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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
  • C07D473/28—Oxygen atom
  • C07D473/30—Oxygen atom attached in position 6, e.g. hypoxanthine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
  • A61K31/522—Purines, e.g. adenine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. hypoxanthine, guanine, acyclovir
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
  • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• This invention relates to tetrazoles and their use as inhibitors of TRPA1 activity, pharma ceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same as agents for treatment and/or prevention of fibrotic diseases, inflammatory and auto-immune diseases and CNS-related diseases.
• TRP channels Transient receptor potential channels
• TRP channels are a group of voltage-gated ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous mammalian cell types. There are approximately 30 structurally related TRP channels sorted into groups: TRP A, TRPC, TRPM, TRPML, TRPN, TRPP and TRPV.
• Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPAl), also known as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 is the only member of the TRPA gene subfamily.
• TRPA channels are characterized by multiple N-terminal ankyrin repeats ( ⁇ 14 in the N-terminus of human TRPAl) that gives rise to the “A” for ankyrin designation (Montell, 2005).
• TRPAl is highly expressed in the plasma membrane of sensory neurons in the dorsal root and nodose ganglia that serve both skin and lung, as well as in small intestine, colon, pan creas, skeletal muscle, heart, brain, bladder and lymphocytes (https://www.proteinat- las.org/) as well as in human lung fibroblasts.
• TRPAl is best known as a sensor for environmental irritants giving rise to somatosensory modalities such as pain, cold and itch.
• TRPAl is activated by a number of reactive, elec trophilic stimuli (e.g. allyl isothiocyanate, reactive oxygen species), as well as non-reactive compounds (e.g. icilin), implicated in cough associated with asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or post-viral cough or for chronic idiopathic cough as well as cough in sensitive patients. (Song and Chang, 2015; Grace and Belvisi, 2011).
• COPD chronic pulmonary obstructive disease
• IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• TRPAl inhibitors are useful in the treatment of IPF in which cough is highly prevalent because of the link between cough and lung injury, based on studies showing cough-induced elevation of TGF-b (Xie et al., 2009; Froese et al., 2016; Tschumperlin et al., 2003; Yamamoto et al., 2002; Ahamed et al., 2008).
• TRPA1 antago nists inhibit calcium signaling triggered by cough triggers such as cigarette smoke extract (CSE) oxidative stress, inflammatory mediator release and downregulated antioxidant gene expression (Lin et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2019).
• TRPA1 antagonists are effective in studies of atopic dermatitis (Oh et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2013), contact dermatitis (Liu et al.,
• TRPA1 is selectively in- creased in trigeminal ganglia innervating injured teeth when compared to TRPA1 expres sion in trigeminal ganglia innervating healthy teeth (Haas et al., 2011).
• TRPA1 agonists including isoflurane (Matta et al., 2008) providing rationale for TRPA1 inhibitors for the relief of post-surgical pain.
• TRPA1 knockout mice and wild type mice treated with a TRPA1 antagonist showed anxiolytic- and antidepres- sant-like phenotypes (de Moura et al., 2014).
• TRPA1 inhibitors are expected to have bene fit in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy based on studies showing a mechanistic link of inverse regulation between AMPK and TRPA1 (Hiyama et al., 2018; Koivisto and Pertovaara, 2013; Wang et al., 2018).
• TRPA1 knockout mice exhibit smaller myocardial infarct sizes compared to wild type mice (Conklin et al., 2019). TRPA1 knockout and pharmacological intervention inhibited TNBS-induced colitis in mice (Engel et al., 2011). In a mouse brain ischaemia model, TRPA1 knock-out and TRPA1 antagonists reduce mye lin damage (Hamilton et al., 2016). Urate crystals and joint inflammation are reduced in TRPA1 knockout mice in a monosodium urate mouse model of gout (Moilanen et al., 2015).
• TRPA1 deletion in rats ameliorated joint inflammation and hyperalgesia in a rat model of acute gout flares (Trevisan et al., 2014).
• Activation of TRPA1 elicits an inflam matory response in osteoarthritic chondrocytes (Nummenmaa et al., 2016).
• TRPA1 inhibi tion and genetic deletion reduces inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritic mouse chondro cytes and murine cartilage (Nummenmaa et al., 2016).
• TRPA1 knockout mice ex hibited improvements in weight bearing on the osteoarthritic limb in an MIA-evoked knee swelling model (Horvath et al., 2016).
• TRPA1 is differentially expressed in the in the blad der epithelium rats (Du et al., 2007) and of patients with bladder outlet obstruction (Du et al., 2008).
• TRPA1 receptor modulation attenuates bladder overactivity in a rat model of spinal cord injury (Andrade et al., 2011) and intrathecal administration of TRPAl antago nists attenuate cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats with hyper-reflexia micturition (Chen et al., 2016). It is therefore desirable to provide potent TRPAl inhibitors.
• TRPAl inhibitors of various structural classes are reviewed in S. Skerratt, Progress in Me dicinal Chemistry, 2017, Volume 56, 81-115 and in D. Preti, G. Saponaro, A. Szallasi, Pharm. Pat. Anal. (2015) 4 (2), 75-94.
• W02017/060488 discloses compounds that are antagonists of TRPAl, having the general ized structural formula
• the present invention provides novel thienopyrimidinones that are surprisingly potent in hibitors of TRPA1 (Assay A), further characterised by improved stability in human liver microsomes (Assay B) improved stability in human hepatocytes (Assay C).
• Compounds of the present invention differ structurally from examples 28 and 29 in WO20 17/060488 in that they contain a hydroxyl substituent attached to the benzylic car bon adjacent to the para-chl orophenyl group; with some compounds additionally having differing bicyclic moieties attached via the methylene linker to the tetrazolyl ring.
• Com pounds of the present invention additionally differ structurally from example 31 in L. Schenkel, et al ., J. Med. Chem. 2016, 59, 2794-2809, in that they bear a tetrazolyl ring.
• Stability in human liver microsomes refers to the susceptibility of compounds to biotrans formation in the context of selecting and/or designing drugs with favorable pharmacoki netic properties as a first screening step.
• the primary site of metabolism for many drugs is the liver.
• Human liver microsomes contain the cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and thus repre sent a model system for studying phase I drug metabolism in vitro.
• CYPs cytochrome P450s
• Enhanced stability in human liver microsomes is associated with several advantages, including increased bioa vailability and adequate half-life, which can enable lower and less frequent dosing of pa tients. Thus, enhanced stability in human liver microsomes is a favorable characteristic for compounds that are to be used for drugs.
• Stability in human hepatocytes refers to the susceptibility of compounds to biotransfor mation in the context of selecting and/or designing drugs with favorable pharmacokinetic properties.
• the primary site of metabolism for many drugs is the liver.
• Human hepatocytes contain the cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and other drug metabolizing enzymes, and thus rep- resent a model system for studying drug metabolism in vitro.
• CYPs cytochrome P450s
• hepatocytes assay covers also phase II biotransformations as well as liver-specific transporter-mediated processes, and therefore represents a more com plete system for drug metabolism studies.
• Enhanced stability in human hepatocytes is as sociated with several advantages, including increased bioavailability and adequate half- life, which can enable lower and less frequent dosing of patients.
• enhanced stability in human hepatocytes is a favorable characteristic for compounds that are to be used for drugs.
• tetrazolyl refers to the radical of the following ring
• a given chemical formula or name shall encompass tautomers and all stereo, optical and geo- metrical isomers (e.g. enantiomers, diastereomers, E/Z isomers etc.) and racemates thereof as well as mixtures in different proportions of the separate enantiomers, mixtures of dia stereomers, or mixtures of any of the foregoing forms where such isomers and enantiomers exist, as well as salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and solvates thereof such as for instance hydrates including solvates of the free compounds or solvates of a salt of the compound.
• substantially pure stereoisomers can be obtained according to synthetic princi ples known to a person skilled in the field, e.g. by separation of corresponding mixtures, by using stereochemically pure starting materials and/or by stereoselective synthesis. It is known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis, e.g. starting from optically active starting materials and/or by using chiral reagents.
• Enantiomerically pure compounds of this invention or intermediates may be prepared via asymmetric synthesis, for example by preparation and subsequent separation of appropriate diastereomeric compounds or intermediates which can be separated by known methods (e.g. by chromatographic separation or crystallization) and/or by using chiral reagents, such as chiral starting materials, chiral catalysts or chiral auxiliaries.
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, and commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound forms a salt or a complex with an acid or a base.
• acids forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt with a parent compound containing a basic moiety include mineral or organic acids such as benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, ethanesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, gentisic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesul- fonic acid, 4-methyl-benzenesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid and tartaric acid.
• Examples for cations and bases forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt with a parent compound containing an acidic moiety include Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , NH 4 + , L-arginine, 2,2’-iminobisethanol, L-lysine, N-methyl-D-glucamine or tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino- methane.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
• such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a sufficient amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic diluent like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile, or a mixture thereof.
• Salts of other acids than those mentioned above which for example are useful for purifying or isolating the compounds of the present invention e.g. trifluoroacetate salts, also com prise a part of the present invention.
• a human HEK293 cell line over-expressing the human TRPA1 ion channel (Perkin Elmer, Product No. AX-004-PCL) was used as a test system for compound efficacy and potency.
• Compound activity was determined by measuring the effect of compounds on intracellular calcium concentration induced by AITC (Allylisothiocyanat) agonism in a FLIPRtetra sys tem (Molecular Devices).
• the cells were obtained as frozen cells in cryo-vials and stored until use at -150°C.
• test compounds were dissolved in 100 % DMSO at a concentration of 10 mM and in a first step diluted in DMSO to a concentration of 5 mM, followed by serial dilution steps in 100% DMSO. Dilution factor and number of dilution steps may vary according to needs. Typically 8 different concentrations by 1:5 dilutions were prepared, further intermediate dilutions (1 :20) of the substances were carried out with HBSS/HEPES buffer
• FLIPR assay At the assay day cells were washed 3x with assay puffer, 20 ⁇ L buffer remained in the wells after washing. 10 ⁇ L Ca6 kit (Cat.R8191 MolecularDevices) loading buffer in HBSS/HEPES was added to the cells and the plates were incubated with lid for 120 minutes at 37°/5% C02. 10 ⁇ L of compound or controls in HBSS/HEPES buffer/5% DMSO from the intermediate dilution plate were carefully added to the wells. Lumines- cence (indicating the calcium influx or release) was read on the FLIPRtetra device for 10 minutes to monitor the compound induced effects (e.g. agonism).
• Each assay microtiter plate contained wells with vehicle (1% DMSO) controls instead of compound as controls for AITC induced luminescence (100 %CTL; high controls) and wells with vehicle controls without AITC as controls for non-specific changes in lumines cence (0 %CTL; low controls).
• Table 1 Biological data for compounds of the invention as obtained in Assay A
• Table 2 Biological data for prior art compounds (examples 28 and 29 in W02017/060488) as obtained in Assay A.
• Table 3 Biological data for prior art compounds (example 31 in L. Schenkel, et al. , J. Med. Chem. 2016, 59, 2794-2809) as obtained in Assay A.
• Assay B Microsomal clearance: The metabolic degradation of the test compound is assayed at 37°C with pooled liver mi- crosomes. The final incubation volume of 100 ⁇ l per time point contains TRIS buffer pH 7.6 at RT (0.1 M), magnesium chloride (5 mM), microsomal protein (1 mg/ml) and the test compound at a final concentration of 1 mM.
• the reactions are initiated by addition of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH, 1 mM) and ter minated by transferring an aliquot into solvent after different time points (0, 5, 15, 30, 60 min). Additionally, the NADPH-independent degradation is monitored in incubations with out NADPH, terminated at the last time point. The [%] remaining test compound after NADPH independent incubation is reflected by the parameter c(control) (metabolic stabil ity). The quenched incubations are pelleted by centrifugation (10000 g, 5 min).
• the intrinsic clearance (CL INTRINSIC) is calculated by considering the amount of pro tein in the incubation:
• Table 5 Biological data for prior art compounds (examples 28 and 29 in W02017/060488) as obtained in Assay B.
• Assay C Hepatocyte clearance The metabolic degradation of the test compound is assayed in a hepatocyte suspension.
• Hepatocytes (cryopreserved) are incubated in.
• Dulbecco's modified eagle medium supple mented with 3.5 ⁇ g glucagon/5 OOmL, 2.5mg insulin/500mL and 3.75mg/500mL hydrocor- tison) containing 5% or 50% species serum.
• test compound solution 80 mM; from 2mM in DMSO stock solution diluted 1 :25 with medium
• 395 ⁇ l hepatocyte suspension cell density in the range 0.25-5 Mio cells/mL depend ing on the species, typically 1 Mio cells/mL; final concentration of test compound ImM, final DMSO concentration 0.05%).
• the cells are incubated for six hours (incubator, orbital shaker) and samples (25 ⁇ l) are taken at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours. Samples are transferred into acetonitrile and pelleted by centrifugation (5 min). The supernatant is transferred to a new 96-deepwell plate, evapo rated under nitrogen and resuspended. Decline of parent compound is analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS
• CO initial concentration in the incubation [mM]
• CD cell density of vi tal cells [10e6cells/mL]
• AUD area under the data [mM x h]
• clast concentration of last data point [pM]
• k slope of the regression line for parent decline [h-1]
• the calculated in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance can be scaled up to the intrinsic in vivo hepatic Clearance and used to predict hepatic in vivo blood clearance (CL) by the use of a liver model (well stirred model).
• CL INTRIN SIC INVI V O [ml/min/kg] (CL_INTRINSIC [ ⁇ L/min/10e6cells] x hepato- cellularity [10e6 cells/g liver] x liver factor [g/kg bodyweight]) / 1000
• CL [ml/min/kg] CL_INTRINSIC_INVI VO [ml/min/kg] x hepatic blood flow [ml/min/kg] / (CL_INTRINSIC _INVI VO [ml/min/kg] + hepatic blood flow [ml/min/kg])
• Qh [%] CL [ml/min/kg] / hepatic blood flow [ml/min/kg])
• Table 7 Biological data for compounds of the invention as obtained in Assay C
• Table 8 Biological data for prior art compounds (examples 28 and 29 in W02017/060488) as obtained in Assay C.
• Table 9 Biological data for prior art compounds (example 31 in L. Schenkel, et al. , J. Med. Chem. 2016, 59, 2794-2809) as obtained in Assay C.
• Assay D Metabolism in human hepatocytes in vitro The metabolic pathway of a test compound is investigated using primary human hepatocytes in suspension. After recovery from cryopreservation, human hepatocytes are incubated in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium containing 5% human serum and supplemented with 3.5 ⁇ g glucagon/500ml, 2.5mg insulin/500ml and 3.75mg/500ml hydrocortisone.
• test com- pound solution is spiked into the hepatocyte suspension to obtain a final cell density of 1.0* 10 6 to 4.0* 10 6 cells/ml (depending on the metabolic turnover rate of the compound ob served with primary human hepatocytes), a final test compound concentration of 10 mM, and a final DMSO concentration of 0.05%.
• the cells are incubated for six hours in a cell culture incubator on a horizontal shaker, and samples are removed from the incubation after 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 or 6 hours, depending on the metabolic turnover rate. Samples are quenched with acetonitrile and pelleted by centrifuga tion. The supernatant is transferred to a 96-deepwell plate, evaporated under nitrogen and resuspended prior to bioanalysis by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrom etry for identification of putative metabolites.
• Table 10 Major metabolite observed for Example 5 of the invention as obtained by Assay D:
• the present invention is directed to compounds of general formula 1 which are useful in the prevention and/or treatment of a disease and/or condition associated with or modulated by TRPA1 activity, including but not limited to the treatment and/or prevention of fibrotic disease, inflammatory and immunoregulatory disorders, respiratory or gastrointestinal dis- eases or complaints, ophthalmic diseases, inflammatory diseases of the joints and inflam matory diseases of the nasopharynx, eyes, and skin.
• Said disorders, diseases and com plaints include cough, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, other pulmonary interstitial diseases and other fibrotic, asthma or allergic diseases, eosinophilic diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as autoimmune pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, pain and neurological disorders, such as depression.
• the compounds of general formula 1 are useful for the prevention and/or treatment of:
• Cough such as chronic idiopathic cough or chronic refractory cough, cough associated with asthma, COPD and lung cancer and post-viral cough.
• Pulmonary fibrotic diseases such as pneumonitis or interstitial pneumonitis associated with collagenosis, e.g. lupus erythematodes, systemic scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis and dermatomysitis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, such as pulmonary lung fibrosis (IPF), non-specific interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis associated interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic orgainizing pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, lymangi- oleiomyomatosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis, pleural parenchymal fibroelastosis, interstitial lung diseases of known cause, such as interstitial pneumonitis as a result of occupational exposures such as asbestosis, silicosis, miners lung (coal dust),
• fibrotic diseases such as hepatic bridging fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), atrial fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, old myocardial infarction, glial scar, arterial stiffness, arthrofibrosis, Dupuytren's contracture, keloid, sclero derma/systemic sclerosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, Peyronie's disease, nephro genic systemic fibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, adhesive capsulitis.
• NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
• Inflammatory, auto-immune or allergic diseases and conditions such as allergic or non- allergic rhinitis or sinusitis, chronic sinusitis or rhinitis, nasal polyposis, chronic rhinosi- nusitis, acute rhinosinusitis, asthma, pediatric asthma, allergic bronchitis, alveolitis, hyper reactive airways, allergic conjunctivitis, bronchiectasis, adult respiratory distress syn drome, bronchial and pulmonary edema, bronchitis or pneumonitis, eosinophilic cellulites (e.g., Well's syndrome), eosinophilic pneumonias (e.g., Loeffler's syndrome, chronic eosin ophilic pneumonia), eosinophilic fasciitis (e.
• eosinophilic cellulites e.g., Well's syndrome
• eosinophilic pneumonias e.g., Loeffler's syndrome, chronic eo
• Shulman's syndrome delayed-type hyper sensitivity, non-allergic asthma; exercise induced bronchoconstriction; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, cough, pulmonary em physema; systemic anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity responses, drug allergies (e.g., to peni cillin, cephalosporin), eosinophiliamyalgia syndrome due to the ingestion of contaminated tryptophane, insect sting allergies; autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, Sjogren's syndrome psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, immune thrombocytopenia (adult ITP, neonatal throm bocytopenia, pediatric ITP), immune hemolytic anemia (auto-immune and drug induced), Evans syndrome (platelet and red
• necrotizing, cutaneous, and hypersensitivity vasculitis erythema nodosum
• erythema nodosum eosinophilic myositis, eosinophilic fasciitis, cancers with leukocyte infiltration of the skin or organs
• ophthalmic diseases such as age related macular degeneration, dia betic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, keratitis, eosinophilic keratitis, keratocon junctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, scarring, anterior segment scarring, blepharitis, ble pharoconjunctivitis, bullous disorders, cicatricial pemphigoid, conjunctival melanoma, pa- pillary conjunctivitis, dry eye, episcleritis, glaucoma, gliosis, Granuloma annulare, Graves' ophthalmopathy
• Pain such as chronic idiopathic pain syndrome, neuropathic pain, dysesthesia, allo- dynia, migraine, dental pain and post-surgical pain (6) Depression, anxiousness, diabetic neuropathy and bladder disorders such as bladder outlet obstruction, overactive bladder, cystitis; myocardial reperfusion injury or brain is chaemia injury.
• the present invention relates to a compound of general formula 1 for use as a medicament. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of a compound of general formula 1 for the treatment and/or prevention of a disease and/or condition associated with or modu lated by TRPA1 activity.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound of general formula 1 for the treatment and/or prevention of fibrotic disease, inflammatory and immunoregula- tory disorders, respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases or complaints, ophthalmic diseases, inflammatory diseases of the joints and inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx, eyes, and skin.
• Said disorders, diseases and complaints include cough, idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis, other pulmonary interstitial diseases and other fibrotic, asthma or allergic diseases, eosinophilic diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as autoimmune pa- thologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound of general formula 1 for the treatment and/or prevention of: (1) Cough such as chronic idiopathic cough or chronic refractory cough, cough associated with asthma, COPD and lung cancer and post-viral cough.
• Cough such as chronic idiopathic cough or chronic refractory cough, cough associated with asthma, COPD and lung cancer and post-viral cough.
• Pulmonary fibrotic diseases such as pneumonitis or interstitial pneumonitis associated with collagenosis, e.g. lupus erythematodes, systemic scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis and dermatomysitis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, such as pulmonary lung fibrosis (IPF), non-specific interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis associated interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic orgainizing pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, lymangi- oleiomyomatosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis, pleural parenchymal fibroelastosis, interstitial lung diseases of known cause, such as interstitial pneumonitis as a result of occupational exposures such as asbestosis, silicosis, miners lung (coal dust),
• fibrotic diseases such as heaptic bridging fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), atrial fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, old myocardial infarction, glial scar, arterial stiffness, arthrofibrosis, Dupuytren's contracture, keloid, sclero derma/systemic sclerosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, Peyronie's disease, nephro genic systemic fibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, adhesive capsulitis.
• NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
• atrial fibrosis endomyocardial fibrosis
• endomyocardial fibrosis old myocardial infarction
• glial scar old myocardial infarction
• glial scar glial scar
• arterial stiffness arthrofibrosis
• Inflammatory, auto-immune or allergic diseases and conditions such as allergic or non- allergic rhinitis or sinusitis, chronic sinusitis or rhinitis, nasal polyposis, chronic rhinosi- nusitis, acute rhinosinusitis, asthma, pediatric asthma, allergic bronchitis, alveolitis, hyper reactive airways, allergic conjunctivitis, bronchiectasis, adult respiratory distress syn drome, bronchial and pulmonary edema, bronchitis or pneumonitis, eosinophilic cellulites (e.g., Well's syndrome), eosinophilic pneumonias (e.g., Loeffler's syndrome, chronic eosin ophilic pneumonia), eosinophilic fasciitis (e.
• eosinophilic cellulites e.g., Well's syndrome
• eosinophilic pneumonias e.g., Loeffler's syndrome, chronic eo
• Shulman's syndrome delayed-type hyper sensitivity, non-allergic asthma; exercise induced bronchoconstriction; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, cough, pulmonary em physema; systemic anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity responses, drug allergies (e.g., to peni cillin, cephalosporin), eosinophiliamyalgia syndrome due to the ingestion of contaminated tryptophane, insect sting allergies; autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, Sjogren's syndrome psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, immune thrombocytopenia (adult ITP, neonatal throm bocytopenia, pediatric ITP), immune hemolytic anemia (auto-immune and drug induced), Evans syndrome (platelet and red
• necrotizing, cutaneous, and hypersensitivity vasculitis erythema nodosum
• erythema nodosum eosinophilic myositis, eosinophilic fasciitis, cancers with leukocyte infiltration of the skin or organs
• ophthalmic diseases such as age related macular degeneration, dia betic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, keratitis, eosinophilic keratitis, keratocon junctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, scarring, anterior segment scarring, blepharitis, ble pharoconjunctivitis, bullous disorders, cicatricial pemphigoid, conjunctival melanoma, pa pillary conjunctivitis, dry eye, episcleritis, glaucoma, gliosis, Granuloma annulare, Graves' ophthalmopathy,
• Pain such as chronic idiopathic pain syndrome, neuropathic pain, dysesthesia, allo- dynia, migraine, dental pain and post-surgical pain.
• the present invention relates to a compound of general formula 1 for use in the treatment and/or prevention of above mentioned diseases and conditions.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound of general for mula 1 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of above mentioned diseases and conditions.
• the present invention relates to methods for the treatment or prevention of above mentioned diseases and conditions, which method com prises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of general formula 1 to a human being.
• the compounds of the invention may further be combined with one or more, preferably one additional therapeutic agent.
• the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group of therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of diseases or conditions described hereinbefore, in particular associated with fibrotic diseases, inflam matory and immunoregulatory disorders, respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases or com plaints, inflammatory diseases of the joints or of the nasopharynx, eyes, and skin or condi tions such as for example cough, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, other pulmonary intersti- rial diseases, asthma or allergic diseases, eosinophilic diseases, chronic obstructive pulmo nary disease, atopic dermatitis as well as autoimmune pathologies, such as rheumatoid ar thritis and atherosclerosis, or therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of ophthalmic dis eases, pain and depression.
• Additional therapeutic agents that are suitable for such combinations include in particular those, which, for example, potentiate the therapeutic effect of one or more active sub stances with respect to one of the indications mentioned and/or allow the dosage of one or more active substances to be reduced.
• a compound of the invention may be combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of antifibrotic agents, anti-tussive agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-atopic dermatitis agents, analgesics, anti-convul- sants, anxiolytics, sedatives, skeletal muscle relaxants or anti-depressants.
• additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of antifibrotic agents, anti-tussive agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-atopic dermatitis agents, analgesics, anti-convul- sants, anxiolytics, sedatives, skeletal muscle relaxants or anti-depressants.
• Antifibrotic agents are for example nintedanib, pirfenidone, phosphodiesterase-IV (PDE4) inhibitors such as roflumilast, autotaxin inhibitors such as GLPG-1690 or BBT-877; con nective tissue growth factor (CTGF) blocking antibodies such as Pamrevlumab; B-cell ac- tivating factor receptor (BAFF-R) blocking antibodies such as Lanalumab; alpha-V/beta-6 blocking inhibitors such as BG-0001 l/STX-100, recombinant pentraxin-2 (PTX-2) such as PRM-151; c-Jun N-terminal kinase (INK) inhibitors such as CC-90001; galectin-3 inhibi tors such as TD-139; G-protein coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) inhibitors such as GLPG- 1205; G-protein coupled receptor 84/ G-protein coupled receptor 40 dual inhibitors such as PBI-4050; Rho Associated
• Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) inhibitors such as PAT-1251, PXS-5382/PXS-5338; phosphoinositide 3- kinases (PI3K)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) dual inhibitors such as HEC- 68498; calpain inhibitors such as BLD-2660; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase ki nase (MAP3K19) inhibitors such as MG-S-2525; chitinase inhibitors such as OATD-01; mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2) inhibitors such as MMI-0100; transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-betal) small interfering RNA such as TRK250/BNC-1021; or lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonists such as BMS- 986278.
• LXL2 Lysyl Oxidase Like 2
• Anti-tussive agents are, for example, purinoceptor 3 (P2X3) receptor antagonists such as gefapixant, S-600918, BAY-1817080, or BLU-5937; neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antago nist such as Orvepitant, Aprepitant; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 subunit stimu lator such as ATA-lOl/bradanicline; codeine, gabapentin, pregablin, or azithromycin.
• P2X3 receptor antagonists such as gefapixant, S-600918, BAY-1817080, or BLU-5937
• NK-1 receptor antago nist such as Orvepitant, Aprepitant
• nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 subunit stimu lator such as ATA-lOl/bradanicline
• Anti-inflammatory agents are, for example, corticosteroids such as prednisolone or dexa- methasone; cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors such as celecoxib, rofecoxib, parecoxib, valdecoxib, deracoxib, etoricoxib or lumiracoxib; prostaglandin E2 antagonists; leukotri- ene B4 antagonists; leukotriene D4 antagonists such as monteleukast; 5 -lipoxygenase in hibitors; or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, diclo- fenac, diflunisal, etodolac, ibuprofen or indomethacin.
• COX2 cyclo-oxygenase-2
• Anti-atopic dermatitis agents are, for example, cyclosporin, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g. apremilast, crisaborole), Janus As sociated Kinase (JAK) inhibitors (e.g. tofacitinib), neutralizing antibodies against IL-4/IL- 13 (e.g. dupilamab), IL-13 (e.g. lebrikizumab, tralokinumab) and IL-31 (nemolizumab).
• cyclosporin methotrexate
• mycophenolate mofetil e.g. azathioprine
• phosphodiesterase inhibitors e.g. apremilast, crisaborole
• Janus As sociated Kinase (JAK) inhibitors e.g. tofacitinib
• Analgesics are, for example, of the opioid type, such as morphine, oxymorphine, levopa- nol, oxycodon, propoxyphene, nalmefene, fentanyl, hydrocondon, hydromorphone, meripidine, methadone, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, nal buphine, pentazocine; or of the non-opioid type, such as acetophenamine.
• the opioid type such as morphine, oxymorphine, levopa- nol, oxycodon, propoxyphene, nalmefene, fentanyl, hydrocondon, hydromorphone, meripidine, methadone, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, nal buphine, pentazocine; or of the non-opio
• Anti-depressants are, for example, tricyclic anti-depressants such as amitriptyline, clomi pramine, despramine, doxepin, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor anti-depressants (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, cital- opram, escitalopram; norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor anti-depressants (SNRIs) such as maprotiline, lofepramine, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline, fezolamine, tomoxetine, mianserin, buproprion, hydroxybuproprion, nomifensine, viloxazine; dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor anti-depressants (SNRIs) such as duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafax- ine, levomilnacipran
• Anxiolytics are, for example, benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordi- azepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, temaze pam, triazolam, or tofisopam; or they are nonbenzodiazepine hypnoticssuch as eszopi- clone, zaleplon, zolpidem, or zopiclone; or they are carbamates e.g. meprobamate, cari- soprodol, tybamate, or lorbamate; or they are antihistamines such as hydroxyzine, chlor pheniramine or diphenhydramine.
• benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordi- azepoxide, clonazepam
• Sedatives are, for example, barbiturate sedatives, such as amobarbital, aprobarbital, buta- barbital, butabital, mephobarbital, metharbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, talbutal, theamylal, or thiopental; or they are non-barbiturate sedatives such as glute- thimide, meprobamate, methaqualone or dichloalphenazone.
• barbiturate sedatives such as amobarbital, aprobarbital, buta- barbital, butabital, mephobarbital, metharbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, talbutal, theamylal, or thiopental
• non-barbiturate sedatives such as glute- thimide, meprobamate, methaqualone or dichloal
• Skeletal muscle relaxants are, for example, baclofen, meprobamate, carisoprodol, cyclo- benzaprine, metaxalone, methocarbamol, tizanidine, chlorzoxazone or orphenadrine.
• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil; 5-HT-3 anatgonists such as ondansetron; metabotropic glutamate receptor an tagonists; antiarrhythmics such as mexiletine or phenytoin; or NMD A receptor antagonists.
• incontinence medications for example, anticho linergics such as oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin, fesoterodine, solifenacin or tro- spium; or they are bladder muscle relaxants such as mirabegron; or they are alpha blockers such as tamsulosin, alfuzosin, silodosin, doxazosin or terazosin.
• anticho linergics such as oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin, fesoterodine, solifenacin or tro- spium
• bladder muscle relaxants such as mirabegron
• alpha blockers such as tamsulosin, alfuzosin, silodosin, doxazosin or terazosin.
• the dosage for the combination partners mentioned above is usually 1/5 of the lowest dose normally recommended up to 1/1 of the normally recommended dose.
• this invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents described hereinbefore and hereinafter for the treatment of diseases or conditions which may be af fected or which are mediated by TRPA1, in particular diseases or conditions as described hereinbefore and hereinafter.
• this invention relates to a method for treating a disease or condition which can be influenced by the inhibition of TRPA1 in a patient that includes the step of administering to the patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
• this invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a phar- maceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with one or more additional therapeu tic agents for the treatment of diseases or conditions which can be influenced by the inhibi tion of TRPA1 in a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention relates a method for the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by TRPA1 activity in a patient that includes the step of administer- ing to the patient, preferably a human, in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention in combination with a therapeutically ef fective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents described in hereinbefore and hereinafter.
• this invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a compound according to the invention and one or more additional thera Guideic agents described hereinbefore and hereinafter, optionally together with one or more inert carriers and/or diluents.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention in a cough-measuring device.
• Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the fol lowing more detailed examples which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
• the compounds according to the invention and their intermediates may be obtained using methods of synthesis which are known to the one skilled in the art and described in the lit erature of organic synthesis for example using methods described in “Comprehensive Or- ganic Transformations”, 2nd Edition, Richard C. Larock, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 7th Edition, Michael B. Smith, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
• the compounds are obtained analogously to the methods of prepara tion explained more fully hereinafter, in particular as described in the experimental section.
• the sequence adopted in carrying out the reaction schemes may be varied Variants of these reactions that are known to the skilled artisan but are not described in de tail herein may also be used.
• reaction mixture is stirred at 70 °C over night. After cooling, 2.5 mL of DMA is added and the mixture is allowed to stir for another 14 h at 70 °C. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture is filtered, concen trated and purified twice by preparative HPLC (ACN/H20/TFA gradient) to yield the de sired product.
• Example 1 (general route) 3-( ⁇ 2-[(2R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-2H-l,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl ⁇ methyl)-5-me- thyl-4-oxo-3H,4H-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide

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