusively of nanoparticles or exclusively of marker molecules, or a marker substance can comprise nanoparticles and marker molecules that both contain the same or different X-ray fluorescence elements.
- Marker substances in the form of nanoparticles have particular advantages for binding active substances.
- Ligands with which active substance molecules can be coupled or which are used as active substance themselves are bound to the surface of the nanoparticles.
- the active substance molecules are located on the surface of the nanoparticles.
- Active substance molecules can optionally also be arranged in the interior of the particles.
- the nanoparticles advantageously form active ingredient carriers as in conventional drug carrier techniques. It is thus possible to use nanoparticles in which different ligand molecules are bound on the surfaces to provide different marker substances (so that one can investigate which ligands dock where in the body) and at the same time the same or different active substance molecules are arranged inside. In most applications, however, ligand molecules also form the active substance on the particle surface.
- Marker substances made from different nanoparticles include, for example, a first multiplicity of nanoparticles (or: group or type of nanoparticles) that are not functionalized, and at least one further multiplicity of nanoparticles to each of which at least one predetermined drug to be examined is bound.
- a third type of nanoparticle can be functionalized with a second drug.
- Nanoparticles are particles that consist exclusively of an X-ray fluorescence element (possibly in a chemical compound) or a combination of an X-ray fluorescence element (possibly in a chemical compound) and at least one other element.
- each type of nanoparticle can exclusively contain one of several X-ray fluorescent elements, optionally in combination with a non-fluorescent element.
- the first marker substance can comprise a first type of nanoparticles, which predominantly contain a first X-ray fluorescence element, and which at least one further marker substance each comprise at least one further type of nanoparticle, which each predominantly contain at least one further X-ray fluorescence Element included.
- nanoparticles can each contain at least two X-ray fluorescence elements, one of which is an X-ray fluorescence element which is decisive for the respective fluorescence line to be detected. This can have advantages for the design of the nanoparticles, eg. B. with the core-shell structure mentioned below.
- the first type of nanoparticles can carry a first type of active substance molecules that have a chemical and / or physical interaction with the sample, while each further type of nanoparticles each have a different type of active substance molecules that have a from the first type differing de chemical and / or physical interaction with the sample, or carries no active substance molecules. It is particularly preferable for each type of nanoparticle to exclusively carry a specific type of active substance molecules. This advantageously increases the power of the RFB. The nanoparticles thus advantageously offer great flexibility when adapting to a specific RFB investigation task.
- At least one type of nanoparticle can have a core-shell structure with a particle core and a particle cover layer (hybrid nanoparticles).
- the core-shell structure advantageously allows two functions of the nanoparticles to be separated, firstly with regard to the X-ray fluorescence emission and secondly with regard to the interaction with the environment.
- the particle core can be made from the X-ray fluorescence element with the desired fluorescence line of the respective type of nanoparticle
- the particle cover layer is made from a different material than the core and has a surface for coupling ligands and / or active substance molecules and for providing a predetermined one biological and / or chemical interaction forms with the sample.
- the particle cover layer can be made of a fluorescent or a non-fluorescent element.
- the particle cover layer is formed from a metal, in particular special gold, or a non-metallic material, in particular a polymer or a liposome material or a micelle material.
- a metal in particular special gold
- a non-metallic material in particular a polymer or a liposome material or a micelle material.
- the thickness of the particle cover layer is preferably, for. B. 1/4 of the particle diameter or less.
- the volume fraction of the gold is therefore negligible compared to the other X-ray fluorescence element, so that the RFB signal looks as if there were only the X-ray fluorescence element of the particle core.
- An alternative option is to produce nanoparticles from the various X-ray fluorescent elements and to use a polymer for the Par tikelcover harsh instead of metal, such as. B. is described in [5]. The corresponding ligands can then be bound to these polymer-particle cover layers; B. Drugs or Antibodies.
- the polymer layer nanoparticles can also be combined with suitable internal X-ray fluorescence elements in order to achieve a multiparametric RFB, depending on the specific application conditions (e.g. size and amount of a drug being examined), in which all nanoparticles used have a similar sensitivity ( Ratio of signal strength to statistical noise of the respective background).
- all the nanoparticles of the various marker substances have the core-shell structure, the particle cores of the various marker substances being made up of different X-ray fluorescent elements and the particle cover layers of all the marker substances being made up of the same element on which at least one of the active substance molecules and ligands -Molecules can be bound.
- the particles of a marker substance can be formed entirely from a plurality of marker substances from the element from which the particle cover layers of the other marker substances are formed.
- the nanoparticles are indistinguishable on the outside, while they have different elements on the inside, whereby they are preferably of the same size.
- Nanoparticles with the core-shell structure preferably have the particle cover layers on the outside, which are formed from an identical material and are preferably identical. Thus, they cannot be distinguished from the sample, in particular from the body of an examined biological organism, unless they are functionalized differently. Inside, these nanoparticles have different elements whose X-ray fluorescence energies are different. In a measured RFB spectrum, one can distinguish the different types of nanoparticles from one another and at the same time determine their respective concentration, while they are indistinguishable from the sample, apart from the functionalization.
- the nanoparticles each contain as X-ray fluorescence elements, in particular in the particle core, iridium or platinum or gold or bismuth.
- these elements can be detected with comparable sensitivity due to their similar, but distinguishable, X-ray fluorescence energies.
- the nanoparticles can each contain different X-ray contrast agent molecules.
- X-ray contrast agent molecules such as. B.
- iodine or barium or gadolinium widely available in practice and well studied with regard to their absorption behavior from iodine and barium are particularly preferred for imaging on small animals.
- Nanoparticles made of silver, palladium, indium, cadmium or iodine are also advantageous for imaging small animals.
- nanoparticles ie the different marker substances with different X-ray fluorescent elements
- the informative value of the RFB can thus be increased and / or the behavior of nanoparticles in the sample can be examined.
- nanoparticles of different sizes can have different kinetics. For example, distributions of nanoparticles with up to four different sizes could be recorded using X-ray fluorescence. Typical sizes are selected in the diameter intervals 2 nm to 5 nm, 6 nm to 10 nm, 11 nm to 20 nm and 21 nm to 50 nm.
- the nanoparticles with different sizes preferably have the same surface types, so that only the size and, depending on the size, the corresponding X-ray fluorescence element are varied.
- the nanoparticles of different marker substances can differ with regard to the supply into the sample.
- the multiparametric RFB the effect of different routes of administration, e.g. B. oral and intravenous supply of the nanoparticles, the distribution of marker substances in the sample can be examined.
- Marker substances in the form of marker molecules have particular advantages for transport in the sample. Marker molecules are considerably smaller in size than nanoparticles, so that their transport in the sample is more similar to the molecular transport of substances in samples, especially in biological organisms.
- the first marker substance preferably comprises a first type of marker molecules which contain a first X-ray fluorescent element, and each further marker substance in each case a further type of marker molecules which each contain at least one further X-ray fluorescent element.
- the first marker substance comprises nanoparticles that contain a first X-ray fluorescence element
- the at least one further marker substance comprises marker molecules that each contain at least one further X-ray fluorescence element
- the different types of immune cells are marked with different nanoparticles, for example.
- the nanoparticles for the immune cells should not be distinguishable for the cells and the sample, while the drug differs from the immune cells. In other words, in this case the drug does not necessarily have to be bound to a nanoparticle.
- This application can be of particular advantage in the investigation of immune-based diseases such as e.g.
- nanoparticles and marker molecules are each used as different marker substances
- drug carriers are the so-called drug carriers.
- two different marker substances each with different nanoparticles are used, of which one group of nanoparticles is non-functionalized and the other group of nanoparticles is functionalized with a predetermined ligand that is to dock on a target structure in the sample.
- Both nanoparticles can serve as drug carriers, i.e. have the actual drug inside, to which molecule-based markers are now bound.
- the multiparametric RFB can be used to determine where and, if necessary, when the nanoparticles as drug carriers deliver their cargo. Premature delivery would be z. B.
- the marker molecules are preferably bound to active substance molecules, the marker molecules each containing one of the first and at least one further X-ray fluorescent element.
- the X-ray fluorescent elements particularly preferably comprise elements of medium weight from zirconium to cerium, for which the background noise level can be greatly reduced, or heavy elements such as iridium, platinum, gold and bismuth. These two groups of elements have advantages due to their similar and well-researched fluorescence properties and can easily be coupled to drug or ligand molecules. According to the invention, spatial and / or temporal distributions of the marker substances can be determined.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention is particularly advantageous in which the measurement is both spatially and temporally resolved and a time function of the spatial distributions of the first marker substance and the at least one further marker substance in the sample is determined.
- This embodiment has a particularly high informative value about the transport of the marker substances in the sample from the introduction into the sample to the binding within the sample.
- the single-beam photon energy of the X-rays to excite the marker substances and X-ray fluorescence properties of the marker substances are selected so that the single-beam photon energy of the X-rays is above the absorption edges of the X-ray fluorescence elements of all marker substances and the X-ray fluorescence elements of all Marker substances have the same or similar fluorescence probabilities, attenuations of the X-ray fluorescence in the sample and signal background noise levels in the sample that the detection of the X-ray fluorescence results in comparable signal strengths at the same concentration.
- relative frequencies of different marker substances can be determined directly from the detected X-ray spectra in a simplified manner.
- one of several marker substances may have a significantly lower concentration than the other marker substances because, for. B. poorly couple the ligands on these nanoparticles to target structures in the sample.
- this behavior can be observed directly from the detected X-ray spectra with comparable sensitivity. If all marker substances have the same or similar mass coverage, their signals will have comparable intensities.
- the sample examined is a human or animal test subject or a body part thereof.
- the test subjects were given the marker substances in advance, z. By oral or other administration or injection.
- the first and the at least one further marker substance can each be introduced into the sample in different ways.
- a preparatory step with a supply of a marker substance by injection into the subject's body is not part of the invention.
- the active substances comprise biological cells
- the at least one of the first and the at least one further Marker substance is coupled to the biological cells and the determination of the distribution of the first marker substance and the at least one further marker substance comprises a detection of a transport of the biological cells through the sample.
- the transport of different immune cells through the sample can thus advantageously be determined, for example.
- FIG. 1 a schematic illustration of an imaging device for X-ray fluorescence imaging according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 a flow diagram of a method for X-ray fluorescence imaging according to embodiments of the invention
- FIG. 3 Examples of marker substances which can be used in the method according to the invention for X-ray fluorescence imaging
- FIG. 4 a schematic illustration of a marker substance kit according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 a measured X-ray spectrum to illustrate X-ray fluorescence emissions from two different X-ray fluorescence elements in biological cells
- FIG. 6 a measured X-ray spectrum to illustrate X-ray fluorescence emissions from four different X-ray fluorescence elements in a sample
- FIG. 7 simulated X-ray spectra to illustrate X-ray fluorescence emissions from X-ray fluorescence elements in a sample for two different irradiation energies.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates features of embodiments of an imaging device 100 for X-ray fluorescence imaging for examining a sample 10, such as, for. B. a human subject who is on a sample carrier 101, such. B. a lounger is arranged.
- Figure 2 shows schematically the steps of the method according to the invention using the imaging device 100, comprising the supply of the marker substances (S1), the irradiation of the sample with X-rays (S2), the detection of the X-ray fluorescence (S3) and the determination of marker substance distributions the detected X-ray fluorescence (S4).
- S1 the marker substances
- S2 the irradiation of the sample with X-rays
- S3 the detection of the X-ray fluorescence
- S4 the determination of marker substance distributions the detected X-ray fluorescence
- step SO is illustrated in FIG. 2, which includes the selection of the marker substances and the single-beam photon energy. It is sufficient if step SO be for a considered sample or group of samples with the same scattering properties, such as. B. for small animals of a certain animal species and size, one time and running separately from the execution of the procedural method according to the invention. Alternatively, step SO can be provided as part of every execution of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 7 shows two simulated spectra after excitation with monochromatic X-rays in direct comparison, firstly for an irradiation energy of z. B. 85 keV and secondly for an irradiation energy of z. B. 53 keV.
- gold nanoparticles could be excited (K-edge at approx. 81 keV), but they have fluorescence lines in the region of the strong peak around 65 keV, this peak originating from only singly scattered photons.
- the 53 keV spectrum shows a pronounced background Minimum for such fluorescence lines of medium-weight elements, which are in the range between about 15 and 28 keV, since for this purpose, irradiated photons usually have to scatter 5 times or more.
- the 85 keV spectrum also shows a minimum in the same energy range, but this is higher and the high radiation energy would mean lower yields for the fluorescence of medium-weight elements.
- the lower irradiation energy is more efficient; for heavy elements of gold, the higher energy is preferred.
- the detector position relative to the beam direction (here 150 °)
- the minimum in the underground area can be expanded somewhat, but the decisive parameter for the fleas of the minimum is the radiation energy.
- iodine can be selected as the X-ray fluorescence element for a first marker substance and 53 keV as the single-beam photon energy (see FIG. 7).
- the single-beam photon energy 53 keV is well above the iodine edge of 33 keV.
- Input photons which, after multiple scattering, fall in the energy range of the X-ray fluorescence of iodine (approx. 29 keV) would therefore have to carry out several successive Compton scatterings, in particular approx. 5 Compton scatterings. With each further Compton scatter after the previous one, the overall probability is reduced, so that the background is minimized.
- iodine has a sufficiently high probability of fluorescence when excited at 53 keV.
- a further marker substance in this example is an element which is too close to iodine in the PSE, such as e.g. B. Indium, provided, which is excited with the same single beam photon energy of 53 keV.
- the selection of the marker substances and the single-beam photon energy takes place e.g. B. by simula tion of the scattering behavior of the sample and / or tests, according to the above optimization of the type that the single-beam photon energy of the X-ray radiation is at a distance from a highest absorption edge of all marker substances in the sample, in which the background noise at the same time -Levels of marker substances are minimal and the cross-sections are similar.
- Step S1 comprises e.g. B. an oral supply and / or an injection of the marker substances and can, if an intervention in a biological body is intended, not be sought as part of the invention.
- the imaging device 100 comprises an X-ray source device 110 which is configured for the irradiation of the sample 10 with X-ray radiation 1 (step S2) and which is e.g. B. emits a photon energy of 50 keV or 100 keV.
- the X-ray source device 110 is preferably a compact laser-based Thomson source (X-ray source which generates X-rays based on the Thomson scattering of laser light at relativistic electrons), as z. B. is described in [8], but can also be a synchrotron source or generally an X-ray source, z. B.
- the X-rays generated with sufficiently low divergence and high intensity especially in the energy range above the K-edge of the X-ray fluorescent elements of the marker substances and should be as monochromatic as possible so that the optimization of the radiation energy described above is improved.
- the X-ray radiation 1 can be generated in the form of a parallel bundle of rays with a diameter that covers the entire cross section of the sample 10 to be examined. In this case, all areas of the sample are irradiated simultaneously and the marker substances present in these are excited to X-ray fluorescence 2.
- the X-ray radiation 1 can be generated as a needle beam, in particular with a smaller diameter than the cross section of the sample transverse to the beam direction, and moved (scanned) relative to the sample 10 with X-ray optics (not shown). In this case, the areas of the sample are sequentially irradiated ("scanned") and the marker substances present in these are excited to X-ray fluorescence 2.
- the imaging device 100 further comprises a detector device 120 which is arranged for the spectrally and spatially resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence 2 of marker substances in the sample 10 (step S3).
- the detector device 120 comprises a multiplicity of detector elements (not shown) which each detect an X-ray spectrum of the X-ray fluorescence 2.
- the corresponding solid angle range can be restricted by collimators of the individual detector elements or groups of detector elements. correct geometric section in sample 10 covers.
- the detector device 120 is, for. B. constructed as described in [1].
- a collimator, which can reduce scattered radiation as described in [7], can be arranged between the detector device and the sample.
- the detector device 120 can be equipped with only one detector element which is movable relative to the sample 10 and is arranged for the spectrally resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence 2 of marker substances in the sample 10.
- the sample 10 can be scanned with the movable detector element in order to detect a spatial distribution of the marker substances when a collimator only cuts out certain areas of the sample in the solid angle range of the detector element.
- a single detector element can be arranged in a fixed position relative to the sample 10 and for the spectrally resolved detection of the X-ray fluorescence 2 of marker substances in a specific section of the sample 10. In this case, too, the X-ray fluorescence 2 is spatially applied to a de-defined part of the sample 10, e.g. B. an organ, limited coverage when a collimator is used.
- the marker substances can be localized without collimators by scanning the X-ray beam 1, z. B. as described in [7].
- the sample 10 contains at least two marker substances, each with different X-ray fluorescence elements, which are excited to X-ray fluorescence 2 with the X-ray radiation 1.
- the detector device 120 supplies output signals in the form of X-ray spectra, which are each assigned to predetermined sections (geometric positions) in the sample 10 and which contain an overlay of the fluorescence lines 3 of the X-ray fluorescence elements (see schematic curve representation of a spectrum in FIG. 1 and example measurement in the figures 5 and 6).
- the imaging device 100 comprises an evaluation device 130 for recording the output signals (spatially resolved X-ray spectra) of the detector device 120 and for determining spatial distributions 4 of the marker substances in the sample 10 from the detected X-ray fluorescence 2 (step S4).
- the evaluation device 130 comprises, for. B. a computer device coupled to the detector device 120.
- the evaluation device 130 is set up to execute a computer program with which, from the output signals of the detector device 120, preferably taking into account a previously determined background spectrum, the intensities of the fluorescence lines at the geometric positions nen in the sample 10 and from these the sought distributions 4 of the marker substances are determined.
- the distributions 4 of the marker substances are z. B. output as a picture (map) or tabular values.
- a sequence of moving images e.g. B. a video sequence, which the movement of the marker substances in the sample 10 and / or the enrichment at least one of the marker substances in a portion of the sample 10, such as. B. an organ, regar sent.
- the computer device can additionally be provided as a control device of the imaging device 100, in particular for controlling and / or monitoring, the X-ray source device 110 and / or the detector device 120.
- the sample 10 contains a first and at least one further marker substance, which differ in their fluorescence lines 3 and are described below by way of example with reference to FIG. 3.
- FIGS. 3A to 3C show a first type of marker substances in the form of nanoparticles 11, 12, while FIGS. 3D to 3E show a second type of marker substances in the form of marker molecules 14, 15.
- the nanoparticles 11, 12 can have a spherical shape (as shown by way of example) or another shape, for. B. have an angular shape with a plurality of side surfaces and / or a rod shape.
- a nanoparticle 11 can be Herge from a single X-ray fluorescent element, in particular completely from the X-ray fluorescent element, such as. B. gold or platinum, and a diameter of z. B. 10 nm.
- a nanoparticle 12 can have a core-shell structure with a particle core 13 and a particle cover layer 14.
- the particle core 13 like the nanoparticle 11 according to FIG. 3A, can be produced from a single X-ray fluorescence element, in particular completely from the X-ray fluorescence element, such as, for. B. platinum exist.
- the particle cover layer 14 consists of a different material than the particle core 13, e.g. B. made of gold or a polymer (see [5]).
- the particle cover layer 14 has a thickness of, for. B. 2 nm.
- for. B. functionalized a nanoparticle 12 with a core-shell structure and / or a particle cover layer, ie provided on its surface with ligand and / or active substance molecules.
- the ligand and / or active substance molecules are illustrated schematically with triangles in FIG. 3C and can in particular include entire biological cells.
- Each marker substance comprises a large number of nanoparticles 11, 12, the amount of which is selected as a function of the desired concentration in the sample and the desired sensitivity when measuring the X-ray spectra with the detector device 120.
- the selection of the X-ray fluorescence elements of the nanoparticles and, if necessary, the functionalization of the nanoparticles are implemented taking into account the following considerations.
- the X-ray fluorescence elements of the nanoparticles are selected so that they are directly adjacent in the PSE or are so close together that the X-ray fluorescence of all X-ray fluorescence elements can be measured with a comparable sensitivity.
- X-ray fluorescent elements in various nanoparticles include e.g. B.
- Both elements gold and iodine are so far separated from each other in the PSE that they can only emit X-ray fluorescence at the same time if the radiation energy is above the so-called gold edge: if the energy were below this edge, no gold X-ray fluorescence would be excited .
- the iodine edge is far away from it, the probability that iodine fluorescence will also be generated is greatly reduced.
- the sample in particular the subject's body, cannot distinguish the gold and platinum nanoparticles from one another, since both have the same size, external surface (e.g. an identical polymer particle cover layer) and the same or very similar masses to have. If now z. For example, only the platinum nanoparticle with a gold particle top layer is functionalized on it, but the gold nanoparticle remains non-functionalized, and both are added to the sample measured differences in local concentrations can be traced back to the action of the ligands, since the body cannot otherwise distinguish between the two types of nanoparticles.
- the local concentration at the binding site of the platinum nanoparticles be higher than that of the non-functionalized gold nanoparticles, which thus serve as a reference concentration.
- These local differences in concentration can advantageously be measured with the RFB according to the invention.
- the measurement sensitivities of both inner X-ray fluorescence elements of the nanoparticles are sufficiently high and preferably the same or very similar (any differences with regard to the evaluation of the detector output signals are negligible).
- nanoparticles are possible in such a way that they do not have heavy elements inside, but lighter molecules with X-ray fluorescence elements, such as the B. contain both of the contrast media mentioned below for computed tomography (CT) and wear a polymer shell as a particle cover layer.
- CT computed tomography
- Figures 3E and 3D relate to variants of the invention in which active substances such. B. drug molecules, directly with marker molecules 15, 16, such. B. smaller complexes with X-ray fluorescent elements such. B. a triiodobenzene ring or a ring of barium atoms are connected. Triiodobenzene and barium are advantageously available contrast media in CT, with both elements, iodine and barium, being arranged close to one another in the PSE.
- the multiparametric RFB with marker molecules thus uses X-ray fluorescence element complexes with different X-ray fluorescence elements to which z. B. different drug molecules are bound.
- the marker molecules preferably have the same or very similar chemical effects on the sample, so that they do not influence the kinetics of the medicaments in the sample or only influence them to a negligible extent for the measurement.
- FIG. 4 shows, by way of example, a schematic diagram of a marker substance kit 200 for introducing marker substances into a sample for X-ray fluorescence imaging according to the invention.
- the marker substance kit 200 comprises a container 210, such as. B. a flexible bag which is filled with a marker substance suspension 220.
- the marker substance suspension 220 comprises a physiological fluid, such as.
- B a physiological saline solution in which nanoparticles 11, 12 are arranged with different X-ray fluorescent elements.
- the design of the nanoparticles 11, 12, the volume of the container 210 and the concentration of the nanoparticles 11, 12 in the marker substance suspension 220 are selected depending on the specific RFB application.
- the container 210 is connected to a blood vessel of a test person via a line and an injection needle and the marker substance suspension 220 with the nanoparticles 11, 12 is fed into the blood vessel.
- the marker substance kit 200 according to FIG. 4 can be provided for oral intake.
- a marker substance kit in dry form e.g. B. in the form of a tablet, comprising the nanoparticles 11, 12 and a physiological binder, can be provided.
- test measurements by the inventors biological cells were provided with both gold and platinum nanoparticles in predetermined concentrations and placed in a reagent vessel (Eppen village vessel) with a diameter of 6 mm. The reagent vessel was then placed in a piece of animal meat that was similar in size to a mouse. The sample, including the meat with the inserted reagent vessel, was irradiated with monochromatic X-rays from the DESY synchrotron (DESY Flamburg). In further test measurements, four different fluorescent elements were arranged in a reagent vessel and irradiated with X-ray radiation from the DESY synchrotron. The test measurements, which were aimed at the distinguishability and quantitative evaluability of the measured X-ray fluorescence, gave the results shown in FIGS. The corresponding measurements with spatial resolution can, for. B. can also be implemented with the technology described in [1].
- the gold and platinum fluorescence lines detected simultaneously with high sensitivity can be clearly distinguished.
- FIG. 6 shows a measured X-ray spectrum in the case of the reagent vessel in which the four elements iridium, platinum, gold and bismuth were in solution in predetermined concentrations. One can clearly see the four elements in the spectrum. From all available fluorescence lines, the respective concentrations could be determined, which corresponded very well with those used.
- a background spectrum is also shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, which was measured when there was only water in the reagent vessels.
- the measurement of the background spectrum shows that knowledge of the background is important for the quantitative evaluation of the individual fluorescence lines in the spectrum in order to be able to infer the number of corresponding fluorescence photons.
- the subsurface can be measured specifically for each application or determined using reference or calibration data.
- the underground can be selected to be approximately the same for all marker elements and, if possible, to be the same for all.
- the course of the background can also be taken into account when choosing the X-ray fluorescence elements. If the absorption of the fluorescence photons of an element is too strong, so that it can hardly be distinguished from the background in the spectrum at the point of the fluorescence energy, this element would be unusable.
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KR1020227017433A KR20220091515A (ko) | 2019-10-25 | 2020-10-23 | 다중-파라미터 x-선 형광 이미징을 위한 방법, 장치 및 마커 물질 키트 |
US17/771,460 US20220370645A1 (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2020-10-23 | Method, device and marker substance kit for multi-parametric x-ray fluorescence imaging |
CN202080074754.5A CN114667447A (zh) | 2019-10-25 | 2020-10-23 | 用于多参数x射线荧光成像的方法、设备和标记物质套件 |
EP20797446.0A EP4049011A1 (de) | 2019-10-25 | 2020-10-23 | Verfahren, vorrichtung und markersubstanz-kit zur multiparametrischen röntgenfluoreszenz-bildgebung |
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