Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/4866—Organic macromolecular compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/433—Thidiazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2009—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
  • A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
  • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
  • A61K9/2059—Starch, including chemically or physically modified derivatives; Amylose; Amylopectin; Dextrin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/282—Organic compounds, e.g. fats
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • A61K9/2846—Poly(meth)acrylates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4891—Coated capsules; Multilayered drug free capsule shells
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
  • C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
  • C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
  • C07D285/04—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles not condensed with other rings
  • C07D285/08—1,2,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-thiadiazoles

Definitions

• the present invention relates to alkali metal salts of a particular pharmaceutical active ingredient, and the use of such salts in medicine.
• the present invention relates to oral formulations comprising milled alkali metal salts of the active ingredient.
• AMP-activated protein kinase is a protein kinase enzyme that consists of three protein sub-units and is activated by hormones, cytokines, exercise, and stresses that diminish cellular energy state (e.g. glucose deprivation). Activation of AMPK increases processes that generate adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) (e.g., fatty-acid oxidation) and restrains others such as fatty acid-, glycerolipid- and protein-synthesis that consume ATP, but are not acutely necessary for survival. Conversely, when cells are presented with a sustained excess of glucose, AMPK activity diminishes and fatty acid-, glycerolipid- and protein-synthesis are enhanced.
• ATP adenosine 5'-triphosphate
• AMPK activity diminishes and fatty acid-, glycerolipid- and protein-synthesis are enhanced.
• AMPK thus is a protein kinase enzyme that plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis. Therefore, the activation of AMPK is coupled to glucose lowering effects and triggers several other biological effects, including the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, triglyceride synthesis, and the reduction of hyperinsulinemia.
• AMPK is a preferred target for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and especially type 2 diabetes.
• AMPK is also involved in a number of pathways that are important for many different diseases (e.g. AMPK is also involved in a number of pathways that are important in CNS disorders, fibrosis, osteoporosis, heart failure and sexual dysfunction).
• AMPK is also involved in a number of pathways that are important in cancer. Several tumour suppressors are part of the AMPK pathway. AMPK acts as a negative regulator of the mammalian TOR (mTOR) and EF2 pathway, which are key regulators of cell growth and proliferation. The deregulation may therefore be linked to diseases such as cancer (as well as diabetes). AMPK activators may therefore be of utility as anti-cancer drugs.
• mTOR mammalian TOR
• EF2 pathway which are key regulators of cell growth and proliferation.
• the deregulation may therefore be linked to diseases such as cancer (as well as diabetes).
• AMPK activators may therefore be of utility as anti-cancer drugs.
• 4-Chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide i.e. the compound of formula I was first disclosed in WO 2011/004162 and has been shown to be an AMPK activator.
• the compound of formula I is useful in the treatment of disorders or conditions which are ameliorated by the activation of AMPK.
• Such compounds may be useful in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hyperinsulinemia and associated conditions, a condition/disorder where fibrosis plays a role, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases.
• Alkali metals are metals found, along with hydrogen, in group I of the periodic table.
• the alkali metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium.
• an “alkali metal salt” is a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of cations of one or more alkali metals and associated anions. Accordingly, the term “an alkali metal salt of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide” refers to a compound comprising alkali metal cations (e.g.
• alkali metal salts of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide maybe referred to as the compound of formula II, wherein X + represents the alkali metal (e.g. lithium, rubidium, caesium or, particularly, sodium or potassium) cation.
• the alkali metal salt of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5- yl]benzamide may dissociate into its anionic and cationic components.
• alkali metal salts of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3- oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide are solid under ambient conditions, and thus the scope of the invention includes all amorphous, crystalline and part crystalline forms thereof.
• Alkali metal salts of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5- yl]benzamide may be prepared in accordance with techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide may be reacted with the appropriate alkali metal hydroxide, or an alternative alkali metal base compound. Salt switching techniques may also be used to convert one salt into another salt.
• 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazol- 5-yl]benzamide may be prepared in accordance with techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art.
• 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide may be made in accordance with the techniques described in international patent application WO 2011/004162, and all of its content is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the alkali metal salt of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- 3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide is a sodium or potassium salt of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4- chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide.
• the salt is a sodium salt of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5- yl]benzamide.
• a pharmaceutical formulation comprising an alkali metal salt (e.g. a sodium salt) of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4- chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide.
• alkali metal salt e.g. a sodium salt
• Such formulations are referred to herein as the formulations of the invention. All embodiments and particular features thereof described herein in respect of the first aspect of the invention are disclosed herein in respect of the second aspect of the invention.
• the pharmaceutical formulation comprises a salt as defined in the first aspect of the invention, including all embodiments and particular features thereof, wherein said salt has been milled.
• milled refers to a solid sample (e.g. granules) that has been subjected to mechanical energy (e.g. through grinding) to reduce the particle size of the solid sample. For example, coarse particles may be broken down to finer ones, such that the average particle size is reduced.
• the term “free base” refers to a form of 4-chloro-N- [2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide which is not in a salt form.
• the 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5- yl]benzamide is not in an ionic (e.g. anionic) form in association with one or more oppositely charged ions (e.g. cations).
• the particle size distribution of a solid sample may be measured using techniques that are well known in the art.
• the particle size distribution of a solid sample may be measured by laser diffraction, dynamic light scattering, image analysis (e.g. dynamic image analysis), sieve analysis, airelutriation analysis, optical counting, electro-resistance counting, sedimentation, laser obscuration and acoustic (e.g. ultrasound attenuation) spectroscopy.
• image analysis e.g. dynamic image analysis
• sieve analysis e.g. dynamic image analysis
• airelutriation analysis airelutriation analysis
• optical counting e.g. electro-resistance counting
• sedimentation e.g. laser obscuration
• acoustic e.g. ultrasound attenuation
• the salt of 4- chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide is mixed with one or more excipients after milling of the salt of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3- oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide.
• the process may further comprise the step of applying the enteric coating to the milled salt of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5- yljbenzamide prior to the incorporation of said particles into a capsule or tablet.
• Dry milling may be useful for producing particles that are generally larger in size than those obtained from wet milling.
• Particular particle size distributions that may be mentioned in this context include those with a D90 of less than about 10 pm, less than about 9 pm, less than about 8 pm, less than about 7 pm or less than about 6 pm.
• the particles containing the salt of the invention present in a formulation defined herein may have a particle size distribution defined by a D90 of about 5 pm, about 5.5 pm, about 6 pm, about 6.5 pm, about 7 pm, about 7.5 pm, about 8 pm, about 8.5 pm, about 9 pm, about 9.5 pm or about 10 pm.
• Said particle size distributions preferably relate to particles that consist essentially of the salt of the invention.
• the particles containing the salt of the invention have a particle size distribution defined by a D50 of less than about 6 pm, less than about 5 pm, less than about 4 pm, less than about 3 pm, or less than about 2 pm.
• the particle size distribution of the particles containing the salt of the invention may also be a defined by a D50 of about 1 pm, about 1.5 pm, about 2 pm, about 2.5 pm, about 3 pm, about 3.5 pm, about 4 pm, about 4.5 pm, about 5, about 5.5 or about 6 pm.
• the particle size distribution of the particles containing the salt of the invention may also be a defined by a D10 of about 0.5 pm, about 1 pm, about 1.5 pm or about 2 pm.
• the particles containing the salt of the invention have a particle size distribution defined by a D90 of less than 9 pm; a D50 of less than 6 pm; a D50 of less than 5 pm; a D10 of less than 2 pm; or a D10 of less than 1.5 pm.
• the formulations of the second aspect of the invention will generally be provided as a mixture comprising the salt of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be selected with due regard to the intended route of administration in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice.
• Such pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are preferably chemically inert to the active compound and are preferably have no detrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use.
• Suitable pharmaceutical formulations may be found in, for example, Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed., Mack Printing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania (1995). A brief review of methods of drug delivery may also be found in e.g. Langer, Science 249, 1527 (1990).
• pH modifying excipients are particularly advantageous in the formulations of the invention.
• pH modifying excipients are those which substantially alter the pH of an aqueous solution of a formulation compared to the pH of an aqueous solution of the same formulation that does not otherwise comprise said excipients.
• a pH modifying excipient may raise (or lower) the pH of an aqueous solution of a formulation (e.g. to a pH of 8 or more) compared to an aqueous solution of the same formulation that does not comprise said excipient.
• Such excipients may be useful for increasing (i.e. improving) the aqueous solubility and/or stability of the compound of the invention in the formulation.
• the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a basic excipient.
• basic excipient refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient that increases the microenvironmental pH of the formulation. Modulation of the microenvironmental pH of a formulation has been found to improve the dissolution of the active ingredient in the formulation, which in turn may lead to enhanced oral absorption of the active ingredient.
• Particular basic excipients include magnesium oxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.
• the basic excipient is magnesium oxide.
• the formulation further comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be a lubricant, a binder, a filler, a surfactant, a diluent, an antiadherent, a coating, a flavouring, a colourant, a glidant, a preservative, a sweetener, a disintegrant, an adsorbent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, a dissolution enhancer, a dissolution retardant or a wetting agent.
• Particular pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include mannitol, PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) K30, lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, starch, amylopectin, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, or another suitable ingredients, as well as disintegrating agents and lubricating agents such as Na-docusate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and polyethylene glycol waxes.
• particles containing the salt of the invention may be mixed, either together or separately, with mannitol, PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) K30 and Na-docusate.
• the formulation of the invention comprises PVP K30, Na-docusate and mannitol.
• compositions of the invention include formulations that are provided in the form of a tablet, mini-tablets, blocks, pellets, particles, granules or a powder for oral administration.
• formulations described herein may act systemically, and may therefore be administered accordingly using suitable techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• Formulations as described herein will normally be administered orally, in a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form.
• the pharmaceutical formulation of the second aspect of the invention is preferably an oral pharmaceutical formulation.
• Formulations of the invention may be prepared for oral administration in the form of a capsule.
• capsules such as soft gelatin capsules may be prepared containing the salt of the invention alone, or together with a suitable vehicle, e.g. vegetable oil, fat etc.
• hard gelatin capsules may contain the salt of the invention alone, or in combination with solid powdered ingredients such as a disaccharide (e.g. lactose or saccharose), an alcohol sugar (e.g. sorbitol or mannitol), a vegetable starch (e.g. potato starch or corn starch), a polysaccharide (e.g. amylopectin or cellulose derivatives) or gelling agent (e.g. gelatin).
• a disaccharide e.g. lactose or saccharose
• an alcohol sugar e.g. sorbitol or mannitol
• a vegetable starch e.g. potato starch or corn starch
• a polysaccharide e
• compositions of the invention include formulations that are provided in the form of a capsule or a tablet, e.g. for oral administration.
• Preparations intended for oral administration may further comprise an enteric coating in order to prevent or minimise dissolution or disintegration in the gastric environment.
• oral preparations e.g. capsules or tablets coated by an enteric coating may provide targeted release of the salt of the invention in the small intestine.
• the enteric coating may be present on surface of the formulation (e.g. on the surface of a tablet or a capsule), or each of the particles containing the salt of the invention may be coated with the enteric coating.
• the formulation further comprises an enteric coating.
• particles containing the salt of the invention may be individually coated with the enteric coating, and said coated particles may be loaded into a capsule or compressed into a tablet.
• the capsule or tablet contains particles comprising the salt of the invention and each particle is coated with the enteric coating.
• enteric coating refers to a substance (e.g. a polymer) that is incorporated into an oral medication (e.g. applied onto the surface of a tablet, a capsule, particles or pellets) and that inhibits dissolution or disintegration of the medication in the gastric environment.
• Enteric coatings are typically stable at the highly acidic pH found in the stomach, but break down rapidly in the relatively basic pH of the small intestine. Therefore, enteric coatings prevent release of the active ingredient in the medication until it reaches the small intestine.
• enteric coating Any enteric coating known to the skilled person may be used in the present invention.
• enteric coating materials include those which comprise beeswax, shellac, an alkylcellulose polymer resin (e.g. ethylcellulose polymers, carboxymethylethylcellulose, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate) or an acrylic polymer resin (e.g.
• acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers methacrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, methacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymer, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamide copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid) (anhydride), methyl methacrylate, polymethacrylate, methyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate)
• compositions that may be mentioned include those in which the salt of the invention is present in a total amount that is at least 1% (or at least 10%, at least 30% or at least 50%) by weight of the formulation. That is, the weight ratio of the salt of the invention to the totality of the components (i.e. the salt of the invention and all pharmaceutical excipients, e.g. adjuvants, diluents and carriers) of the pharmaceutical formulation is at least 1:99 (or at least 10:90, at least 30:70 or at least 50:50).
• a “therapeutically effective amount”, an “effective amount” or a “dosage” as used herein refers to an amount of a salt of the invention that is sufficient to produce a desired effect, which can be a therapeutic and/or beneficial effect.
• the effective amount or dosage will vary with the age or general condition of the subject (e.g. a human), the severity of the condition being treated, the particular agents administered, the duration of the treatment, the nature of any concurrent treatment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used, and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of those skilled in the art.
• a “therapeutically effective amount”, “effective amount” or “dosage” in any individual case can be determined by one of skill in the art by reference to the pertinent texts and literature and/or by using routine experimentation. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the therapeutic effects need not be complete or curative, as long as some benefit is provided to the subject.
• formulations of the invention may be administered (for example, by way of one or more preparations as described herein) at varying doses, with suitable doses being readily determined by one of skill in the art.
• the total dosage of the salt of the invention that is to be administered to a subject in need thereof may range from about 0.01 to about 2000 mg/kg of body weight per day (mg/kg/day), about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg/day, or about 1 to about 100 mg/kg/day.
• Such dosages may be, for example, oral dosages of the formulations of the second aspect of the invention.
• treatment with such formulations may comprise administration of a unit dose formulation containing from about 0.01 mg to about 3000 mg of the salt of the invention, for example from about 0.1 mg to about 2000 mg, or from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg (e.g. from about 10 mg to about 500 mg), of the salt of the invention.
• treatment may comprise administration of the salt of the invention (including capsules containing said formulation) using a single daily dose.
• the total daily dosage of the salt of the invention may be administered in divided doses two, three or four times daily (e.g. twice daily with reference to the doses described herein, such as a dose of 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg or 1000 mg twice daily).
• the skilled physician will recognise that the dosage will vary from subject to subject.
• the daily dose of the salt of the invention administered to a subject is in the range of from about 1 to about 3000 mg, preferably from about 1 to about 1000 mg.
• the dose administered to a subject, particularly a human subject, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a therapeutic response in the subject over a reasonable timeframe.
• the selection of the exact dose and composition and the most appropriate delivery regimen will also be influenced by inter alia the pharmacological properties of the formulation, the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and the physical condition and mental acuity of the recipient, as well as the potency of the specific compound, the age, condition, body weight, sex and response of the subject to be treated, and the stage/severity of the disease.
• the medical practitioner, or other skilled person will be able to determine routinely the actual dosage which will be most suitable for an individual subject.
• the above-mentioned dosages are exemplary of the average case; there can, of course, be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention.
• the salt of the invention, and formulations thereof, are useful as pharmaceuticals.
• the salt the invention i.e. a salt as defined in the first aspect of the invention, including all embodiments and particular features thereof
• formulations thereof i.e. a formulation as defined in the second of the invention, including all embodiments and particular features thereof
• AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
• a method of treating a disorder or condition ameliorated by the activation of AMPK comprising administering to a subject (e.g. a human) in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt of the invention or a formulation comprising said salt.
• a subject e.g. a human
• the salt of the invention or a formulation comprising said salt for use in a method of treating a disorder or condition ameliorated by the activation of AMPK.
• 'activate AMPK we mean that the steady state level of phosphorylation of the Thr-172 moiety of the AMPK-a subunit is increased compared to the steady state level of phosphorylation in the absence of 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide.
• ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase
• 4-Chloro-N-[2-[(4- chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide is capable of inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells and the metastasis of cancer cells.
• formulations of the invention may be suitable for use in the treatment of any cancer type, including all tumors (non-solid and, preferably, solid tumors, such as carcinoma, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, blood cancer, irrespective of the organ).
• the cancer cells may be selected from the group consisting of cancer cells of the breast, bile duct, brain, colon, stomach, reproductive organs, thyroid, hematopoietic system, lung and airways, skin, gallbladder, liver, nasopharynx, nerve cells, kidney, prostate, lymph glands and gastrointestinal tract.
• the cancer is selected from the group of colon cancer (including colorectal adenomas), breast cancer (e.g.
• cancers of the hematopoietic system e.g. leukemia, lymphoma, etc.
• the cancer is selected from the group of colon, prostate and, particularly, breast cancer.
• the cancer is a non-solid tumor, it is preferably a hematopoietic tumor such as a leukemia (e.g.
• AML Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
• CML Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
• ALL Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
• CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
• the cancer cells are breast cancer cells.
• diabetes i.e. diabetes mellitus
• type 1 diabetes insulin-dependent
• type 2 diabetes insulin-independent
• the salts of the invention and formulations thereof may be particularly suitable for use in the treatment of type 1 diabetes and/or type 2 diabetes.
• hyperinsulinemia or an associated condition will be understood by those skilled in the art to include hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism in childhood, hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, obesity, fatty liver conditions, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular conditions such as stroke, systemic lupus erythematosus, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
• Other disease states include progressive renal disease such as chronic renal failure.
• salts of the invention and formulations thereof may be suitable for use in the treatment of obesity associated with hyperinsulinemia and/or cardiovascular disease associated with hyperinsulinemia.
• Salts of the invention and formulations thereof may also be suitable for use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, such as heart failure, wherein said cardiovascular disease is not associated with hyperinsulinemia.
• salts of the invention and formulations thereof may also be suitable for use in the treatment of obesity which is not associated with hyperinsulinemia.
• the treatment of obesity and/or cardiovascular disease (such as heart failure) where AMPK activation may be beneficial is included within the scope of the invention.
• a condition/disorder where fibrosis plays a role includes (but is not limited to) scar healing, keloids, scleroderma, pulmonary fibrosis (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and cardiovascular fibrosis (including endomyocardial fibrosis), systemic sclerosis, liver cirrhosis, eye macular degeneration, retinal and vitreal retinopathy, Crohn’s/inflammatory bowel disease, post-surgical scar tissue formation, radiation and chemotherapeutic-drug induced fibrosis, and cardiovascular fibrosis.
• the salt of invention may also be useful in the treatment of sexual dysfunction (e.g. the treatment of erectile dysfunction).
• the salt of invention may also be useful in the treatment of inflammation.
• Neurodegenerative diseases that may be mentioned include Alzheimer ' s disease, Parkinson ' s disease and Huntington ' s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, polyglutamine disorders, such as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and a number of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA).
• SBMA spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
• DRPLA dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy
• SCA spinocerebellar ataxias
• references to the “treatment” of a particular condition will take their normal meanings in the field of medicine.
• the terms may refer to achieving a reduction in the severity and/or frequency of occurrence of one or more clinical symptom associated with the condition, as judged by a physician attending a subject having or being susceptible to such symptoms.
• references to a subject refer to a living subject being treated, or receiving preventative medicine, including mammalian (e.g. human) subjects.
• references to a subject refer to a human subject.
• Formulations comprising a salt of the invention have been shown to provide an approximately two-fold increase in the bioavailability of the 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5- yljbenzamide under certain circumstances compared to a formulation that comprises 4- chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide in the free base form.
• Salts of the invention may have the advantage that they may be more efficacious than, be less toxic than, be longer acting than, be more potent than, produce fewer side effects than, be more easily absorbed than, and/or have a better pharmacokinetic profile (e.g. higher oral bioavailability and/or lower clearance) than, and/or have other useful pharmacological, physical, or chemical properties over, other therapies known in the prior art, whether for use in the above-stated indications or otherwise.
• formulations of the invention may have the advantage that they are more efficacious and/or exhibit advantageous properties in vivo.
• Figure 1 shows comparative results of oral pharmacokinetic studies using 4-chloro-N-[2- [(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide (Compound 1) in a suspension and in non-coated capsules, and 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3- oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide sodium salt (Compound 2) and 4-chloro-N-[2-[(4- chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-oxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]benzamide potassium salt (Compound 3) separately in non-coated capsules.
• Figure 2 shows comparative results of oral pharmacokinetic studies using Compound 1 in a suspension and in enteric coated capsules, and Compound 2 and Compound 3 separately in enteric coated capsules.
• Figures 3 and 4 show absolute and relative C max results for formulations of Compound 1 as a suspension and in non-coated capsules, and Compound 2 and Compound 3 separately in non-coated capsules.
• Figures 5 and 6 show absolute and relative AUC results for formulations of Compound 1 as a suspension and in non-coated capsules, and Compound 2 and Compound 3 separately in non-coated capsules.
• Figures 7 and 8 show absolute and relative C max results for formulations of Compound 1 as a suspension and in enteric coated capsules, and Compound 2 and Compound 3 separately in enteric coated capsules.
• Figures 9 and 10 show absolute and relative AUC results for formulations of Compound 1 as a suspension and in enteric coated capsules, and Compound 2 and Compound 3 separately in enteric coated capsules. Examples
• ALICo- Area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to last quantifiable concentration
• AllCo- Area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity b.w.: Body weight
• PVP K30 Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 30 rpm: Revolutions per minute
• the solids were washed with isopropanol (300 mL) and dried for 8 h under reduced pressure at 35 ⁇ 5°C.
• the dried solids were micronized twice using an air jet mill with 4.0 kg/cm 2 of primary pressure, 7.0 kg/cm 2 of secondary pressure and screw feeder with 8 RPM to isolate the desired sodium salt as white solid (50 g, 48%).
• the solids were washed with isopropanol (300 mL) and dried for 8 h under reduced pressure at 35 ⁇ 5°C.
• the dried solids were micronized twice using an air jet mill with 4.0 kg/cm 2 of primary pressure, 7.0 kg/cm 2 of secondary pressure and screw feeder with 8 RPM to isolate the desired potassium salt as white solid (55 g, 50%).
• 0.05 g of milled material was transferred into a 250 mL glass beaker. 25 mL of the dispersant solution (Tween 20/water mixture) was added to the beaker with continuous swirling for 2 to 3 minutes. The suspension was transferred into the measuring unit and the particle size distribution measurements were conducted in triplicate.
• the dispersant solution Teween 20/water mixture
• Examples 2 to 8 Single Dose Oral Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rabbits The studies detailed below (and referred to as Examples 2 to 8) were conducted to provide comparative single dose oral pharmacokinetics data for Compound 1 , as well as sodium and potassium salts of that compound, using non-coated and enteric-coated capsules in male New Zealand White rabbits. Formulation Preparation 1.
• Capsules were obtained from CapsulCN International Co., Ltd.
• Compound 1 was made using the process described in WO 2011/004162 and milled as described for Example 1c.
• the non-coated or enteric coated gelatin capsules were individually filled with 180 mg of dry-milled Compound 1 together with accompanying excipients as indicated. Both capsule types were filled with Compound 1 together with 1.8 mg of sodium docusate, 0.18 mg of PVP K30 and 9 mg of mannitol.
• Compound 2 non-coated or enteric coated gelatin capsules were individually filled with 180 mg of dry-milled Compound 2 (as obtained in Example 1 f) together with 1.8 mg of sodium docusate, 0.18 mg of PVP K30 and 9 mg of mannitol.
• non-coated or enteric coated gelatin capsules were individually filled with 90 mg of dry-milled Compound 3 (as obtained in Example 1i) together with 0.90 mg of sodium docusate, 0.09 mg of PVP K30 and 4.50 mg of mannitol.
• the capsules were stored in a desiccator at between 19 and 25 °C prior to administration to the animals.
• Compound 1 was made using the process described in WO 2011/004162.
• Rabbits (New Zealand white; male) were housed under standard laboratory conditions, in environmentally monitored air-conditioned room with adequate fresh air supply (10-15 air changes per hour), room temperature (22 ⁇ 3°C) and relative humidity 30 to 70 %, with 12- hour light and 12-hour dark cycle. The temperature and relative humidity were recorded once daily.
• Each animal was housed in a standard stainless steel rabbit cage SS-304 (Size: L 24” x B 18” x H 18”) with stainless steel mesh and removable bottom tray for refuse disposal, food hopper for holding pelleted food, holder for drinking water bottle and siphon tube and label holder. Clean, sterilized corncob was provided as bedding material.
• the animals were fed ad libitum throughout the acclimatization and experimental periods, with Krishna Valley Agrotech rabbit feed.
• Water was provided ad libitum throughout the acclimatization and experimental periods. Water from an Aqua guard water filter cum purifier was autoclaved and provided in polypropylene water bottles with stainless steel sipper tubes.
• Animal grouping was done by the method of body weight stratification and randomization. The animals selected for the study were weighed and grouped in to body weight ranges. These body weight stratified rabbits were distributed to all the study groups in equal numbers if possible, such that body weight variation of animals used does not exceed ⁇ 20% of the mean body weight. The grouping was done one day prior to the initiation of treatment.
• a soft plastic dosing tube was used to dose the filled capsules.
• the filled capsule was inserted into the dosing tube so that the short end of the capsule protrudes slightly from the tip of the tube.
• the tip of the capsule was dipped in mineral oil to aid swallowing.
• the head was grasped firmly with one hand about the maxilla.
• the dosing tube containing the capsule was inserted behind the incisors.
• the dosing tube was slid straight into the back of the mouth.
• the capsule was ejected by pushing the plunger on the dosing tube.
• the dosing tube was removed, and the rabbit's mouth was closed. The neck was stroked gently to facilitate swallowing.
• an infant feeding tube was used to dose the suspension.
• the feeding tube was inserted through the mouth of the rabbit to the oesophagus and the stomach, and ascertained that it has not been placed in the trachea before dosing to the animals.
• the suspension of the Compound 1 was administered through the feeding tube. After the administration of the suspension, drinking water of approximately 2.0-2.5 mL was administered to flush out the contents in the feeding tube.
• the animals were restrained in a rabbit restrainer and blood samples (400-500 pl_ /time point) were collected via the central ear artery at 0.16, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 24.0, 48.0 and 72 hours post-dosing. Collected blood specimens were centrifuged at 4000 or 6000 rpm, 4 °C for 10 minutes and plasma samples were separated and stored at -80 °C until analysis.
• Chromatographic separation was achieved on Zorbax C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 5pm column with methanol-0.1 % formic acid as mobile phase with gradient elution.
• the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL min 1 .
• Detection was accomplished by a triple- quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning via electrospray ionization source, applied in the positive mode.
• MRM multiple-reaction monitoring
• the optimised mass transition ion-pairs for quantitation were m/z 379.999 125.000 for the compound 1 and m/z 376.165 165.00 for the ISD (Haloperidol).
• Calibration plots were linear over the range of 11.062 to 20594.820 ng/mL.
• Haloperidol (Sigma-Aldrich) was weighed, transferred into a 5.0mL volumetric flask and dissolved in methanol to obtain a 400 pg/mL internal standard stock solution. The final concentration of Haloperidol was corrected according to the potency of the standard. Preparation of Internal Standard (Haloperidol) Working Solution
• NCA non-compartmental analysis
• x concentration of drug
• m slope of calibration curve
• y peak area ratio
• c intercept of the calibration curve
• Example 9 The following studies (referred to as Examples 9 and 10) provided comparative single dose oral pharmacokinetics data for Compound 2 (the sodium salt of Compound 1) using enteric-coated capsules in male New Zealand White Rabbits in the presence of a pH modifier (magnesium oxide). The studies were conducted using the methods described above in respect of Examples 2 to 8, except where indicated below.
• Enteric coated gelatin capsules were individually filled with the following: Ex. 9: Compound 2 (62.5 mg), sodium docusate (6.25 mg), PVP K30 (0.625 mg) and magnesium oxide (125 mg).
• the following study is a single dose oral pharmacokinetics study for Compound 2 using enteric-coated capsules in male New Zealand White Rabbits in the presence of a pH modifier (magnesium oxide).
• the study was conducted using the methods described above in respect of Examples 2 to 8, except where indicated below.
• Enteric coated gelatin capsules were individually filled with Compound 2 (106 mg, as obtained in Example 1f), sodium docusate (10.6 mg), PVP K30 (1.1 mg) and magnesium oxide (100 mg).
• the tablets may also be enteric coated by conventional means, for example to provide a coating of polymethacrylate.

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